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{{Short description|Iranian language spoken in Central Asia}}

factoids

| image = Ormuri.svg| altname = Baraki, Ormur, Ormui, Bargista| states = Pakistan, AfghanistanSouth Waziristan and Logar Province>Logar6,050|1}}| date = 2004| ref = e18| familycolor = Indo-EuropeanIndo-Iranian languages>Indo-IranianIranian languages>IranianEastern Iranian languages>EasternEastern Iranian languages>Ormuri–ParachiPerso-Arabic script>Perso-Arabic| iso3 = oru| glotto = ormu1247| glottorefname = Ormuri}}Ormuri (Pashto: اورموړی ژبه; ; literally, "Ormuri language") also known as Baraki, Ormur, Ormui or Bargista is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in Southeast Afghanistan and Waziristan. It is primarily spoken by the Burki people in the town of Kaniguram in South Waziristan and Logar, Afghanistan. The language belongs to the Eastern-Iranian language group. The extremely small number of speakers makes Ormuri an endangered language that is considered to be in a "threatened" state.Ormuri is notable for its unusual sound inventory, which includes a voiceless alveolar trill that does not exist in the surrounding Pashto. Ormuri also has voiceless and voiced alveolo-palatal fricatives (the voiceless being contrastive with the more common voiceless palato-alveolar fricative), which also exist in the Waziristani dialect of Pashto, but could have been adopted from Ormuri due to its close proximity.{{usurped|1=weblink" title="archive.today/20120903184433weblink">"Dying Languages; Special Focus on Ormuri"}}. Originally published in Pakistan Journal of Public Administration; Volume 6. No. 2 in December 2001. Khyber.ORG.

Classification

Ormuri is classified under the Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern Iranian, Southeastern Iranian, and Ormuri-Parachi language groups.Endangered Languages ProjectEthnologue

Language status

According to the Endangered Languages Project, the language of Ormuri is highly threatened. The language is used for face-to-face communication, however it is losing users.BOOK,weblink The Ormuri Language in Past and Present, V.A., Efimov, 2011, Forum for Language Initiatives, 978-969-9437-02-1, Islamabad, Baart, Joan L.G., 1986 original Russian edition,

History

The Ormuri language is used by the Ormur/Baraki tribe in parts of the Kaniguram Valley in Waziristan, Pakistan. The language is also used in a small part of Logar Province, Afghanistan.JOURNAL, Scott, D. A., 1984, Zoroastrian Traces along the Upper Amu Darya (Oxus), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 116, 2, 217–228, 10.1017/S0035869X00163567, 25211708, 163761565,

Ormuri tribe

An alternate name used by the Ormur people is Baraki. It is believed that there were eight to ten thousand families in the Logar area at the beginning of the 19th century and approximately four to five hundred families in Kaniguram at the beginning of the 20th century. The Ormur tribe does not occupy an ethnically homogeneous territory. In Afghanistan, the Ormur people live in mixed communities with both Tajiks and Pashtun. Whereas, in Pakistan, the Ormur people live only with the Pashtuns.Early history of the tribe can be traced in Herodotus' book. The Persian Emperor Darius Hystaspes; Governor of Egypt conquered the Greek colonies of Barca and Cyrene in Libya and took them to Egypt on their return from expedition. At this time, the King returned from his Scythian campaign to his capital, Susa. The Barakis were given a village in Bactria to live in, later named Barke. After two thousand three hundred and fifty years, the village was still inhabited in 1891 within the same territory.

Ormuri language

The name 'Ormur' (orməṛ) is originally derived from Pashto (meaning fire). The first man to have made mention of the Baraki language was Babar, in his book Baburnama. Ormuri, also called Birki at the time was one of the eleven to twelve tongues that were observed by Babar while in the region of Kabul. It is known that many of the Ormuri speakers are at least bilingual or trilingual, speaking other tribal languages such as Pashto, Persian, Dari, or KaboliPir Roshan (Bayazid Khan) was one of the first known Pashto prose writers and composers of Pashto alphabets who used several Ormuri words in his book "Khairul-Bayan." A few of the words that were used within his book were Nalattti (Pigs), Nmandzak of Mazdak (Mosque), Teshtan (Owner), Burghu (flout), Haramunai (ill-born), etc.

