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Frozen (2013 film)
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{{Short description|Disney animated film}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}{{Use American English|date=May 2014}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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| name | Frozen| image = Frozen (2013 film) poster.jpg| caption = Theatrical release poster
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| "The Snow Queen" | Hans Christian Andersen}}LOWMAN | DATE=NOVEMBER 19, 2013 | URL=HTTPS://WWW.DAILYNEWS.COM/2013/11/19/UNFREEZING-FROZEN-THE-MAKING-OF-THE-NEWEST-FAIRY-TALE-IN-3D-BY-DISNEY/ | LOS ANGELES DAILY NEWS>ACCESS-DATE=DECEMBER 17, 2023 | ARCHIVE-DATE=MAY 29, 2023, live, | producer = Peter Del Vecho | {edih}| cinematography = Scott Beattie (layout)Mohit Kallianpur (lighting)| editing = Jeff Draheim| music = Christophe Beck | {edih} | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures>Walt Disney StudiosMotion Pictures | 2013 | 19 | El Capitan Theatre>2013 | 22 | 2013 | 27 | ref1=GRASER>FIRST=MARC | URL=HTTPS://VARIETY.COM/2013/FILM/NEWS/DISNEYS-FROZEN-PREMIERE-WARMS-UP-AUDIENCE-IN-HOLLYWOOD-1200859822/ | MAGAZINE=VARIETY (MAGAZINE) | >DATE=NOVEMBER 20, 2013 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20230607124910/HTTPS://VARIETY.COM/2013/FILM/NEWS/DISNEYS-FROZEN-PREMIERE-WARMS-UP-AUDIENCE-IN-HOLLYWOOD-1200859822/ | ref2=MENDELSON>FIRST=SCOTT | TITLE=WHY DISNEY'S 'FROZEN' DEBUTED TODAY ON A SINGLE SCREEN | MAGAZINE=FORBES | ARCHIVE-DATE=DECEMBER 17, 2023 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, | DATE=JUNE 11, 2012 | URL=HTTPS://WWW.HOLLYWOODREPORTER.COM/MOVIES/MOVIE-FEATURES/DISNEY-FROZEN-KRISTEN-BELL-NOVEMBER-IDINA-MENZEL-335875/ | THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER>ACCESS-DATE=DECEMBER 17, 2023 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20231122031838/HTTPS://WWW.HOLLYWOODREPORTER.COM/MOVIES/MOVIE-FEATURES/DISNEY-FROZEN-KRISTEN-BELL-NOVEMBER-IDINA-MENZEL-335875/, November 22, 2023, }} | PUBLISHER=ONTARIO FILM REVIEW BOARD | ACCESS-DATE=JANUARY 15, 2014 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20140116121817/HTTP://WWW.OFRB.GOV.ON.CA/OFRB/OFRBWELCOMEACTION.DO?DETAILPARAMETER=2000111390, January 16, 2014, | country = United States| language = English | TITLE=BOX OFFICE PREVIEW: 'FROZEN' READY TO STORM THE CHART, BUT IT WON'T BEAT 'CATCHING FIRE' | ACCESS-DATE=DECEMBER 17, 2023 | ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY>DATE=NOVEMBER 27, 2013 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20131128190249/HTTP://INSIDEMOVIES.EW.COM/2013/11/27/BOX-OFFICE-PREVIEW-FROZEN-CATCHING-FIRE/, November 28, 2013, | ACCESS-DATE=DECEMBER 17, 2023 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210126235509/HTTPS://WWW.BOXOFFICEMOJO.COM/TITLE/TT2294629/, January 26, 2021, }}Frozen is a 2013 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures.NEWS, Disneyland Resort Debuts "World of Color – Winter Dreams," a Merry New Spectacular for 2013 Holiday Season,weblink July 27, 2013, PR Newswire, July 27, 2013, from the upcoming Walt Disney Pictures animated feature "Frozen", live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130807092912weblink">weblink August 7, 2013, Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's 1844 fairy tale, "The Snow Queen", it was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee (in her feature directorial debut) and produced by Peter Del Vecho, from a screenplay by Lee, who also conceived the film's story with Buck and Shane Morris.The film stars the voices of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff, Josh Gad and Santino Fontana, with Alan Tudyk, Ciarán Hinds, Maia Wilson, Chris Williams, Stephen J. Anderson, Paul Briggs, Livvy Stubenrauch, Eva Bella, Maurice LaMarche, and Lee in supporting roles. The film follows Anna, the princess of Arendelle, who sets off on a journey with the iceman Kristoff, his reindeer Sven, and the snowman Olaf to find her estranged sister Elsa, whose icy powers have trapped their kingdom in eternal winter.Frozen underwent several story treatments before it was commissioned in 2011. Christophe Beck was hired to compose the film's orchestral score, and Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote the songs.After its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 19, 2013, Frozen had its general theatrical release on November 27. It was praised for its visuals, screenplay, themes, music, and voice acting, and some critics consider Frozen Disney's best animated film since the studio's Renaissance era, and grossed over $1.280 billion in worldwide box-office revenue, becoming the highest-grossing animated film (until the remake of The Lion King surpassed it in August 2019).WEB, Desta, Yohana, August 12, 2019, The Lion King Is Now Disney's Highest-Grossing Animated Movie Ever,weblink limited, live,weblink August 6, 2020, January 24, 2022, Vanity Fair (magazine), Vanity Fair, WEB, Verhoeven, Beatrice, Robinson, Cassidy, May 9, 2020, 30 Highest Grossing Animated Movies of All Time Worldwide,weblink live,weblink August 18, 2021, January 24, 2022, TheWrap, It finished its theatrical run as the highest-grossing film of 2013 and the fifth-highest-grossing film of all time. The film's songs, characters, storytelling elements, and appeal to a general audience were called a popular culture phenomenon. By January 2015, its Blu-ray home video sales led the US. The film's popularity spawned a franchise which includes an animated short in 2015, a 2017 animated featurette and a feature-length sequel, Frozen II, in November 2019.Among its accolades, it won Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film, and two Grammy Awards.{{TOC limit|3}}PlotPrincess Elsa of Arendelle has magical powers of ice and snow. After she accidentally injures her younger sister Anna with her magic, their parents bring them to a colony of trolls led by Grand Pabbie. He heals Anna by taking away her memories of Elsa's magic. The king and queen decide that until Elsa learns to control her powers, they will close the castle gates and isolate her. Years of isolation creates a rift between the sisters and, when they are adults, their parents are killed at sea.On Elsa's coronation day, the castle gates open to the public for the first time. Visiting dignitaries include the handsome Prince Hans of the Southern Isles. Hans proposes to Anna, but Elsa objects to the alliance and lashes out, accidentally revealing her powers to the terrified court. Accused of witchcraft by the scheming Duke of Weselton, Elsa flees to the North Mountain and feels free for the first time. She builds an ice palace and decides to live a hermit's life, unaware that her magic has plunged Arendelle into an eternal winter.Anna ventures out to find Elsa, leaving Hans in command. She meets an iceman named Kristoff and his reindeer, Sven, and convinces them to bring her to the North Mountain. On the way they meet Olaf, a living snowman created by Elsa's magic. At the ice palace, Anna tells Elsa about what has become of Arendelle. Elsa's fear makes her hit Anna with ice, accidentally freezing her heart. In desperation, Elsa creates a giant snow monster and casts Anna out of the castle to keep her safe.With Anna slowly freezing to death, Kristoff takes her to the trolls for help. Grand Pabbie says that only "an act of true love" can thaw her heart. Kristoff races back to the castle so Hans can give Anna true love's kiss. Meanwhile, Hans captures Elsa. Instead of kissing Anna, he says that he has been plotting to become ruler of Arendelle by marrying Anna and then killing both sisters. The sisters escape and Olaf helps Anna reunite with Kristoff, whom he has deduced is in love with Anna.Hans confronts Elsa, saying that she has killed Anna. Elsa breaks down, which abruptly stops the blizzard she created. Seeing Hans about to kill Elsa, Anna sacrifices her chance to be saved by Kristoff and steps between Elsa and Hans. She freezes solid, which devastates Elsa. As she hugs her sister, Anna slowly thaws; her heroism is "an act of true love".Realizing that love is the key to controlling her powers, Elsa ends the winter. Hans is arrested and exiled for treason and attempted assassination. Elsa appoints Kristoff the royal ice deliverer, and he and Anna share a kiss. The sisters mend their relationship, and Elsa promises never to lock the castle gates again.Voice cast(File:Frozen2013Characters.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A promotional image of the main characters from the film. From left to right: Elsa, Hans, Anna, Sven, Olaf, and Kristoff.)
ProductionBackgroundFile:Disney's "The Snow Queen".jpg|thumb|alt=Three character sketches|Concept art from Disney's shelved hand-drawn film adaptation of The Snow QueenThe Snow QueenWalt Disney Productions began exploring a possible live-action-animated biographical film of author and poet Hans Christian Andersen in late 1937, before the December premiere of its film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (the first feature-length, hand-drawn animated film).BOOK, Solomon, Charles, The Art of Frozen, 2013, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 978-1-4521-1716-4,weblink live,weblink October 31, 2015, {{rp|10}} In March 1940, Walt Disney suggested a co-production to film producer Samuel Goldwyn in which Goldwyn's studio would shoot the live-action scenes of Andersen's life and Disney's studio would animate Andersen's fairy tales.{{rp|10}} After the United States entered World War II, Disney focused on wartime propaganda; this halted development of the Disney–Goldwyn project in 1942.{{rp|10}} Goldwyn produced the 1952 live-action film Hans Christian Andersen, and Disney Animation shelved a number of unfinished animated projects (including The Snow Queen).NEWS,weblink Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the "Snow Queen"'s decades-long story problems, Jim, Hill, Jim Hill Media, October 18, 2013, October 22, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131022125512weblink">weblink October 22, 2013, |width=30%}}Walt Disney Feature Animation began developing a new adaptation of The Snow Queen during the late 1990s,WEB, Harrison, Mark, Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee interview: on making Frozen,weblink December 6, 2013, Den of Geek!, Dennis Publishing, December 25, 2017, October 20, 2019,weblink live, after the success of its Disney Renaissance-era films (1989–1999), but the project was scrapped in late 2002 when Glen Keane reportedly quitNEWS, Fischer, Russ, Disney's "Frozen", Formerly "The Snow Queen", Will Be CG Rather Than Hand-Drawn,weblink January 12, 2012, Slash Film, January 11, 2012, live,weblink" title="archive.today/20130105043849weblink">weblink January 5, 2013, and worked on another project which became Tangled (2010). Before then, Harvey Fierstein pitched his version of the story to Disney executives but was turned down. Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi, Dick Zondag and Dave Goetz reportedly tried their hands at it, but failed. After a number of unsuccessful attempts from 2000 to 2002, Disney shelved the project again.{{rp|10–11}} During one of those attempts, Walt Disney Company chair and CEO Michael Eisner supported the project and suggested director John Lasseter at Pixar after the expected renewal of Pixar's contract with Disney.BOOK, Stewart, James B., DisneyWar, 2005, Simon & Schuster, New York, 9780684809939, 436–438,weblink registration, May 15, 2015, Negotiations between Pixar and Disney collapsed in January 2004, however, and the contract was not renewed.BOOK, Issacson, Walter, Steve Jobs, 2011, Simon and Schuster, New York, 9781451648546, 435–436, 1st paperback, Eisner's successor Bob Iger negotiated Disney's purchase of Pixar in January 2006 for $7.4 billion, and Lasseter was promoted to chief creative officer of Pixar and Disney Animation.BOOK, Catmull, Ed, Amy, Wallace, Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration,weblink registration, 2014, Random House, New York, 978-0812993011, 248–252, BOOK, Price, David, The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company, 2009, Random House, 9780307278296, 252–254,DevelopmentDevelopment began in 2008, when Lasseter convinced Chris Buck (who co-directed the 1999 film Tarzan for the studio) to return to Walt Disney Animation Studios from Sony Pictures Animation, where he had co-directed the 2007 film Surf's Up. Buck pitched several ideas to Lasseter that September, one of which was The Snow Queen.{{rp|6,11}} Buck later said that his initial inspiration for The Snow Queen was not the Andersen fairy tale, but he wanted "to do something different on the definition of true love ... Disney had already done the 'kissed by a prince' thing, so [I] thought it was time for something new".NEWS, Williams, Mike P., Chris Buck reveals true inspiration behind Disney's Frozen (exclusive),weblink April 8, 2014, Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo, Yahoo! Inc., April 8, 2014, dead,weblink July 15, 2014, Lasseter had been interested in The Snow Queen for a long time; when Pixar was working with Disney on Toy Story in the 1990s, he saw and was "blown away" by some of the pre-production art from Disney's previous attempts.{{rp|6}} Development began as Anna and the Snow Queen, and traditional animation was planned.NEWS, Weintraub, Steve, Josh Gad Talks FROZEN, His History with the Project, the Songs, the Status of TRIPLETS, Playing Sam Kinison, and More,weblink November 25, 2013, Collider.com, November 25, 2013, 0:33, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131129100349weblink">weblink November 29, 2013, Josh Gad said that he first became involved with the film at that early stage, when the plot was still relatively close to the original Andersen fairy tale and Megan Mullally was going to play Elsa.NEWS, Condon, Seán Francis, Interview: Frozen's Josh Gad,weblink June 20, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140107084552weblink">weblink January 7, 2014, MSN Canada Entertainment, Microsoft Corporation, November 27, 2013, By early 2010, the project was in development hell when the studio again failed to find a way to make the story and the Snow Queen character work.NEWS,weblink Disney restyles "Rapunzel" to appeal to boys, Dawn C., Chmielewski, Claudia, Eller, Los Angeles Times, March 9, 2010, April 6, 2010, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100410151318weblink">weblink April 10, 2010, limited, NEWS, de Semlyen, Nick, Exclusive: The Lion King To Go 3D,weblink November 27, 2013, Empire Online, June 22, 2010, 'It's actually been tabled right now,' explains Hahn. 'It's on the low shelf – we can't reach it! But seriously, we don't have the story. It's a bit like Beauty and the Beast, which sat there for years. We cracked Beauty finally by putting in the objects and creating more plot. The Snow Queen we've had a lot of trouble with and I've spent years on it. I love it and I think it's one of the last great fairy tales. It's kind of crappy that it's just sitting there right now.', live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131021034315weblink">weblink October 21, 2013, On December 22, 2011, following the success of Tangled, Disney announced a new title for the film{{snd}}Frozen{{snd}}and a release date of November 27, 2013.NEWS, Sciretta, Peter, Walt Disney Animation Gives "The Snow Queen" New Life, Retitled "Frozen" – But Will It Be Hand Drawn?,weblink December 22, 2011, SlashFilm, December 22, 2011, live,weblink" title="archive.today/20121216121418weblink">weblink December 16, 2012, It was confirmed a month later that the film would be a computer-animated feature in stereoscopic 3D instead of the originally-intended hand-drawn animation, due to complex elements in the script requiring strong visuals.