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{{Short description|Turkic language of the Oghuz sub-branch}}{{Redirect|Azeri language|the extinct Iranian language|Old Azeri}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}

factoids

AzerbaijanIran}}Russia>TurkeyIraq{{efn>

• The written language of the Iraqi Turkmen is based on Istanbul Turkish using the modern Turkish alphabet.
• Professor Christiane Bulut has argued that publications from Azerbaijan often use expressions such as "Azerbaijani (dialects) of Iraq" or "South Azerbaijani" to describe Iraqi Turkmen dialects "with political implications"; however, in Turcological literature, closely related dialects in Turkey and Iraq are generally referred to as "eastern Anatolian" or "Iraq-Turkic/-Turkman" dialects, respectively.{{citation|last=Bulut|first=Christiane |year=2018b|chapter=The Turkic varieties of Iran|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective|editor1-last=Haig|editor1-first=Geoffrey|editor2-last=Khan|editor2-first=Geoffrey|page=398|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-042168-2}}}} |Georgia}}| region = Iranian Azerbaijan, South Caucasus| ethnicity = Azerbaijanis

23.849330|2}} million| date = 2022aze}}| stand1 = Shirvani (In Republic of Azerbaijan)| stand2 = Tabrizi (In Iranian Azerbaijan)| familycolor = AltaicTurkic languages>TurkicCommon Turkic languages>Common TurkicOghuz languages>Oghuz| fam4 = Western Oghuz| ancestor = Old Anatolian Turkish| ancestor2 = Ajem-TurkicLatin script2 FEBRUARY 2020URL=HTTPS://WWW.ETHNOLOGUE.COM/LANGUAGE/AZJARCHIVE-DATE=5 JUNE 2019 ETHNOLOGUE, (Azerbaijani_alphabet#Azerbaijani_Latin_alphabet>Azerbaijani Latin alphabet)

• In Iran: Perso-Arabic script (Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet)
• In Russia: Cyrillic script
• In Georgia: Georgian script (rarely)

Afshar language>AfsharSonqori dialectYerevan dialect (Azerbaijani)>Yerevanvarious others| nation = AzerbaijanDagestan (Russia)Organization of Turkic StatesAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (North Azerbaijani)|No regulatory body (South Azerbaijani)}}| iso1 = az| iso2 = aze| iso3 = aze| lc1 = azj| ld1 = North Azerbaijani| lc2 = azb| ld2 = South Azerbaijani| glottofoot = no| glotto = azer1255| glottoname = Central Oghuz| glotto2 = | glottorefname2 = Oghuz languages>44-AAB-a| map = Map of the Azerbaijani language.svgAreas that speak Azerbaijani}} {{LegendThe majority speak Azerbaijani}} {{LegendA sizable minority speaks Azerbaijani}}| notice = IPA}}{{Azerbaijanis}}Azerbaijani ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|i|,_|-|ɑː|n|i}} {{respelling|AZ|ər|by|JAN|ee}}) or Azeri ({{IPAc-en|æ|ˈ|z|ɛər|i|,_|ɑː|-|,_|ə|-}} {{respelling|az|AIR|ee|,_|ah-|,_|ə-}}), also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch. It is spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan, where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken, and in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, where the South Azerbaijani variety is spoken. North Azerbaijani has official status in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan (a federal subject of Russia), but South Azerbaijani does not have official status in Iran, where the majority of Azerbaijani people live. Azerbaijani is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia and Turkey and by diaspora communities, primarily in Europe and North America.Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of Azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and sources of loanwords. The standardized form of North Azerbaijani (spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) is based on the Shirvani dialect, while South Azerbaijani uses variety of regional dialects. Since the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Northern Azerbaijani has used the Latin script. On the other hand, South Azerbaijani has always used and continues to use the Perso-Arabic script. Azerbaijani is closely related to Turkish, Turkmen, Gagauz, Qashqai, and Crimean Tatar, being mutually intelligible with each of these languages to varying degrees.

Etymology and background

Historically, the language was referred to by its native speakers as or ,WEB,weblink Türk dili, yoxsa azərbaycan dili? (Turkish language or Azerbaijani language?), BBC, 9 August 2016, 15 August 2016, az, meaning either "Turkish" or "Turkic". In the early years following the establishment of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, the language was still referred to as "Turkish" in official documents. However, in the 1930s, its name was changed to "Azerbaijani".WEB, Goyushov, Altay, 26 September 2018, The Language of Azerbaijan: Turkish or Azerbaijani?,weblink 23 August 2023, Baku Research Institute, However, in 1936–1937, the situation changed fundamentally. Even though there was no explicit mention of an enactment of state language in local Azerbaijani laws, the term “Turkish” was substituted by “Azerbaijani” in state and court documents. Later in 1956, “Azerbaijani” was given the status of the official state language of Soviet Azerbaijan. This was also mentioned in Soviet Azerbaijan's last Constitution adopted in 1978., {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-viii|title=AZERBAIJAN|year=1987|access-date=14 February 2023}} The language is often still referred to as Turki or Torki in Iranian Azerbaijan.BOOK, Rahmati, Nemat,weblink Aserbaidschanisch Lehrbuch : unter Berücksichtigung des Nord- und Südaserbaidschanischen, 1998, Harrassowitz, Korkut M. Buğday, 978-3-447-03840-9, Wiesbaden, 40415729,

