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Soviet dissidents
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{{Short description|People who disagreed with certain features in the Marxist–Leninist state ideology}}{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them.BOOK, Carlisle, Rodney, Golson, Geoffrey, The Reagan era from the Iran crisis to Kosovo, 2008, ABC-CLIO, 978-1-85109-885-9, 88,weblink The term dissident was used in the Soviet Union (USSR) in the period from the mid-1960s until the Fall of Communism.Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316074723weblink |date=2011-03-16 }} {{in lang|ru}} It was used to refer to small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose challenges, from modest to radical to the Soviet regime, met protection and encouragement from correspondents,BOOK,weblink The Oxford handbook of the history of communism, 2014, OUP Oxford, 978-0-19-960205-6, 379, Smith, Stephen, and typically criminal prosecution or other forms of silencing by the authorities. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime.BOOK,weblink The road to disillusion: from critical Marxism to post-communism in Eastern Europe, 2015, Routledge, 978-1-317-45479-3, 2, 62, 1992, Taras, Raymond, As dissenters began self-identifying as dissidents, the term came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.Universal Declaration of Human Rights General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), United Nations, 10 December 1948Proclamation of Tehran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968), United Nations, May 1968CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT. Helsinki, 1 aug. 1975 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531135656weblink |date=2011-05-31 }} The most influential subset of the dissidents is known as the Soviet human rights movement.Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible, and apart rare exceptions, it had little consequence,JOURNAL, October 1997, Opposition in Russia, Government and Opposition, 32, 4, 598–613, 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x, Barber, John, 145793949, primarily because it was instantly crushed with brute force. Instead, an important element of dissident activity in the Soviet Union was informing society (both inside the USSR and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights and organizing in defense of those rights. Over time, the dissident movement created vivid awareness of Soviet Communist abuses.NEWS,weblink Soviet dissenters used to die for speaking out, 2 June 1989, The Dispatch (Lexington), The Dispatch, 5, Rosenthal, Abe, Soviet dissidents who criticized the state in most cases faced legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal CodeBOOK, Stone, Alan, Law, psychiatry, and morality: essays and analysis, 1985, American Psychiatric Pub, 978-0-88048-209-7, 5,weblink registration, and the choice between exile abroad (with revocation of their Soviet citizenship), the mental hospital, or the labor camp.JOURNAL, Singer, Daniel, Socialism and the Soviet Bloc, The Nation, 2 January 1998,weblink 26 November 2015, 27 September 2018,weblink dead, Anti-Soviet political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, writing books critical of the USSR were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g. violation of Articles 70 or {{not a typo|190-1}}), a symptom (e.g. "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g. "sluggish schizophrenia").JOURNAL, Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1989, 15, 4 Suppl, 1–219, 2638045, 10.1093/schbul/15.suppl_1.1, free,

1950s–1960s

In the 1950s, Soviet dissidents started leaking criticism to the West by sending documents and statements to foreign diplomatic missions in Moscow.JOURNAL, Shirk, Susan, Human rights: what about China?, Foreign Policy, Winter 1977–1978, 29, 109–127, 10.2307/1148534, 1148534, In the 1960s, Soviet dissidents frequently declared that the rights the government of the Soviet Union denied them were universal rights, possessed by everyone regardless of race, religion and nationality.JOURNAL, Bergman, Jay, Soviet dissidents on the Holocaust, Hitler and Nazism: a study of the preservation of historical memory, The Slavonic and East European Review, July 1992, 70, 3, 477–504, 4211013, In August 1969, for instance, the Initiating Group for Defense of Civil Rights in the USSR appealed to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights to defend the human rights being trampled on by Soviet authorities in a number of trials.JOURNAL, Yakobson, Anatoly, Yakir, Pyotr, Khodorovich, Tatyana, Podyapolskiy, Gregory, Maltsev, Yuri, An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights, The New York Review of Books, 21 August 1969, 13, 3,weblink etal, Some of the major milestones of the dissident movement of the 1960s included:
  • Public readings of poetry at the Mayakovsky Square in downtown Moscow, where some of the underground writings critical of the system were often circulated; some of these public readings were dispersed by the police;
  • The trial of poet Iosif Brodsky (later known as Joseph Brodsky, the future winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature) who was charged with 'parasitism' for not being officially employed and sentenced in 1963 to internal exile; he gained widespread sympathy and support in dissident and semi-dissident circles, mostly through the notes from his trial compiled by Frida Vigdorova
  • The trial and sentencing of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel who were arrested in 1965 for publishing their co-authored work abroad under pennames and sentenced to labor camp and internal exile; opposition to this trial led to a campaign of petitions for their release that was signed by thousands of people, many of whom went on to participate more actively in the dissident movement
  • Silent demonstrations on Moscow's Pushkin Square initiated by Alexander Yesenin-Volpin on the Soviet Constitution Day of Dec. 5, 1965, with posters urging the authorities to observe their own Constitution
  • Petitioning campaigns against the downplaying of Stalin's terror after the removal of Nikita Khrushchev and the resurgence of the cult of Stalin's personality in parts of the Soviet government bureaucracy
  • The launch, in April 1968, of the underground periodical, 'Chronicle of Current Events', documenting violations of human rights and protest activities across the Soviet Union
  • The publication in the West of Andrei Sakharov's first political essay 'Reflections on Progress and Intellectual Freedom' in the spring and summer of 1968
  • The rally of protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress 'the Prague Spring'; was held on August 25, 1968, on Moscow's Red Square by eight dissidents including Viktor Fainberg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Pavel Litvinov, Vladimir Dremlyuga, and others
  • The founding of the Initiative on Human Rights in 1969

1970s

File:Soviet dissidents in Munich.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Moscow Helsinki Group members Yuliya Vishnevskya, Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Dina Kaminskaya, Kronid Lyubarsky in MunichMunichOur history shows that most of the people can be fooled for a very long time. But now all this idiocy is coming into clear contradiction with the fact that we have some level of openness. (Vladimir Voinovich)JOURNAL, Vasilyev, Yuri, The post-Soviet optimistic pessimism of Vladimir Voinovich, The Atlantic, 27 September 2012,weblink The heyday of the dissenters as a presence in the Western public life was the 1970s.JOURNAL, Horvath, Robert, "The Solzhenitsyn effect": East European dissidents and the demise of the revolutionary privilege,weblink Human Rights Quarterly, November 2007, 29, 4, 879–907, 10.1353/hrq.2007.0041, 144778599, The Helsinki Accords inspired dissidents in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland to openly protest human rights failures by their own governments.JOURNAL, Fox, Karen, Skorobogatykh, Irina, Saginova, Olga, The Soviet evolution of marketing thought, 1961–1991: from Marx to marketing, Marketing Theory, September 2005, 5, 3, 283–307, 10.1177/1470593105054899, 154474714, The Soviet dissidents demanded that the Soviet authorities implement their own commitments proceeding from the Helsinki Agreement with the same zeal and in the same way as formerly the outspoken legalists expected the Soviet authorities to adhere strictly to the letter of their constitution.BOOK, Glazov, Yuri, The Russian mind since Stalin's death, 1985, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 978-9027719690, 105, Dissident Russian and East European intellectuals who urged compliance with the Helsinki accords have been subjected to official repression.JOURNAL, Binder, David, The quiet dissident: East Germany's Reiner Kunze, The Wilson Quarterly, Summer 1977, 1, 4, 158–160, 40255268, According to Soviet dissident Leonid Plyushch, Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters.NEWS, Helsinki pact said abused,weblink The Spokesman-Review, 28 November 1976, A11, 50 members of Soviet Helsinki Groups were imprisoned.NEWS, ru:Хельсинкский аккорд, Helsinki Accord,weblink Radio Liberty, ru, 1 August 2015, Радио Свобода, Поляковская, Елена, Олейников, Антон, Гаврилов, Андрей, Cases of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union were divulged by Amnesty International in 1975BOOK, Prisoners of conscience in the USSR: Their treatment and conditions, 1975, Amnesty International Publications, London, 978-0-900058-13-4, 118,weblink PDF, immediate download, and by The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners in 1975BOOK, Political Prisoners in the U.S.S.R., 1975, The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners, New York,weblink and 1976.BOOK, Inside Soviet prisons. Documents of the struggle for human and national rights in the USSR, 1976, The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners, New York,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151105204002weblink">weblink 5 November 2015, live, 3514696, BOOK, The abuse of psychiatry in the USSR: Soviet dissenters in psychiatric prisons, 1976, The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners, New York,weblink B00CRZ0EAC, US President Jimmy Carter in his inaugural address on 20 January 1977 announced that human rights would be central to foreign policy during his administration.JOURNAL, Howell, John, The Carter human rights policy as applied to the Soviet Union, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Spring 1983, 13, 2, 286–295, 27547926, In February, Carter sent Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov a letter expressing his support for the latter's stance on human rights.NEWS, Mydans, Seth, Sakharov gets personal letter from Carter,weblink Schenectady Gazette, 121, LXXXIV, 18 February 1977, In the wake of Carter's letter to Sakharov, the USSR cautioned against attempts "to interfere' in its affairs under "a thought-up pretext of 'defending human rights.'"NEWS, Marder, Murrey, Carter firm as Soviets assail support of dissidents,weblink The Washington Post, 19 February 1977, Because of Carter's open show of support for Soviet dissidents, the KGB was able to link dissent with American imperialism through suggesting that such protest is a cover for American espionage in the Soviet Union.JOURNAL, Dean, Richard, Contacts with the West: the dissidents' view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union, Universal Human Rights, January–March 1980, 2, 1, 47–65,weblink 10.2307/761802, 761802, The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov, fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."BOOK, Snyder, Sarah, Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network, 2011, Cambridge University Press, 978-1-139-49892-0, 73,weblink According to Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman, it was Andropov who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as Andrei Amalrik, Vladimir Bukovsky, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Alexander Ginzburg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Pyotr Grigorenko, Anatoly Shcharansky, and others:BOOK, Volkogonov, Dmitri, Shukman, Harold, Autopsy for an empire: the seven leaders who built the Soviet regime, 1998, Simon & Schuster, 978-0-684-83420-7, 342,weblink If we accept human rights violations as just "their way" of doing things, then we are all guilty. (Andrei Sakharov)JOURNAL, Yankelevich, Tatyana, Silence is the crime, Human Rights, 13, 1985, 13, 40,weblink File:The Chronicle of the Current Events.jpg|thumb|A Chronicle of Current EventsChronicle of Current EventsVoluntary and involuntary emigration allowed the authorities to rid themselves of many political active intellectuals including writers Valentin Turchin, Georgi Vladimov, Vladimir Voinovich, Lev Kopelev, Vladimir Maximov, Naum Korzhavin, Vasily Aksyonov, psychiatrist Marina Voikhanskaya and others.{{rp|194}}JOURNAL, Sharlet, Robert, 1978, Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev,weblink International Journal, 33, n.4, 4, 766, 10.2307/40201689, 40201689, JSTOR, A Chronicle of Current Events covered 424 political trials, in which 753 people were convicted, and no one of the accused was acquitted; in addition, 164 people were declared insane and sent to compulsory treatment in a psychiatric hospital.NEWS, Ерошок, Зоя, ru:Людмила Алексеева: "Я — человек, склонный быть счастливым", Lyudmila Alexeyeva, "I am a man prone to be happy",weblink Novaya Gazeta, 15, 13 February 2015, ru, According to Soviet dissidents and Western critics, the KGB had routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing public trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds.JOURNAL, Murray, Thomas, Genetic screening in the workplace: ethical issues,weblink Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, June 1983, 25, 6, 451–454, 6886846, 10.1097/00043764-198306000-00009, JOURNAL, Reich, Walter, Diagnosing Soviet dissidents. Courage becomes madness, and deviance disease, Harper's Magazine, August 1978, 257, 1539, 31–37, 11662503,weblink On the grounds that political dissenters in the Soviet Union were psychotic and deluded, they were locked away in psychiatric hospitals and treated with neuroleptics.BOOK, Bowers, Leonard, The social nature of mental illness, 2003, 135,weblink Routledge, 978-1-134-58727-8, Confinement of political dissenters in psychiatric institutions had become a common practice.JOURNAL, Shapiro, Leon, Soviet Union, American Jewish Year Book, 72, 1971, 72, 400–410, 23605325, That technique could be called the "medicalization" of dissidence or psychiatric terror, the now familiar form of repression applied in the Soviet Union to Leonid Plyushch, Pyotr Grigorenko, and many others.JOURNAL, Sharlet, Robert, Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev,weblink International Journal, Autumn 1978, 33, 4, 763–795, 10.2307/40201689, 40201689, Finally, many persons at that time tended to believe that dissidents were abnormal people whose commitment to mental hospitals was quite justified.BOOK, Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Soviet intellectuals and political power: the post-Stalin era, 1990, I.B.Tauris, 978-1-85043-284-5,weblink {{rp|96}}JOURNAL, Shlapentokh, Vladimir, The justification of political conformism: the mythology of Soviet intellectuals, Studies in Soviet Thought, March 1990, 39, 2, 111–135, 10.1007/BF00838027, 20100501, 143908122, In the opinion of the Moscow Helsinki Group chairwoman Lyudmila Alexeyeva, the attribution of a mental illness to a prominent figure who came out with a political declaration or action is the most significant factor in the assessment of psychiatry during the 1960–1980s.JOURNAL, ru:Выступления П.Д. Тищенко, Б.Г. Юдина, А.И. Антонова, А.Г. Гофмана, В.Н. Краснова, Б.А. Воскресенского, Speeches by P.D. Tishchenko, B.G. Yudin, A.I. Antonov, A.G. Gofman, V.N. Krasnov, B.A. Voskresensky, Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal [The Independent Psychiatric Journal], 2004, 2, 1028-8554,weblink 14 January 2012, ru, At that time Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky wrote A New Mental Illness in the USSR: The Opposition published in French,{{sfn|Boukovsky|1971}} German,{{sfn|Bukowski|1971}} Italian,{{sfn|Bukovskij|1972}} Spanish{{sfn|Bukovsky|1972}} and (coauthored with Semyon Gluzman) A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents published in Russian,{{sfn|Bukovsky|Gluzman|1975a}} English,{{harvs|txt|author1=Bukovsky|author2=Gluzman|year1=1975b|year2=1975c|year3=1975d}} French,{{sfn|Boukovsky|Glouzmann|1975}} Italian,{{sfn|Bukovskij|Gluzman|Leva|1979}} German,{{sfn|Bukowski|Gluzman|1976}} Danish.{{sfn|Bukovskiĭ|Gluzman|1975e}}