{{Failed verification|date=February 2024}} Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez joined the project and began writing songs for Frozen in January 2012.WEB, Williams College, Exploring the Songs of "Frozen" with Kristen Anderson-Lopez '94,weblink YouTube, Williams College, August 10, 2014, June 30, 2014, live,weblink November 5, 2015, {{rp|44:00}} It was announced on March 5 of that year that Buck would direct the film, with Lasseter and Peter Del Vecho producing.NEWS,weblink Kristen Bell Set to Star in Stage Adaptation "Some Girls", Animated Feature "Frozen" (Exclusive), Todd, Gilchrist, The Hollywood Reporter, March 5, 2012, March 5, 2012, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120307172918weblink">weblink March 7, 2012, One of the main challenges Buck and Del Vecho faced after Disney placed The Snow Queen into development again was the title character, who was a villain in their drafts. The studio traditionally screens animated films in development every twelve weeks, followed by holding lengthy "notes sessions" in which directors and screenwriters from different projects provide extensive "notes" about each other's work.NEWS, Sarto, Dan, Directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee Talk 'Frozen',weblink Animation World Network, AWN, Inc., March 27, 2014, November 7, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140327055459weblink">weblink March 27, 2014, NEWS, Lee, Jennifer, Oscars 2014: 'Frozen's' Jennifer Lee on being a female director,weblink April 1, 2014, Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407120611weblink">weblink April 7, 2014, limited, NEWS, Achilles, Jordan, Michael, Peter, Chris and Jennifer Talk Frozen and {{sic, It, 's, y, Success |url=http://www.kidzworld.com/article/28843-michael-peter-chris-and-jennifer-talk-frozen-and-its-success |newspaper=Kidzworld |access-date=March 26, 2014 |date=March 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327102920weblink |archive-date=March 27, 2014 }}Buck and Del Vecho presented their storyboards to Lasseter, and the production team adjourned to a conference room to hear his thoughts about the project. Art director Michael Giaimo later called Lasseter the film's "game changer": "I remember John saying that the latest version of The Snow Queen story that Chris Buck and his team had come up with was fun, very light-hearted. But the characters didn't resonate. They aren't multi-faceted. Which is why John felt that audiences wouldn't really be able to connect with them."The production team then addressed the film's problems, drafting several versions of The Snow Queen until the characters and story felt relevant. The first major breakthrough at that stage was the decision to rewrite the film's protagonist, Anna (who was based on Gerda in "The Snow Queen"), as Elsa's younger sibling for a family dynamic between the characters.NEWS, Lowman, Rob, Unfreezing "Frozen": The making of the newest fairy tale in 3D by Disney,weblink November 21, 2013, Los Angeles Daily News, November 19, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203031058weblink">weblink December 3, 2013, JOURNAL, Lark, Max, Draskovic, Marina, Solomon, Charles, It's a Matter of Trust: At Walt Disney Animation Studios, The 'Story Trust,' A Peer-to-Peer Feedback System, Has Taken Storytelling—And Disney Animation—To New Creative Heights, Disney Twenty-three, Spring 2016, 8, 1, 18–21, Walt Disney Company, Burbank, 2162-5492, 698366817, This was unusual; a relationship between sisters is rarely a major plot element of American animated films, with the exception of Disney's Lilo & Stitch (2002).{{rp|13}} To explore the dynamics of such relationships, Disney Animation convened a "Sister Summit" at which women from the studio who grew up with sisters were asked to discuss those relationships.{{rp|14}}WritingJennifer Lee, one of the writers of Wreck-It Ralph, was brought in as screenwriter in March 2012.NEWS, Laporte, Nicole, How "Frozen" Director Jennifer Lee Reinvented The Story Of The Snow Queen,weblink Fast Company, March 27, 2014, February 28, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140314091751weblink">weblink March 14, 2014, NEWS, Stewart, Jill, Jennifer Lee: Disney's New Animation Queen,weblink March 26, 2014, LA Weekly, May 15, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140306052212weblink">weblink March 6, 2014, WEB, August, John, Episode 128: Frozen with Jennifer Lee – Transcript,weblink Scriptnotes, johnaugust.com, March 27, 2014, Aline Brosh McKenna, February 1, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140326042740weblink">weblink March 26, 2014, Efforts by the previous screen- and songwriters had "imploded" before Lee was hired,{{rp|9:07}} which allowed the songwriters "to put a lot of [their] DNA" into the new script.{{rp|30:32}} The production team "essentially started over and ... had 17 months," which resulted in a very "intense schedule"; "a lot of choices had to be made fast".Lee said that several core concepts were already in place, such as the film's "frozen heart" hook: "That was a concept and the phrase ... an act of true love will thaw a frozen heart." The ending involved true love in the sense of the emotional bond between siblings, not romance; "Anna was going to save Elsa. We didn’t know how or why." She said that Disney Animation president Edwin Catmull told her early about the film's ending: "... you have to earn that ending. If you do[,] it will be great. If you don't, it will suck". However, the final version differed significantly from the earlier ones. Elsa was evil from the start in the original version, kidnapping Anna from her own wedding to freeze her heart and later descending on the town with an army of snowmen:{{rp|8:42}} "The whole second act was about Anna trying to get to Hans and to kiss him and then Elsa trying to stop her". Buck said that the original plot attempted to make Anna sympathetic by focusing on her frustration with being a "spare" in relation to the "heir".WEB, Brew, Simon, A spoiler-y, slightly nerdy interview about Disney's Frozen,weblink Den of Geek!, Dennis Publishing, April 5, 2014, December 12, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140330034319weblink">weblink March 30, 2014, The revised plot focused on musical comedy, with less action and adventure.A breakthrough was the song "Let It Go" by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, which reimagined Elsa as a more complex, vulnerable, and sympathetic character. According to a story in The Daily Telegraph, the songwriters saw Elsa not as a villain but as "a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift".NEWS, Everett, Lucinda, Frozen: inside Disney's billion-dollar social media hit,weblink April 1, 2014, The Daily Telegraph, March 31, 2014, London, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140401002351weblink">weblink April 1, 2014, "Bobby and Kristen ... started talking about what would it feel like [to be Elsa]", Lee said. "And this concept of letting out who she is[,] that she's kept to herself for so long[,] and she's alone and free, but then the sadness of the fact {{sic}} that the last moment is she's alone". Del Vecho said that "Let It Go" changed Elsa into a person "ruled by fear and Anna was ruled by her own love of other people and her own drive"; this caused Lee to "rewrite the first act and then that rippled through the entire movie. So that was when we really found the movie and who these characters were".Another breakthrough was developing the plot twist that Prince Hans, absent from the first drafts, would be revealed as the true villain near the end. Del Vecho said, "if we were going to make the ending so surprising[,] you had to believe at one point that Hans was the answer ... [when] he's not the answer, it's Kristoff ... [I]f you can get the audience to leap ahead and think they have figured it out[,] you can surprise them by turning it the other way". According to Lee, Hans was written as "sociopathic" and "twisted": "It was difficult to lay the foundation for Anna's belated turn to Kristoff without also making Hans' betrayal of Anna too predictable, in that the audience had to "feel ... her feeling something but not quite understanding it ... Because the minute it is [understood,] it deflated." In earlier drafts, Anna flirted with Kristoff at their first meeting; that was changed after Walt Disney Studios chair Alan Horn said that it would confuse and annoy viewers, since Anna was already engaged to Hans.NEWS, Barnes, Brooks, Disney Film Boss Ousted by Warner Finds Vindication in Success,weblink November 9, 2014, The New York Times, November 9, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141110062721weblink">weblink November 10, 2014, limited, Lee had to work through developing Anna's personality; some of her colleagues felt that the character should be more dysfunctional and co-dependent. Lee disagreed, but it took her almost a year to articulate that "this is what Anna's journey is. No more than that. No less than that." She successfully argued for a simple coming-of-age story "where she goes from having a naive view of life and love – because she's lonely – to the most sophisticated and mature view of love, where she's capable of the ultimate love, which is sacrifice". Lee had to let go of ideas that she liked, such as a scene of Anna and Elsa's relationship as teenagers, because they needed to maintain the separation between the characters. To construct Anna and Elsa's relationship, Lee was inspired by her relationship with her older sister.NEWS, Flynn, Sean, Is it her time to shine?,weblink The Newport Daily News, April 3, 2014, February 17, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150731010758weblink">weblink July 31, 2015, She called her older sister "my Elsa" in a Los Angeles Times op-ed, and walked the red carpet with her at the 86th Academy Awards. Lee said, "[h]aving to ... lose each other and then rediscover each other as adults, that was a big part of my life".The team changed Olaf from Elsa's obnoxious sidekick to Anna's comically-innocent one. Lee's initial response to the original "mean" version of Olaf was "Kill the f-ing snowman", and she found him "the hardest character to deal with". The problem of how Anna would save Elsa at the climax was solved by story artist John Ripa. At the meeting where Ripa pitched his take on the story, Lasseter said: "I've never seen anything like that before"; Ripa received a standing ovation.{{rp|31}} The team abandoned considerable detail from earlier drafts, such as a troll with a Brooklyn accent (to explain Elsa's magical powers) and a regent Lee hoped to cast comedian Louis C.K. as. These were cut because they contributed to a "much more complex story than really we felt like we could fit in this 90-minute film". As Del Vecho said, "the more we tried to explain things at the beginning, the more complicated it got".WEB, Hunsaker, Andy, The Real-Life Ice Hotel That Inspired Disney's 'Frozen',weblink CraveOnline, CraveOnline Media, April 5, 2014, March 18, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407101857weblink">weblink April 7, 2014, With Lee's extensive involvement in the development process, she was promoted to co-director by studio heads Lasseter and Catmull in August 2012.WEB, Harrison, Mark, Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee interview: on making Frozen, Den of Geek!,weblink March 27, 2014, December 6, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140330031209weblink">weblink March 30, 2014, Her promotion was announced that November,NEWS, Fleming, Mike, Jennifer Lee to co-direct Disney Animated Film "Frozen",weblink November 29, 2012, Deadline, November 29, 2012, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121201210558weblink">weblink December 1, 2012, making her the first woman to direct a full-length animated film from Walt Disney Animation Studios. Lee later said that she was "really moved by a lot of what Chris had done" and they "shared a vision" of the story, having "very similar sensibilities".The team thought they had "cracked" the film's story by November 2012{{rp|155}} but according to Del Vecho, in late February 2013 it was realized that it still "wasn't working" and more rewriting was done from February through June of that year:NEWS, Laskowski, Amy, Frozen Producer Heads to the Oscars,weblink April 21, 2014, BU Today, February 28, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140506151629weblink">weblink May 6, 2014, NEWS, Keegan, Rebecca, Disney is reanimated with 'Frozen,' 'Big Hero 6',weblink April 21, 2014, Los Angeles Times, May 9, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140502053753weblink">weblink May 2, 2014, limited, "[W]e rewrote songs, we took out characters and changed everything, and suddenly the movie gelled. But that was close. In hindsight, piece of cake, but during, it was a big struggle." Anderson-Lopez joked that she and Lopez thought they could have ended up working as "birthday party clown[s]" if the final product "pull[ed] ... down" their careers:{{rp|19:07}} "[W]e were really writing up until the last minute".WEB, Watkins, Gwynne, Frozen Composers Assess 6 Fan-Created Homages to Their Songs,weblink Vulture.com, New York Media LLC, July 14, 2014, January 15, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140704053452weblink">weblink July 4, 2014, In June (five months before the announced release date) the songwriters got the film working when they composed "For the First Time in Forever", which, according to Lopez, "became the linchpin of the whole movie".{{rp|19:24}} Disney conducted test screenings that month of the partially-completed film for two audiences (one of families and the other of adults) in Phoenix, Arizona, at which Lasseter and Catmull were present.WEB, Miller, Lindsay, On the Job With Jennifer Lee, Director of Frozen,weblink Popsugar, Popsugar Inc., March 28, 2014, February 28, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140328141645weblink">weblink March 28, 2014, Lee recalled that it was the moment when they realized they "had something, because the reaction was huge". Catmull told her afterwards, "You did it".CastingKristen Bell was cast as the voice of Anna on March 5, 2012. The filmmakers listened to a series of vocal tracks Bell recorded when she was young in which she performed songs from The Little Mermaid, including "Part of Your World".WEB, Chance, Molly, Kristen Bell: "Frozen" character is "awkward", "Veronica Mars" footage "looks radical",weblink Zap2It, October 22, 2013, August 14, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131023012120weblink">weblink October 23, 2013, Bell completed her Frozen recording sessions while she was pregnant and rerecorded some lines after her pregnancy, when her voice had deepened.WEB, Low-key bride Kristen Bell,weblink Belfast Telegraph, September 13, 2013, August 31, 2013, July 30, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170730201214weblink">weblink live, She was called in to re-record dialogue for the film "probably 20 times," which is normal for lead roles in Disney animated films whose scripts are evolving.JOURNAL, Tucker, April, Cinema Audio Society Awards Brings Us Together Again: Motion Picture – Animated, Frozen, CAS Quarterly, Spring 2014, 13–18,weblink May 29, 2014, May 29, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140529085315weblink">weblink live, About her approach to the role of Anna, Bell said that she had "dreamed of being in a Disney animated film" since she was four years old; "I always loved Disney animation, but there was something about the females that was unattainable to me. Their posture was too good and they were too well-spoken, and I feel like I really made this girl much more relatable and weirder and scrappier and more excitable and awkward. I'm really proud of that."WEB, Wilkinson, Amy, Kristen Bell: "Frozen" Is "The Kind Of Movie I Wanted To See As A Kid",weblink MTV News, October 22, 2013, August 28, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131030015727weblink">weblink October 30, 2013, Idina Menzel, a Broadway veteran, was cast as Elsa. Menzel had auditioned for Tangled, but did not get the part. Tangled casting director Jamie Sparer Roberts kept a recording of Menzel's performance on her iPhone, however, and asked her to audition with Bell for Frozen.NEWS, World Entertainment News Network, Tangled – Secret Phone Recording Helped Idina Menzel Land New Disney Role,weblink ContactMusic.com, March 23, 2014, November 1, 2013, Menzel tried out for a leading role in the 2010 fairytale film by performing an acoustic version of Blackbird by The Beatles. She didn't get the part – but a casting director was such a fan she secretly recorded the performance and then used it to persuade film bosses that the Rent (musical), Rent star was the perfect choice for the role of Elsa in new movie Frozen., live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131102224750weblink">weblink November 2, 2013, Before they were cast, Menzel and Bell impressed the directors and producers at an early table read; after reading the script aloud, they sang "Wind Beneath My Wings" as a duet (since no music had been composed yet). Bell suggested that idea when she visited Menzel at her California home to prepare for the table read.WEB, Vaux, Rob, Mania Interview: Idina Menzel,weblink Mania.com, Demand Media, April 1, 2014, November 26, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203050527weblink">weblink December 3, 2013, The songwriters were also present for the table read; Anderson-Lopez said that "Lasseter was in heaven" on hearing Menzel and Bell sing in harmony and said, "Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel have to be in the movie!"