History and evolution

Azerbaijani evolved from the Eastern branch of Oghuz Turkic ("Western Turkic")"The Turkic Languages", Osman Fikri Sertkaya (2005) in Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600, London {{ISBN|978-1-90397-356-1}} which spread to the Caucasus, in Eastern Europe,BOOK, Wright, Sue, Kelly, Helen, Ethnicity in Eastern Europe: Questions of Migration, Language Rights and Education, 1998, Multilingual Matters Ltd., 978-1-85359-243-0, 49, BOOK, Bratt Paulston, Christina, Peckham, Donald, Linguistic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, 1 October 1998, Multilingual Matters Ltd., 978-1-85359-416-8, 98–115, and northern Iran, in Western Asia, during the medieval Turkic migrations.{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-ix|title=AZERBAIJAN ix. Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish|first=Lars|last=Johanson|year=1988|access-date=14 February 2023}} Persian and Arabic influenced the language, but Arabic words were mainly transmitted through the intermediary of literary Persian.John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Csató et al. (2005) Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, p. 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranic, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries CE..." Azerbaijani is, perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Persian and other Iranian languages have exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax, and vocabulary, less in morphology.The Turkic language of Azerbaijan gradually supplanted the Iranian languages in what is now northwestern Iran, and a variety of languages of the Caucasus and Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus, particularly Udi and Old Azeri. By the beginning of the 16th century, it had become the dominant language of the region. It was a spoken language in the court of the Safavids, and Qajars.The historical development of Azerbaijani can be divided into two major periods: early ({{circa|14th}} to 18th century) and modern (18th century to present). Early Azerbaijani differs from its descendant in that it contained a much larger number of Persian and Arabic loanwords, phrases and syntactic elements. Early writings in Azerbaijani also demonstrate linguistic interchangeability between Oghuz and Kypchak elements in many aspects (such as pronouns, case endings, participles, etc.). As Azerbaijani gradually moved from being merely a language of epic and lyric poetry to being also a language of journalism and scientific research, its literary version has become more or less unified and simplified with the loss of many archaic Turkic elements, stilted Iranisms and Ottomanisms, and other words, expressions, and rules that failed to gain popularity among the Azerbaijani masses.The Russian annexation of Iran's territories in the Caucasus through the Russo-Iranian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 split the language community across two states. Afterwards, the Tsarist administration encouraged the spread of Azerbaijani in eastern Transcaucasia as a replacement for Persian spoken by the upper classes, and as a measure against Persian influence in the region.JOURNAL, Tonoyan, Artyom, On the Caucasian Persian (Tat) Lexical Substratum in the Baku Dialect of Azerbaijani. Preliminary Notes, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 2019, 169, 2, 368 (note 4), 10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0367, 211660063, BOOK, Karpat, K., The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State, 2001, Oxford University Press, 295, Between {{circa|1900}} and 1930, there were several competing approaches to the unification of the national language in what is now the Azerbaijan Republic, popularized by scholars such as Hasan bey Zardabi and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski. Despite major differences, they all aimed primarily at making it easy for semi-literate masses to read and understand literature. They all criticized the overuse of Persian, Arabic, and European elements in both colloquial and literary language and called for a simpler and more popular style.The Soviet Union promoted the development of the language but set it back considerably with two successive script changesWEB,weblink Alphabet Changes in Azerbaijan in the 20th Century, Azerbaijan International, Spring 2000, 21 July 2013, – from the Persian to Latin and then to the Cyrillic script – while Iranian Azerbaijanis continued to use the Persian script as they always had. Despite the wide use of Azerbaijani in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, it became the official language of Azerbaijan only in 1956.Language Commission Suggested to Be Established in National Assembly. Day.az. 25 January 2011. After independence, the Republic of Azerbaijan decided to switch back to a modified Latin script.

Azerbaijani literature

File:Shahriar.jpg|thumb|Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Iranian Azerbaijani poet, who wrote in Azerbaijani and Persian.]]The development of Azerbaijani literature is closely associated with Anatolian Turkish, written in Perso-Arabic script. Examples of its detachment date to the 14th century or earlier.BOOK, Johanson, L., Keith, Brown, Sarah, Ogilvie, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World,weblink 110–113, Elsevier, 6 April 2010, 978-0-08-087775-4, Google Books, WEB, 5 February 2020, Kurtulus, Öztopcu, Azeri / Azerbaijani,weblink American Association of Teachers of Turkic Languages, 8 March 2021,weblink dead, Kadi Burhan al-Din, Hasanoghlu, and Imadaddin Nasimi helped to establish Azerbaiijani as a literary language in the 14th century through poetry and other works. One ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu state, Jahanshah, wrote poems in Azerbaijani language with the nickname "Haqiqi".{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x|title=AZERBAIJAN x. Azeri Turkish Literature|first1=Hasan|last1=Javadi|first2=Kathleen|last2=Burrill|year=1988|access-date=14 February 2023}}V. Minorsky. Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. — Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies, 1954. — V.16, p . 272, 283: «It is somewhat astonishing that a sturdy Turkman like Jihan-shah should have been so restricted in his ways of expression. Altogether the language of the poems belongs to the group of the southern Turkman dialects which go by the name of Azarbayjan Turkish.»; «As yet nothing seems to have been published on the Br. Mus. manuscript Or. 9493, which contains the bilingual collection of poems of Haqiqi, i.e. of the Qara-qoyunlu sultan Jihan-shah (A.D. 1438—1467).» Sultan Yaqub, a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu state, wrote poems in the Azerbaijani language.{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x-orig|title=AZERBAIJAN x. Azeri Literature [1988]|first1=Hasan|last1=Javadi|first2=Kathleen|last2=Burrill|year=1988|access-date=14 February 2023}} The ruler and poet Ismail I wrote under the pen name Khatā'ī (which means "sinner" in Persian) during the fifteenth century in Azerbaijani, and Persian.{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-viii|title=AZERBAIJAN viii. Azeri Turkish|first=Gerhard|last=Doerfer|year=1988|access-date=14 February 2023}}Mark R.V. Southern. Mark R V Southern (2005) Contagious couplings: transmission of expressives in Yiddish echo phrases, Praeger, Westport, Conn. {{ISBN|978-0-31306-844-7}}WEB, 2014-10-15, Esmā ʿĪl I Ṣafawī,weblink Encyclopaedia Iranica, During the 16th century, the poet, writer and thinker Fuzûlî wrote mainly in Azerbaijani but also translated his poems into Arabic and Persian.Starting in the 1830s, several newspapers were published in Iran during the reign of the Qajar dynasty, but it is unknown whether any of these newspapers were written in Azerbaijani. In 1875, Akinchi ( / ) ("The Ploughman") became the first Azerbaijani newspaper to be published in the Russian Empire. It was started by Hasan bey Zardabi, a journalist and education advocate.Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly, while in Iranian Azerbaijan, it is based on the Tabrizi dialect.Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar is an important figure in Azerbaijani poetry. His most important work is Heydar Babaya Salam and it is considered to be a pinnacle of Azerbaijani literature and gained popularity in the Turkic-speaking world. It was translated into more than 30 languages.WEB,weblink Greetings to Heydar Baba, umich.edu, 8 September 2010, 5 August 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180805172258weblink">weblink dead, In the mid-19th century, Azerbaijani literature was taught at schools in Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, and Yerevan. Since 1845, it has also been taught in the Saint Petersburg State University in Russia. In 2018, Azerbaijani language and literature programs are offered in the United States at several universities, including Indiana University, UCLA, and University of Texas at Austin. The vast majority, if not all Azerbaijani language courses teach North Azerbaijani written in the Latin script and not South Azerbaijani written in the Perso-Arabic script.Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is primarily based on the Shirvani dialect, while in the Iranian Azerbaijan region (historic Azerbaijan) it is based on the Tabrizi one.