Repression of the Helsinki Watch Groups

In 1977–1979 and again in 1980–1982, the KGB reacted to the Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow, Kiev, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Erevan by launching large-scale arrests and sentencing its members to in prison, labor camp, internal exile and psychiatric imprisonment.From the members of the Moscow Helsinki Group, 1978 saw its members Yuri Orlov, Vladimir Slepak and Anatoly Shcharansky sentenced to lengthy labor camp terms and internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" and treason. Another wave of arrests followed in the early 1980s: Malva Landa, Viktor Nekipelov, Leonard Ternovsky, Feliks Serebrov, Tatiana Osipova, Anatoly Marchenko, and Ivan Kovalev.BOOK, Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. November 1982, 1982, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151222203813weblink">weblink dead, 22 December 2015, PDF, immediate download, Appendix B. Imprisoned members of the Helsinki monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania, {{rp|249}} Soviet authorities offered some activists the "opportunity" to emigrate. Lyudmila Alexeyeva emigrated in 1977. The Moscow Helsinki Group founding members Mikhail Bernshtam, Alexander Korchak, Vitaly Rubin also emigrated, and Pyotr Grigorenko was stripped of his Soviet citizenship while seeking medical treatment abroad.BOOK, Snyder, Sarah, Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network,weblink 2011, Cambridge University Press, New York, Human rights in history, 75, 978-1-107-64510-3, The Ukrainian Helsinki Group suffered severe repressions throughout 1977–1982, with at times multiple labor camp sentences handed out to Mykola Rudenko, Oleksy Tykhy, Myroslav Marynovych, Mykola Matusevych, Levko Lukyanenko, Oles Berdnyk, Mykola Horbal, Zinovy Krasivsky, Vitaly Kalynychenko, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Olha Heyko, Vasyl Stus, Oksana Meshko, Ivan Sokulsky, Ivan Kandyba, Petro Rozumny, Vasyl Striltsiv, Yaroslav Lesiv, Vasyl Sichko, Yuri Lytvyn, Petro Sichko.{{rp|250–251}} By 1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were living in Ukraine, 1 (Mykhailo Melnyk) committed suicide.BOOK, Zinkevych, Osyp, Ukrainian Helsinki Group, Kubiĭovych, Volodymyr, Struk, Danylo, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, University of Toronto Press, 1993, 5, 387–388, 978-0-8020-3010-8,weblink The Lithuanian Helsinki Group saw its members subjected to two waves of imprisonment for anti-Soviet activities and "organization of religious processions": Viktoras Petkus was sentenced in 1978; others followed in 1980–1981: Algirdas Statkevičius, Vytautas Skuodys, Mečislovas Jurevičius, and Vytautas Vaičiūnas.{{rp|251–252}}

Currents of dissidence

Civil and human rights movement

File:BonnerSacharov1989.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Yelena Bonner and Andrei Sakharov after their arrival for the conferment of the honorary doctorate in law from the University of GroningenUniversity of GroningenStarting in the 1960s, the early years of the Brezhnev stagnation, dissidents in the Soviet Union increasingly turned their attention towards civil and eventually human rights concerns. The fight for civil and human rights focused on issues of freedom of expression, freedom of conscience, freedom to emigrate, punitive psychiatry, and the plight of political prisoners. It was characterized by a new openness of dissent, a concern for legality, the rejection of any 'underground' and violent struggle.JOURNAL, Daniel, Alexander, ru:Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР, Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR, Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration], 2002, 1, 21,weblink ru, Throughout the 1960s-1980s, those active in the civil and human rights movement engaged in a variety of activities: The documentation of political repression and rights violations in samizdat (unsanctioned press); individual and collective protest letters and petitions; unsanctioned demonstrations; mutual aid for prisoners of conscience; and, most prominently, civic watch groups appealing to the international community. Repercussions for these activities ranged from dismissal from work and studies to many years of imprisonment in labor camps and being subjected to punitive psychiatry.Dissidents active in the movement in the 1960s introduced a "legalist" approach of avoiding moral and political commentary in favor of close attention to legal and procedural issues. Following several landmark political trials, coverage of arrests and trials in samizdat became more common. This activity eventually led to the founding of the Chronicle of Current Events in April 1968. The unofficial newsletter reported violations of civil rights and judicial procedure by the Soviet government and responses to those violations by citizens across the USSR.BOOK, Horvath, Robert, The legacy of Soviet dissent: dissidents, democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia, 2005, Routledge, London & New York, 978-0-415-33320-7, 70–129,weblink During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the rights-based strategy of dissent incorporated human rights ideas and rhetoric. The movement included figures such as Valery Chalidze, Yuri Orlov, and Lyudmila Alexeyeva. Special groups were founded such as the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR (1969) and the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR (1970). The signing of the Helsinki Accords (1975) containing human rights clauses provided rights campaigners with a new hope to use international instruments. This led to the creation of dedicated Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow (Moscow Helsinki Group), Kiev (Ukrainian Helsinki Group), Vilnius (Lithuanian Helsinki Group), Tbilisi, and Erevan (1976–77).BOOK, Thomas, Daniel, The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of communism, Princeton University Press, 2001, 978-0-691-04858-1, Princeton, N.J, {{rp|159–194}}The civil and human rights initiatives played a significant role in providing a common language for Soviet dissidents with varying concerns, and became a common cause for social groups in the dissident milieu ranging from activists in the youth subculture to academics such as Andrei Sakharov. Due to the contacts with Western journalists as well as the political focus during détente (Helsinki Accords), those active in the human rights movement were among those most visible in the West (next to refuseniks).

Movements of deported nations

We did not grasp the significance of the decree immediately. After it was published, several thousand people traveled to the Crimea but were once again forcibly expelled. The protest which our people sent to the party Central Committee was left unanswered, as were also the protests of representatives of the Soviet public who supported us.
The authorities replied to us only with persecution and court cases. {{hidden end}}Since 1959 more than two hundred of the most active and courageous representatives have been sentenced to terms of up to seven years although they had always acted within the limits of the Soviet Constitution.|source = – Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion, Chronicle of Current Events Issue No 2 (30 June 1968)A Chronicle of Current Events, No 2 (30 June 1968) – 2.4 Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion}}{{See also|Population transfer in the Soviet Union}}Several national or ethnic groups who had been deported under Stalin formed movements to return to their homelands. In particular, the Crimean Tatars aimed to return to Crimea, the Meskhetian Turks to South Georgia and ethnic Germans aimed to resettle along the Volga River near Saratov.The Crimean Tatar movement takes a prominent place among the movement of deported nations. The Tatars had been refused the right to return to the Crimea, even though the laws justifying their deportation had been overturned. Their first collective letter calling for the restoration dates to 1957.WEB, ru:Двадцать четвертая серия. История крымских татар, Part twenty four. History of the Crimean Tatars,weblink Natella Boltyanskaya, Parallels, Events, People, Voice of America, 30 December 2013, ru, Natella Boltyanskaya, 25 February 2016, 2 March 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160302181625weblink">weblink dead, In the early 1960s, the Crimean Tatars had begun to establish initiative groups in the places where they had been forcibly resettled. Led by Mustafa Dzhemilev, they founded their own democratic and decentralized organization, considered unique in the history of independent movements in the Soviet Union.BOOK, Gerlant, Uta, "The law is our only language": Soviet dissidents and human rights, Human rights and history: a challenge for education,weblink 2010, Stiftung "Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft", Berlin, 978-3-9810631-9-6, 130–141, {{rp|131}}{{rp|7}}

Emigration movements

{{Further|Refusenik}}The emigration movements in the Soviet Union included the movement of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel and of the Volga Germans to emigrate to West Germany.Soviet Jews were routinely denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the former Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc.BOOK, Mark Azbel, Azbel', Mark, Forbes, Grace, Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union, 1981, Houghton Mifflin, 978-0-395-30226-2,weblink registration, A movement for the right to emigrate formed in the 1960s, which also gave rise to a revival of interest in Jewish culture. The refusenik cause gathered considerable attention in the West.Citizens of German origin who lived in the Baltic states prior to their annexation in 1940 and descendants of theeighteenth-century Volga German settlers also formed a movement to leave the Soviet Union.{{rp|132}}BOOK, 978-0-226-22628-6, 64–75, Cracraft, James, Rubenstein, Joshua, The Soviet Union Today: An Interpretive Guide, Dissent, 1988, University of Chicago Press,weblink {{rp|67}} In 1972, the West German government entered an agreement with the Soviet authorities which permitted between 6,000 and 8,000 people to emigrate to West Germany every year for the rest of the decade. As a result, almost 70,000 ethnic Germans had left the Soviet Union by the mid-1980s.{{rp|67}}Similarly, Armenians achieved a small emigration. By the mid-1980s, over 15,000 Armenians had emigrated.{{rp|68}}Russia has changed in the recent years largely in the social, economic, and political spheres. Migrations from Russian have become less forceful and primarily a result of free will that is expressed by the individual.Ivakhnyuk, Irina. "Russians and Migrant Workers Want to Leave Russia to Work and    Live in the West." Russia, edited by Viqi Wagner, Detroit, MI, Greenhaven    Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints,    link-gale-com.lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/EJ3010232247/    OVIC?u=live10669&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=e561da75. Accessed 27 Sept. 2021.    Originally published in International Symposium on International Migration    and Development, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social

Religious movements

{{Broader|Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union}}The religious movements in the USSR included Russian Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant movements. They focused on the freedom to practice their faith and resistance to interference by the state in their internal affairs.{{rp|8}}The Russian Orthodox movement remained relatively small. The Catholic movement in Lithuania was part of the larger Lithuanian national movement. Protestant groups which opposed the anti-religious state directives included the Baptists, the Seventh-day Adventists, and the Pentecostals. Similar to the Jewish and German dissident movements, many in the independent Pentecostal movement pursued emigration.

National movements{{Anchor|National movements}}

The national movements included the Russian national dissidents as well as dissident movements from Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, and Armenia.Among the nations that lived in their own territories with the status of republics within the Soviet Union, the first movement to emerge in the 1960s was the Ukrainian movement. Its aspiration was to resist the Russification of Ukraine and to insist on equal rights and democratization for the republic.{{rp|7}}In Lithuania, the national movement of the 1970s was closely linked to the Catholic movement.{{rp|7}}

Literary and cultural

Several landmark examples of dissenting writers played a significant role for the wider dissident movement. These include the persecutions of Osip Mandelshtam, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Joseph Brodsky, as well as the publication of The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.In literary world, there were dozens of literati who participated in dissident movement, including Vasily Aksyonov, Arkadiy Belinkov, Leonid Borodin, Joseph Brodsky, Georgi Vladimov, Vladimir Voinovich, Aleksandr Galich, Venedikt Yerofeyev, Alexander Zinoviev, Lev Kopelev, Naum Korzhavin, Vladimir Maximov, Viktor Nekrasov, Andrei Sinyavsky, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and Varlam Shalamov.JOURNAL, ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (начало), Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review], 2004, 66,weblink Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (beginning), ru, In the early Soviet Union, non-conforming academics were exiled via so-called Philosophers' ships.JOURNAL, Gregory, Paul, The ship of philosophers: how the early USSR dealt with dissident intellectuals, The Independent Review, Spring 2009, 13, 4, 485–492,weblink Later, figures such as cultural theorist Grigori Pomerants were among active dissidents.{{Rp|327}}Other intersections of cultural and literary nonconformism with dissidents include the wide field of Soviet Nonconformist Art, such as the painters of the underground Lianozovo group, and artists active in the "Second Culture".