{{rp|32:07}} Lee said, "They sung {{sic|nolink=y}} it like sisters and what you mean to me[,] [a]nd there wasn't a dry eye in the house after they sang." Additional casting was announced between December 2012 and June 2013, including Jonathan Groff as Kristoff, Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton, Santino Fontana as Prince Hans, and Josh Gad as Olaf.AnimationSimilar to Tangled, Frozen employed a unique artistic style by blending features of computer-generated imagery (CGI) and traditional hand-drawn animation.NEWS, Schaefer, Sandy, "Frozen" Review,weblink January 7, 2014, ScreenRant, November 29, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140122054813weblink">weblink January 22, 2014, Buck knew that Giaimo was the best candidate to develop the style he had in mind (drawing from the best Disney hand-drawn films of the 1950s, the Disney Little Golden Books, and mid-century modern design), and persuaded him to return to Disney as Frozen{{'s}} art director.{{rp|33}} Buck, Lasseter, and Giaimo were old friends who met at the California Institute of the Arts;{{rp|33}} Giaimo had been the art director for Disney's Pocahontas (1995), on which Buck had worked as a supervising animator.BOOK, Grant, John, Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters, 1998, Hyperion Books, 9780786863365, 400, 3rd, To create the film's look, Giaimo began pre-production research by reading about Scandinavia and visiting the Danish-themed city of Solvang, California (near Los Angeles). He focused on Norway because "80 percent" of the visuals that appealed to him were from that country.Emanuel Levy, "Frozen: Setting and Visual Look" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224152059weblink |date=February 24, 2014 }}, Emanuel Levy Cinema 24/7, December 26, 2013. Disney eventually sponsored three research field trips.WEB, The story behind the story of Frozen,weblink Disney Insider, The Walt Disney Company, July 31, 2013, July 30, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130801184926weblink">weblink August 1, 2013, Animators and special-effects specialists were sent to Jackson Hole, Wyoming, to experience walking, running, and falling in deep snow in a variety of attire, including long skirts (which men and women both tried on);WEB, Burbank, Kyle, Oscar Week: Frozen's Art of Animation,weblink LaughingPlace.com, March 30, 2014, February 24, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140331052543weblink">weblink March 31, 2014, lighting and arts teams visited Quebec City's Ice Hotel to study how light reflects and refracts on snow and ice. Giaimo and several artists then traveled to Norway to absorb its mountains, fjords, architecture, and culture.WEB, Hogg, Trevor, Snowed Under: Chris Buck talks about Frozen,weblink Flickering Myth, March 26, 2014, March 26, 2014, dead,weblink" title="archive.today/20140326090715weblink">weblink March 26, 2014, "We had a very short time schedule for this film, so our main focus was really to get the story right but we knew that John Lasseter is keen on truth in the material and creating a believable world, and again that doesn't mean it's a realistic world – but a believable one. It was important to see the scope and scale of Norway, and important for our animators to know what it's like," Del Vecho said.WEB, Pape, Stefan, Disney Present Footage from Their Forthcoming Picture Frozen – Report,weblink Hey U Guys, March 23, 2014, August 10, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140323105649weblink">weblink March 23, 2014, "There is a real feeling of Lawrence of Arabia scope and scale to this".In 2012, while Giaimo and the animators and artists conducted preparatory research and developed the film's overall look, the production team was still struggling to develop a compelling script. That problem was not solved until November of that year,{{rp|155}} and the script would later require more revisions. As a result, the "most daunting" challenge facing the animation team was a schedule of less than 12 months to turn Lee's evolving shooting script into a film.{{rp|155}} Other films (like Pixar's Toy Story 2) had been completed on shorter schedules, but the short schedule meant "late nights, overtime, and stress."{{rp|155}} Lee estimated the size of Frozen{{'s}} team at 600 to 650 people, "including around 70 lighting people[,] 70-plus animators," and 15 to 20 storyboard artists.NEWS, Cousineau, Michael, UNH degree played a part in Oscar-winning movie,weblink April 5, 2014, New Hampshire Union Leader, March 29, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141020014554weblink">weblink October 20, 2014, Del Vecho explained the organization of the film's animation team: "On this movie we do have character leads, supervising animators on specific characters. The animators themselves may work on multiple characters but it's always under one lead. I think it was different on Tangled, for example, but we chose to do it this way as we wanted one person to fully understand and develop their own character and then be able to impart that to the crew. Hyrum Osmond, the supervising animator on Olaf, is quiet but he has a funny, wacky personality so we knew he'd bring a lot of comedy to it; Anna's animator, Becky Bresee, it's her first time leading a character and we wanted her to lead Anna."WEB, Desowitz, Bill, Immersed in Movies: First Look: Designing the Winter Wonderland of "Frozen",weblink Animation Scoop, October 22, 2013, October 7, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131018044831weblink">weblink October 18, 2013, Acting coach Warner Loughlin was brought in to help the animators understand the characters they were creating. To get the general feeling of each scene, some animators did their own acting. "I actually film myself acting the scene out, which I find very helpful," said animation supervisor Rebecca Wilson Bresee. This helped her discover elements that made a scene feel real and believable. Elsa's supervising animator was Wayne Unten, who requested that role because he was fascinated by the character's complexity.NEWS, Marcos, Angie, Animators bask in glow of 'Frozen's' box-office and Oscar success,weblink March 30, 2014, The Orange County Register, March 26, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140331035735weblink">weblink March 31, 2014, Unten carefully developed Elsa's facial expressions to bring out her fear, contrasted with Anna's fearlessness. He studied videos of Menzel's recording sessions, and animated Elsa's breathing to match Menzel's. Head of animation Lino DiSalvo said, "The goal for the film was to animate the most believable CG characters you've ever seen."{{Citation |title=Lino DiSalvo Exclusive Interview by Monsieur Hollywood Part 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCVqYKAnTLs |date=December 8, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |last=MonsieurHollywood.com |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420140828weblink |url-status=live }}For the look and nature of the film's cinematography, Giaimo was influenced by Jack Cardiff's work on Black Narcissus (1947). He aimed for hyper-reality: "Because this is a movie with such scale and we have the Norwegian fjords to draw from, I really wanted to explore the depth. From a design perspective, since I was stressing the horizontal and vertical aspects, and what the fjords provide, it was perfect. We encased the sibling story in scale." Ted D. McCord's work on The Sound of Music was another influence on Giaimo. It was his idea that Frozen should be produced in CinemaScope, which was approved by Lasseter. This made Frozen the first animated film completely produced in CinemaScope since 2000's Titan A.E.. Giaimo wanted to ensure that Norway's fjords, architecture and rosemaling folk art, were central in designing the environment of Arendelle. With a background in traditional animation, he said that the art-design environment represents a unity of character and environment and he originally wanted to incorporate saturated colors (typically ill-advised in computer animation). For further authenticity, a live reindeer named Sage was brought into the studio for the animators to study its movement and mannerisms for the character of Sven.NEWS, Sarto, Dan, The Animation of Disney's 'Frozen': Striving to Capture the Performance,weblink March 26, 2014, Animation World Network, October 11, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140325214554weblink">weblink March 25, 2014, NEWS, Bailey, Caryn, 7 Things You Didn't Know About 'Frozen',weblink March 26, 2014, Fandango, November 27, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140326163958weblink">weblink March 26, 2014, Another issue Giaimo insisted on addressing was costumes, since he "knew from the start" that Frozen would be a "costume film."{{rp|77}} To realize that vision, he brought in character designer Jean Gillmore as a dedicated "costume designer".NEWS, Kucharski, Joe, Costume Design in Animation – Disney's Frozen,weblink Tyranny of Style, March 23, 2014, January 7, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140323105202weblink">weblink March 23, 2014, Traditional animation integrates costume and character design and treats clothing as part of the characters, but computer-generated animation regards costume as a quasi-separate entity with its own properties and behaviors; Frozen required unprecedented detail of minutiae such as fabrics, buttons, trim, and stitching.{{rp|76}} Gillmore said that her "general approach was to meld the historic silhouettes of 1840 Western Europe (give or take), with the shapes and garment relationships and details of folk costume in early Norway, circa 19th century." This meant using primarily wool fabric with accents of velvet, linen, and silk.{{rp|75}} During production, Giaimo and Gillmore "ran around" supplying departments with real-world samples to use as references; they drew on the studio's in-house library of fabric samples and Walt Disney Parks and Resorts' costume division in Fullerton, California. The film's "look development artists" (the Disney job title for texture artistsBOOK, Hahn, Don, The Alchemy of Animation: Making an Animated Film in the Modern Age, 2008, Disney Editions, New York, 9781423104766, {{rp|58–59}}) created digitally-painted simulations of surfaces; other departments dealt with movement, rigging and weight, and thickness and lighting of textile animation.The film's English title was changed from The Snow Queen to Frozen, a decision that was compared to Tangled. Peter Del Vecho said that "the title Frozen came up independently of the title Tangled. It's because, to us, it represents the movie. Frozen plays on the level of ice and snow but also the frozen relationship, the frozen heart that has to be thawed. We don't think of comparisons between Tangled and Frozen, though." He also mentioned that the film will still retain its original title, The Snow Queen, in some countries: "because that just resonated stronger in some countries than Frozen. Maybe there's a richness to The Snow Queen in the country's heritage and they just wanted to emphasize that."{{anchor|Technology development}}Technological developmentThe studio developed several new tools to generate realistic and believable shots, particularly the heavy and deep snow and its effect on the characters. Disney wanted an "all-encompassing", organic tool to provide snow effects which did not require switching between different methods.NEWS, Failes, Ian, The tech of Disney's Frozen and Get a Horse!,weblink January 18, 2014, FX Guide, December 2, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140107102250weblink">weblink January 7, 2014, Several Disney artists and special-effects personnel traveled to Wyoming to experience walking through deep snow. California Institute of Technology professor Kenneth Libbrecht was invited to instruct the effects group on how snow and ice form, and why snowflakes are unique. Using this knowledge, the effects group created a snowflake generator that allowed them to randomly create 2,000 unique snowflake shapes for the film.NEWS, Pockross, Adam, 21 "Frozen" Facts That Make Us Ready for Winter,weblink January 6, 2014, Yahoo! Movies, October 8, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131217221619weblink">weblink December 17, 2013, Another challenge for the studio was to deliver shots of heavy and deep snow that interacted believably with the characters and had a realistic, sticky quality. According to principal software engineer Andrew Selle, "[Snow]'s not really a fluid. It’s not really a solid. It breaks apart. It can be compressed into snowballs. All of these different effects are very difficult to capture simultaneously." To achieve this, software engineers used advanced mathematics (the material point method) and physics (with assistance from mathematics researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles)NEWS, Marquez, Letisia, UCLA's mathematicians bring snow to life for Disney's "Frozen",weblink March 6, 2014, UCLA Today, February 27, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140310163207weblink">weblink March 10, 2014, WEB, A material point method for snow simulation,weblink Walt Disney Animation Studios, Alexey, Stomakhin, Craig, Schroeder, Lawrence, Chai, Joseph, Teran, Andrew, Selle, April 12, 2013,weblink March 24, 2014, dead, September 30, 2016, to create Matterhorn, a snow-simulator software application. The tool was capable of depicting realistic snow in a virtual environment and was used in at least 43 scenes in the film, including several key scenes.NEWS, Jason, Making of Disney's Frozen: A Material Point Method For Snow Simulation,weblink January 18, 2014, CG Meetup, November 21, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140107104144weblink">weblink January 7, 2014, Software engineer Alexey Stomakhin called snow "an important character in the film," and it received special attention from the filmmakers. "When you stretch it, snow will break into chunks. Since snow doesn't have any connections, it doesn't have a mesh, it can break very easily. So that was an important property we took advantage of," explained Selle. "There you see [Kristoff] walking through and see his footprints breaking the snow into little pieces and chunk up and you see [Anna] being pulled out and the snow having packed together and broken into pieces. It's very organic how that happens. You don't see that they're pieces already – you see the snow as one thing and then breaking up." The tool was particularly useful in scenes with characters walking through deep snow, ensuring that the snow reacted naturally to each step.Other tools designed to help artists with complicated effects included Spaces (which allowed Olaf's deconstructible parts to be moved around and rebuilt), Flourish (which allowed extra movement, such as leaves and twigs, to be art-directed), Snow