Lingua franca

Azerbaijani served as a lingua franca throughout most parts of Transcaucasia except the Black Sea coast, in southern Dagestan,Pieter Muysken, "Introduction: Conceptual and methodological issues in areal linguistics", in Pieter Muysken (2008) From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics, p. 30-31 {{ISBN|978-90-272-3100-0}} weblinkViacheslav A. Chirikba, "The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund" in Muysken, p. 74Lenore A. Grenoble (2003) Language Policy in the Soviet Union, p. 131 {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}} weblink the Eastern Anatolia Region and all over IranKeith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie. Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. – Elsevier, 2009. – С. 110–113. – {{ISBN|978-0-08-087774-7}}. An Azerbaijanian koine´ functioned for centuries as a lingua franca, serving trade and intergroup communication all over Persia, in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan. Its transregional validity continued at least until the 18th century. from the 16th to the early 20th centuries,weblink Nikolai Trubetzkoy (2000) Nasledie Chingiskhana, p. 478 Agraf, Moscow {{ISBN|978-5-77840-082-5}} (Russian)J. N. Postgate (2007) Languages of Iraq, p. 164, British School of Archaeology in Iraq {{ISBN|978-0-903472-21-0}} alongside cultural, administrative, court literature, and most importantly official language of all these regions, Persian.Homa Katouzian (2003) Iranian history and politics, Routledge, pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability" From the early 16th century up to the course of the 19th century, these regions and territories were all ruled by the Safavids, Afsharids, Zands, and Qajars until the cession of Transcaucasia proper and Dagestan by Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire per the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay. Per the 1829 Caucasus School Statute, Azerbaijani was to be taught in all district schools of Ganja, Shusha, Nukha (present-day Shaki), Shamakhi, Quba, Baku, Derbent, Yerevan, Nakhchivan, Akhaltsikhe, and Lankaran. Beginning in 1834, it was introduced as a language of study in Kutaisi instead of Armenian. In 1853, Azerbaijani became a compulsory language for students of all backgrounds in all of Transcaucasia with the exception of the Tiflis Governorate."Date of the Official Instruction of Oriental Languages in Russia" by N.I.Veselovsky. 1880. in W.W. Grigorieff ed. (1880) Proceedings of the Third Session of the International Congress of Orientalists, Saint Petersburg (Russian)

Dialects of Azerbaijani

File:Reza Shah and Atatürk.jpg|thumb|Reza Shah and Kemal AtatürkKemal AtatürkAzerbaijani is one of the Oghuz languages within the Turkic language family. Ethnologue lists North Azerbaijani (spoken mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) and South Azerbaijani (spoken in Iran, Iraq, and Syria) as two groups within the Azerbaijani macrolanguage with "significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loanwords" between the two. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) considers Northern and Southern Azerbaijani to be distinct languages.JOURNAL, Salehi, Mohammad, Neysani, Aydin, Receptive intelligibility of Turkish to Iranian-Azerbaijani speakers, Cogent Education, 2017, 4, 1, 3, 10.1080/2331186X.2017.1326653, 121180361, Northern and Southern Azerbaijani are considered distinct languages by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (...), free, Linguists Mohammad Salehi and Aydin Neysani write that "there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility" between North and South Azerbaijani.Svante Cornell wrote in his 2001 book Small Nations and Great Powers that "it is certain that Russian and Iranian words (sic), respectively, have entered the vocabulary on either side of the Araxes river, but this has not occurred to an extent that it could pose difficulties for communication".A study of Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, author Svante E.Cornell, 2001, page 22 ({{ISBN|978-0-203-98887-9}}) There are numerous dialects, with 21 North Azerbaijani dialects and 11 South Azerbaijani dialects identified by Ethnologue.WEB, 2 February 2020, Azerbaijani, South,weblinkweblink 5 June 2019, Ethnologue, Three varieties have been accorded ISO 639-3 language codes: North Azerbaijani, South Azerbaijani and Qashqai. The Glottolog 4.1 database classifies North Azerbaijani, with 20 dialects, and South Azerbaijani, with 13 dialects, under the Modern Azeric family, a branch of Central Oghuz.BOOK, Hammarström, Harald, Forkel, Robert, Haspelmath, Martin, 5 February 2020, Modern Azeric,weblink 2019, 10.5281/zenodo.3554959, Glottolog 4.1, Hammarström, Harald, Forkel, Robert, Haspelmath, Martin, Linguistics, In the northern dialects of the Azerbaijani language, linguists find traces of the influence of the Khazar language.According to Encyclopedia Iranica:{{blockquote|We may distinguish the following Azeri dialects: (1) eastern group: Derbent (Darband), Kuba, Shemakha (Šamāḵī), Baku, Salyani (Salyānī), and Lenkoran (Lankarān), (2) western group: Kazakh (not to be confounded with the Kipchak-Turkic language of the same name), the dialect of the Ayrïm (Āyrom) tribe (which, however, resembles Turkish), and the dialect spoken in the region of the Borchala river; (3) northern group: Zakataly, Nukha, and Kutkashen; (4) southern group: Yerevan (Īravān), Nakhichevan (Naḵjavān), and Ordubad (Ordūbād); (5) central group: Ganja (Kirovabad) and Shusha; (6) North Iraqi dialects; (7) Northwest Iranian dialects: Tabrīz, Reżāʾīya (Urmia), etc., extended east to about Qazvīn; (8) Southeast Caspian dialect (Galūgāh). Optionally, we may adjoin as Azeri (or "Azeroid") dialects: (9) East Anatolian, (10) Qašqāʾī, (11) Aynallū, (12) Sonqorī, (13) dialects south of Qom, (14) Kabul Afšārī.}}