Other groups

Other groups included the Socialists, the movements for socioeconomic rights (especially the independent unions), as well as women's, environmental, and peace movements.{{rp|132}}{{rp|3–18}}

Dissidents and the Cold War

{{multiple image| footer = In 1977, Jimmy Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky at the White House.| width1 = 165| image1 = JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg| alt1 = Jimmy Carter| width2 = 135| image2 = Boekovski1987.jpg| alt2 = Vladimir Bukovsky}}Responding to the issue of refuseniks in the Soviet Union, the United States Congress passed the Jackson–Vanik amendment in 1974. The provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries of the Communist bloc that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights.The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact signed the Helsinki Final Act in August 1975. The "third basket" of the Act included extensive human rights clauses.BOOK, Thomas, Daniel, The Helsinki effect: international norms, human rights, and the demise of Communism, 2001, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 978-0-691-04859-8, {{rp|99–100}}When Jimmy Carter entered office in 1976, he broadened his advisory circle to include critics of US–Soviet détente. He voiced support for the Czech dissident movement known as Charter 77, and publicly expressed concern about the Soviet treatment of dissidents Aleksandr Ginzburg and Andrei Sakharov. In 1977, Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky in the White House, asserting that he did not intend "to be timid" in his support of human rights.BOOK, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-83721-7, 66–88, Melvyn P. Leffler, Odd Arne Westad, Mitchell, Nancy, Volume III: Endings, The Cold War and Jimmy Carter, Cambridge, The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 2011, {{rp|73}}In 1979, the US Helsinki Watch Committee was established, funded by the Ford Foundation. Founded after the example of the Moscow Helsinki Group and similar watch groups in the Soviet bloc, it also aimed to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the Helsinki Accords and to provide moral support for those struggling for that objective inside the Soviet bloc. It acted as a conduit for information on repression in the Soviet Union, and lobbied policy-makers in the United States to continue to press the issue with Soviet leaders.BOOK, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-83721-7, 445–465, Melvyn P. Leffler, Odd Arne Westad, Foot, Rosemary, Volume III: Endings, The Cold War and human rights, Cambridge, The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 2011, {{rp|460}}{{multiple image| footer = In 1988, Ronald Reagan held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House| width1 = 147| image1 = Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg| alt1 = Ronald Reaga| width2 = 155| image2 = RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg| alt2 = Andrei Sakharov}}US President Ronald Reagan attributed to the view that the "brutal treatment of Soviet dissidents was due to bureaucratic inertia."BOOK, Altshuler, Stuart, From exodus to freedom: a history of the Soviet Jewry movement, 2005, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-0-7425-4936-4, 61,weblink On 14 November 1988, he held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House and said that Soviet human rights abuses are impeding progress and would continue to do so until the problem is "completely eliminated."NEWS, Lee, Gary, President receives Sakharov, The Washington Post, 15 November 1988,weblink Whether talking to about one hundred dissidents in a broadcast to the Soviet people or at the U.S. Embassy, Reagan's agenda was one of freedom to travel, freedom of speech and freedom of religion.BOOK, Edwards, Lee, The essential Ronald Reagan: a profile in courage, justice, and wisdom, 2005, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-0-7425-4375-1, 136,weblink registration,

Dissidents about their dissent

Andrei Sakharov said, "Everyone wants to have a job, be married, have children, be happy, but dissidents must be prepared to see their lives destroyed and those dear to them hurt. When I look at my situation and my family's situation and that of my country, I realize that things are getting steadily worse."MAGAZINE, Hadden, Briton, Luce, Henry, The World, Time (magazine), Time, 1977, 109, 29,weblink Fellow dissident and one of the founders of the Moscow Helsinki Group Lyudmila Alexeyeva wrote:{{blockquote|What would happen if citizens acted on the assumption that they have rights? If one person did it, he would become a martyr; if two people did it, they would be labeled an enemy organization; if thousands of people did it, the state would have to become less oppressive.BOOK, Alexeyeva, Ludmilla, Soviet dissent: contemporary movements for national, religious, and human rights, 1987, Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press, 275, 978-0-8195-6176-3,weblink {{rp|275}}}}According to Soviet dissident Victor Davydoff, totalitarian systems lack mechanisms to change the behavior of the ruling group internally.WEB, Гальперович, Данила, 21 October 2015, Golos-ameriki, ru:Для выхода "Хроники текущих событий" в России опять пришло время, Time is ripe again for issuing A Chronicle of Current Events in Russia,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151024013005weblink">weblink 24 October 2015, 11 March 2024, Voice of America, ru, Attempts from within are suppressed through repression, necessitating international human rights organizations and foreign governments to exert external pressure for change.