Research

(File:Ormuri-Research.jpg|thumb|150px|In Pashto: A historical examination of Ormuri)Hikmatyar Burki has also done an MPhil on Ormuri and published his work through the Pashto Academy.WEB, Pashto Academy Peshawar :: پښتو اکېډمي پېښور,weblinkweblink" title="archive.today/20190318041729weblink">weblink usurped, March 18, 2019, 2021-04-10, khyber.org,

Geographic distribution

Ormuri is spoken primarily in the town of Kaniguram in South Waziristan, Pakistan. A small population also speaks it in the town of Baraki Barak in Logar Province, Afghanistan. The language is sustained by nearly fifty adherents in Afghanistan and around five to six thousand speakers in Pakistan(File:Lowgar districts.png|thumb|Districts of Logar province. This image does not include Azra district, located to the east of Khoshi and Mohammad Agha districts.)File:FATA (8).jpg|thumb|right|200px|North (purple) and South (blue) Waziristan and surrounding Federally Administered Tribal AreasFederally Administered Tribal Areas

Dialects

There are two dialects of Ormuri; one is spoken in Kaniguram, Waziristan, which is the more archaic dialect, and the other one in Baraki-Barak, Logar. The Kaniguram dialect is not understood in Baraki-Barak. The linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote: .}}The dialect of Kaniguram is currently strong, spoken by a relatively prosperous community of Ormur in an isolated part of the rugged Waziristan hills. However, the position of the dialect of Baraki Barak is not strong. Morgenstierne wrote he was told that:

Lexical differences {| class "wikitable"|+ Table 1: Lexical differences in Ormuri

style="vertical-align: center; font-size: small; height: 3em"!|!| Logar !| Kaniguramkor >| wondnarm >| nořh roba >| rawaskayk >| řakčopan >| šwānšåná >| šhak(k)jåy >| jikakparók >| buryék style"vertical-align: center; font-size: small; height: 3em"">

Differences in phonetic forms {| class "wikitable"|+ Table 2: Differences in the phonetic form of vowels in Ormuri style"vertical-align: center; font-size: small; height: 3em"

!|!| Logar !| Kaniguramtsok >| tsek, tsyekše >| sa ner >| narwuk >| wyokwok >| waknóstok >| nástakThe vowel system of Ormuri is characterized as heterogenous. The language consists of a subsystem of vowels that found native within Ormuri vocabulary, as well as a subsystem of vowels that is considered "borrowed vocabulary." The differences seen between the Logar and Kaniguram dialects are mainly based on the quality of vowels instead of the quantity.The system is based on six phonemes: i, e, a, å, o, u.{| class="wikitable"|+ Table 3: Differences in the phonetic form of consonants in Ormuri style="vertical-align: center; font-size: small; height: 3em"!|!| Logar !| Kaniguramše >| sašo >| ři xo >| šapa-bega >| pa-bežaɣoš >| ɣoř The consonant system varies slightly between both the dialects of Kaniguram and Logar. The Logar native consonant system contains 25 phonemes, while the Kaniguram system has 27.

Phonology

Consonants {| class"wikitable" style"text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |! rowspan="2" |Labial! rowspan="2" |Dental/Alveolar! rowspan="2" |Retroflex! rowspan="2" |Post-alv./Palatal! rowspan="2" |Velar! colspan="2" |Uvular!Glottal!{{small|plain}}!{{small|labialised}}!! colspan="2" |Nasalm}}n}}ɳ}})|||||! rowspan="2" |Stop!voicelessp}}t̪|t}}ʈ}})|k}}q}})||!voicedb}}d̪|d}}ɖ}})|ɡ}}|||! rowspan="2" |Affricate!voiceless|t͡s}}|t͡ʃ}}||||!voiced|d͡z}}|d͡ʒ}}||||! rowspan="2" |Fricative!voicelessf}}s}}ʂ}})1ʃ}}x}}2χ}}χʷ}}1h}}!voiced{{IPA link|w}}z}}ʐ}})1ʒ}}ɣ}}2ʁ}}ʁʷ}}1|! colspan="2" |Approximantl}}|j}}w}}|||! rowspan="2" |Tap/Trill!{{small|plain}}|r}}ɽ}})|||||!{{small|fricative}}|r̝}}1||||||