North Azerbaijani

(File:E60 Älät.jpg|thumb|Azerbaijani-language road sign.)North Azerbaijani, or Northern Azerbaijani, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is closely related to modern-day Istanbul Turkish, the official language of Turkey. It is also spoken in southern Dagestan, along the Caspian coast in the southern Caucasus Mountains and in scattered regions throughout Central Asia. {{as of|2011}}, there are some 9.23 million speakers of North Azerbaijani including 4 million monolingual speakers (many North Azerbaijani speakers also speak Russian, as is common throughout former USSR countries).The Shirvan dialect as spoken in Baku is the basis of standard Azerbaijani. Since 1992, it has been officially written with a Latin script in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but the older Cyrillic script was still widely used in the late 1990s.{{sfn|Schönig|1998|p=248}}Ethnologue lists 21 North Azerbaijani dialects: "Quba, Derbend, Baku, Shamakhi, Salyan, Lenkaran, Qazakh, Airym, Borcala, Terekeme, Qyzylbash, Nukha, Zaqatala (Mugaly), Qabala, Nakhchivan, Ordubad, Ganja, Shusha (Karabakh), Karapapak, Kutkashen, Kuba".

South Azerbaijani

South Azerbaijani, or Iranian Azerbaijani,{{efn|Since Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, northern Azerbaijani uses the Latin alphabet. Iranian Azerbaijani, on the other hand, has always used and continues to use Arabic script.{{sfn||Mokari|Werner|2017|p=207}}}} is widely spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan and, to a lesser extent, in neighboring regions of Turkey and Iraq, with smaller communities in Syria. In Iran, the Persian word for Azerbaijani is borrowed as "Turkic". In Iran, it is spoken mainly in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. It is also spoken in Tehran and across the Tehran Province, as Azerbaijanis form by far the largest minority in the city and the wider province,WEB,weblink Azeris, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People, 5 July 2013, comprising about {{fraction|1|6}}NEWS,weblink Iran-Azeris, Library of Congress Country Studies, December 1987, 13 August 2013, BOOK, Iran: Country Study Guide,weblink 2005, International Business Publications, 978-0-7397-1476-8, of its total population. The CIA World Factbook reports that in 2010, the percentage of Iranian Azerbaijani speakers was at around 16 percent of the Iranian population, or approximately 13 million people worldwide,WEB,weblink The World Factbook, Cia.gov, 13 July 2013, and ethnic Azeris form by far the second largest ethnic group of Iran, thus making the language also the second most spoken language in the nation. Ethnologue reports 10.9 million Iranian Azerbaijani in Iran in 2016 and 13,823,350 worldwide.Dialects of South Azerbaijani include: "Aynallu (Inallu, Inanlu), Karapapakh, Tabriz, Afshari (Afsar, Afshar), Shahsavani (Shahseven), Moqaddam, Baharlu (Kamesh), Nafar, Qaragozlu, Pishagchi, Bayat, Qajar".

Comparison with other Turkic languages

Azerbaijani and Turkish

File:Oghuz Turkic Languages distribution map.png|thumb|Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen are Oghuz languagesOghuz languagesSpeakers of Turkish and Azerbaijani can, to an extent, communicate with each other as both languages have substantial variation and are to a degree mutually intelligible, though it is easier for a speaker of Azerbaijani to understand Turkish than the other way around.Azerbaijani (Azeri), UNESCO Turkish soap operas are very popular with Azeris in both Iran and Azerbaijan. Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran (who spoke South Azerbaijani) met with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey (who spoke Turkish) in 1934; the two were filmed speaking their respective language to each other and communicated effectively.BOOK, Yelda, Rami, A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited,weblink 2012, AuthorHouse, 978-1-4772-0291-3, , p. 33BOOK, Mafinezam, Alidad, Mehrabi, Aria, Iran and Its Place Among Nations,weblink 2008, Greenwood Publishing Group, 978-0-275-99926-1, , p. 57In a 2011 study, 30 Turkish participants were tested to determine how well they understood written and spoken Azerbaijani. It was found that even though Turkish and Azerbaijani are typologically similar languages, on the part of Turkish speakers the intelligibility is not as high as is estimated.Sağın-Şimşek Ç, König W. Receptive multilingualism and language understanding: Intelligibility of Azerbaijani to Turkish speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism. 2012;16(3):315–331. doi:10.1177/1367006911426449 In a 2017 study, Iranian Azerbaijanis scored in average 56% of receptive intelligibility in spoken language of Turkish.JOURNAL, Salehi, Mohammad, Neysani, Aydin, Receptive intelligibility of Turkish to Iranian-Azerbaijani speakers, Cogent Education, 2017, 4, 1, 10, 10.1080/2331186X.2017.1326653, 121180361, free, Azerbaijani exhibits a similar stress pattern to Turkish but simpler in some respects. Azerbaijani is a strongly stressed and partially stress-timed language, unlike Turkish which is weakly stressed and syllable-timed.{{cn|date=December 2023}}Below are some cognates with different spelling in Azerbaijani and Turkish:{| class="wikitable"! Azerbaijani !! Turkish !! Englishaztr| shoesaz|ayaq}}tr|ayak}}|footaz|kitab}}tr|kitap}}|bookborrowing from a Semitic K-T-Baz|qan}}tr|kan}}|bloodaz|qaz}}tr|kaz}}|gooseaztr| eyebrowaztr| snowaztr| stone