Batcher (which helped preview the final look of the snow, especially when characters walked through it) and Tonic, which enabled artists to sculpt their characters' hair. Tonic also helped animate fur and hair such as Elsa's hair, which contains 420,000 computer-generated strands; the average human has 100,000 strands of hair. Frozen has 312 character rigs and 245 cloth costume rigs, far more than other Disney films to date. Fifty effects and lighting artists worked together on technology to create "one single shot" in which Elsa builds her ice palace. It required 30 hours to render each frame, with 4,000 computers rendering one frame at a time.NEWS, Zahed, Ramin, Disney's "Frozen" to Warm Hearts This Week,weblink March 7, 2014, Animation Magazine, November 27, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140401195855weblink">weblink April 1, 2014, NEWS, Hill, Jim, Countdown to Disney "Frozen" : The flaky design idea behind the look of Elsa's ice palace,weblink March 7, 2014, Jim Hill Media, October 9, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131016070219weblink">weblink October 16, 2013, In addition to 3D effects, the filmmakers used 2D artwork and drawings for specific elements and scenes which included Elsa's magic and snow sculptures and freezing fountains and floors. The effects group created a "capture stage" where the entire world of Frozen was displayed on monitors which can be "filmed" on special cameras to create a three-dimensional scene. "We can take this virtual set that's mimicking all of my actions and put it into any one of our scenes in the film," said technology manager Evan Goldberg.Frozen was the final film from Walt Disney Animation Studios that used Pixar RenderMan for rendering. The studio switched to Hyperion, its new rendering software, with Big Hero 6.NEWS, Ford, Steven, Disney creates new digital animation process for 'Big Hero 6',weblink October 30, 2014, Orlando Sentinel, October 20, 2014, October 31, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141031090029weblink">weblink live,{{anchor|Arendelle}}Scandinavian and Sámi inspirationThe setting is the fictional kingdom of Arendelle, which was based on Norway, and the film was influenced by Scandinavian culture. Several locations in Arendelle are inspired by real-life landmarks in Norway, including the Akershus Fortress in Oslo, the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, and Bryggen in Bergen. A number of other Scandinavian cultural elements are also included in the film, such as stave churches,NEWS, Daws, Josh, 6 surprises I learned about "Frozen" fresh from filmmakers at Walt Disney Animation Studios preview event,weblink March 9, 2014, Inside the Magic, November 4, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140309112754weblink">weblink March 9, 2014, trolls,{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=6}} Viking ships, a hot spring, Fjord horses,NEWS, Albrough, Lori, Disney's Frozen Movie and Sitron the Fjord Horse,weblink March 9, 2014, Bluebird Lane, November 10, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140309113000weblink">weblink March 9, 2014, clothes, and foods such as lutefisk.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=43}}NEWS, Mullins, Casey, Female Directors are Changing the Story in Disney Animation,weblink March 9, 2014, Babble, November 27, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140309125742weblink">weblink March 9, 2014, A maypole is also present in the film, and runes briefly appear in a book which Anna and Elsa's father opens to learn where the trolls live.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=6}} A scene where two men argue over whether to stack firewood bark-up or bark-down refers to a perennial Norwegian debate about properly stacking firewood.{{sfn|Lee|2013|p=59}}NEWS, Lyall, Sarah, Bark Up or Down? Firewood Splits Norwegians,weblink April 14, 2014, New York Times, February 19, 2013, A4, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140706202904weblink">weblink July 6, 2014, limited, The film has several elements of Sámi culture, such as the use of reindeer for transportation and the equipment used to control them, clothing styles (the outfits of the ice cutters), and parts of the musical score.NEWS, Sandmo, Espen, Nidarosdomen i ny Disney-film,weblink December 11, 2013, NRK, September 6, 2013, no, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131212014339weblink">weblink December 12, 2013, NEWS, Lindgaard Stranden, Ingrid, Vi ligner mest med lua pÃ¥,weblink December 11, 2013, NRK, December 8, 2013, no, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131211062150weblink">weblink December 11, 2013, Decorations, such as those on the castle pillars and Kristoff's sled, are inspired by Sámi duodji decorations. Disney's team visited Rørosrein, a Sámi family-owned company in the village of Plassje that produces reindeer meat and arranges tourist events.NEWS, Furuly, Jan Gunnar, Se, en samisk Disney-helt!,weblink January 17, 2014, Aftenposten, November 22, 2013, no, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140121022200weblink">weblink January 21, 2014, Arendelle was inspired by Nærøyfjord, a branch of Norway's longest fjord (Sognefjorden), which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site;NEWS, March, Catherine Dawson, Disney's Frozen: Inspired by Norway's beauty,weblink January 18, 2014, The Globe and Mail, November 26, 2013, Toronto, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140119202739weblink">weblink January 19, 2014, an Oslo castle with hand-painted patterns on all four walls inspired the kingdom's castle interior.NEWS, Evil Elsa, shy Kristoff? 10 "Frozen" facts you probably didn't know,weblink March 9, 2014, Rappler, March 7, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140308180319weblink">weblink March 8, 2014, The filmmakers' trip to Norway provided information for the animators to design an aesthetic in terms of color, light, and atmosphere. According to Giaimo, they acquired three important factors from the Norway research trip: the fjords and their massive, vertical rock formations, the setting for the secluded kingdom of Arendelle; the medieval stave churches whose rustic triangular rooflines and shingles inspired the castle compound; and rosemaling folk art, whose distinctive paneling and patterns informed the film's architecture, decor, and costumes.Music and sound design(File:Master class with Christophe Beck (by Canadian File Centre).jpg|thumb|alt=A smiling, bespectacled Christophe Beck|left|Christophe Beck composed the film's score.)The songs for Frozen were written by the husband-and-wife team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, both of whom had worked with Disney Animation on Winnie the Pooh (2011) (also produced by Del Vecho, who hired them for Frozen) and with Disney Parks on Finding Nemo – The Musical (2007).NEWS, Keegan, Rebecca, Husband-wife songwriting team's emotions flow in "Frozen",weblink November 19, 2013, Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131120003841weblink">weblink November 20, 2013, limited, NEWS, Truax, Jackson, Frozen composers Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez,weblink January 4, 2014, Awards Daily, November 27, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140104213934weblink">weblink January 4, 2014, Lopez first heard Disney Animation's pitch in Los Angeles while he was working on The Book of Mormon; Disney's production team traveled to New York City to pitch the film in person to Anderson-Lopez, who was raising the couple's two young daughters.NEWS, Rudulph, Heather Wood, Get That Life: How I Co-Wrote the Music and Lyrics for "Frozen",weblink June 13, 2015, Cosmopolitan, Hearst Communications, Inc., April 27, 2015, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150615080944weblink">weblink June 15, 2015, Lopez believes that Disney was particularly interested in his wife's story talent.NEWS, Ng, David, Robert Lopez ranges from ribald 'Book of Mormon' to Disney's 'Frozen',weblink March 3, 2015, Los Angeles Times, February 22, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150124011730weblink">weblink January 24, 2015, limited, The decision was easy: "Whenever Disney asks if you want to do a fairy tale musical, you say yes."About 23 minutes of the film are dedicated to their musical numbers.NEWS, Adams, Sam, The Scrambled Sexuality of 'Frozen's "Let It Go",weblink May 4, 2014, Indiewire Blogs, February 17, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140504140134weblink">weblink May 4, 2014, NEWS, Hutchison, Amanda, 5 Things You Didn't Know About Disney's 'Frozen' Soundtrack Read more: 5 Things You Didn't Know About Disney's 'Frozen' Soundtrack,weblink December 24, 2014, MetroLyrics, April 15, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141226055727weblink">weblink December 26, 2014, Because they live in New York City, collaborating with the production team in Burbank required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.NEWS, Ziemba, Christine, Disney's Frozen Wins Academy Award for Animated Feature,weblink 24700: News from California Institute of the Arts, California Institute of the Arts, March 23, 2014, March 3, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140311225326weblink">weblink March 11, 2014, NEWS, Kit, Zorianna, Awards Spotlight: 'Frozen' Director Chris Buck on Crafting Well-Rounded Female Characters,weblink Studio System News, March 23, 2014, November 26, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140324001614weblink">weblink March 24, 2014, They recorded a demo of each song in their home studio, with both singing and Lopez accompanying on piano, and emailed it to Burbank for discussion at the next videoconference.NEWS, Kit, Zorianna, Awards Spotlight: Robert Lopez & Kristen Anderson-Lopez Make Beautiful Music Together for Disney's 'Frozen',weblink April 5, 2014, Studio System News, November 27, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140129120217weblink">weblink January 29, 2014, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez were aware of the fact that their work would be compared to that of Alan Menken and Howard Ashman from the Disney Renaissance era and, when they felt lost, they asked "What would Ashman do?"NEWS, Burlingame, Jon, 'Frozen' Aims for Watermark notched by 'Mermaid,' 'Beauty & Beast',weblink March 31, 2014, Variety, November 6, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140331114309weblink">weblink March 31, 2014, They wrote 25 songs for the film, and eight were included in the final version. One song ("For the First Time in Forever") had a reprise, and another ("Let It Go") was covered by Demi Lovato over the final credits for a total of ten songs. Seven of the 17 that did not make it were later released on the deluxe-edition soundtrack.Christophe Beck was hired to score the film in February 2013 after his work on Paperman, a Disney animated short film released the year before Frozen.WEB,weblink Christophe Beck to Score Disney's "Frozen", Film Music Reporter, February 19, 2013, June 12, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130501090108weblink">weblink May 1, 2013, It was announced on September 14, 2013, that Sámi musician Frode Fjellheim's "Eatnemen Vuelie" would be the film's opening song, with elements of joik (a traditional Sámi singing style).NEWS, Hoel, Ole Jacob, Trøndersk joik Ã¥pner Disney-film,weblink September 15, 2013, Adressa.no, September 14, 2013, no, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130917045324weblink">weblink September 17, 2013, If necessary, view a rough translation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308004528weblink |date=March 8, 2021 }} for reference. The music producers recruited Norwegian linguist and composer Christine Hals to assist with the lyrics for an Old Norse song written for Elsa's coronation,NEWS, Walt Disney Animation Studios' "Frozen" Lets Go With Dynamic Soundtrack,weblink October 23, 2013, The Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131029193404weblink">weblink October 29, 2013, WEB,weblink Christine Hals {{!, Scandinavian Film Composer and Vocalist|website=christinehals.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12|archive-date=January 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129011311weblink|url-status=live}} and traveled to Trondheim to record the Cantus choir for a piece inspired by traditional Sámi music.Under the supervision of sound engineer David Boucher, the lead cast members began recording the film's vocal tracks in October 2012 at the Sunset Sound recording studio in Hollywood before the songs were orchestrated; they only heard Lopez's demo piano track in their headphones as they sang.WEB, Tingen, Paul, Inside Track: Disney's Frozen,weblink Sound on Sound, SOS Publications Group, May 3, 2014, April 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140503184540weblink">weblink May 3, 2014, Most of the dialogue was recorded at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank under the supervision of original dialogue mixer Gabriel Guy, who also mixed the film's sound effects. Some dialogue was recorded after recording songs at Sunset Sound and Capitol Studios; for scenes with Anna and Elsa, both studios had vocal isolation booths where Menzel and Bell could read dialogue in line-of-sight with one another (avoiding "bleedthrough" between their respective tracks). Additional dialogue was recorded at an ADR facility on the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank (across the street from the Disney Animation building) and at the Soundtrack Group's New York studio, since the production team had to work around the schedules of the film's New York-based cast members such as Fontana.NEWS, Gordon, David, Cinderella Star Santino Fontana Gets Frozen for Disney – and His Own Action Figure,weblink May 29, 2014, TheaterMania, November 27, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140529084350weblink">weblink May 29, 2014, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's piano-vocal scores for the songs and the vocal tracks were sent to Salem, Oregon-based Dave Metzger for arrangement and orchestration,NEWS, Stabler, David, Disney's 'Frozen': A behind-the-scenes look at the movie's music that gets its magic from an Oregon man,weblink March 26, 2014, The Oregonian, November 27, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140327221124weblink">weblink March 27, 2014, and Metzger orchestrated a significant portion of Beck's score.For the orchestral score, Beck paid homage to the Norway- and Sápmi-inspired setting by employing regional instruments (such as the bukkehorn) and traditional vocal techniques such as kulning. Beck worked with Lopez and Anderson-Lopez on incorporating their songs into arrangements of the score, and the trio's goal "was to create a cohesive musical journey from beginning to end." Beck's scoring mixer, Casey Stone (who also supervised the recording of the score), worked with Boucher to align their microphones for seamless transitions between the songs and score despite their separate recording. The final orchestrations of songs and score were recorded at the Eastwood Scoring StageWEB, Lambert, Mel, CAS Launches 'Gravity' into Oscar's Orbit,weblink From the Guild, The Editors Guild, May 3, 2014, March 3, 2014, live,weblink May 3, 2014, on the Warner Bros. Pictures studio lot in Burbank by an 80-piece orchestra with 32 vocalists, including Norwegian Christine Hals. Hals performed kulning for Beck to use it in the score when Elsa misuses her magical powers.WEB, â„ï¸ Frozen Singer talking about Kulning and SNOW on KOBRA SVT â„ï¸,weblink YouTube, May 28, 2020, June 3, 2020,weblink live, Boucher supervised the recording of Anderson-Lopez and Lopez's songs from July 22 to 24, 2013, and Stone supervised the recording of Beck's score on September 3–6 and 9–10. Boucher mixed the songs at the Eastwood stage, while Stone mixed the score at Beck's studio in Santa Monica, California.Director Jennifer Lee said that sound played a large part of making the film "visceral" and "transported": "In letting it tell the story emotionally, the sound of the ice when