See also

{{Commons category|Dissidents from the Soviet Union}}

References

{{reflist|2}}

Further reading

{{ctop|Very long list}}

Outsiders' works

  • NEWS, Chomsky signs statement hitting Soviet repression,weblink The Harvard Crimson, 31 October 1973,
  • BOOK, Civil dissent in the USSR: the Ford and Carter administrations' treatment of human rights during the era of the Moscow Helsinki Group, 2012, University of Scranton,weblink
  • BOOK, De la dissidence à la démocratie: passé, présent, avenir de la Russie: actes du colloque consacré à la mémoire de Vladimir Maximov,weblink From dissent to democracy: past, present and future of Russia: proceedings of a symposium dedicated to commemoration of Vladimir Maximov, 1996, Éditions du Rocher, Paris, 978-2268024301, fr,
  • BOOK, Dissenso cristiano in URSS, Christian dissent in the USSR, 1974, Editrice Missionaria Italiana, Bologna, 64387170, it,
  • BOOK, Dissent, ethnonationalism, and the politics of coercion in the USSR, 1990, Carleton University,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Dissent, psychiatry, and the Soviet Union, The Lancet, 9 March 1974, 1, 7854, 419–420, 11643587, 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)93195-x,
  • MAGAZINE, Human rights: the dissidents v. Moscow, Time (magazine), Time, 21 February 1977, 109, 8, 28,weblink
  • BOOK, Il dissenso culturale nell'URSS: documenti leterari edel samizdat, The cultural dissent in the USSR: literary documents of samizdat, 1977, La biennale di Venezia,weblink it,
  • BOOK, Politics and deviance: the social control of dissidents in the Soviet Union, 1965–78, 1980, University of Essex,weblink
  • NEWS, Sakharov case spotlights Soviet efforts against dissidents,weblink The Hour (newspaper), The Hour, 26 May 1984,
  • BOOK, Slavophiles and westernizers in Soviet dissent, 1975, Wellesley College,weblink
  • NEWS, Solzhenitsyn urges Slavic nation to replace U.S.S.R.: dissent: exiled writer launches a vehement attack on Gorbachev's policies. His article will be distributed widely in the Soviet Union,weblink Los Angeles Times, 19 September 1990,
  • JOURNAL, Soviet activists honoured, Nature (journal), Nature, 5 March 1981, 290, 5801, 7, 10.1038/290007b0, 1981Natur.290R...7., 28685752, free,
  • BOOK, Soviet dissent and the American national interest, 1986, Defense Technical Information Center,weblink
  • BOOK, Soviet dissident scientists, 1966–78: a study, 1979, Defense Technical Information Center,weblink
  • WEB, Soviet dissidents and Jimmy Carter,weblink Memorial (society), Memorial, 28 November 2015,
  • JOURNAL, Soviet dissidents: another taken, Nature (journal), Nature, 20 November 1980, 288, 5788, 206, 10.1038/288206b0, 1980Natur.288R.206., 27945544, free,
  • JOURNAL, Soviet dissidents seek paper support, New Scientist, 2 June 1977, 74, 1054, 517,weblink Information, Reed Business,
  • NEWS, Soviet-era dissidents despise Putin,weblink The Washington Times, 13 November 2004,
  • JOURNAL, Soviet nuclear dissent, Nature (journal), Nature, 26 January 1989, 337, 6205, 292, 10.1038/337292a0, 1989Natur.337Q.292., 2911370, 4285530, free,
  • MAGAZINE, Soviet Union: bad days for dissidents, Time (magazine), Time, 26 April 1976,weblink
  • MAGAZINE, Soviet Union: crackdown on dissent, Time (magazine), Time, 18 December 1972,weblink
  • MAGAZINE, Soviet Union: dissent = insanity, Time (magazine), Time, 19 December 1969,weblink
  • MAGAZINE, Soviet Union: exile for dissenters, Time (magazine), Time, 20 August 1973,weblink
  • MAGAZINE, Soviet Union: music of dissent, Time (magazine), Time, 7 September 1970,weblink
  • MAGAZINE, Soviet Union: smothering dissent, Time (magazine), Time, 11 February 1974,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Soviet Union: support for dissent,weblink Nature (journal), Nature, 28 September 1973, 245, 5422, 178, 10.1038/245178a0, 1973Natur.245..178O, Our Washington Correspondent, 4099440, free,
  • MAGAZINE, Soviet Union, the war: asylums or prisons?, Time (magazine), Time, 7 February 1972,weblink
  • BOOK, The human rights movement and dissidents in the Soviet Union: can their demand for legality prevent arbitrariness?, 1985, University of Maine School of Law,weblink
  • WEB, The KGB file of Andrei Sakharov. Index of documents,weblink en, ru, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070521130856weblink">weblink 2007-05-21,
  • NEWS, Two Soviet giants, in dissent,weblink The New York Times, 29 September 1990,
  • BOOK, U.S. policy toward Russia: warnings and dissent, 2000, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,weblink 978-0-16-060540-6,
  • JOURNAL, US science academy supports dissident scientists, New Scientist, 5 January 1978, 77, 1084, 3,weblink Information, Reed Business,
  • JOURNAL, Western pressure for Soviet dissidents continues, New Scientist, 6 March 1980, 85, 1197, 720,weblink Information, Reed Business,
  • BOOK, ru:Власть и диссиденты: Из документов КГБ и ЦК КПСС, Authority and dissidents: From documents by the KGB and the Central Committee of the CPSU, 2006, Moscow Helsinki Group, Moscow, 978-5-98440-034-3,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130306215833weblink">weblink 6 March 2013, live, ru,
  • JOURNAL, ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (начало), Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review], 2004, 66,weblink Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (beginning), ru,
  • JOURNAL, ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (продолжение), Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review], 2004, 67,weblink Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (continuance), ru,
  • JOURNAL, ru:Писатели-диссиденты: биобиблиографические статьи (окончание), Новое литературное обозрение [New Literary Review], 2004, 68,weblink Dissident writers: bibliographic articles (ending), ru,
  • JOURNAL, ru:П.Л. Капица и Ю.Ð’. Андропов об инакомыслии, P.L. Kapitsa and Yu.V. Andropov about dissent, Kommunist, 1991, 7, ru,
  • WEB, Resistance to Unfreedom in the USSR,weblink The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center "Peace, Progress, Human Rights",
  • JOURNAL, Ackerman, Galina, ru:Еще раз о диссидентах — об их роли в падении советского режима, Once again about dissidents – about their role in the fall of the Soviet regime, Kontinent, 2006, 128,weblink ru,
  • JOURNAL, Adelstein, Robert, Soviet dissidents: keeping the flame alight, Nature (journal), Nature, 30 September 1976, 263, 5576, 363–364, 10.1038/263363a0, 1976Natur.263..363A, 4164699, free,
  • BOOK, Anderson, Elena, Repressive policies against Soviet dissent in the post-Stalin era, 1964–1972, 1994,weblink
  • BOOK, Antunes, Melo, Libertà e socialismo: momenti storici del dissenso, Liberty and socialism: historical moments of dissent, 1978, SugarCo Ed, Milan, 256585424, it,
  • NEWS, Aron, Leon, The return of Soviet dissidents,weblink The Moscow Times, 19 March 2008,
  • MAGAZINE, Astrachan, Antony, Détente and dissent, The New Republic, 22 September 1973, 15–18,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Aucouturier, Michel, Les revues de l'émigration et de la dissidence russes, Le Débat, 1981–1982, 9, 2, 72–79, 10.3917/deba.009.0072, Magazines of emigration and Russian dissent, fr,
  • JOURNAL, Barashkov, Gregory, ru:Диссидентское движение в СССР(1960–1970), Dissident movement in the USSR (1960–1970), Известия Саратовского университета. Серия Экономика. Управление. Право, 2007, 7, 1, 102–104,weblink ru, PDF, immediate download,
  • JOURNAL, Barber, John, Opposition in Russia, Government and Opposition, October 1997, 32, 4, 598–613, 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x, 145793949,
  • BOOK, Barghoorn, Frederick, The general pattern of Soviet dissent, 1971, Research Institute on Communist Affairs, School of International Affairs, Columbia University,weblink
  • BOOK, Barghoorn, Frederick, Soviet dissenters on Soviet nationality policy, Bell, Wendell, Freeman, Walter, Ethnicity and nation-building: comparative, international, and historical perspectives, 1974, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, London, 117–133, 978-0-8039-0173-5,weblinkweblink
  • BOOK, Barghoorn, Frederick, Détente and the democratic movement in the USSR,weblink 1976, Free Press, New York, 978-0-02-901850-7,
  • BOOK, Barghoorn, Frederick, Regime—Dissenter Relations after Khrushchev: Some Observations, Pluralism in the Soviet Union,weblink Solomon, Susan, Skilling, Harold, 1983, Macmillan, 978-0-333-34582-5, 131–168, 10.1007/978-1-349-06617-9_6,
  • JOURNAL, Barghoorn, Frederick, Regime–dissenter confrontation in the USSR: samizdat and Western views, 1972–1982, Studies in Comparative Communism, Spring–Summer 1983, 16, 1–2, 99–119, 10.1016/0039-3592(83)90046-7,
  • NEWS, Barringer, Felicity, Toward the summit; Soviet warns Reagan about seeing dissidents,weblink The New York Times, 27 May 1988,
  • JOURNAL, Bartsch, Günter, Intellektuelle opposition in der Sowjetunion, Intellectual opposition in the Soviet Union, Politische Vierteljahresschrift, August 1972, 13, 1, 159–160, 24195773, de,
  • JOURNAL, Belotserkovsky, Vadim, Soviet dissenters: Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov, Medvedev,weblink Partisan Review, 1975, 42, 1, 35–68,
  • JOURNAL, Bengelsdorf, Herbert, Psychiatric commitment of dissenters in Russia: a myth?,weblink American Journal of Psychiatry, May 1971, 127, 11, 1575–6, 10.1176/ajp.127.11.1575, 4251661,
  • JOURNAL, Bennigsen, Alexandre, Muslim religious conservatism and dissent in the USSR, Religion in Communist Lands, January 1978, 6, 3, 153–161, 10.1080/09637497808430874,
  • JOURNAL, Bergman, Jay, Soviet dissidents on the Russian intelligentsia, 1956–1985: the search for a usable past,weblink The Russian Review, January 1992, 51, 1, 16–35, 10.2307/131244, 131244,
  • JOURNAL, Bergman, Jay, Reading fiction to understand the Soviet Union: Soviet dissidents on Orwell's 1984, History of European Ideas, May 1998, 23, 5–6, 173–192, 10.1016/S0191-6599(98)00001-1,
  • JOURNAL, Bergman, Jay, Was the Soviet Union totalitarian? The view of Soviet dissidents and the reformers of the Gorbachev era, Studies in East European Thought, December 1998, 50, 4, 247–281, 10.1023/A:1008690818176, 20099686, 140489617,
  • NEWS, Bernstein, Richard, Exiled Soviet dissidents' group in dispute over threat to dissenters,weblink The New York Times, 12 April 1988,
  • BOOK, Beyrau, Dietrich, Intelligenz und Dissens. Die russischen Bildungsschichten in der Sowjetunion 1917 bis 1985, Intelligentsia and dissent. The Russian educational stratum in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1985, 1993, Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen, de, 978-3-525-36231-0,
  • JOURNAL, Biddulph, Howard, Soviet intellectual dissent as a political counter-culture, The Western Political Quarterly, September 1972, 25, 3, 522–533, 10.2307/446966, 446966,
  • JOURNAL, Bilinsky, Yaroslav, Russian dissidents and their attitudes toward the non-Russian Nations: Russian dissidents' attitudes toward the political strivings of the non-Russian nations in the Soviet Union, (Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity), September 1983, 11, 2, 190–204, 10.1080/00905998308407967, 251055699,
  • BOOK, Bilocerkowycz, Jaroslaw, Soviet Ukrainian dissent: a study of political alienation, 1988, Westview Press, 978-0-8133-7240-2,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Bird, Christopher, "Psychiatry" to silence dissent,weblink The Russian Review, April 1972, 31, 2, 175–178, 10.2307/128209, 128209,
  • BOOK, Bittner, Stephen, Dissidence and the end of the Thaw, The many lives of Khrushchev's Thaw: experience and memory in Moscow's Arbat, 2008, Cornell University Press, 978-0-8014-4606-1, 174–210,weblink
  • MAGAZINE, Blake, Patricia, Soviet Union: killing the spirit of Helsinki, Time (magazine), Time, 1 December 1980,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Bloch, Sidney, Reddaway, Peter, Your disease is dissent!, New Scientist, 21 July 1977, 75, 1061, 149–151, 11663776,weblink
  • BOOK, Bloch, Sidney, Reddaway, Peter, Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent, 1977, Basic Books, 978-0-465-06488-5,weblink
  • BOOK, Bloch, Sidney, Reddaway, Peter, Psychiatrists and dissenters in the Soviet Union, Stover, Eric, Nightingale, Elena, The breaking of bodies and minds: torture, psychiatric abuse, and the health professions,weblink registration, 1985, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 978-0-7167-1733-1, 132–163,
  • JOURNAL, Bloche, Gregg, Law, theory, and politics: the dilemma of Soviet psychiatry, The Yale Journal of International Law, Spring 1986, 11, 2, 298–358,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Bociurkiw, Bohdan, Political dissent in the Soviet Union, Studies in Comparative Communism, April 1970, 3, 2, 74–105, 10.1016/S0039-3592(70)80117-X,
  • JOURNAL, Bociurkiw, Bohdan, Review: the voices of dissent and the visions of gloom,weblink The Russian Review, July 1970, 29, 3, 328–335, 10.2307/127541, 127541,