Azerbaijani and Turkmen

The 1st person personal pronoun is mən in Azerbaijani just as men in Turkmen, whereas it is ben in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns bu, where sound b is replaced with sound m. For example: bunun>munun/mının, muna/mına, munu/munı, munda/mında, mundan/mından.Shiraliyev M. Fundamentals of Azerbaijan dialectology. Baku, 2008. p.76 This is observed in the Turkmen literary language as well, where the demonstrative pronoun bu undergoes some changes just as in: munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan, munça.Kara M. Turkmen Grammar. Ankara, 2005. p.231 b>m replacement is encountered in many dialects of the Turkmen language and may be observed in such words as: boyun>moyın in Yomut – Gunbatar dialect, büdüremek>müdüremek in Ersari and Stavropol Turkmens' dialects, bol>mol in Karakalpak Turkmens' dialects, buzav>mizov in Kirac dialects.BOOK, Berdiev R., S. Kurenov, K. Shamuradov, S. Arazkuliyev, Essay on the Dialects of the Turkmen Language, Ashgabat, 1970, 116, Here are some words from the Swadesh list to compare Azerbaijani with Turkmen:WEB, Swadesh list, compare the Azerbaijani language and the Turkmen language,weblink Linguistics, {| class="wikitable"! Azerbaijani !! Turkmen !! Englishaz| I, meaz|sən}}|sen|youaz|haçan}}|haçan|whenaz|başqa}}|başga|otherazaz|köpək}}|it, köpek|dogaz| skin, leatheraz| eggaz| heartaz| to hear

Oghuric

{{see also|Oghuric languages}}Azerbaijani dialects share paradigms of verbs in some tenses with the Chuvash language,WEB,weblink Khazar language, Great Russian Encyclopedia, ru, on which linguists also rely in the study and reconstruction of the Khazar language.

Phonology

Phonotactics

Azerbaijani phonotactics is similar to that of other Oghuz Turkic languages, except:

• Trimoraic syllables with long vowels are permissible.
• There is an ongoing metathesis of neighboring consonants in a word.{{sfn|Kök|2016|pp=406–30}} Speakers tend to reorder consonants in the order of decreasing sonority and back-to-front (for example, ilÉ™ri becomes irÉ™li, köprü becomes körpü, topraq becomes torpaq). Some of the metatheses are so common in the educated speech that they are reflected in orthography (all the above examples are like that). This phenomenon is more common in rural dialects but observed even in educated young urban speakers, but noticeably absent from some Southern dialects.
• Intramorpheme q {{IPA|/g/}} becomes {{IPA|/x/}}.

Consonants {| class"wikitable" style"text-align: center;"|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Azerbaijani

!  ! colspan="2" | Labial! colspan="2" | Dental! colspan="2" | Alveolar! colspan="2" | Palato-alveolar! colspan="2" | Palatal! colspan="2" | Velar! colspan="2" | Glottal! Nasal {{IPA link|m}}   {{IPA link|n}}     ({{IPA link|Å‹}})  ! Stop/Affricate{{IPA link|p}}{{IPA link|b}}{{IPA linkt}}{{IPA linkd}}  {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{IPA link|dÍ¡Ê’}}{{IPA link|c}}{{IPA link|ÉŸ}}({{IPA link|k}}){{IPA link|É¡}} ! Fricative{{IPA link|f}}{{IPA link|v}}{{IPA links}}{{IPA linkz}}  {{IPA link|ʃ}}{{IPA link|Ê’}}{{IPA link|x}}{{IPA link|É£}}{{IPA link|h}} ! Approximant     {{IPA link|l}}  {{IPA link|j}}   ! Flap     {{IPA link|ɾ}}      

1. The sound {{IPA|[k]}} is used only in loanwords; the historical unpalatalized {{IPA|[k]}} became voiced to {{IPA|[É¡]}}. In Iran the sound [K] is kept, and [k] did not shift to [g].
2. {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} are realised as {{IPA|[t͡s]}} and {{IPA|[d͡z]}} respectively in the areas around Tabriz and to the west, south and southwest of Tabriz (including Kirkuk in Iraq); in the Nakhchivan and Ayrum dialects, in Cəbrayil and some Caspian coastal dialects;.Persian Studies in North America by Mohammad Ali Jazayeri
3. Sounds {{IPA|/t͡s/}} and {{IPA|/d͡z/}} may also be recognized as separate phonemic sounds in the Tabrizi and southern dialects.{{Sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2017|p=209}}
4. In most dialects of Azerbaijani, {{IPA|/c/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ç}} when it is found in the syllabic coda or is preceded by a voiceless consonant (as in ' {{IPA|[t͡ʃœˈɾæç]}} – "bread"; ' {{IPA|[sæçˈsæn]}} – "eighty").
5. {{IPA|/w/}} exists in the Kirkuk dialect as an allophone of {{IPA|/v/}} in Arabic loanwords.
6. In colloquial speech, {{IPA|/x/}} (but not intramorpheme {{IPA|[x]}} transformed from {{IPA|/g/}}) is usually pronounced as {{IPA|[χ]}}

Dialectal consonants

Works on Azerbaijani dialectology use the following notations for dialectal consonants:Məmmədli Məhərrəm Əvəz oğlu. Azərbaycan dialektologiyası. Dərslik. Bakı: Zərdabi LTD, 2019, 352 s.Mahirə Hüseynova. Mahmud Kaşğarinin “Divani lüğət-ittürk” əsərinin qrammatik xüsusiyyətləri.Məmmədli Məhərrəm Əvəz oğlu. Azərbaycan dialektologiyası. Bakı, “Zərdabi Nəşr” MMC, 2019, 352 səh.

• Ⱪ ⱪ—{{IPA|[k]}}
• X` x`—{{IPA|[ç]}}
• ÅŠ ŋ—{{IPA|[Å‹]}}
• Ц ц—{{IPA|[tÍ¡s]}}
• Dz dz—{{IPA|[dÍ¡z]}}
• Ž ž—{{IPA|[ð]}}
• W w—{{IPA|[w, É¥]}}

Examples:

• {{IPA|[k]}}—ⱪış {{IPA|[kɯʃ]}}
• {{IPA|[ç]}}—üzüx` {{IPA|[Ê”yzyç]}}
• {{IPA|[Å‹]}}—ataŋın {{IPA|[ʔɑt̪ɑŋɯn̪]}}
• {{IPA|[tÍ¡s]}}—цay {{IPA|[tÍ¡sÉ‘j]}}
• {{IPA|[dÍ¡z]}}—dzan {{IPA|[dÍ¡zÉ‘n̪]}}
• {{IPA|[ð]}}—əžəli {{IPA|[ʔæðæl̪ɪ]}}
• {{IPA|[w]}}—dowÅŸan {{IPA|[d̪ɔːwʃɑn̪]}}
• {{IPA|[É¥]}}—töwlÉ™ {{IPA|[t̪œːɥl̪æ]}}