1. Only in Kaniguram.
2. Only in Logar.

/{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}/ are uncommon in native vocabulary. In both dialects free variation of dental and postalveolar affricates is widespread. /{{IPAlink|r̝}}/ usually corresponds to /{{IPA link|ʃ}}/ in Logar.Ľubomír (2013) claims there is a voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative [ɻ̊˔].THESIS, Novák, Ľubomír, 2013, Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages, PhD, Other Eastern Iranian Languages, Charles University, Prague,weblink 59,

Vowels {| class"wikitable" style"text-align:center"

!!Front!Central! colspan="2" |Back style="text-align: center;"!Closei}}|{{IPA link|u}} style="text-align: center;"!Mide}}|{{IPA link|o}} style="text-align: center;"!Open|a}}É‘}}1É’}}2

1. Only in Kaniguram.
2. Only in Logar.

Syllabic Patterns

Proper Ormuri words will have the following syllabic patterns: V, VC, CV, CCV, (C)VCC, CVC, CCVC, CCVCC. Both dialects from Kaniguram and Logar have similar syllabic structure.

Examples

• a- this
• un/wun- so much
• pe- father
• gri- mountain
• Ã¥xt- eight
• mÃ¥x- we
• spok- dog
• breÅ¡- burn
• broxt- burned
• wroxt- beard

At the end of certain words CC occurs as spirant/sonant + occlusive. When separating most words into syllables, a medial CC will be divided:

• al-gox-tok- to fall
• kir-ží- hen
• er-zÃ¥k- to come

Morphology

The language has undergone extensive change in comparison to its ancestral self. For nominal morphology (nouns, adjectives, and pronouns), aspects of the Kaniguram dialect of grammatical gender has completely been lost in the Logar. In terms of the verbal morphology, there is a greater variety of conjugations of modal and tense-aspect forms based on the present-tense stem. There is also a distinction made between masculine and feminine words based on the past-tense system. Finally, there is a greater number of distinctions between within the system of tense-aspect forms and there are different types of ergative constructions.There is a developed system of noun and verb inflections. Nominal parts of speech contains: Three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and the verb has two voices (active and middle). There is the elimination of the category of case (loss in nouns, adjectives, numerals, and certain pronouns). There is also a complete loss of the category of gender, varying on the dialect (Complete loss in Logar and rudimentary masculine and feminine forms remain in Kaniguram). In Logar most original Ormuri nouns and adjectives have a simple stem ending in a consonant and a few nouns end in unstressed (or rarely stressed) -a or -i. Whereas in Kaniguram, the stem usually ends in a consonant, but both nouns and adjectives may end in -a or -i.

