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{{Short description|Place of articulation}}{{Distinguish|glottalic consonant|laryngeal consonant}}{{Multiple issues|{{More footnotes|date=July 2019}}{{One source|date=July 2019}}}}Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the glottal fricative, to be transitional states of the glottis without a point of articulation as other consonants have, while some{{who|date=July 2019}} do not consider them to be consonants at all. However, glottal consonants behave as typical consonants in many languages. For example, in Literary Arabic, most words are formed from a root C-C-C consisting of three consonants, which are inserted into templates such as {{IPA|/CaːCiC/}} or {{IPA|/maCCuːC/}}. The glottal consonants {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/Ê”/}} can occupy any of the three root consonant slots, just like “normal” consonants such as {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/n/}}.The glottal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet are as follows:{| class=wikitable! rowspan=“2” | IPA! rowspan=“2” | Description! colspan=“4” | Example! Language! Orthography! IPA! Meaning! {{IPA|Ê”}}| glottal stop

Hawaiian language>Hawaiian		[ʔo.ˈki.na]}}| ʻOkina

! {{IPA|ɦ}}

voiced glottal fricative>breathy-voiced glottal fricative	Czech language>Czech		[ˈpra.ɦa]}}| Prague

! {{IPA|h}}| voiceless glottal fricative

English language>English| hat	[ˈhæt]}}| hat

! {{IPA|ʔ͡h}}| voiceless glottal affricate

Southwestern_Mandarin>Yuxi dialect		[ʔ͡ho˥˧]}}| ‘can, may’

! {{IPA|ʔ̞}}| voiced glottal approximant

Gimi language>Gimi	{{example needed|date=December 2020}}

Characteristics

In many languages, the “fricatives” are not true fricatives. This is a historical usage of the word. They instead represent transitional states of the glottis (phonation) without a specific place of articulation, and may behave as approximants. {{IPA|[h]}} is a voiceless transition. {{IPA|[ɦ]}} is a breathy-voiced transition, and could be transcribed as {{IPA|[h̤]}}. Lamé is one of very few languages that contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=125}}The glottal stop occurs in many languages. Often all vocalic onsets are preceded by a glottal stop, for example in German (in careful pronunciation; often omitted in practice). The Hawaiian language writes the glottal stop as the ’okina ’, which resembles a single open quotation mark. Some alphabets use diacritics for the glottal stop, such as hamza {{angle bracket|}} in the Arabic alphabet; in many languages of Mesoamerica, the Latin letter {{angle bracket|h}} is used for glottal stop, in Maltese, the letter {{angle bracket|q}} is used, and in many indigenous languages of the Caucasus, the letter commonly referred to as heng {{angle bracket|Ꜧ ꜧ}} is used.{{cn|date=July 2020}}Because the glottis is necessarily closed for the glottal stop, it cannot be voiced. So-called voiced glottal stops are not full stops, but rather creaky voiced glottal approximants that may be transcribed {{IPA|[ʔ̞]}}. They occur as the intervocalic allophone of glottal stop in many languages. Gimi contrasts {{IPA|/Ê”/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ̞/}}, corresponding to {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/É¡/}} in related languages.

See also

• Glottalic consonant
• Glottalization
• Place of articulation
• Index of phonetics articles
• Guttural

References

{{Reflist}}

• {{citation |last=Grønnum |first=Nina |year=2005 |title=Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk |edition=3rd |publisher=Akademisk Forlag |place=Copenhagen |isbn=87-500-3865-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ}}
• BOOK, Peter Ladefoged, Ladefoged, Peter, Ian Maddieson, Maddieson, Ian, 1996, The Sounds of the World’s Languages, Oxford, Blackwell, 0-631-19814-8,

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