  • JOURNAL, Bonavia, David, Prospects for Soviet dissidents,weblink October 1972, 28, 10, The World Today (magazine), The World Today, 451–457, 40394564,
  • JOURNAL, Boobbyer, Philip, Truth-telling, conscience and dissent in late Soviet Russia: evidence from oral histories, European History Quarterly, October 2000, 30, 4, 553–585, 10.1177/026569140003000404, 143633044,
  • BOOK, Boobbyer, Philip, Conscience, dissent and reform in Soviet Russia, 2005, Routledge, London, 978-0-415-33186-9,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Bourdeaux, Michael, Dissent in the Russian Orthodox Church,weblink The Russian Review, October 1969, 28, 4, 416–427, 10.2307/127161, 127161,
  • BOOK, Brahm, Heinz, Die sowjetischen Dissidenten: Strömungen und Ziele, The Soviet dissidents: trends and goals, 1978, Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien,weblink de,
  • JOURNAL, Breuillard, Sabine, La dissidence en U.R.S.S. : les années 1950–1980 – objet d'étude, sources, problèmes de méthode (Colloque de Moscou, 24–26 août 1992), Revue des Études Slaves, 1 January 1993, 65, 2, 423–428,weblink Dissent in the U.S.S.R.: The 1950–1980s – object of study, sources, methodological problems (Moscow symposium, 24–26 August 1992), fr,
  • BOOK, Brumberg, Abraham, In quest of justice: protest and dissent in the Soviet Union today,weblink registration, 1970, New York, Praeger, 978-0-269-67176-0,
  • JOURNAL, Brumberg, Abraham, Dissent in Russia,weblink Foreign Affairs, July 1974, 52, 4, 781–798, 10.2307/20038087, 20038087,
  • JOURNAL, Brunsdale, Mitzi, Chronicling Soviet dissidence,weblink Current History, 1 October 1982, 81, 477, 333–334, 10.1525/curh.1982.81.477.333, 251523677,
  • JOURNAL, Campa, Riccardo, El fenómeno de la disidencia en la U.R.S.S., The phenomenon of dissent in the U.S.S.R., Arbor, 1 July 1979, 103, 403, 345,weblink es,
  • JOURNAL, Cattle, David, Dissent and stability in the Soviet Union, Current History, October 1970, 59, 350, 220–225, 10.1525/curh.1970.59.350.220, 249698921,weblink
  • BOOK, Chapple, Richard, Criminals and criminality according to the Soviet dissidents–works of Andrey Sinyavsky and Yuly Daniel, Fox, Vernon, Proceedings of the 21st annual Southern conference on corrections, February 1976, 21, 149–158, Florida State University, Tallahassee,
  • JOURNAL, Cherkasov, Petr, Dissidence at IMEMO, Russian Politics & Law, March 2005, 43, 2, 31–69, 10.1080/10611940.2005.11066946, 146632891,
  • BOOK, Chiama, Jean, Soulet, Jean-François, Histoire de la dissidence: oppositions et révoltes en URSS et dans les démocraties populaires, de la mort de Staline à nos jours, History of dissent: oppositions and revolts in the USSR and the people's democracies, from the death of Stalin to the present day, 1982, Seuil, Paris,weblink fr, 9782020062572,
  • JOURNAL, Chiampana, Andrea, Tra diritti umani e distensione: L'amministrazione Carter e il dissenso in Urss, Between human rights and détente: the Carter administration and dissent in the USSR, Cold War History (journal), Cold War History, July 2014, 14, 3, 452–453, 10.1080/14682745.2014.917800, 154618162, it,
  • JOURNAL, Chodoff, Paul, Involuntary hospitalization of political dissenters in the Soviet Union, Psychiatric Opinion, February 1974, 11, 1, 5–19,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Chodoff, Paul, Soviet dissidents, Science (magazine), Science, 7 June 1974, 184, 4141, 1030, 10.1126/science.184.4141.1030-a, 17736179, 1738392, 1974Sci...184.1030C, 12983298,
  • JOURNAL, Chodoff, Paul, Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent,weblink American Journal of Psychiatry, May 1978, 135, 5, 629, 10.1176/ajp.135.5.629,
  • JOURNAL, Chomsky, Noam, A reply to Joseph Alsop, The New York Review of Books, 21 August 1969, 13, 3,weblink
  • BOOK, Chomsky, Noam, Barsamian, David, Chronicles of dissent: interviews with David Barsamian,weblink registration, 1992, Common Courage Press, Monroe, Maine, 978-1-873176-90-0,
  • JOURNAL, Chung, Pham, On the behavior of a totalitarian regime toward dissidents: an economic analysis, Public Choice (journal), Public Choice, March 1978, 33, 1, 75–84, 10.1007/BF00123945, 189826006,
  • JOURNAL, Ciuciura, Theodore, Dissent, law and psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Canadian Slavonic Papers, January 1979, 21, 1, 98–108, 10.1080/00085006.1979.11091571, 11614322, 40867419,
  • JOURNAL, Clark, Ernest, Russian dissidents debate détente, Dissent, April 1975, 22, 2, 116–117,weblink
  • BOOK, Clementi, Marco, Il diritto al dissenso: il progetto costituzionale di Andrej Sacharov, The right to dissent: Andrei Sakharov's constitutional project, 2002, Odradek Edizioni, Rome, 978-8886973441, it,
  • BOOK, Clementi, Marco, Storia del dissenso sovietico (1953–1991), History of the Soviet dissent (1953–1991), 2007, Odradek Edizioni, Rome, 978-8886973854, it,
  • NEWS, Cline, Francis, Soviet opposition defies ban on rally,weblink The New York Times, 28 March 1991,
  • BOOK, Cline, Ray, Understanding the Solzhenitsyn affair: dissent and its control in the USSR, 1974, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 02090746,
  • JOURNAL, Contessi, Pier Luigi, URSS: il clamore del dissenso e il silenzio dell' opposizione, USSR: the cry of dissent and the silence of the opposition, Il Mulino, January–February 1980, 267, 149–158, 10.1402/14404, it,
  • JOURNAL, Coogan, Kevin, Vanden Heuvel, Katrina, An internation story: U.S. fund for Soviet dissidents, The Nation, 19 March 1988,weblinkweblink dead, 20 February 2016,
  • JOURNAL, Crowfoot, John, The USSR's voice of opposition, The World Today (magazine), The World Today, October 2015, 71, 5, 40,weblink's%20voice%20of%20opposition.pdf,weblink's%20voice%20of%20opposition.pdf, 19 March 2016, live,
  • JOURNAL, Cox, Michael, The politics of the dissenting intellectual, (Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory), January 1976, 5, 1, 5–34, 10.1080/03017607508413163,
  • JOURNAL, Cutler, Robert, Soviet dissent under Khrushchev: an analytical study,weblink Comparative Politics, October 1980, 13, 1, 15–35, 10.2307/421761, 421761,
  • BOOK, Dalos, György, Der Umgang mit dem Dissens, Dealing with dissent, Lebt wohl, Genossen!: Der Untergang des sowjetischen Imperiums, Farewell, comrades!: the fall of the Soviet empire, 2012, C.H.Beck, 14–16, de, 978-3-406-62179-6,weblink
  • BOOK, Daniels, Susan, Carter administration's influence on coverage of Soviet dissidents, 1985, University of Texas at Austin,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Daucé, Françoise, Les usages militants de la mémoire dissidente en Russie post-soviétique, Militant use of dissident memory in post-Soviet Russia, Revue d'Études Comparatives Est-Ouest, 2006, 37, 1, 43–66, fr, 10.3406/receo.2006.1774,
  • BOOK, De Boer, S. P., Driessen, Evert, Verhaar, Hendrik, Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975, 1982, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 978-9024725380,
  • JOURNAL, Dean, Richard, Contacts with the West: the dissidents' view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union, Universal Human Rights, January–March 1980, 2, 1, 47–65, 10.2307/761802, 761802,
  • JOURNAL, Dean, Richard, Beyond Helsinki: the Soviet view of human rights in international law, Virginia Journal of International Law, 21, 1980–1981, 21, 55–95,weblink
  • BOOK, Dell'Asta, Marta, Una via per incominciare: il dissenso in URSS dal 1917 al 1990, One way to begin: dissent in the USSR from 1917 to 1990, 2003, La casa di Matriona, Milan, 978-8887240474,weblink it,
  • BOOK, Derbyshire, Ian, Internal opposition: dissidence and regionalism, The politics in the Soviet Union: from Brezhnev to Gorbachev,weblink 1987, 1986, Chambers, Edinburgh, 978-0-550-20745-6, 113–136, 2,
  • JOURNAL, Deutscher, Tamara, Intellectual opposition in the USSR, New Left Review, 1 March 1976, 96, 101–113,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Dobson, Mariam, The post-Stalin era: de-Stalinization, daily life, and dissent, (Kritika (journal), Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History), Fall 2011, 12, 4, 905–924, 10.1353/kri.2011.0053, 145121583, 1531-023X,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Duncan, Peter, Russian intellectual dissent: Marxism, liberalism and nationalism, (Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory), January 1982, 13, 1, 154–163, 10.1080/03017608208413281,
  • BOOK, Dupuy, Robert, Repression and Soviet dissent: the post-Khrushchev era, 1982, George Washington University,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Ellis, Jane, Hierarchs and dissidents: conflict over the future of the Russian Orthodox Church, Religion in Communist Lands, December 1990, 18, 4, 307–318, 10.1080/09637499008431484,
  • JOURNAL, Ellman, Michael, Psychiatric treatment for political dissidents in the USSR, Poly Law Review, 1982, 7, 82,weblink
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  • JOURNAL, Evrard, John, Human rights in the Soviet Union: the policy of dissimulation, DePaul Law Review, Spring 1980, 29, 3, 819–868,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Fedyashin, Anton, Kondoyanidi, Anita, The conservative dissident: the evolution of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's political views, Revista de Instituciones, Ideas y Mercados, October 2009, 5, 41–72,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140822210438weblink">weblink 22 August 2014, live,
  • JOURNAL, Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria, Law and political dissent in the Soviet Union, Current Legal Problems, 1973, 26, 1, 241–259, 10.1093/clp/26.1.241,
  • BOOK, Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria, Samizdat and political dissent in the Soviet Union, 1975, Brill, 978-9028601758,
  • JOURNAL, Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria, The Soviet human rights doctrine in the crossfire between dissidents at home and critics abroad, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Spring–Summer 1980, 13, 451–466,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Field, Mark, Commitment for commitment or conviction for conviction: the medicalization and criminalization of Soviet dissidence, 1960–1990, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, January 1995, 22, 1, 275–289, 10.1163/187633295X00213,
  • JOURNAL, Fireside, Harvey, The conceptualization of dissent: Soviet behavior in comparative perspective, Universal Human Rights, January–March 1980, 2, 1, 31–45, 10.2307/761801, 761801,
  • JOURNAL, Fireside, Harvey, Dissident visions of the USSR: Medvedev, Sakharov & Solzhenitsyn, Polity (publisher), Polity, 1 December 1989, 22, 2, 213–229, 10.2307/3234832, 3234832, 156032782,
  • JOURNAL, Fisher, Ruth, Women and dissent in the USSR: the Leningrad feminists, Canadian Woman Studies, 1989, 10, 4, 63–64,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Fletcher, William, Religious dissent in the USSR in the 1960s,weblink Slavic Review, June 1971, 30, 2, 298–316, 2494242, 10.2307/2494242, 155850037, free,
  • JOURNAL, Fletcher, William, Solzhenitsyn and the merger of dissent, Worldview, August 1972, 15, 8, 5–8,weblink 10.1017/S0084255900014467,
  • BOOK, Floridi, Alessio, Mosca e il Vaticano: I dissidenti sovietici di fronte al dialogo, Moscow and Vatican: The Soviet dissidents in front of dialog, 1976, La Casa di Matriona, Milan, 644586977, it,
  • JOURNAL, Freebury, Ray, On dissidents and madness: from the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin,weblink Psychiatric Services, August 2011, 62, 8, 979, 10.1176/ps.62.8.pss6208_0979,
  • JOURNAL, Friedberg, Maurice, Solzhenitsyn and the Soviet dissenters, The American Spectator, April 1974, 12–13,
  • JOURNAL, Gasimov, Zaur, Dissidence and opposition in the Caucasus: critics of the Soviet regime in Georgia and Azerbaijan in the 1970s – early 1980s, The Caucasus & Globalization, 2009, 3, 1, 165–172,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160323022127weblink">weblink 23 March 2016, live,
  • JOURNAL, Gauer, Ralph, Soviet dissent: its sources and significance, Air University Review, November–December 1973, 25, 1, 45–53,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Georgopoulos, Zach, Soviet and Chinese criminal dissent laws: glasnost v. tienanmen, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 14, 1990, 14, 475–476,weblink
  • BOOK, Gerlant, Uta, "The law is our only language": Soviet dissidents and human rights, Human rights and history: a challenge for education,weblink 2010, 978-3-9810631-9-6, 142–154, Berlin,
  • NEWS, Gewertz, Ken, Bonner points to still-powerful KGB: former Soviet dissidents say that present-day Russia shows little improvement over dark days of old regime,weblink Harvard University Gazette, 4 November 2004,
  • JOURNAL, Gilison, Jerome, Soviet elections as a measure of dissent: the missing one percent,weblink American Political Science Review, September 1968, 62, 3, 814–826, 10.2307/1953432, 1953432, 145304272,