Vowels

The vowels of the Azerbaijani are, in alphabetical order,Householder and Lotfi. Basic Course in Azerbaijani. 1965. ' {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, ' {{IPA|/e/}}, ' {{IPA|/æ/}}, ' {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, ' {{IPA|/i/}}, ' {{IPA|/o/}}, ' {{IPA|/œ/}}, ' {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/y/}}.JOURNAL, Zaslansky, Matthew, 2019-10-07, The overabundance of the perfect and the restriction of evidentiality in Standard Azerbaijani: A diachronic study of -(y)Ib and -mIş,weblink Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic, en, 4, 104–118, 10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4582, 211661718, 2641-3485, The [Standard Azerbaijani Latin] orthography tends to correspond to IPA equivalents in broad transcription, except j = /ʒ/, ş = /ʃ/, ç = /tʃ/, c = /dʒ/, k = /c~k/, g = /ɟ/, q = /g/ (often spirantized as [x] in codas), ğ = /ɣ/, y = /j/, ə = /æ/, ö = /œ/, ü = /y/, ı = /ɯ/., Linguistic Society of America, free, {{Sfn|Mokari|Werner|2017|pp=208–210}}BOOK, Campbell, George L.,weblink Compendium of the World's Languages, King, Gareth, 1991, Routledge, 978-1-136-25846-6, 3rd, 153–157, en, Azerbaijani, There are nine vowels: i e æ y œ ɯ u o ɑ. (...) As in Turkish, c = /dʒ/, ç = /tʃ/, ş = /ʃ/, j = /ʒ/, ı = /ɯ/, ü = /y/, ö = /œ/; letters not used in Turkish are ə = /æ/, q = /ɡ/, x = /x/., George L. Campbell,weblink Google Books, (File:Azeri vowel chart.svg|thumb|right|South Azerbaijani vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}){| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"|+Vowels of Standard Azerbaijani! rowspan="2" |! colspan="2" | Front! colspan="2" | Back! {{small|Unrounded}}! {{small|Rounded}}! {{small|Unrounded}}! {{small|Rounded}}! Closei}}y}}ɯ}}u}}! Mide}}œ}}|o}}! Openæ}}|ɑ}}|{{expand section|complete vowel allophonies|date=December 2018}}The typical phonetic quality of South Azerbaijani vowels is as follows:

• {{IPA|/i, u, æ/}} are close to cardinal {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|i}}, {{IPAplink|u}}, {{IPAplink|a}}]}}.{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}
• The F1 and F2 formant frequencies overlap for {{IPA|/Å“/}} and {{IPA|/ɯ/}}. Their acoustic quality is more or less close-mid central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɵ}}, {{IPAplink|ɘ}}]}}. The main role in the distinction of two vowels is played by the different F3 frequencies in audition,{{sfn|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=514}} and rounding in articulation. Phonologically, however, they are more distinct: {{IPA|/Å“/}} is phonologically a mid front rounded vowel, the front counterpart of {{IPA|/o/}} and the rounded counterpart of {{IPA|/e/}}. {{IPA|/ɯ/}} is phonologically a close back unrounded vowel, the back counterpart of {{IPA|/i/}} and the unrounded counterpart of {{IPA|/u/}}.
• The other mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} are closer to close-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|o}}]}} than open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|É›}}, {{IPAplink|É”}}]}}.{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}
• {{IPA|/É‘/}} is phonetically near-open back {{IPAblink|É‘|ɑ̝}}.{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}

Diphthongs

The modern Azerbaijani Latin alphabet contains the digraphs and ' to represent diphthongs present in the language, and the pronunciation of diphthongs is today accepted as the norm in the orthophony of Azerbaijani.{{sfn|Əlizadə|2020|pp=10–12}} Despite this, the number and even the existence of diphthongs in Azerbaijani has been disputed, with some linguists, such as {{interlanguage link|Abdulazal Damirchizade|az|Əbdüləzəl Dəmirçizadə}}, arguing that they are non-phonemic. Damirchizade's view was challenged by others, such as {{interlanguage link|Aghamusa Akhundov|az|Ağamusa Axundov}}, who argued that Damirchizade was taking orthography as the basis of his judgement, rather than its phonetic value. According to Akhundov, Azerbaijani contains two diphthongs, {{IPAslink|ou̯}} and {{IPAslink|œy̯}},{{refn|They are /oʋ/ and /œw/ in the dialect of Tabriz.{{sfn|Səlimi|1976|pp=49–51}}}} represented by and ' in the alphabet, both of which are phonemic due to their contrast with {{IPAslink|o}} and {{IPAslink|œ}}, represented by and .{{sfn|Səlimi|1976|pp=33–34, 44–51}} In some cases, a non-syllabic {{IPAslink|v}} can also be pronounced after the aforementioned diphthongs, to form {{IPAslink|ou̯v}} and {{IPAslink|œy̯v}}, the rules of which are as follows:{{Sfn|Əlizadə|2020|p=12}}

• If the letter precedes and then , forming , it should be pronounced as {{IPAslink|ou̯}}, e.g. (wiktionary:sovurmaqAzerbaijani|sovurmaq), {{IPA-az|sou̯rˈmÉ‘x|pron}}.
• If the letter precedes and then any consonant, it should be pronounced as {{IPAslink|ou̯(v)}}, with the pronunciation of the being optional, e.g. (wiktionary:dovÅŸanAzerbaijani|dovÅŸan), {{IPA-az|dou̯(v)ˈʃɑn|pron}}.
• If the letter precedes and then any unvoiced consonant, it should be pronounced as {{IPAslink|Å“y̯}}, e.g. (wiktionary:cövhÉ™rAzerbaijani|cövhÉ™r), {{IPA-az|dÍ¡Ê’Å“y̯ˈhær|pron}}.
• If the letter precedes and then any voiced consonant, it should be pronounced as {{IPAslink|Å“y̯(v)}}, with the pronunciation of the being optional, e.g. (wiktionary:tövbÉ™Azerbaijani|tövbÉ™), {{IPA-az|tÅ“y̯(v)ˈbæ|pron}}.