it's at its most dangerous just makes you shudder."WEB, Brew, Simon, Jennifer Lee & Chris Buck interview: Frozen, Statham, Frozen 2,weblink Den of Geek!, Dennis Publishing, April 6, 2014, April 4, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140407064423weblink">weblink April 7, 2014, The complete silence at the climax of the film (right after Anna freezes) was Lasseter's idea, one he "really wanted". In that scene, the ambient sound that would normally be there was removed to make it feel unusual; Lee said, "[T]hat was a moment where we wanted everything to feel suspended."To obtain certain snow and ice sound effects, sound designer Odin Benitez traveled to Mammoth Mountain, California, to record them at a frozen lake. The Foley work for the film was recorded on the Foley stage on the Warner Bros. Pictures lot by a Warner Bros. crew. The Foley artists received daily deliveries of 50 pounds (22.6 kg) of snow and ice to help them record all the necessary snow and ice sounds. Because the film's visuals were finalized so late, five separate versions of nearly every footstep on snow were recorded (corresponding to five different types of snow); one was selected during mixing to match the snow as rendered in the final version of each scene. One issue the production team was "particular" about was the sound of Elsa's footsteps in the ice palace, which required eight attempts (including wine glasses and metal knives on ice); they ended up using a mix of three sounds. Although the vocals, music, sound effects, and almost all the dialogue were all recorded elsewhere, the final re-recording mix in Dolby Atmos format was performed at the Disney lot by Casey E. Fluhr of Disney Digital Studio Services.LocalizationLike other Disney media products which are localized by Disney Character Voices International, Frozen was translated and dubbed into 41 languages; The Lion King had been localized into 15.NEWS, Keegan, Rebecca, 'Frozen': Finding a diva in 41 languages,weblink March 23, 2014, Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140324001158weblink">weblink March 24, 2014, limited, Finding sopranos capable of matching Menzel's warm vocal tone and three-octave vocal range in their native languages was a challenge.WEB, 'Let It Go': A Global Hit In Any Language,weblink All Things Considered, NPR Music, March 23, 2014, February 24, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140409141130weblink">weblink April 9, 2014, Rick Dempsey, the unit's senior executive, called the process of translating the film "exceptionally challenging": "It's a difficult juggling act to get the right intent of the lyrics and also have it match rhythmically to the music. And then you have to go back and adjust for lip sync! [It] ... requires a lot of patience and precision."WEB, Doty, Meriah, How These Singers Around the Globe Pushed 'Frozen' Over the Top,weblink Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo!, April 3, 2014, March 31, 2014, live,weblink April 7, 2014, Lopez explained that they were told by Disney to remove complex wordplay and puns from their songs to ensure that the film was easily translatable and had universally-appealing lyrics.NEWS,weblink 'Frozen' Composer Robert Lopez on the Perils of Translating 'Let It Go', The Hollywood Reporter, February 25, 2014, May 29, 2014, Appelo, Tim, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140318193052weblink">weblink March 18, 2014, In casting the dubbed versions, Disney required native speakers in to "ensure that the film feels 'local'." Bell and Menzel's voices were the "blueprint" in casting, with efforts to match the voices "as much as possible", and about 200 singers auditioned to fill the 41 slots for Elsa. Elsa's singing and speaking roles were cast separately for almost 15 dubbed versions, since not all the vocalists could act the part they were singing. After casting the other roles in all 41 languages, the international cast included over 900 people who voiced their roles in about 1,300 recording sessions.NEWS, Kang, Cecilia, Disney's global success with 'Frozen' took lots of translation, investment,weblink November 23, 2014, The Washington Post, WP Company LLC, November 20, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141121061416weblink">weblink November 21, 2014, The Italian version of the film received an award for best foreign dubbing worldwide.WEB,weblink Lorena Brancucci e gli adattamenti musicali Disney, Pasqualini, Mario, 2019-04-03, Dimensione Fumetto, it-IT, 2019-12-02, November 18, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191118071503weblink">weblink live, {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | |||||
| Bulgarian language>Bulgarian|Замръзналото кралÑтво (Zamr'aznaloto kralstvo)|Frozen Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese>Cantonese Chinese|é”雪奇緣 (Mo syut kei yun)|Enchanted Snow Tales | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Catalan language>Catalan|Frozen: El regne del gel|Frozen: The Kingdom of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Croatian language>Croatian|Snježno kraljevstvo|Snow Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Czech language>Czech|Ledové královstvÃ|Ice Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Danish language>Danish|Frost|Frost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dutch language>Dutch | Frozen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Estonian language>Estonian|Lumekuninganna ja igavene talv|The Snow Queen and the Eternal Winter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Finnish language>Finnish|Frozen – huurteinen seikkailu|Frozen – Frosty Adventure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Flemish dialects>Flemish | Frozen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| French language>French |La Reine des neiges|The Snow Queen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| German language>German|Die Eiskönigin – Völlig unverfroren|The Ice Queen – Unfrozen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Greek language>Greek|ΨυχÏά κι Ανάποδα (Psychrá ki Anápoda)|Cold and Upside | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hebrew language>Hebrew|לשבור ×ת הקרח (Lishbor et ha'Kerakh)|Break the Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hungarian language>Hungarian|Jégvarázs|Ice Magic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Icelandic language>Icelandic|Frosinn|Frozen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indonesian language>Indonesian|Frozen – Anna dan Ratu Salju|Frozen – Anna and the Snow Queen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Italian language>Italian|Frozen – Il regno di ghiaccio|Frozen – The Ice Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Japanese language>Japanese|アナã¨é›ªã®å¥³çŽ‹ (Ana to Yuki no JoÅ)|Anna and the Snow Queen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kazakh language>Kazakh|Мұзды өлке (Мuzdy olke)|Frozen Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Korean language>Korean|ê²¨ìš¸ì™•êµ (Gyeoul Wangguk)|The Kingdom of Winter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Latvian language>Latvian|Ledus sirds|Ice Heart | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lithuanian language>Lithuanian|Ledo Å¡alis|Ice Country | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malay language>Malay|Anna dan Permaisuri Salji|Anna and the Snow Queen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard Chinese>Mandarin Chinese| 冰雪奇缘 (Bīng xuě qà yuán)| Magical Tales of Ice and Snow | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Norwegian language>Norwegian|Frost|Frost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polish language>Polish|Kraina lodu|Land of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brazilian Portuguese>Portuguese (Brazil)|Frozen – Uma Aventura Congelante|Frozen – A Freezing Adventure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Portuguese language>Portuguese (Europe)|Frozen – O Reino do Gelo|Frozen – The Kingdom of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Romanian language>Romanian|Regatul de gheață|Kingdom of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Russian language>Russian|Холодное Ñердце (Kholodnoe syertse)|Cold Heart | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Serbian language>Serbian|Залеђено краљевÑтво (ZaleÄ‘eno kraljevstvo)|Frozen Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Slovak language>Slovak|Ľadové kráľovstvo|Ice Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Slovene language>Slovene|Ledeno Kraljestvo|Icy Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Castilian Spanish>Spanish (Europe)|Frozen: El reino del hielo|Frozen: The Kingdom of Ice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spanish language in the Americas>Spanish (Latin America)|Frozen: Una aventura congelada|Frozen: A Frozen Adventure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Swedish language>Swedish|Frost|Frost | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thai language>Thai|Frozen – ผจà¸à¸ ัยà¹à¸”นคำสาปราชินีหิมะ(Phachonphai Daen Khamsap Rachini Hima)|Frozen – Adventure in the Snow Queen's Cursed Land | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turkish language>Turkish|Karlar Ãœlkesi|Snow Country | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ukrainian language>Ukrainian|Крижане Ñерце (Kryzhane sertse)|Icy Heart | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese language>Vietnamese|Nữ hoà ng băng giá|Ice Queen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Release
{{multiple image|direction = vertical|align = right|width = 220 |image1 = Frozen premier.jpg|alt1 = Three people, smiling for the cameraHome media
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Frozen for digital download on February 25, 2014, and on Blu-ray and DVD on March 18.WEB, Alexander, Bryan, February 10, 2014, Exclusive: Frozen brings new song, making-of video,weblink live,weblink February 11, 2014, October 21, 2023, USA Today, Physical copies have behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, the film's teaser trailer, a "Let It Go" music video, and Get A Horse!WEB, March 28, 2014, My Say On Blu-Ray: Frozen Collector's Edition,weblink live,weblink August 9, 2022, October 21, 2023, CBS News, After an August 12, 2014, announcement, a sing-along reissue of Frozen was released on DVD and digital download on November 18 of that year.WEB, Disney to Release 'Frozen' Sing-Along Edition,weblink 2023-11-12, Animation World Network, en, November 12, 2023,weblink live, A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray version was released in 2019.WEB, Strowbridge, C.S., October 1, 2019, Home Market Releases for October 1st, 2019,weblink live,weblink May 6, 2020, November 26, 2023, The Numbers (website), The Numbers, Frozen sold 3.2 million units on its Blu-ray and DVD release day, one of the decade's biggest home-video sellers and Amazon's best-selling children's disc of all time.NEWS, Lang, Brent, 'Frozen' Sells Massive 3.2 Million Discs in One Day,weblink March 29, 2014, TheWrap, March 19, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140329220712weblink">weblink March 29, 2014, The film's digital-download version was the fastest-selling digital release of all time.NEWS, Kit, Borys, 'Frozen' Sells 3.2 Million Blu-ray, DVD Units in First Day,weblink The Hollywood Reporter, March 20, 2014, March 20, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140321190204weblink">weblink March 21, 2014, NEWS, J. McLean, Thomas, 'Frozen' Makes Huge Debut on Disc,weblink March 20, 2014, Animation (magazine), Animation Magazine, March 19, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140320173702weblink">weblink March 20, 2014, Frozen finished its first week at number one in unit sales in the United States, selling more than three times as many units as the other 19 titles in Nielsen's sales chart combined.NEWS, Arnold, Thomas K., 'Frozen' Easily Tops Home Video Sales Charts,weblink May 27, 2014, Variety (magazine), Variety, March 26, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140526123512weblink">weblink May 26, 2014, The film sold 3,969,270 Blu-ray units ($79,266,322) during its first week,WEB, Blu-ray Weekly Sales Chart – The Numbers,weblink The Numbers (website), The Numbers, Nash Information Services, LLC, June 5, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140605021612weblink">weblink June 5, 2014, half of its opening home-media sales. By May 4, 2014, it had topped the U.S. home-video sales charts for six of its seven weeks of release.NEWS, Arnold, Thomas K., 'Frozen' Barely Beats 'Legend of Hercules' to Stay on Top of Home Video Sales Charts,weblink June 5, 2014, Variety (magazine), Variety, May 7, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140607010029weblink">weblink June 7, 2014, In the United Kingdom, Frozen debuted at number one in Blu-ray and DVD sales on the Official Video Chart.NEWS, Lane, Daniel, The Desolation Of Smaug knocks Frozen off Number 1,weblink May 27, 2014, Official Charts Company, April 14, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140527230110weblink">weblink May 27, 2014, According to the Official Charts Company, over 500,000 copies of the film were sold in its two-day opening (March 31 – April 1, 2014).NEWS, Lane, Daniel, Disney's Frozen smashes though half-a-million DVD and Blu-ray sales,weblink May 27, 2014, Official Charts Company, April 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140527230008weblink">weblink May 27, 2014, During its first three weeks of release in the United Kingdom, Frozen sold more than 1.45 million units and was 2014's biggest-selling video title.NEWS, Lane, Daniel, Frozen reclaims Official Video Chart top spot,weblink May 27, 2014, Official Charts Company, April 22, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140527230027weblink">weblink May 27, 2014, Frozen sold 2,025,000 Blu-ray-DVD combination sets in Japan in four weeks, the fastest-selling home video to sell two million copies (surpassing Spirited Away{{'s}} record of 11 weeks. Frozen holds the records for highest number of home video units sold on the first day and the first week of sales in Japan.NEWS,weblink Frozen Home Video Tops Spirited Away as Fastest to Sell 2 Million Copies in Japan, August 14, 2014, Anime News Network, August 14, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140814183517weblink">weblink August 14, 2014, By the end of 2014, the film had $308,026,545 in U.S. home-media sales.THE NUMBERS, Frozen, Frozen-(2013)#tab=video-sales, January 27, 2021, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141231213316weblink">weblink December 31, 2014, It is one of the bestselling home-media releases, selling over 18 million units by 2015.WEB, United States Combined DVD and Blu-ray Sales Chart for Week Ending March 8, 2015,weblink The Numbers, Nash Information Services, LLC, March 21, 2015, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150402143648weblink">weblink April 2, 2015, Frozen was the all-time bestselling Blu-ray release in the United States by July 2018 with over 7.5 million units sold, slightly ahead of Avatar.WEB, United States Combined DVD and Blu-ray Sales Chart for Week Ending March 8, 2015,weblink The Numbers, Nash Information Services, LLC, July 12, 2018, November 24, 2018,weblink live,Lawsuit against Phase 4 Films