  • NEWS, Gillette, Robert, Reagan meets 96 Soviet dissidents: he praises their courage, says 'I came to give you strength',weblink The Los Angeles Times, 31 May 1988,
  • JOURNAL, Glenny, Michael, Dissent in perspective, Studies in Comparative Communism, April 1970, 3, 2, 65–73, 10.1016/S0039-3592(70)80116-8,
  • JOURNAL, Goble, Paul, Federalism and human rights in the Soviet Union, Cornell International Law Journal, 1990, 23, 2, 399–403,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Gorgia, Federico, Dissenso intellettuale nell'URSS e politica estera sovietica, Intellectual dissent in the USSR and Soviet foreign policy, Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali, January–March 1974, 41, 1, 33–46, 42733795, it,
  • BOOK, Gräf, Bernd, Gräf, Jutta, Multinationale und multiphone Literatur der Sowjetunion, Literatur von Dissidenten und sowjetische Untergrundliteratur : slawische, albanische und ungaro-finnische sowie nordische Literatur aus den Jahren 1973–1989, Multinational and multiphone literature of the Soviet Union, literature of dissidents and Soviet underground literature: Slavic, Albanian and Hungaro-Finnish and Nordic literature of 1973–1989, 1990, Hiersemann, Stuttgart, de, 978-3-7772-9020-1, 891918246,
  • JOURNAL, Greenfield, Richard, The human rights literature of the Soviet Union, Human Rights Quarterly, 4, 1982, 4, 124–136,weblink 10.2307/761994, 761994,
  • JOURNAL, Gregory, Paul, The ship of philosophers: how the early USSR dealt with dissident intellectuals, The Independent Review, Spring 2009, 13, 4, 485–492,weblink
  • BOOK, Grzybowski, Kazimierz, Freedom of expression and dissent in the Soviet Union: an essay, 1972, American Bar Association, Standing Committee on Education About Communism and Its Contrast With Liberty Under Law,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Grzybowski, Kazimierz, Penal regimes and dissenters in the Soviet orbit, Law and Contemporary Problems, Spring 1979, 43, 2, 289–295, 10.2307/1191201, 1191201,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150930144122weblink">weblink 30 September 2015, live,
  • JOURNAL, Guttadauro, Angelo de, The metamorphosis of Soviet dissent, Parameters (journal), Parameters, 1 January 1977, 7, 1, 25–35,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Hanlon, Joseph, Two scientists jailed as USSR cracks down on dissidents, New Scientist, 7 August 1975, 67, 961, 335,weblink
  • BOOK, Hartl, Fabian, Homogenität oder Heterogenität?: Die Dissidentenbewegung in der Sowjetunion an ausgewählten Beispielen, Homogeneity or heterogeneity?: The dissident movement in the Soviet Union on selected examples, 2009, GRIN Verlag, 978-3-640-45524-9, de,
  • BOOK, Haynes, Viktor, Semyonova, Olga, Workers against the Gulag: the new opposition in the Soviet Union, 1979, Pluto Press, London, 978-0-86104-072-8,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Hellbeck, Jochen, Speaking out: languages of affirmation and dissent in Stalinist Russia, (Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History), Winter 2000, 1, 1, 71–96, 10.1353/kri.2008.0143, 162283391,
  • BOOK, Hodgman, Edward, Détente and the dissidents: human rights in U.S.–Soviet Relations, 1968–1980, 2003,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Holden, Constance, Release of Soviet dissidents continues,weblink Science (magazine), Science, 27 February 1987, 235, 4792, 968, 10.1126/science.235.4792.968a, 17782239, 1987Sci...235..968H, 1698753,
  • JOURNAL, Holubenko, M., The Soviet working class: discontent and opposition, (Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory), March 1975, 4, 1, 5–25, 10.1080/03017607508413144,
  • BOOK, Hoppe-Kondrikova, Olga, Dissidents' moral alternative to the Soviet model of society. The Orthodox dissidents and the ROC: the Ecclesiastical crisis, Struggling for civil society. The idea and the reality of civil society. An interdisciplinary study with a focus on Russia, 2012, Universal Press, 9789090264103, 351–364,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160312111849weblink">weblink 12 March 2016, live,
  • BOOK, Horia, Vintila, Literatura y disidencia: de Mayakovski a Soljenitsin, Literature and dissent: from Mayakovsky to Solzhenitsyn, 1980, Rioduero, Madrid, 978-8430021512, es,
  • BOOK, Hornsby, Robert, Voicing discontent. Political dissident from the secret speech to Khrushchev's ouster, Ilic, Melanie, Smith, Jeremy, Soviet state and society under Nikita Khrushchev,weblink 2009, Routledge, 978-1-134-02362-2, 162–180,
  • BOOK, Horvath, Robert, The dissident roots of glasnost, Wheatcroft, Stephen, Challenging traditional views of Russian history,weblink 2002, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York, 978-0-333-75461-0, 173–202, 10.1057/9780230506114_8,
  • BOOK, Horvath, Robert, The legacy of Soviet dissent: dissidents, democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia, 2005, Routledge, London & New York, 978-0-415-33320-7,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Horvath, Robert, The Putin regime and the heritage of dissidence, Telos, Winter 2008, 2008, 145, 7–30,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Hudson, Hugh, Zakonnost' and dissent: post-Stalin repression of political dissidents in historical perspective,weblink The Historian (journal), The Historian, August 1977, 39, 4, 681–701, 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1977.tb00075.x,
  • BOOK, Hurst, Mark, British human rights organizations and Soviet dissent, 1965–1985, 2016, Bloomsbury Academic, 978-1-4725-2728-8,
  • JOURNAL, Jacobs, Michael, Soviet dissidents' mail fails to go through, Physics Today, December 1978, 31, 12, 95–96, 10.1063/1.2994905, 1978PhT....31l..95J,
  • JOURNAL, Jacobs, Michael, Soviet repression of dissidents, Physics Today, January 1981, 34, 1, 52–53, 10.1063/1.2889967, 1981PhT....34a..52J,
  • BOOK, Jallot, Nicolas, Viktor Orekhov: un dissident au KGB, Viktor Orekhov: a dissident of the KGB, 2011, Stock, 978-2234070318, fr,
  • JOURNAL, Jones, Lesya, Yasen, Bohdan, Dissent in Ukraine. An underground journal from Soviet Ukraine, The Ukrainian Herald, 1977, 6,
  • JOURNAL, Jones, Polly, Socialist worlds of dissent and discontent after stalinism, (Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History), Summer 2014, 15, 3, 637–652, 10.1353/kri.2014.0040, 159545394,
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  • JOURNAL, Karavansky, Sviatoslav, Two approaches to the solution of nationalities problems in the USSR in the writings of soviet dissidents, (Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity), September 1983, 11, 2, 244–247, 10.1080/00905998308407970, 177317458,
  • JOURNAL, Kartashkin, Vladimir, Human rights and the emergence of the state of the rule of law in the USSR, Emory Law Journal, 1991, 40, 889–902,weblink
  • BOOK, Katz, Zev, Soviet dissenters and social structure in the USSR, 1971, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B0006WAK4I,
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  • JOURNAL, Kengor, Paul, Reagan's 'evil empire' turns 30,weblink The American Spectator, 3 August 2013,
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  • JOURNAL, Komaromi, Ann, Samizdat and Soviet dissident publics, Slavic Review, Spring 2012, 71, 1, 70–90, 10.5612/slavicreview.71.1.0070, 10.5612/slavicreview.71.1.0070, 163795941,
  • BOOK, Komaromi, Ann, Uncensored: samizdat novels and the quest for autonomy in Soviet dissidence, 2015, Evanston, Illinois, Northwestern University Press, 978-0-8101-3186-6,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, National dissent in the Soviet Union: the Crimean Tatar case, (Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity), September 1974, 2, 2, 1–18, 10.1080/00905997408407756, 154738716,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, Dissent in the Baltic republics: characteristics and consequences, Journal of Baltic Studies, December 1979, 10, 4, 309–319, 10.1080/01629777900000321,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, Human rights protest in the USSR: statistical trends for 1965–78, Universal Human Rights, January–March 1980, 2, 1, 5–29, 761800, 10.2307/761800,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, The protest uses of symbolic politics: the mobilization functions of protester symbolic resources,weblink Social Science Quarterly, June 1980, 61, 1, 95–113, 42860676,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, Protest for national rights in the USSR: characteristics and consequences, (Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity), September 1980, 8, 2, 179–194, 10.1080/00905998008407889, 154182757,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, Protests by Soviet Jews: some determinants of success, Soviet Jewish Affairs, November 1980, 10, 3, 47–56, 10.1080/13501678008577341,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, National rights protest in the Brezhnev era: some determinants of success, Ethnic and Racial Studies, April 1981, 4, 2, 175–188, 10.1080/01419870.1981.9993332,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, Establishment vigilantism and political dissent. A Soviet case study, Armed Forces & Society, Fall 1982, 9, 1, 83–97, 10.1177/0095327X8200900106, 146443150,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, The multinationalization of Soviet dissent, (Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity), September 1983, 11, 2, 206–230, 10.1080/00905998308407968, 154308222,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, Protest militancy in the USSR: when does it work?,weblink The Social Science Journal, 1987, 24, 2, 169–179, 10.1016/0362-3319(87)90031-0,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, The historical structuring of a dissident movement, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 1990, 12, 89–110,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewski, David, Greil, Arthur, Ecumenism, Soviet-dissident style,weblink Sociology of Religion (journal), Sociology of Religion, 1985, 46, 3, 275–286, 10.2307/3710694, 3710694,
  • JOURNAL, Kowalewsky, David, Jonson, Cheryl, Cracking down on dissent: bureaucratic satisficing in the USSR, Public Administration Quarterly, Winter 1987, 10, 4, 419–444, 41575720,
  • JOURNAL, Kramer, Eric, Terrorizing discourses and dissident courage, Communication Theory (journal), Communication Theory, November 1991, 1, 4, 336–347, 10.1111/j.1468-2885.1991.tb00024.x, 17684724,
  • BOOK, Kulavig, Erik, Evidence of public dissent in the Khrushchev years, Bryld, Mette, Kulavig, Erik, Soviet civilization between past and present,weblink 1998, International Specialized Book Service Incorporated, 77, 978-8778383303,
  • BOOK, Kunde, Olaf, Das Dissidententum in der Sowjetunion nach der Stalin-Ära (1956–1985), Dissent in the Soviet Union after the Stalin era (1956–1985), 2013, 2004, GRIN Verlag, München, 978-3-638-73157-7, 3, de,
  • BOOK, Kuptz, Kirsten, Dissent in the Soviet Union: the role of Andrei Sakharov in the human rights movement, 2004, GRIN Verlag, 978-3-638-27834-8,
  • JOURNAL, Kuromiya, Hiroaki, 'Political youth opposition in late Stalinism': evidence and conjecture,weblink Europe-Asia Studies, June 2003, 55, 4, 631–638, 10.1080/0966813032000084037, 154490628,
  • BOOK, Kuzio, Taras, Dissent in Ukraine under Gorbachev: a collection of samizdat documents, 1989, Ukrainian Press Agency,weblink
  • BOOK, Kuzio, Taras, Gorbachev, dissent and the new opposition (1987–8), Ukraine: perestroika to independence, 2000, 1994, Macmillan Press Ltd, Basingstoke, London, 978-0-333-73844-3, 64–82, 2,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160303202614weblink">weblink 3 March 2016, live, 10.1057/9780333984345_4,
  • JOURNAL, Kuznetsova, Anastasiya, ru:Участие сибирских диссидентов в движениях за свободу выбора страны проживания и эмиграции в 1960–1980 гг., Participation of the Siberian dissidents in the movements for freedom of choice of country of residence and emigration in the 1960–1980s, Вестник Томского государственного университета. История, 2015, 4, 36, 41–46,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160227075620weblink">weblink 27 February 2016, live, ru,
  • JOURNAL, Laird, Sally, Hope for dissenters?, Index on Censorship, February 1987, 16, 2, 9–12, 10.1080/03064228708534200, 144051821, free,
  • JOURNAL, Lamb, Gregory, US Jews protest treatment of Soviet dissidents, refuseniks, The Christian Science Monitor, 7 February 1983,weblink
  • BOOK, Lazaris, Vladimir, ru:Диссиденты и евреи: кто порвал железный занавес?, Dissidents and the Jews: who broke the Iron Curtain?, 1981, Effect Publishing, Tel-Aviv, ru,
  • BOOK, Lebreton, Véronique, La répression de la dissidence en U.R.S.S. et en Amérique Latine (Chili et Argentine) depuis 1970, The repression of dissent in the U.S.S.R. and Latin America (Chile and Argentina) since 1970, 1983,weblink fr,
  • JOURNAL, Left, Julian, Russian political dissenters, British Medical Journal, 13 October 1984, 289, 6450, 996–998, 1443201, 29516870, 10.1136/bmj.289.6450.996,