Modern linguists who have examined Azerbaijani's vowel system almost unanimously have recognised that diphthongs are phonetically produced in speech.{{sfn|Səlimi|1976|pp=89}}

Writing systems

Before 1929, Azerbaijani was written only in the Perso-Arabic alphabet, an impure abjad that does not represent all vowels (without diacritical marks). In Iran, the process of standardization of orthography started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as Varlıq ( — Existence) from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in Tehran, chaired by the founder of Varlıq, Javad Heyat, in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public.Azeri Arabic Turk standard of writing; authored by Javad Heyat; 2001weblink This standard of writing is today canonized by a Persian–Azeri Turkish dictionary in Iran titled .BOOK, Ameli, Seyed Hassan, لغت‌نامه ترکی آذربایجانی: حروف آ (جلد ۱, Mohaghegh Ardabili, 2021, 978-600-344-624-3, fa, az, In 1929–1938 a Latin alphabet was in use for North Azerbaijani (although it was different from the one used now), from 1938 to 1991 the Cyrillic script was used, and in 1991 the current Latin alphabet was introduced, although the transition to it has been rather slow.WEB, Dooley, Ian, New Nation, New Alphabet: Azerbaijani Children's Books in the 1990s,weblink Cotsen Children's Library, Princeton University WordPress Service, 13 December 2017, en, az, 6 October 2017, Through the 1990s and early 2000s Cyrillic script was still in use for newspapers, shops, and restaurants. Only in 2001 did then president Heydar Aliyev declare "a mandatory shift from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet" ... The transition has progressed slowly., For instance, until an Aliyev decree on the matter in 2001,WEB, Peuch, Jean-Christophe, Azerbaijan: Cyrillic Alphabet Replaced By Latin One,weblink Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, 13 December 2017, en, 1 August 2001, newspapers would routinely write headlines in the Latin script, leaving the stories in Cyrillic.WEB, Monakhov, Yola, Azerbaijan Changes Its Alphabet,weblink Getty Images, 13 December 2017, en, 31 July 2001, The transition has also resulted in some misrendering of İ as Ì.JOURNAL, Dilənçi, Piruz, Khomeini, Ruhollah, Ayətulla Homeynì: "... Məscìd ìlə mədrəsədən zar oldum", Müxalifət, 15 March 1997,weblink 13 December 2017, Baku, az, fa, WEB,weblink Global Impact of the Works of Harun Yahya V2, Yahya, Harun, Secret Beyond Matter, 23 April 2020, In Dagestan, Azerbaijani is still written in Cyrillic script.The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is based on the Turkish Latin alphabet, which in turn was based on former Azerbaijani Latin alphabet because of their linguistic connections and mutual intelligibility. The letters , , and are available only in Azerbaijani for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish.{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"!scope="col"| Old Latin (1929–1938 version; no longer in use; replaced by 1991 version)!scope="col"| Official Latin (Azerbaijan since 1991)!scope="col"| Cyrillic (1958 version, still official in Dagestan)!scope="col"| Perso-Arabic (Iran; Azerbaijan until 1929)!scope="col"| IPA A a| А а آ / ـا/ɑ/}}| B b| Б б ب/b/}}| C c| Ҹ ҹ ج/dʒ/}}| Ç ç| Ч ч چ/tʃ/}} D d| Д д د/d/}} E e| Е е ئ/e/}} Ə ə| Ә ә ا / َ / ە/æ/}} F f| Ф ф ف/f/}} G g| Ҝ ҝ گ/ɟ/}}| Ğ ğ| Ғ ғ غ/ɣ/}} H h| Һ һ ح / ه/h/}} X x| Х х خ/x/}}| I ı| Ы ы ؽ/ɯ/}}| İ i| И и ی/i/}}| J j| Ж ж ژ/ʒ/}} K k| К к ک/k/}}, {{IPA|/c/}} Q q| Г г ق/ɡ/}} L l| Л л ل/l/}} M m| М м م/m/}} N n| Н н ن/n/}}Excluded from the alphabet in 1938}}| –| – ݣ / نگ/ŋ/}} O o| О о وْ/o/}}| Ö ö| Ө ө ؤ/œ/}} P p| П п پ/p/}} R r| Р р ر/r/}} S s| С с ث / س / ص/s/}} Ş ş| Ш ш ش/ʃ/}} T t| Т т ت / ط/t/}} U u| У у ۇ/u/}}| Ü ü| Ү ү ۆ/y/}} V v| В в و/v/}}| Y y| Ј ј ی/j/}} Z z| З з ذ / ز / ض / ظ/z/}} –| ʼ ع/ʔ/}}Northern Azerbaijani, unlike Turkish, respells foreign names to conform with Latin Azerbaijani spelling, e.g. (wikt:Bush|Bush) is spelled and Schröder becomes . Hyphenation across lines directly corresponds to spoken syllables, except for geminated consonants which are hyphenated as two separate consonants as morphonology considers them two separate consonants back to back but enunciated in the onset of the latter syllable as a single long consonant, as in other Turkic languages.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Vocabulary

Interjections

Some samples include:Secular:

• ("Ugh!")
• ("Be quick!")
• ("Be quick girls, to school!", a slogan for an education campaign in Azerbaijan){{cn|date=May 2024}}

Invoking deity:

• implicitly:
  • ("Mercy")
  • ("Much thanks")
• explicitly:
  • ' (pronounced as ') ("Goodness gracious")
  • '; ' "By God [I swear it]".
  • ("Much thanks my God")