The Walt Disney Company filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit in California federal court against Phase 4 Films in late December 2013, seeking an injunction against the distribution of The Legend of Sarila, a Canadian film which had been retitled Frozen Land in the United States and had a logo similar to the Disney film.NEWS, Amidi, Amid, Disney Files Trademark Lawsuit Over "Frozen Land",weblink July 30, 2014, Cartoon Brew, Cartoon Brew, LLC, December 29, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140707090839weblink">weblink July 7, 2014, By late January 2014, the companies had settled the lawsuit; the distribution and promotion of The Legend of Sarila and related merchandise had to use its original title, and Phase 4 could not use trademarks, logos or other designs confusingly similar to Disney's release.NEWS, Burgin, Jack, Walt Disney Settles Trademark Lawsuit over "Frozen",weblink July 30, 2014, WDW Info, Werner Technologies, LLC., January 18, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140825061103weblink">weblink August 25, 2014, NEWS, Gardner, Eriq, Disney Lawsuit Ices 'Frozen Land' Movie,weblink July 30, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, January 22, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140808033312weblink">weblink August 8, 2014, NEWS, Vlessing, Etan, Phase 4 Films settles Frozen Land lawsuit with Disney,weblink July 30, 2014, Playback (magazine), Playback, Brunico Communications Ltd., January 27, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141213022929weblink">weblink December 13, 2014, Phase 4 was required to pay Disney $100,000 by January 27, 2014, and make "all practicable efforts" to remove copies of Frozen Land from stores and online distributors before March 3 of that year.Reception
Box office
During its original theatrical release, Frozen earned $400.7 million in North America and an estimated $880 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,280,802,282.WEB, Frozen - Original Release,weblink 2023-12-02, Box Office Mojo, August 9, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140809232736weblink">weblink live, Calculating all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of over $400 million.WEB,weblink 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster – #7 'Monsters University' Vs. #10 'Thor: The Dark World'; #2 'Frozen' Vs. #15 'The Great Gatsby', Mike Fleming Jr, Deadline Hollywood, March 21, 2014, March 22, 2015, live,weblink" title="archive.today/20150406085417weblink">weblink April 6, 2015, It is the fifth-highest-grossing film,WEB,weblink All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses, Box Office Mojo, Internet Movie Database, April 30, 2019, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090228223109weblink">weblink February 28, 2009, the highest-grossing animated film,NEWS, McClintock, Pamela, Box Office Milestone: 'Frozen' Becomes No. 1 Animated Film of All Time,weblink March 30, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, March 30, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140330185602weblink">weblink March 30, 2014, NEWS, GLOBAL: 'Captain America' Takes $75.2M Debut Ahead of North American Release; 'Noah' on the Verge of Hitting $100M; 'Frozen' is the Top Animated Film of All Time; 'Rio 2' Takes Record Breaking Brazilian Debut to Climb to $29.7M,weblink April 3, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, March 30, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140402185057weblink">weblink April 2, 2014, the highest-grossing 2013 film,WEB, 2013 Yearly Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo,weblink Box Office Mojo, May 25, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140520195701weblink">weblink May 20, 2014, the third highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release, and the eighth-highest-grossing film distributed by Disney.NEWS, Bacle, Ariana, "Frozen" hits $1 billion mark at worldwide box office,weblink March 4, 2014, Entertainment Weekly, March 3, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140306040545weblink">weblink March 6, 2014, The film earned $110.6 million worldwide oon its opening weekend.WEB,weblink All Time Worldwide Opening Records, Box Office Mojo, IMDb, December 18, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130801031300weblink">weblink August 1, 2013, On March 2, 2014, its 101st day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark{{snd}}the eighteenth film in cinematic history, the seventh Disney-distributed film, the fifth non-sequel film,WEB, Subers, Ray, Weekend Report: Neeson Beats Jesus, "Frozen" Hits $1 Billion,weblink March 2, 2014, Box Office Mojo, March 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140303004742weblink">weblink March 3, 2014, the second Disney-distributed film in 2013 (after Iron Man 3), and the first animated film since Toy Story 3 to do so.NEWS, McClintock, Pamela, Box Office Milestone: "Frozen" Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide,weblink March 4, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, March 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140305094713weblink">weblink March 5, 2014, Bloomberg Business reported in March 2014 that outside analysts had projected the film's total cost at $323 million to $350 million for production, marketing, and distribution, and projected that the film would generate $1.3 billion in revenue from box-office ticket sales, digital downloads, discs, and television rights.NEWS, Disney's 'Frozen' Passing $1 Billion Cements Rebound,weblink March 8, 2015, Bloomberg Business, March 14, 2014, Palmeri, Christopher, Sakoui, Anousha, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150309024306weblink">weblink March 9, 2015,North America
Frozen was Fandango's top advance-ticket seller among original animated films, ahead of previous record-holder Brave,MAGAZINE,weblink "Catching Fire" and "Frozen" Heat Up Fandango's Fanticipation with Brisk Advance Ticket Sales for Thanksgiving Weekend, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, November 26, 2013, December 16, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131206115734weblink">weblink December 6, 2013, and became the top-selling animated film in the company's history in late January 2014. The film's sing-along version later topped the ticket service's best-selling list again for three days. Frozen opened on November 22, 2013, at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood for a five-day limited release and earned $342,839 before its wide opening on November 27.WEB,weblink Weekend Report: "Catching Fire" Burns Bright, Sets November Record, Box Office Mojo, November 24, 2013, December 16, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131213142433weblink">weblink December 13, 2013, It earned $243,390 during the three-day weekend, the seventh-largest per-theater average.WEB,weblink TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES, Box Office Mojo, December 16, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131219042043weblink">weblink December 19, 2013, The film earned $15.2 million on the opening day of its wide releaseWEB,weblink Frozen (2013) – Daily Box Office Results, Box Office Mojo, December 16, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131216103742weblink">weblink December 16, 2013, (including $1.2 million from Tuesday late-night shows)WEB,weblink Box Office: 'Interstellar,' 'Big Hero 6' Blast Off to Big Thursday Night Numbers, November 7, 2014, November 7, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141107212159weblink">weblink November 7, 2014, and set a record for the highest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday opening, ahead of Tangled ($11.9 million).NEWS,weblink "Catching Fire", "Frozen" Chase Thanksgiving Box Office Records, November 29, 2013, Scott, Mendelson, December 16, 2013, Forbes,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131216085810weblink">weblink December 16, 2013, It had the second-largest pre-Thanksgiving Wednesday of all films, behind (The Hunger Games: Catching Fire|Catching Fire) ($20.8 million). The film finished second over the traditional three-day weekend (Friday to Sunday) with $67.4 million, setting an opening weekend record for Walt Disney Animation Studios films.NEWS,weblink "Frozen" Smashes Disney Animation Opening Weekend Records, December 1, 2013, Amid, Amidi, December 16, 2013, Cartoon Brew,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203021914weblink">weblink December 3, 2013, It had the second-largest opening weekend of films that did not debut at number one.WEB,weblink Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at #1, Box Office Mojo, IMDb, December 1, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141201114506weblink">weblink December 1, 2014, WEB,weblink Weekend Report: "Catching Fire", "Frozen" Set Thanksgiving Records, Ray, Subers, Box Office Mojo, December 1, 2013, December 2, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131202235906weblink">weblink December 2, 2013, Female audiences accounted for 57 percent of Frozen{{'}}s total audiences on the first weekend, and family audiences were 81 percent. It set three-day ($67.4 million from Friday to Sunday)Biggest 3-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128111429weblink |date=November 28, 2016 }}. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013. and five-day records ($93.6 million from Wednesday to Sunday) records for films that opened during Thanksgiving.Biggest 5-day Thanksgiving Openings at the Box Office {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128234955weblink |date=November 28, 2016 }}. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013. It had the second-largest three-dayBiggest 3-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210154019weblink |date=December 10, 2014 }}. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013. and five-dayBiggest 5-day Thanksgiving Weekends at the Box Office {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210154023weblink |date=December 10, 2014 }}. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 16, 2013. Thanksgiving grosses of all films, behind Catching Fire.MAGAZINE,weblink NORTH AMERICA: Studio Weekend Estimates: "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire" Sets New Five-Day Thanksgiving Weekend Record With $110.2M; "Frozen" Ices Expectations With $93.0M Five-Day Start, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, December 1, 2013, December 16, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131212182852weblink">weblink December 12, 2013, It declined 53 percent to $31.6 million during the second weekend of wide release but jumped to first place, setting a record for the largest post-Thanksgiving weekend, ahead of Toy Story 2 ($27.8 million).WEB,weblink Weekend Report: "Frozen" Beats "Fire," "Furnace" Melts, Ray, Subers, Box Office Mojo, December 8, 2013, December 9, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131211000858weblink">weblink December 11, 2013, Frozen was the first film since Avatar to reach first place in its sixth weekend of wide release.WEB,weblink Weekend Report: "Frozen" Chills "Paranormal" Spin-Off This Weekend, January 5, 2014, Ray, Subers, Box Office Mojo, January 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140106032215weblink">weblink January 6, 2014, The film remained in the top 10 at the box office for sixteen consecutive weekends,NEWS,weblink Disney's 'Frozen' and Marvel's 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier' Heat Up Box Offices Around the World, March 31, 2014, Janelle, Tipton, The Walt Disney Company, March 31, 2014,weblink March 31, 2014, WEB,weblink Frozen (2013) – Weekend Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo, Box Office Mojo, IMDb, March 18, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140314121716weblink">weblink March 14, 2014, (the longest run by any film since 2002) and had large weekend grosses from its fifthWEB,weblink Weekend Report: "Hobbit," "Frozen" Top "Wolf," "Mitty" on Final Weekend of 2013, December 29, 2013, Ray, Subers, Box Office Mojo, December 30, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131230235354weblink">weblink December 30, 2013, to twelfth weekends of wide release compared to other films during their respective weekends.Top Grossing Movies in their 5th to 12th Weekends at the Box Office:- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 5th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, January 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100118081941weblink">weblink January 18, 2010,
- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 6th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, January 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100203151732weblink">weblink February 3, 2010,
- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 7th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, January 23, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100203152548weblink">weblink February 3, 2010,
- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 8th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, January 23, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140123074920weblink">weblink January 23, 2014,
- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 9th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, February 20, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140221104901weblink">weblink February 21, 2014,
- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 10th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, February 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140131090312weblink">weblink January 31, 2014,
- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 11th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, February 20, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140221104912weblink">weblink February 21, 2014,
- WEB,weblink Top Grossing Movies in Their 12th Weekend at the Box Office, Box Office Mojo, February 20, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140221104914weblink">weblink February 21, 2014, On April 25, 2014, Frozen became the nineteenth film to gross $400 million in North America and the fifteenth to do so without a major re-release.WEB,weblink April 26, 2014, Friday Report: 'Other Woman' On Pace for $25 Million Debut, Box Office Mojo, IMDb, April 26, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140426234230weblink">weblink April 26, 2014,
Outside North America
Frozen is the fifth-highest-grossing film,WEB,weblink All Time Worldwide Box Office Results (Sorted by overseas grosses), Box Office Mojo, December 31, 2015, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160104213159weblink">weblink January 4, 2016, the highest-grossing animated film,WEB,weblink Weekend Report: 'Captain' Three-peats, 'Heaven' Rises Over Easter Weekend, April 20, 2014, Box Office Mojo, May 21, 2014, Ray, Subers, live,weblink" title="archive.today/20140421151923weblink">weblink April 21, 2014, and the highest-grossing 2013 film.WEB,weblink 2013 Yearly Box Office Results, Box Office Mojo, May 25, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140519003504weblink">weblink May 19, 2014, It is the highest-grossing animated film in South Korea, Denmark, and Venezuela.NEWS, Hyo-won, Lee, "Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records,weblink March 7, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, March 2, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140303221510weblink">weblink March 3, 2014, NEWS, Subers, Ray, Weekend Report: "Ride Along" Avoids "Awkward Moment," Three-peats Over Super Bowl Weekend,weblink February 6, 2014, Box Office Mojo, February 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140207082455weblink">weblink February 7, 2014, WEB, 2013 Venezuela Yearly Box Office,weblink Box Office Mojo, May 29, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140529123117weblink">weblink May 29, 2014, It is also the highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film in more than 45 territories, including Latin America (Mexico and Brazil), the UK, Ireland, Malta, Russia and the CIS, Ukraine, Norway, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and China.NEWS,weblink Hobbit 2 soars past $500m int'l, January 5, 2014, Jeremy, Kay, Screen Daily, January 9, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140106163233weblink">weblink January 6, 2014, MAGAZINE,weblink January 12, 2014, UPDATED GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks "Hobbit" Streak, Crosses $700M; Big China Debut For "Despicable Me 2"; "12 Years A Slave" #1 In The UK, January 15, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140116040433weblink">weblink January 16, 2014, MAGAZINE,weblink GLOBAL: "Frozen" Breaks $800M; "I, Frankenstein" Opens Strong In Russia, January 26, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140131165033weblink">weblink January 31, 