  • NEWS, Lev, Michael, Friends, foes recall victorious Cold Warrior, 6 June 2006, The Chicago Tribune,weblink
  • BOOK, Lewytzkyj, Borys, Politische opposition in der Sowjetunion 1960–1972: Analyse und Dokumentation, Political opposition in the Soviet Union 1960–1972: analysis and documentation, 1972, Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, München, de,
  • BOOK, Lewytzkyj, Borys, L'opposizione politica nell'Unione Sovietica, Political opposition in the Soviet Union, 1973, Rusconi Editore, Milan, it,
  • BOOK, Liber, George, Mostovych, Anna, Nonconformity and dissent in the Ukrainian SSR, 1955–1975: an annotated bibliography, 1978, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 978-0-916458-01-0,weblink
  • BOOK, Linden, Carl, Soviet politics and the revival of Russian patriotism: Soviet rulers, dissident patriots and Solzhenitsyn, 1980, Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies, George Washington University, B0006XTMP0,
  • BOOK, Lomellini, Valentine, L'appuntamento mancato: la sinistra italiana e il dissenso nei regimi comunisti (1968–1989), The missed appointment: the Italian left and the dissent in the communist regimes (1968–1989), 2010, Mondadori Education, Florence, 978-8800740029, it,
  • JOURNAL, Lourie, Richard, Soviet dissidents & balance of power, Dissent, Winter 1974, 15,
  • JOURNAL, Low-Beer, Gerard Arnold, Soviet dissenters in need of help, Nature (journal), Nature, 27 February 1975, 253, 5494, 678, 10.1038/253678a0, 1975Natur.253Q.678B, 4297438, free,
  • JOURNAL, Luckyj, George, Polarity in Ukrainian intellectual dissent, Canadian Slavonic Papers, January 1972, 14, 2, 269–279, 10.1080/00085006.1972.11091276,
  • JOURNAL, Lynch, Allen, A policy perspective on dissent and repression in the Soviet Union, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Summer 1983, 7, 2, 365–372,weblink
  • BOOK, Masnou, Grégoire, Les dissidents soviétiques et la question nationale en Europe centrale, Soviet dissidents and national issue in Central Europe, 1992, fr,weblink
  • BOOK, Matsui, Yasuhiro, Obshchestvennost' across borders: Soviet dissidents as a hub of transnational agency, Obshchestvennost' and civic agency in late imperial and Soviet Russia: interface between state and society, 2015, Macmillan, 198–218, 978-1-137-54723-1, 10.1057/9781137547231_10,
  • BOOK, Mee, Cornelia, The internment of Soviet dissenters in mental hospitals, 1971, John Arliss Limited, B002DTDME2,
  • BOOK, Meerson-Aksenov, Michail, The dissident movement and samizdat, Meerson-Aksenov, Michail, Shragin, Boris, The political, social, and religious thought of Russian "samizdat" – an anthology,weblink 1977, Nordland Publishing Company, Belmont, MA, 37–38, 978-0-913124-13-0,
  • BOOK, Messana, Paola, Soviet communal living: an oral history of the kommunalka,weblink 2011, Macmillan, 978-0-230-11810-2, 97–102, Dissidence, 10.1057/9780230118102_22,
  • JOURNAL, Meyers, Nechemia, Soviet dissidents: view from the promised land, Nature (journal), Nature, 30 September 1976, 263, 5576, 365, 10.1038/263365a0, 1976Natur.263..365M, 30965085, free,
  • BOOK, Moroney, Caitlin, Beyond the pillars of dissent: a re-evaluation of Soviet dissidence, 2011, University of Vermont,weblink
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  • NEWS, Mieli, Paolo, Intellettuali reticenti sul dissenso in Urss: la sinistra italiana e il processo Sinjavskij-Daniel, Reticent intellectuals on dissent in the USSR: the Italian left and the Sinyavsky-Daniel trial,weblink Corriere della Sera, 12 June 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160228232050weblink">weblink live, 28 February 2016, it,
  • JOURNAL, Mlikotin, Anthony, The western intellectual heritage and the Soviet dissent, Studies in Soviet Thought, January 1985, 29, 1, 17–32, 10.1007/BF01043846, 143831683,
  • NEWS, Nadler, Gerald, Ex-Soviet dissidents say Russia is slipping,weblink The Moscow Times, 15 November 2004,
  • JOURNAL, Nathans, Benjamin, Talking fish: on Soviet dissident memoirs, The Journal of Modern History, September 2015, 87, 3, 579–614, 10.1086/682413, 10.1086/682413, 146142435,
  • BOOK, Nivat, Georges, Kravetz, Marc, URSS: gli scrittori del dissenso: Bukowsky, Calamov, Daniel, Guinzburg, Pliusc, Solgeniztin, USSR: writers of dissent: Bukovsky, Shalamov, Daniel, Ginzburg, Plyushch, Solzhenitsyn, 1977, La Biennale di Venezia, Venezia, 797904993,weblink it,
  • JOURNAL, Odom, William, A dissenting view on the group approach to Soviet politics,weblink World Politics, July 1976, 28, 4, 542–567, 10.2307/2010066, 2010066, 155152772,
  • BOOK, Oleszczuk, Thomas, Political justice in the USSR: dissent and repression in Lithuania, 1969–1987, 1988, East European Monographs, 978-0-88033-144-9,weblink
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  • JOURNAL, Raskina, Alexandra, Frida Vigdorova's transcript of Joseph Brodsky's trial: myths and reality, Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography, 2014, 7, 1, 144–180, 10.1163/22102388-00700006,
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  • BOOK, Reddaway, Peter, Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR, Policy towards Dissent since Khrushchev, Schapiro, Leonard, Rigby, Thomas, Brown, Archie, Reddaway, Peter, 1983, 1980, Macmillan, 978-0-333-25702-9, 158–192, 2, 10.1007/978-1-349-06655-1_9,weblink
  • BOOK, Reddaway, Peter, How much did popular disaffection contribute to the collapse of the USSR?, Fortescue, S., Russian politics from Lenin to Putin,weblink 2010, London, Macmillan, 978-0-230-57587-5, 152–184, 10.1057/9780230293144_7,
  • BOOK, Reddaway, Peter, The Soviet empire: expansion and détente, Griffith, William, 1984, 1976, Lexington books, 978-0-669-00421-2, 57–84, 2, The development of dissent in the USSR,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Reddaway, Peter, Soviet policies toward dissent, 1953–1986, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, September 2012, 24, 1/2, 57–82, 10.5840/jis2012241/22,weblink
  • BOOK, Reich, Rebecca, Thinking differently: psychiatry, literature and dissent in the late Soviet period, 2010, Harvard University,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Renom, Jaime Olives, Unión Soviética: la cuestión de los disidentes, Cuenta y Razón, January–April 1986, 22, 85–93,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160303044736weblink">weblink 3 March 2016, live, Soviet Union: the issue of dissidents, es,
  • JOURNAL, Rial, Horacio, Todos somos disidentes soviéticos. Pentimento, We are all Soviet dissidents. Repentance, La Ilustración Liberal: Revista Española y Americana, 2006, 17–21, 17–21,weblink es,
  • JOURNAL, Rich, Vera, Soviet dissidents: he who would dissident be, Nature (journal), Nature, 30 September 1976, 263, 5576, 361–362, 1976Natur.263..361R, 10.1038/263361a0, 4169615, free,
  • JOURNAL, Rich, Vera, USSR: bottling up dissent. Reports on recent developments concerning dissidents in the USSR and Eastern Europe, Nature (journal), Nature, 9 December 1976, 264, 5586, 501–502, 1976Natur.264..501R, 10.1038/264501a0, 40739064, free,
  • JOURNAL, Rich, Vera, USSR: discrediting the dissidents, Nature (journal), Nature, 8 September 1977, 269, 5624, 100, 10.1038/269100a0, 1977Natur.269..100R, 4249431, free,
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  • JOURNAL, Rich, Vera, Stalin's scientific deputy addresses dissident meeting, Nature (journal), Nature, 15 December 1977, 270, 5638, 550, 10.1038/270550a0, 1977Natur.270..550R, 36455000, free,
  • JOURNAL, Rich, Vera, Soviet dissident charged, Nature (journal), Nature, 17 May 1979, 279, 5710, 178, 10.1038/279178b0, 1979Natur.279..178R, 4282922, free,
  • JOURNAL, Rich, Vera, Soviet dissidents: helpers divided, Nature (journal), Nature, 11 February 1982, 295, 5849, 450, 1982Natur.295R.450R, 10.1038/295450c0, 41822324, free,
  • JOURNAL, Rich, Vera, Refusnik scientists: dissenting dissidents agree,weblink Nature (journal), Nature, 16 January 1986, 319, 6050, 169, 10.1038/319169b0, 1986Natur.319..169R, 4260729, free,
  • JOURNAL, Richter, Derek, Political dissenters in mental hospitals, The British Journal of Psychiatry, August 1971, 119, 549, 225–226, 10.1192/bjp.119.549.225, 145461136, free,
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  • BOOK, Ripa di Meana, Carlo, Mecucci, Gabriella, L'ordine di Mosca: fermate la biennale del dissenso, The order of Moscow: to stop the biennial of dissent, 2007, Liberal, Rome, 978-8888835372, it,
  • JOURNAL, Robert, Horvath, "Sakharov would be with us": Limonov, Strategy-31, and the dissident legacy, The Russian Review, October 2015, 74, 4, 581–598, 10.1111/russ.12049,
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  • JOURNAL, Satter, David, Soviet dissent and the Cold War, Hoover Digest, 30 April 2003, 2,weblink
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  • JOURNAL, Serebryakova, Elena, ru:Мир глазами диссидента (по книге Ð’. Буковского "И возвращается ветер…"), Управленческое консультирование, 2012, 4, 132–138,weblinkweblink 1 March 2016, dead, World through the eyes of a dissident (about the book of V. Bukovsky «The wind returns…»), ru,
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  • JOURNAL, Sharlet, Robert, Dissent and repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: changing patterns since Khrushchev,weblink International Journal, Autumn 1978, 33, 4, 763–795, 10.2307/40201689, 40201689,
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  • JOURNAL, Sharlet, Robert, Dissent and the "Contra-System" in the Soviet Union, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 1984, 35, 3, 135–146, 10.2307/1174123, 1174123,
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  • BOOK, Sinatti, Piero, Il dissenso in Urss nell'epoca di Breznev: antologia della Cronaca degli avvenimenti correnti (documenti e interventi), Dissent in the USSR in the era of Brezhnev: anthology of A Chronicle of Current Events (documents and interviews), 1978, Vallecchi, Firenze, it,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Smith, Fred, Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn: dissidents with a different world view, The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, Winter 1991, 16, 4, 469–476,weblink
  • BOOK, Smith, Gordon, Soviet Politics, Dissent: Political, Ethnic, and Religious, 1988, Macmillan Education, 978-0-333-45919-5, 294–320, 10.1007/978-1-349-19172-7_13,
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  • BOOK, Spechler, Dina, Permitted dissent in the USSR: Novy mir and the Soviet regime,weblink 1982, Praeger, New York, 978-0-03-060621-2,
  • JOURNAL, Spechler, Dina, Permitted dissent and Soviet politics: the case of Novyi Mir, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 1982, 9, 1, 1–39, 10.1163/187633282X00028,
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  • JOURNAL, Sun, Marjorie, Soviets clamp down on dissident groups,weblink Science (magazine), Science, 8 October 1982, 218, 4568, 139, 10.1126/science.218.4568.139, 1982Sci...218..139S, 17753431,
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  • JOURNAL, Surovtseva, Ekaterina, ru:А.И. Солженицын, А.Д. Сахаров и Р. Медведев: дискуссия вокруг "Письма вождям Советского Союза" и её восприятие в эмигрантской печати (Ðœ. Агурский), A.I. Solzhenitsyn, A.D. Sakharov and R. Medvedev: the debate around "Letter to the Soviet leaders" and its perception in the emigre press (M. Agursky), Молодой ученый, 2015, 2, 608–613,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150419201834weblink">weblink 19 April 2015, live, ru,
  • BOOK, Surrett, William, Formalization and contemporary patterns and conditions of modern Soviet dissidence, 1987,weblink
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  • JOURNAL, Tikos, Laszlo, Dissent among non-Russian writers of the U.S.S.R. — A philologist's analysis, (Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity), June 1973, 1, 2, 10–16, 10.1080/00905997308407741, 159519955,
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  • BOOK, Tria, Massimo, L'invasione vista dai sovietici, fra approvazione e dissenso, The imaginative invasion of the Soviets, from approval to dissent, Caccamo, Francesco, Helan, Pavel, Tria, Massimo, Primavera di Praga, risveglio europeo, Prague Spring, European awakening, 2011, Firenze University Press, 978-8864532691, 97–126,weblink it,
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  • BOOK, Zukerman, William, Voice of dissent: Jewish problems, 1948–1961, 1964, Brookman Associates,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Zuzowski, Robert, The significance of dissent in the Soviet Union, Australian Outlook, December 1985, 39, 3, 165–170, 10.1080/10357718508444890,
  • BOOK, Zveteremich, Pietro, Dissenso e no: esiste una letteratura "sovietica"?: estratto da Nuovi Annali della Facoltà di Magistero dell'Università di Messina, Dissent and no: does "Soviet" literature exist?: extract from New Annals of the Faculty of Education at the University of Messina, 1983, Editrice Herder,weblink it,