Formal and informal

{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}Azerbaijani has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is a strong tu-vous distinction in Turkic languages like Azerbaijani and Turkish (as well as in many other languages). The informal "you" is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal "you" is used when talking to someone who is older than the speaker or to show respect (to a professor, for example).As in many Turkic languages, personal pronouns can be omitted, and they are only added for emphasis. Since 1992 North Azerbaijani has used a phonetic writing system, so pronunciation is easy: most words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled. However, the combination in words is pronounced {{IPA-az|kɡ|}}, as the first voiced velar stop is devoiced when it is geminated, such as in (wiktionary:çaqqal#Azerbaijani|çaqqal), {{IPA-az|t͡ʃɑkɡɑl|pron}}.{{Sfn|Əlizadə|2020|p=14}}{{Sfn|Səlimi|1976|p=38–39}}{| class="wikitable"! Category! English! North Azerbaijani (in Latin script) Basic expressions| yes {{IPA>/hæ/}} (informal), (formal)| no {{IPA>/jox/}} (informal), (formal)| hello {{IPA>/sɑlɑm/}} goodbye {{IPA>/ˈsɑɣ ol/}} {{IPA>/ˈsɑɣ olun/}} (formal)| good morning {{IPA>/sɑbɑhɯ(nɯ)z xejiɾ/}}| good afternoon {{IPA>/ɟynoɾt(ɑn)ɯz xejiɾ/}} good evening {{IPA>/ɑxʃɑmɯn xejiɾ/}} {{IPA>/ɑxʃɑmɯ(nɯ)z xejiɾ/}} Colours| black {{IPA>/ɡɑɾɑ/}}| blue {{IPA>/ɟœj/}}| brown' / '| grey {{IPA>/boz/}}| green {{IPA>/jaʃɯl/}}| orange {{IPA>/nɑɾɯnd͡ʒɯ/}}| pink{{IPA|/t͡ʃæhɾɑjɯ/}}| purple{{IPA|/bænœy̑ʃæji/}}| red {{IPA>/ɡɯɾmɯzɯ/}}| white {{IPA>/ɑɣ/}}| yellow {{IPA>/sɑɾɯ/}}|golden|qızıl

Numbers {| class"wikitable"

! Number! Word| 0 {{IPA>/ˈsɯfɯɾ/}}| 1 {{IPA>/biɾ/}}| 2 {{IPA>/ici/}}| 3 {{IPA>/yt͡ʃ/}}| 4 {{IPA>/dœɾd/}}| 5 {{IPA>/beʃ/}}| 6 {{IPA>/ɑltɯ/}}| 7 {{IPA>/jed:i/}}| 8 {{IPA>/sæc:iz/}}| 9 {{IPA>/dokɡuz/}}| 10 {{IPA>/on/}}The numbers 11–19 are constructed as ' and ', literally meaning "ten-one, ten-two" and so on up to ("ten-nine").{| class="wikitable"! Number! Word| 20 {{IPA>/ijiɾmi/}}{{efn/iɾmi/}} is also found in standard speech.}}| 30 {{IPA>/otuz/}}| 40 {{IPA>/ɡɯɾx/}}| 50 {{IPA>/ælli/}}Greater numbers are constructed by combining in tens and thousands larger to smaller in the same way, without using a conjunction in between.

Notes

{{reflist|group=note}}{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• JOURNAL, ƏlizadÉ™, Solmaz, 2020, Diphthongization in Azerbaijani Language,weblink Topical Issues in the Humanities: Intercollegiate Collection of Scientific Papers of Young Scientists of Ivan Franko Drohobych State Pedagogical University, 2, 30, 10–16, 10.24919/2308-4863.2/30.212274, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 224941226,
• BOOK, Keith, Brown, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Elsevier, 24 November 2005, 978-0-08-054784-8,
• JOURNAL, Kök, Ali, 2016, Modern OÄŸuz Türkçesi Diyalektlerinde Göçüşme, Migration in Modern Oghuz Turkish Dialects,weblink 21. Yüzyılda EÄŸitim ve Toplum EÄŸitim Bilimleri ve Sosyal AraÅŸtırmalar Dergisi, tr, 5, 15, 2147-0928, {{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{citation |last1=Mokari |first1=Payam Ghaffarvand |last2=Werner |first2=Stefan |year=2016 |title=An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels |editor-last=Dziubalska-Kolaczyk |editor-first=Katarzyna |journal=PoznaÅ„ Studies in Contemporary Linguistics |volume=52 |issue=3 |doi=10.1515/psicl-2016-0019 |s2cid=151826061 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305567394 }}
• JOURNAL, Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand, Werner, Stefan, Azerbaijani, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2017, 47, 2, 207, 10.1017/S0025100317000184, 232347049,
• THESIS, Hüseynqulu, SÉ™limi, 1976, A generative phonology of Azerbaijani,weblink PhD, University of Florida, Archival Resource Key, ARK 13960/t1tf4s495. {{OL, 18319A, . |oclc=1045615622 }}
• BOOK, Sinor, Denis, Inner Asia. History-Civilization-Languages. A syllabus, 1969, Bloomington, 978-0-87750-081-0, 71–96,weblink
• JOURNAL, Schönig, Claus, Azerbaijanian, The Turkic Languages, 1998, 248, Routledge, London,

Further reading

• BOOK, Mustafayev, Shahin, Contemporary Research in Turkology and Eurasian Studies: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Tasin Gemil on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, Cluj University Press, 2013, 978-973-595-622-6, Lascu, Stoica, Stoica Lascu, Cluj-Napoca, 333–346, Ethnolinguistic Processes in the Turkic Milieu of Anatolia and Azerbaijan (14th–15th Centuries), Fetisleam, Melek,

External links

{{Commons category|Azerbaijani language}}{{Interwiki|code=az|Azerbaijani}}{{Interwiki|code=azb|South Azerbaijani}}{{Wikivoyage|Azerbaijani phrasebook|Azerbaijani|a phrasebook}}{{Incubator|az|Wikinews}}

• A blog on Azerbaijani language resources and translations
• {{in lang|ru}} A blog about the Azerbaijani language and lessons
• azeri.org, Azerbaijani literature and English translations.
• Online bidirectional Azerbaijani-English Dictionary [broken as of 2022]
• Learn Azerbaijani at learn101.org.
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060209020322weblink">Pre-Islamic roots
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071014220553weblink">Azerbaijan-Turkish language in Iran by Ahmad Kasravi.
• including sound file.
• Azerbaijani (Arabic script) - Persian Dictionary (2009) (by Mahmud Dast-Pisheh)
• AzerbaijaniTurkish dictionary (Pamukkale University)
• Azerbaijan Language with Audio
• Azerbaijani thematic vocabulary
• AzConvert, an open source Azerbaijani transliteration program.
• Azerbaijani Alphabet and Language in Transition, the entire issue of Azerbaijan International, Spring 2000 (8.1) at azer.com.
  • Editorial
  • Chart: Four Alphabet Changes in Azerbaijan in the 20th century
  • Chart: Changes in the Four Azerbaijan Alphabet Sequence in the 20th century
  • Baku's Institute of Manuscripts: Early Alphabets in Azerbaijan

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