Orthography

Ormuri uses the Pashto script with the additional letters ' /r̝/ , ' /ʑ/ and /ɕ/ : {| class="wikitable"! rowspan="2" |Name!IPA! rowspan="2" |Transliteration! colspan="3" |Contextual forms! rowspan="2" |Isolated! rowspan="2" |Latin! rowspan="2" |Unicode(Hex)!Symbol!Final!Medial!Initial align="center"|alif[ɑ]}}|āآ, , |Ā ā|U+0627,U+0622 align="center"|be[b]}}|b|B b|U+0628 align="center"|pe[p]}}|p|P p|U+067E align="center"|te[t̪]}}|t|T t|U+062A align="center"|ṭe[Voiceless retroflex stop>ʈ]|ṭ|Ṭ ṭ|U+067C align="center"|se[s]}}|s|S s|U+062B align="center"|jim[Voiced postalveolar affricate>d͡ʒ]|j |J j|U+062C align="center"|če[Voiceless postalveolar affricate>t͡ʃ]|č|Č č|U+0686 align="center"|he[h]}}{{ref3}}|h|H h|U+062D align="center"|xe[x]}}|x|X x|U+062E align="center"|tse[Voiceless alveolar affricate>t͡s] |ts|Ts ts|U+0685 align="center"|dzim[Voiced alveolar affricate>d͡z]|dz|Dz dz|U+0681 align="center"|dāl[d̪]}}|d|D d|U+062F align="center"|ḍāl[Voiced retroflex stop>ɖ]|ḍ |Ḍ ḍ|U+0689 align="center"|zāl[z]}}|z|Z z|U+0630 align="center"|re[r]}}|r|R r|U+0631 align="center"|xře[r̝]}}|ř|Ř ř|U+0692 align="center"|ṛe[ɽ]}}|ṛ |Ṛ ṛ|U+0693 align="center"|ze[z]}}|z|Z z|U+0632 align="center"|že[ʒ]}} |ž|Ž ž|U+0698 align="center"|źe[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative>ʑ]|ź|Ź ź |U+076B align="center"|sin[s]}}|s|S s|U+0633 align="center"|šin[ʃ]}}|š|Š š|U+0634 align="center"|śin |[ɕ] |ś|Ś ś|U+076D align="center"|swād[s]}}|s|S s|U+0635 align="center"|zwād[z]}}|z|Z z|U+0636 align="center"|twe[t]}}|t|T t|U+0637 align="center"|zwe[z]}}|z|Z z|U+0638 align="center"|ayn[ɑ]}}|ā|Ā ā|U+0639 align="center"|ğayn[ɣ]}}|ğ|Ğ ğ|U+063A align="center"|fe[f]}} |f|F f|U+0641 align="center"|qāp[q]}} / {{IPA|[k]}}|q|Q q|U+0642 align="center"|kāp[k]}}|k |K k|U+06A9 align="center"|gāp[ɡ]}}|g |G g|U+06AB align="center"|lām[l]}}|l|L l|U+0644 align="center"|mim[m]}}|m|M m|U+0645 align="center"|nun[n]}}|n|N n|U+0646 align="center"|ṇun[ɳ]}}|ṇ|Ṇ ṇ|U+06BC align="center"|nūn ğunna |[ ̃]|̃(over vowel)|N n|U+06BA align="center"|wāw[w]}}, {{IPA[o]}}|w, u, o|W w, U u, O o|U+0648 align="center"|he[h]}}, {{IPA|[a]}}|h, a|H h, A a|U+0647 align="center"|kajīra he[ə]}}|ə||ۀ|Ə ə|U+06C0 align="center"|ye[j]}}, {{IPA|[i]}}|y, i|Y y, I i|U+064A align="center"|ye[e]}}|e |E e|U+06D0 align="center"|ye[ai]}}, {{IPA|[j]}}|ay, y|ـ|ـ |Ay ay, Y y|U+06CC align="center"|ye[əi]}}|əi |Əi əi, Y y|U+0626

Examples

"Log." will represent examples from the Ormuri dialect of Logar and "Kan." will be used to signify the Kaniguram dialect of Ormuri

• Log.: afo kÃ¥bol-ki altsok → "He went off to Kabul"
• Log.: a-saá¹›ay dzok Å¡uk → "(This) man has been beaten"
• Log.: xodÃ¥ay-an bad-e badtarin sÃ¥ton → "O God, keep us from misfortune" (literal translation: "From the very worst")
• Kan.: a-nar by pa mun Ç°oá¹›awak sa → "The house is being built by me"
• Kan.: sabā su az kābul-ki tsom → "Tomorrow I shall probably go to Kabul"
• Kan.: tsami a-dāru irwar! → "Bring my eye drops"

Resources

• Ormuri Primer
• Qawaid e Bargistā (in Hindustani)
• The Ormuri Language in Past and Present
• Linguistic Survey of India (Volume 10): Ormuri at pages 123 to 325
• (iarchive:in.gov.ignca.14416/mode/2up|Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages (Volume 1): Parachi and Ormuri)
• Clitics of Ormuri

See also

• Ormur
• Waziri Pashto
• Parachi language
• Waneci
• Burki
• Baraki
• Logar Province
• Kaniguram

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

• Ormuri at The Endangered Languages Project
• Ormuri and Bargista Language
• Ormuri and Parachi Language Analysis by Georg Morgenstierne
• Ormuri Phonetics
• {{usurped|1=weblink" title="archive.today/20120903184433weblink">Ormuri Alphabet}} by Rozi Khan Burki
• Ormuri History and Origin by The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180712204446weblink">Word list of terms in Ormuri and other languages

{{Iranian languages}}{{Authority control}}