Insiders' works

  • JOURNAL, Alexeyeva, Ludmilla, The human rights movement in the USSR, Survey, 1977–1978, 23, 4, 72–85,
  • BOOK, Alekseeva, Liudmila, The diversity of Soviet dissent: ideologies, goals and direction, 1965–1980, 1980,weblink
  • BOOK, Alexeyeva, Ludmilla, Soviet dissent: contemporary movements for national, religious, and human rights, 1987, 1985, Middletown, Connecticut, Wesleyan University Press, 2, 978-0-8195-6176-3,weblink
  • BOOK, Amalrik, Andrei, ru:Записки диссидента, Dissident's Notes, 1982, Ардис, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ann Arbor,weblink ru,
  • JOURNAL, Amalrik, Andrei, Soviet dissidents and the American press: a reply, Columbia Journalism Review, 1 March 1978, 16, 6, 63,weblink
  • BOOK, Boukovsky, Vladimir, Jugement à Moscou – un dissident dans les archives du Kremlin, Judgement in Moscow – a dissident in the Kremlin archives, 1995, Robert Laffont, Paris, 978-2-221-07460-2, fr,
  • JOURNAL, Brodsky, Joseph, An appeal for Vladimir Maramzin, The New York Review of Books, 19 September 1974, 21, 14,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Brodsky, Joseph, Victims, The New York Review of Books, 23 January 1975, 21, 21,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Brodsky, Joseph, Nadezhda Mandelstam (1899–1980), The New York Review of Books, 5 March 1981, 28, 3,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Brodsky, Joseph, Poetry as a form of resistance to reality, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, March 1992, 107, 2, 220–225,weblink 10.2307/462635, 462635, 164173456,
  • BOOK, Bukovsky, Vladimir, To build a castle: my life as a dissenter, 1978, Andrei Deutsch, London,weblink 978-0-233-97023-3, 2015-12-04, 2013-05-01,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130501033705weblink">weblink dead,
  • BOOK, Boukovsky, Vladimir, Une nouvelle maladie mentale en URSS: l'opposition, A new mental illness in the USSR: the opposition, 1971, Le Seuil, Paris, fr, 2020025272, CITEREFBoukovsky1971,
  • BOOK, Bukowski, Wladimir, UdSSR. Opposition. Eine neue Geisteskrankheit in der Sowjetunion? Eine Dokumentation von W. Bukowskij, The USSR. Opposition. A new mental illness in the Soviet Union? Documentation by V. Bukovsky, 1971, Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 3-446-11571-4, de, CITEREFBukowski1971,
  • BOOK, Bukovskij, Vladimir, Una nuova malattia mentale in Urss: l'opposizione, A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition, 1972, Etas Kompass, Milan, it, CITEREFBukovskij1972,
  • BOOK, Bukovsky, Vladimir, Una nueva enfermedad mental en la U.R.S.S.: la oposición, A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition, 1972, Lasser Press, México, es, CITEREFBukovsky1972,
  • JOURNAL, Bukovsky, Vladimir, Gluzman, Semyon, Пособие по психиатрии для инакомыслящих, Хроника защиты прав в СССР [Chronicle of defense of rights in the USSR], 13, 36–61, January–February 1975a,weblink A manual on psychiatry for dissidents, ru, CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975a, The work in Russian was also published in: BOOK, Коротенко, Ада, Аликина, Наталия, Советская психиатрия: Заблуждения и умысел, 2002, Издательство «Сфера», Киев, 978-966-7841-36-2,weblink 197–218, The work in English was published in: BOOK, Bloch, Sidney, Reddaway, Peter, Russia's political hospitals: the abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1977, Victor Gollancz Ltd, 978-0-575-02318-5, 419–440,
  • JOURNAL, Bukovsky, Vladimir, Gluzman, Semyon, A manual on psychiatry for dissidents, Survey: A Journal of East and West Studies, Winter–Spring 1975b, 21, 1, 180–199, CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975b,
  • BOOK, Bukovsky, Vladimir, Gluzman, Semyon, A manual of psychiatry for political dissidents, 1975c, Amnesty International, London, 872337790, CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975c,
  • JOURNAL, Bukovsky, Vladimir, Gluzman, Semyon, A dissident's guide to psychiatry, A Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR, New York, Kronika Press, 1975d, 13, 31–57, CITEREFBukovskyGluzman1975d,
  • BOOK, BukovskiÄ­, Vladimir, Gluzman, Semyon, HÃ¥ndbog i psykiatri for afvigere, A manual on psychiatry for dissidents, 1975e, Samarbetsdynamik AB, Göteborg, 9185396001, 7551381, da, CITEREFBukovskiÄ­Gluzman1975e,
  • JOURNAL, Boukovsky, Vladimir, Glouzmann, Semion, Guide de psychiatrie pour les dissidents soviétiques: dédié à Lonia Pliouchtch, victime de la terreur psychiatrique, Guide on psychiatry for Soviet dissidents: dedicated to Lyonya Plyushch, a victim of psychiatric terror, Esprit (magazine), Esprit, September 1975, 449, 9, 307–332, 24263203, fr,weblink CITEREFBoukovskyGlouzmann1975,
  • BOOK, Bukovskij, Vladimir, Gluzman, Semen, Leva, Marco, Guida psichiatrica per dissidenti. Con esempi pratici e una lettera dal Gulag, Psychiatric guide for dissidents. With practical examples and a letter from the Gulag, 1979, L'erba voglio, Milan, B00E3B4JK4, it, CITEREFBukovskijGluzmanLeva1979,
  • JOURNAL, Bukowski, Wladimir, Gluzman, Semen, Psychiatrie-handbuch für dissidenten, A manual on psychiatry for dissidents, Samisdat. Stimmen aus dem "anderen Rußland", 1976, 8, 29–48, Bern, de, CITEREFBukowskiGluzman1976,
  • JOURNAL, Bunyan, Gordon, Hurst, P.D., Political opposition in the Soviet Union: are the dissidents really important?, Australian Outlook, April 1977, 31, 1, 61–74, 10.1080/10357717708444592,
  • BOOK, Chalidze, Valery, ru:Литературные дела КГБ: дела Суперфина, Эткинда, Хейфеца, Марамзина: в приложении — документы о советской цензуре, The literary cases of the KGB: the cases of Superfin, Etkind, Heifetz, Maramzin: there are documents about Soviet censorship in the application, 1976, Хроника, New York, ru,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Chalidze, Valery, How important is Soviet dissent?, Commentary (magazine), Commentary, 1 June 1977, 63, 6, 57,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Daniel, Alexander, ru:Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР, Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR, Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration], 2002, 1, 21,weblink ru,
  • BOOK, Daniel, Aleksander, Gluza, Zbigniew, SÅ‚ownik dysydentów. CzoÅ‚owe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 1, Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 1, 2007, Karta, Warszaw, 978-8388288890, pl,
  • BOOK, Daniel, Aleksander, Gluza, Zbigniew, SÅ‚ownik dysydentów. CzoÅ‚owe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 2, Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 2, 2007, Karta, Warszaw, 978-8388288845, pl,
  • BOOK, Etkind, Efim, Notes of a non-conspirator, 1978, Oxford University Press, London, 978-0-19-211739-7,weblink
  • BOOK, Etkind, Efim, Unblutige Hinrichtung. Warum ich die Sowjetunion verlassen musste, Bloodless execution. Why I had to leave the Soviet Union, 1982, 1978, Piper Verlag GmbH, München, 978-3-492-02339-9, 2, de,
  • BOOK, Etkind, Efim, ru:Процесс Иосифа Бродского, The trial of Joseph Brodsky, 1988, Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, London, 978-1-870128-70-4, ru,
  • BOOK, Galanskov, Youri, Le manifeste humain précédé par les témoignages de Vladimir Boukovsky, Nathalia Gorbanevskaïa, Alexandre Guinzbourg, Edouard Kouznetsov, Human manifesto preceded by testimonies of Vladimir Bukovsky, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Alexander Ginzburg, Eduard Kuznetsov, 1982, Editions L'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, 978-2825109205,weblink fr,
  • JOURNAL, Glazov, Yuri, The Soviet intelligentsia, dissidents and the West, Studies in Soviet Thought, June 1979, 19, 4, 321–344, 10.1007/BF00832020, 20098853, 140301241,
  • BOOK, Gluzman, Semyon, ru:Рисунки по памяти, или воспоминания отсидента, Pictures drawn from memory, or the released dissident's memories, 2012, Издательский дом Дмитрия Бураго, Kiev, 978-9664891216, ru,
  • BOOK, Goricheva, Tatiana, Talking about God is dangerous: the diary of a Russian dissident, 1987, Crossroad Publishing Company, New York, 978-0-8245-0798-5,
  • NEWS, Grigoryants, Sergei, Soviet psychiatric prisoners,weblink The New York Times, 23 February 1988, A31,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111209130448weblink">weblink 9 December 2011, live,
  • JOURNAL, Grigoryants, Sergei, Camps with guards in white gowns: thousands of Mengeles, millions of victims, Glasnost, January 1989, 16–18, 34–35,
  • BOOK, Isajiw, Christina, Negotiating human rights: in defence of dissidents during the Soviet era: a memoir, 2013, University of Alberta Press, 978-1-894865-33-3,weblink
  • BOOK, Kaminskaya, Dina, Final judgment: my life as a Soviet defense attorney. Translated by Michael Glenny, 1982, Simon & Schuster, New York, 978-0-671-24739-3,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Koryagin, Anatoly, The involvement of Soviet psychiatry in the persecution of dissenters, The British Journal of Psychiatry, March 1989, 154, 3, 336–340, 2597834, 10.1192/bjp.154.3.336, 26148412,
  • JOURNAL, Levich, Yevgeny, Soviet dissidents: trying to keep in touch, Nature (journal), Nature, 1976, 263, 5576, 366–367, 10.1038/263366a0, 1976Natur.263..366L, 4220291, free,
  • NEWS, Lewis, Anthony, Soviet crackdown on dissidents shows paranoia, not confidence, 14,weblink Spokane Chronicle, 20 September 1985,
  • BOOK, Litvinov, Pavel, Dear Comrade: Pavel Litvinov and the voices of Soviet citizens in dissent, 1969, Pitman Publishing Corporation, B000O05GKK,
  • JOURNAL, Litvinov, Pavel, The human rights movement in the USSR, Index on Censorship, March 1975, 4, 1, 11–15, 10.1080/03064227508532389, 146906418,
  • JOURNAL, Litvinov, Pavel, Momentary enthusiasms don't help – only persistence will secure human rights gains, Jurimetrics, Winter 1980, 21, 2, 135–142, 29761738,weblink
  • BOOK, Lubarsky, Cronid, Soziale Basis und Umfang des sowjetischen Dissidententums, Social basis and scope of Soviet dissidence, 1979, Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, Köln,weblink de,
  • JOURNAL, Lubarsky, Cronid, Social basis and scope of Soviet dissidence, Osteuropa, 1979, 29, 11, 923–935,
  • JOURNAL, Lubarsky, Cronid, The human rights movement and perestroika, Index on Censorship, May 1988, 17, 5, 16–20, 10.1080/03064228808534412, 145697936, free,
  • JOURNAL, Mal'cev, Jurij, I dissidenti sovietici in Italia, The Soviet dissidents in Italy, Enthymema, 2015, 12, 155–159, 10.13130/2037-2426/4951, it,
  • JOURNAL, Mal'cev, Jurij, I dissidenti sovietici in Italia, ru:Советские диссиденты в Италии, The Soviet dissidents in Italy, Enthymema, 2015, 12, 156–160, 10.13130/2037-2426/4951, ru,
  • JOURNAL, Medvedev, Roy, The future of Soviet dissent, Index on Censorship, March 1979, 8, 2, 25–31, 10.1080/03064227908532898, 144007468,
  • JOURNAL, Medvedev, Roy, Andropov and the dissidents: the internal atmosphere under the new Soviet leadership, Dissent, 1 January 1984, 31, 1, 97–102,weblink
  • NEWS, Medvedev, Roy, Russia still needs dissidents to defend rights,weblink The Moscow Times, 2 July 1997,
  • JOURNAL, Medvedev, Roy, Vladimov, Georgi, Controversy: dissent among dissidents, Index on Censorship, May 1979, 8, 3, 33–37, 10.1080/03064227908532924, 147185209, free,
  • JOURNAL, Medvedev, Roy, Medvedev, Zhores, Krushchev's secret speech, Australian Left Review, 1976, 1, 52, 34–37,weblink
  • BOOK, Medvedev, Roy, Ostellino, Piero, On Soviet dissent, 1980, Columbia University Press, New York, 978-0-231-04812-5,weblink registration,
  • JOURNAL, Medvedev, Zhores, The defeat of Russian dissent, The Spectator, 21 February 1976, 8–9,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Medvedev, Zhores, Two decades off dissidence, New Scientist, 4 November 1976, 72, 1025, 264–267,weblink
  • BOOK, Orlov, Yuri, The Soviet Union, human rights, and national security,weblink Corillon, Carol, Science and human rights, 1988, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 62–67,
  • JOURNAL, Mihajlov, Mihajlo, Appointment with destiny: a dissident's tale, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, September 2006, 18, 1/2, 113–120, 10.5840/jis2006181/26,
  • JOURNAL, Navrozov, Lev, On Soviet dissidence, Commentary (magazine), Commentary, 1 November 1973, 56, 5, 31–36,weblink
  • BOOK, Plyushch, Leonid, Mikhaylov, Mikhaylo, Belotserkovsky, Vadim, Elberfeld, Yan, Andreev, Herman, Vishnevskaya, Yuliya, Yanov, Alexander, Levitin-Krasnov, Anatoly, Etkind, Efim, Kushev, Yevgeny, Democraticeskij Alternativi von Vadim Belocerkovskij – 978-3-88103-070-0, ru:СССР. Демократические альтернативы: сборник статей и документов, USSR. Democratic alternatives: a collection of articles and documents, 1976, Achberg, 978-3-88103-070-0, 3953394,weblink ru,
  • BOOK, Plyushch, Leonid, Khodorovich, Tatyana, History's carnival: a dissident's autobiography, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, 1979, 978-0-15-141614-1,weblink
  • BOOK, Podrabinek, Alexander, ru:Диссиденты, Dissidents, 2014, АСТ, Moscow, 978-5170824014, ru,
  • JOURNAL, Sakharov, Andrei, How I came to dissent, The New York Review of Books, 21 March 1974, 21, 4,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Sakharov, Andrei, The human rights movement in the USSR and Eastern Europe: its goals, significance, and difficulties, Trialogue, Fall 1978, 19, 4–7, 26–27,
  • JOURNAL, Sakharov, Andrei, Turchin, Valentin, Medvedev, Roy, The need for democratization,weblink Saturday Review (U.S. magazine), The Saturday Review, 6 June 1970, 26–27,
  • BOOK, Shtromas, Alexander, Who are the Soviet dissidents?, 1979, 1977, University of Bradford, 978-0-901945-35-8, 2,weblink
  • JOURNAL, Shtromas, Alexander, Dissent and political change in the Soviet Union, Studies in Comparative Communism, Summer–Autumn 1979, 12, 2–3, 212–244, 10.1016/0039-3592(79)90010-3,
  • JOURNAL, Shtromas, Alexander, Dissent, nationalism, and the Soviet future, Studies in Comparative Communism, Autumn–Winter 1987, 20, 3–4, 277–285,
  • JOURNAL, Sinyavsky, Andrei, Andrei Sinyavsky on dissidence, Encounter (magazine), Encounter, April 1979, 52, 4, 91–93,
  • JOURNAL, Sinyavsky, Andrei, Dissent as a personal experience, Dissent, Spring 1984, 31, 2, 152–161,
  • JOURNAL, Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, Two from Solzhenitsyn (letters), Dissent, November 1970, 17, 6, 558–559,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151024160516weblink">weblink 24 October 2015, live,
  • BOOK, Trotsky, Leon, Dictatorship vs. democracy (terrorism and communism): a reply to Karl Kautsky by Leon Trotsky, 1922, Workers party of America, New York City,weblinkweblink 24 September 2015, live,
  • BOOK, Trotsky, Leon, Rakovsky, Christian, Pyatakov, Georgy, Zinoviev, Grigory, The platform of the joint opposition (the document submitted to the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party in September 1927), 1973, 1927, New Park Publications Ltd, London, 2, 978-0-902030-41-1, etal,
  • BOOK, Trotskij, Lev, Zinov'ev, Grigorij, La piattaforma dell'opposizione nell'URSS, The platform of opposition in the USSR, 1969, Samonà e Savelli Editore, Rome, A000091776, it,
  • JOURNAL, Venclova, Tomas, Lithuanian dissent in the context of Central and Eastern Europe: 1953–1980, Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences, Summer 2009, 55, 2, 38–50,weblink
  • BOOK, Voinovich, Vladimir, ru:Дело â„– 34840, The Case No 34840, 1994, Text, Moscow, 978-5871060957, ru,
  • JOURNAL, Yakunin, Gleb, First open letter to Patriarch Aleksi II, Religion, State and Society, January 1994, 22, 3, 311–316, 10.1080/09637499408431652,
  • JOURNAL, Yakunin, Gleb, Second open letter to Patriarch Aleksi II, Religion, State and Society, January 1994, 22, 3, 320–321, 10.1080/09637499408431655,
{{cbot}}

Audiovisual material

{{ctop|Collapsed list}}
  • NEWS, ru:Альфавит инакомыслия, Alphabet of dissent,weblink Radio Liberty, ru, Радио Свобода,
  • WEB, Natella Boltyanskaya, Episode One – Dissidents: Who are they?,weblink Parallels, Events, People, Voice of America, 16 March 2016, Natella Boltyanskaya,
  • WEB, Natella Boltyanskaya, Episode Two – Dissidents: What did they want?,weblink Parallels, Events, People, Voice of America, 16 March 2016, Natella Boltyanskaya,
  • WEB, Лошак, Андрей, ru:Анатомия процесса, The anatomy of a trial (video of the documentary),weblink TV Rain, ru, 3 September 2013,
  • WEB, Певзнер, Гелия, ru:Сергей Ковалев: "Голоса мудрецов — ничтожная доля процента", Sergei Kovalev: Voices of sages is a tiny fraction of percent,weblink Radio France Internationale, ru, 2016-05-31,
  • NEWS, Подрабинек, Александр, Радио Свобода, ru:Военная экспансия и репрессии, Military expansion and repression,weblink Radio Liberty, ru, 31 May 2014,
  • WEB, Vladimir V. Kara-Murza, They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents (The documentary in English available to watch online),weblink Institute of Modern Russia, 22 August 2013, Vladimir V. Kara-Murza, 28 March 2016, 7 April 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160407192252weblink">weblink dead,
  • {{YouTube|IlJZcnLdMnA|The history of the MHG and human rights movement, in Russian, 53 min}}
  • {{YouTube|SurdhDbeBuU|Václav Havel and Soviet Dissidents, 8 min}}
  • WEB,weblink Nonconformism and Dissent in the Soviet Bloc: Guiding Legacy or Passing Memory?, 1 April 2011, Harriman Institute, Columbia University, 27 February 2016, 16 February 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170216161514weblink">weblink dead,
    • {{YouTube|WFRqnY5S5vM|Day 1, Panel 1, 84 min}}
    • {{YouTube|ywzGBpDn7MY|Day 2, Panel 1, 134 min}}
    • {{YouTube|bEmD_tm7LJ4|Day 2, Panel 2, 119 min}}
    • {{YouTube|VbxidV3s7aU|Day 2, Panel 3, 112 min}}
    • {{YouTube|Q9-t5qIxNU8|Day 3, Panel 1, 83 min}}
    • {{YouTube|S2PPMf8dmOg|Day 3, Panel 2, 106 min}}
    • {{YouTube|uJo66OSe4_s|Day 3, Panel 3, 107 min}}
{{cbot}}{{Soviet dissidents}}{{Soviet Union topics}}{{Authority control}}

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