2014, NEWS, Subers, Ray, Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie",weblink February 10, 2014, Box Office Mojo, February 9, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140214092449weblink">weblink February 14, 2014, The film premiered outside North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release, and earned $16.7 million from sixteen markets. It topped the box office outside North America for two weekends in 2014: January 10–12 ($27.8 million)NEWS, Subers, Ray, Weekend Report: Audiences Flock to "Lone Survivor," Avoid "Hercules," "Her",weblink January 15, 2014, Box Office Mojo, January 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="archive.today/20140115064721weblink">weblink January 15, 2014, and February 7–9 ($24 million).WEB, Subers, Ray, Weekend Report: Everything Is Awesome For "The LEGO Movie",weblink March 2, 2014, Box Office Mojo, February 9, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140302013736weblink">weblink March 2, 2014, Frozen{{'s}} largest opening weekends were in China (a five-day opening earning $14.3 million),WEB,weblink Weekly box office, April 15, 2014, EntGroup,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140222204927weblink">weblink February 22, 2014, Russia and the CIS ($11.9 million, including previews from previous weekend, where the film set an opening-weekend record for Disney animated films),MAGAZINE,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131219191826weblink">weblink RUSSIA: "Frozen" Off To A Hot Start, December 18, 2013, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, December 19, 2013, dead, December 19, 2013, and Japan (a three-day opening earning $9.73 million).NEWS,weblink 'Frozen' Sets Disney Opening Weekend Record in Japan, March 17, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, March 17, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140317121618weblink">weblink March 17, 2014, Gavin J., Blair, WEB, Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results,weblink Box Office Mojo, February 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140809232736weblink">weblink August 9, 2014, It set an opening-weekend record for animated films in Sweden.MAGAZINE,weblink GLOBAL: "Frozen" Continues To Dominate, Passes $500M Overseas, February 2, 2014, February 2, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140204044332weblink">weblink February 4, 2014, In total earnings, the film's top market after North America was Japan ($247.6 million), followed by South Korea ($76.6 million) and the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($65.7 million).Japanese Box Office Reports:- NEWS, GLOBAL: 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2' Swings to $369M After North American Debut; 'Rio 2' Closes in on $400M; 'Divergent' Reaches $250M Mark,weblink May 5, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, May 4, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140505181643weblink">weblink May 5, 2014,
- NEWS, Tartaglione, Nancy, Intl Box Office: 'Amazing Spider-Man 2' Snares $54M In 1st China Week; 'Neighbors' Parties With $33.7M Open; 'Rio 2' Flies Past $300M; Auds Faithful To 'The Other Woman'; 'Spanish Affairs' Sets New Record; More,weblink June 2, 2014, Deadline Hollywood, May 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140529070051weblink">weblink May 29, 2014,
- NEWS, 'Frozen' Tops Japanese Box Office for 10th Consecutive Weekend,weblink May 19, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, May 18, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140519061925weblink">weblink May 19, 2014,
- NEWS, GLOBAL: 'X-Men: Days of Future Past' Breaks 'Avatar' Record as Fox International's Biggest Overseas Debut of All Time,weblink May 26, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, May 25, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140601163622weblink">weblink June 1, 2014,
- NEWS, GLOBAL: 'Maleficent' Edges Out X-Men for Box Office Crown with $100.6M Day-and-Date Debut Overseas,weblink June 1, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, June 1, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140602200240weblink">weblink June 2, 2014,
- NEWS, GLOBAL: 'Edge of Tomorrow' Leads the Overseas Box Office, Reaches $140.1M Global Cume Following North American Release,weblink June 9, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, June 8, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140616025204weblink">weblink June 16, 2014,
- NEWS, GLOBAL: 'Godzilla' Takes Over China, Crosses $400M Worldwide,weblink June 15, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, June 15, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140620032227weblink">weblink June 20, 2014,
- NEWS, GLOBAL: Strong Brazil Bow Sends 'How to Train Your Dragon 2' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend; 'Maleficent' Takes $20.3 Million in China,weblink June 22, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, June 22, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140626023210weblink">weblink June 26, 2014,
- NEWS, 'Transformers: Age of Extinction' Crushes the Competition with $301.3M Global Bow, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com,weblink July 1, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140701085741weblink">weblink July 1, 2014, WEB,weblink Frozen (2013) – International Box Office Results, Box Office Mojo, August 10, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140809232736weblink">weblink August 9, 2014, In South Korea, Frozen is the second-largest foreign film both in attendance and gross,NEWS, Hyo-won, Lee, South Korea Box Office: "Frozen" Becomes Second Most Watched Foreign Film,weblink February 19, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, February 19, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140220110818weblink">weblink February 20, 2014, the largest Disney release and the first animated film with more than ten million admissions.NEWS, Hyo-won, Lee, "Frozen" Crosses $75 Million in South Korea, Breaks Local Records,weblink March 3, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, March 2, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140303221510weblink">weblink March 3, 2014, It is the third-highest-grossing film of all time in Japan, the second-highest-grossing imported film (behind Titanic), and the highest-grossing Disney film.NEWS, GLOBAL: Strong Brazil Bow Sends 'How to Train Your Dragon 2' to $43.5 Million Overseas Weekend; 'Maleficent' Takes $20.3 Million in China, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice, June 22, 2014,weblink June 25, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140625190104weblink">weblink June 25, 2014, The film topped Japan's box office for sixteen consecutive weekends until it was passed by another Disney release, Maleficent.NEWS, 'Frozen' Gives Up Top Spot in Japan to 'Maleficent' After 16 Consecutive Frames,weblink July 6, 2014, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, BoxOffice® Media, LLC., July 6, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140714235648weblink">weblink July 14, 2014,
Commercial analysis
Ray Subers compared Frozen on Box Office Mojo to Disney's 2010 animated feature, Tangled, saying that the film's plot was not as "immediately interesting" and "marketing has yet to sell this to boys the way Tangled did".NEWS, Subers, Ray, Holiday 2013 Forecast,weblink November 6, 2013, Box Office Mojo, IMDb, November 6, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131109230351weblink">weblink November 9, 2013, Noting that the 2013 holiday season (Thanksgiving and Christmas) lacked compelling family content, Subers predicted that the film would "play well all the way through Christmas" and gross $185 million in North America (similar to Wreck-It Ralph). Boxoffice noted the success of previous Disney's animated films released during the holiday season (Tangled and Wreck-It Ralph), but said that Frozen{{'s}} cast might not attract audiences due to its lack of stars.NEWS, BoxOffice Staff, Long Range Forecast: 'Black Nativity', 'Frozen', 'Homefront', & 'Oldboy',weblink October 4, 2013, Boxoffice (magazine), Boxoffice.com, BoxOffice® Media, LLC., October 4, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131013060835weblink">weblink October 13, 2013, The magazine made a $170,000,000 North America box-office forecast for the film. Chris Agar of ScreenRant expressed a similar opinion, citing a string of recent box-office successes from the studio; he thought that Frozen would fill a void of kid-friendly films in the marketplace, but did not expect it to surpass Catching Fire in box-office gross.NEWS, Agar, Chris, Box Office Prediction: 'Frozen' vs. 'The Hunger Games: Catching Fire',weblink November 27, 2013, ScreenRant, Screen Rant, LLC, November 27, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131127111258weblink">weblink November 27, 2013, Clayton Dillard of Slant Magazine said that although its trailers made the film seem "pallid," positive reviews could attract interest from "core demographics" and adult audiences and Frozen might break Tangled{{'}}s Thanksgiving three-day opening record.NEWS, Dillard, Clayton, Box Office Rap: Frozen and the Frost-y Showdown,weblink November 26, 2013, Slant Magazine, November 26, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131128065039weblink">weblink November 28, 2013, Brad Brevet of Ropeofsilicon.com called the film's marketing "severely hit and miss", possibly affecting its box-office performance.NEWS, Brevet, Brad, Box Office Predictions: 'Hunger Games: Catching Fire' to Top 'Frozen' for Second Weekend Win,weblink November 28, 2013, Rope of Silicon, RopeofSilicon.com LLC., November 28, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131130121610weblink">weblink November 30, 2013, After Frozen finished its first weekend with a record $93.6 million during Thanksgiving, most box-office watchers predicted that it would gross between $250 and $300 million in North America.NEWS, Ebiri, Bilge, The Eight Reasons Frozen Is Unstoppable,weblink January 10, 2014, Vulture (blog), Vulture, New York Media, LLC, January 10, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140109205105weblink">weblink January 9, 2014, Box Office Mojo repeated its $250 million gross prediction for North America. The website called it "the exclusive choice for family audiences" and attributed its successful opening to strong word of mouth and studio marketing, which highlighted Frozen{{'s}} humor and its connections to Tangled and Wreck-It Ralph.Critical response
Frozen opened to positive reviews,NEWS, Zuckerman, Esther, November 4, 2013, Is "Frozen" a New, Bona Fide Disney Classic?, The Atlantic Wire,weblink dead, November 4, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131105012200weblink">weblink November 5, 2013, and several critics compared it favorably to Disney Renaissance films such as The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and The Lion King.NEWS, Kevin, Fallon,weblink "Frozen" is the Best Disney Film Since "The Lion King", The Daily Beast, November 25, 2013, November 30, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131127233455weblink">weblink November 27, 2013, limited, According to some journalists, the film's success heralded a second Disney Renaissance.NEWS, Peterson, Jeff, 'Frozen' makes history two times over on Oscar weekend,weblink April 21, 2014, Deseret News, March 3, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140422233333weblink">weblink April 22, 2014, NEWS, Fritz, Ben, A Charmed Life for Disney's 'Frozen',weblink April 21, 2014, Wall Street Journal, January 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141216020315weblink">weblink December 16, 2014, It was praised for its visuals, themes, musical numbers, screenplay and vocal performances, especially those by Bell, Menzel, and Gad.NEWS, Joe, Morgenstern, November 28, 2013,weblink Splendid Sights, Musical Might Melt "Frozen", The Wall Street Journal, January 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150106080327weblink">weblink January 6, 2015, The "Let It Go" musical sequence was also particularly praised by critics.NEWS,weblink "Frozen" mixes music and animation to create a soaring holiday delight, The Detroit News, November 27, 2013, January 13, 2014, Tom, Long, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140112030904weblink">weblink January 12, 2014, NEWS,weblink 17 Best Movie Moments Of 2013, Huffingtonpost.com, December 19, 2013, January 13, 2014, Matthew, Jacobs, Christopher, Rosen, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140112033521weblink">weblink January 12, 2014, WEB,weblink Best Movie Moments of 2013 Included Scenes from Iron Man 3, Gravity, Fast & Furious 6, and More, Collider, November 20, 2013, January 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140106131308weblink">weblink January 6, 2014, {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|{{RT data|score}}|{{RT data|average}}|{{RT data|count}}|Beautifully animated, smartly written, and stocked with singalong songs, Frozen adds another worthy entry to the Disney canon.|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}ROTTEN TOMATOES, frozen_2013, m, Frozen (2013), March 27, 2024, live,weblink November 9, 2016, Metacritic, which determines an out-of-100 rating from reviews by mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 from 43 reviews; this indicated "generally favorable reviews."METACRITIC, frozen-2013, movie, Frozen (2013), January 26, 2021, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131113012942weblink">weblink November 13, 2013, Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare A+ grade on an A+-to-F scale.NEWS, Stewart, Andrew, Thanksgiving Box Office: "Catching Fire," "Frozen" Serve Up Holiday Records,weblink December 2, 2013, Variety, December 1, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131201185422weblink">weblink December 1, 2013, NEWS,weblink Box Office: "Frozen" Opens to Stellar $15.2 Million Wednesday; "Catching Fire" Still No. 1, The Hollywood Reporter, November 17, 2011, November 29, 2013, Pamela, McClintock, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131130004118weblink">weblink November 30, 2013, Surveys by Fandango of 1,000 ticket buyers indicated that 75 percent of purchasers had seen the film at least once, and 52 percent had seen it twice. Fifty-five percent of audiences identified "Let It Go" as their favorite song; "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" and "For the First Time in Forever" were favored by 21 and nine percent, respectively. Frozen was ranked the seventh-best film of 2013 by Richard Corliss of TimeMAGAZINE,weblink Top 10 Best Movies, Corliss, Richard, Time (magazine), Time, December 4, 2013, December 5, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131204234841weblink">weblink December 4, 2013, and Kyle Smith of the New York Post.WEB,weblink Kyle Smith and Lou Lumenick's Top 10 lists, Adams, Ryan, AwardsDaily.com, December 7, 2013, December 7, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131210053225weblink">weblink December 10, 2013, Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote that the film is "the best animated musical to come out of Disney since the tragic death of lyricist Howard Ashman, whose work on The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast helped build the studio's modern animated division into what it is today." According to Duralde, "[W]hile it lags the tiniest bit on its way to the conclusion, the script ... really delivers; it offers characters to care about, along with some nifty twists and surprises along the way." Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called Frozen a true musical: "You can practically see the Broadway musical Frozen is destined to become while watching Disney's 3D animated princess tale." McCarthy called the film "energetic, humorous and not too cloying, as well as the first Hollywood film in many years to warn of global cooling rather than warming, this tuneful toon upgrades what has been a lackluster year for big studio animated fare and, beginning with its Thanksgiving opening, should live up to box office expectations as one of the studio's hoped-for holiday-spanning blockbusters."NEWS, McCarthy, Todd, Frozen: Film Review,weblink November 3, 2013, The Hollywood Reporter, October 24, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131104141532weblink">weblink November 4, 2013, Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote, "Frozen is both a declaration of Disney's renewed cultural relevance and a reaffirmation of Disney coming to terms with its own legacy and its own identity. It's also a just plain terrific bit of family entertainment."NEWS, Mendelson, Scott, "Frozen" Is Disney's Triumphant Reaffirmation Of Its Cultural Legacy,weblink November 21, 2013, Forbes, November 19, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131121050313weblink">weblink November 21, 2013, The Los Angeles Times praised the film's ensemble voice talent and elaborate musical scenes, calling Frozen "a welcome return to greatness for Walt Disney Animation Studios."NEWS, Sharkey, Betsy, Review: "Frozen" an icy blast of fun from the first snowflake,weblink November 24, 2013, Los Angeles Times, November 21, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131123164802weblink">weblink November 23, 2013, limited, Entertainment Weekly{{'}}s Owen Gleiberman gave the film a B+ grade and called it a "squarely enchanting fairy tale that shows you how the definition of what's fresh in animation can shift."NEWS, Gleiberman, Owen, Movie Review : Frozen (2013),weblink November 27, 2013, Entertainment Weekly, November 26, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131201013149weblink">weblink December 1, 2013, Richard Corliss of Time wrote, "It's great to see Disney returning to its roots and blooming anew: creating superior musical entertainment that draws on the Walt [Disney] tradition of animation splendor and the verve of Broadway present."NEWS, Corliss, Richard, Frozen: This Disney Princess Movie Is Thaw-some,weblink November 25, 2013, Time (magazine), TIME, November 23, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131126003900weblink">weblink November 26, 2013, Richard Roeper wrote that the film was an "absolute delight from start to finish."NEWS, Roeper, Richard, Richard Roeper & the Movies: "Frozen" Review,weblink November 27, 2013, The Chicago Sun-Times, November 26, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131202045435weblink">weblink December 2, 2013, Both Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune and Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised the film's characters and musical numbers, which were comparable to the theatrics in Wicked.NEWS, Phillips, Michael, 'Frozen': Defying meteorology,weblink November 27, 2013, Chicago Tribune, November 26, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131127131014weblink">weblink November 27, 2013, NEWS, Holden, Stephen, From the Heat of Royal Passion, Poof! It's Permafrost,weblink November 27, 2013, The New York Times, November 26, 2013, live, limited,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140304193402weblink">weblink March 4, 2014, Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy gave the film five out of five stars and called it "a new Disney classic ... an exhilarating, joyous, human story that's as frequently laugh-out-loud funny as it is startling and daring and poignant. Hot on the heels of the 90th anniversary, it's impossible to imagine a more perfect celebration of everything Disney is at its best."WEB, Dibdin, Emma, "Frozen" review: Heartfelt fairytale musical is a new Disney classic,weblink Digital Spy, November 15, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131109045033weblink">weblink November 9, 2013, November 4, 2013, Frozen was cited by Norwegian Sámi media as showcasing Sámi culture to a broad audience in a good way. Composer Frode Fjellheim was praised by Norwegian Sámi President Aili Keskitalo for his contributions to the film during the president's 2014 New Year's speech.NEWS, Staff, Sámi thing: President's New Year speech,weblink Sametinget, January 17, 2014, January 1, 2014, no,weblink January 12, 2014, NEWS, Staff, Frode pushed down Beyoncé,weblink Sametinget, January 17, 2014, January 16, 2014, no, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140201115400weblink">weblink February 1, 2014, Scott Foundas of Variety called the film "formulaic", praising its voice acting and technical artistry: "The tactile, snow-capped Arendelle landscape, including Elsa's ice-castle retreat is Frozen{{'}}s other true marvel, enhanced by 3D and the decision to shoot in widescreen – a nod to the CinemaScope richness of Sleeping Beauty and Lady and the Tramp ... That's almost but not quite enough to make up for the somewhat slack plotting and the generic nature of the main characters. Neither princess here is a patch on Tangled{{'}}s babe-in-the-woods Rapunzel, while both Hans and Kristoff are cut from pretty standard-issue hero cloth until a reasonably surprising third-act twist somewhat ups the ante. Only Olaf is unimpeachable: Get this snowman a spinoff feature to call his own."NEWS, Foundas, Scott, Film Review: "Frozen",weblink November 3, 2014, Variety (magazine), Variety, November 3, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160517190554weblink">weblink May 17, 2016, The Seattle Times gave the film two out of four stars: "While it is an often gorgeous film with computer-generated fjords and ice sculptures and castle interiors, the important thing that glues all this stuff together – story – is sadly lacking."NEWS, Keogh, Tom, "Frozen": Visuals are solid, but narrative is on thin ice,weblink November 30, 2013, The Seattle Times, November 26, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131204070913weblink">weblink December 4, 2013, Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch also called Frozen{{'s}} plot the film's weakest point.NEWS, Williams, Joe, "Frozen" is pretty but pointless,weblink November 27, 2013, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 27, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151105004523weblink">weblink November 5, 2015, On Roger Ebert's website, Christy Lemire posted a mixed review and gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four.Christy Lemire (November 27, 2013). "Frozen" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328161728weblink |date=March 28, 2014 }}. RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Lemire praised the visuals, the performance of "Let It Go" and the film's positive messages, but called the film a "cynical ... attempt to shake things up without shaking them up too much" and noted a similarity between Elsa and Carrie White (another well-known fictional female who unleashes paranormal powers when agitated).{{anchor|Controversies}}Criticism
Portrayal of emotions
Sexism was alleged after Frozen head of animation Lino DiSalvo said to Fan Voice's Jenna Busch, "Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty."MAGAZINE, Stampler, Laura, Do Animated Female Characters Need to Be 'Pretty'?,weblink Time (magazine), Time, October 14, 2013, November 27, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131030132111weblink">weblink October 30, 2013, WEB, Amidi, Amid, 'Frozen' Head of Animation Says Animating Women is 'Really, Really Difficult',weblink Cartoon Brew, October 8, 2013, November 27, 2013, "Historically speaking, animating female characters are really, really difficult, because they have to go through these range of emotions, but you have to keep them pretty and they're very sensitive to – you can get them off a model very quickly. So, having a film with two hero female characters was really tough, and having them both in the scene and look very different if they're echoing the same expression; that Elsa looking angry looks different from Anna being angry." – Lino DiSalvo, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131202024055weblink">weblink December 2, 2013, WEB, Cunningham, Todd, Disney's 'Frozen' Animator Draws Heat for Female Character Comments,weblink TheWrap, November 27, 2013, October 9, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131214045137weblink">weblink December 14, 2013, A Disney spokesperson later told Time that DiSalvo's quote was widely misinterpreted, saying that he was "describing some technical aspects of CG animation and not making a general comment on animating females versus males or other characters." Director Lee said that DiSalvo's words were taken out of context when he was speaking in very technical terms about CG animation: "It is hard no matter what the gender is. I felt horrible for him," she said. In an August 2014 interview, DiSalvo reiterated the difficulty of turning any animated character from a series of sketches on a 2D emotion model sheet into a properly-rigged 3D character model: "Translating that emotional range onto a CG character is one of the most difficult parts of the process. Male. Female. Snowman. Animal."NEWS, Bailey, Ian, Q&A: For this animator, working on Frozen created a tricky career legacy,weblink September 22, 2014, The Globe and Mail, August 15, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150322091859weblink">weblink March 22, 2015, He added, "The really sad thing is people took that ... catchy headline and they just repopulated it everywhere. People didn't get back to me for comments and the sad thing is that's the way the internet works. They don't want the truth."Perceived LGBT parallels
A few conservative Christian commentators accused Frozen of promoting homosexuality,{{r|Gettell}}NEWS, Petersen, Kierran, Disney's Frozen and the 'gay agenda',weblink BBC News, March 27, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140328044825weblink">weblink March 28, 2014, NEWS, Dickson, Caitlin, Is 'Frozen' The Gayest Movie of the Year?,weblink The Daily Beast, 12 March 2014, limited, June 10, 2021, May 11, 2021,weblink live, saying that the themes of Elsa's being different from others,{{r|Gettell}} her ostracism from society,{{r|Dickson}} and her independence and rejection of male suitorsMAGAZINE, Dockterman, Eliana, Pastor Claims Frozen Will Turn Your Children Gay,weblink May 21, 2014, Time, March 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140520224100weblink">weblink May 20, 2014, NEWS, Pulver, Andrew, Frozen lambasted as pro-gay propaganda by Christian pastor,weblink May 21, 2014, The Guardian, March 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140606050024weblink">weblink June 6, 2014, are metaphors for lesbianism.{{r|Dickson}}NEWS, Denham, Jess, Disney's Frozen is 'very evil' gay propaganda, says Christian pastor,weblink May 21, 2014, The Independent, March 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140320133534weblink">weblink March 20, 2014, Her song "Let it Go" was compared to coming out of the closet.{{r|Petersen|Dockterman|Denham}} Other viewers argued that Elsa represents a role model for LGBT youth.{{r|Petersen}} The claims had a mixed reaction from audiences and the LGBT community.{{pb}}Akash Nikolas wrote in The Atlantic that Disney films (including Frozen) "subtly appeal[ed] to queer children" with protagonists who are often social outcasts set apart by unusual desires and who reject traditional expectations of marriage.WEB, Nikolas, Akash, It's Not Just Frozen: Most Disney Movies Are Pro-Gay,weblink The Atlantic, 23 April 2014, limited, June 10, 2021, May 26, 2017,weblink live, Robert Geal wrote in Film International that although the film has a superficially-progressive vision of homosexuality, it perpetuates conservative notions of sexuality and gender: Elsa's female homosexuality is visually pleasurable to a male gaze, but male transgressions of heterosexuality are negatively coded.JOURNAL, Frozen, Homosexuality and Masochism, Robert, Geal, Film International, 14, 2, 99–111, June 1, 2016, 10.1386/fiin.14.2.99_1, 2436/620365, free, Asked about perceived homosexual undertones in the film, Lee was noncommittal: "I don't like to say anything [...] let the fans talk. I think it's up to them". The film should have a "2013 point of view", she said.NEWS, Gettell, Oliver, Conservative radio hosts: 'Frozen' promotes gay agenda, bestiality,weblink May 5, 2014, Los Angeles Times, March 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140421045857weblink">weblink April 21, 2014, limited, NEWS, MacKenzie, Steven, Frozen: Disney's icebreaker,weblink May 5, 2014, The Big Issue, March 5, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140312140944weblink">weblink March 12, 2014,"Let it Go" lawsuit
Chilean singer Jaime Ciero sued Demi Lovato, Idina Menzel, Walt Disney Animation Studios and others involved with the song "Let it Go" on November 24, 2017, accusing them of infringing his 2008 song "Volar." In May 2018, it was ruled in court that songwriters Bobby Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez would be released from the lawsuit due to the three-year statute of limitations for copyright claims. Ciero had been told he could amend his original complaint to address only infringements within the three-year timeframe, and he dropped the suit in May 2019.WEB,weblink Maddaus, Gene, May 8, 2019, Let It Go: Singer Drops Copyright Suit Over 'Frozen' Song, Variety (magazine), Variety, November 12, 2019, May 10, 2019,weblink live,Accolades
File:41st Annie Awards, Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee, Peter Del Vecho-crop.jpg|thumb|alt=A smiling, formally-dressed Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee and Peter Del Vecho|Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee and Peter Del Vecho at the 41st Annie Awards41st Annie AwardsFrozen was nominated for a number of awards and received several. The song "Let It Go" was singled out for praise. The film was nominated for two awards at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and received the Best Animated Feature award, the first Walt Disney Animation Studios film to win in this category.NEWS, January 12, 2014, Golden Globes 2014: And the winners are ..., USA Today,weblink live, January 16, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140116063937weblink">weblink January 16, 2014, It received Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go"),NEWS, Staff, 2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category,weblink March 2, 2014, Box Office Mojo, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140228152810weblink">weblink February 28, 2014, the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the British Academy Film Awards,NEWS, Film in 2014,weblink January 8, 2014, British Academy Film Awards, BAFTA, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141009150753weblink">weblink October 9, 2014, five Annie Awards (including Best Animated Feature),NEWS, Times staff writers, Annie Awards 2014: Complete list of winners and nominees,weblink February 5, 2014, Los Angeles Times, February 1, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140204204510weblink">weblink February 4, 2014, limited, NEWS, King, Susan, "Frozen" wins Annie Award for best animated film, several others,weblink February 5, 2014, Los Angeles Times, February 1, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140205045501weblink">weblink February 5, 2014, limited, and Critics' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ("Let It Go").NEWS,weblink Critics' Choice Awards: The Winners, The Hollywood Reporter, Prometheus Global Media, January 17, 2014, January 17, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141017063852weblink">weblink October 17, 2014, The film received similar nominations at the Satellite Awards.NEWS, The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awardsâ„¢,weblink December 3, 2013, PR Newswire, December 2, 2013, International Press Academy, live,weblink" title="archive.today/20131202183712weblink">weblink December 2, 2013, At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, the Frozen soundtrack won the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media and was nominated for Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media (crediting Christophe Beck as composer); "Let It Go" received the Best Song Written For Visual Media award, with credits to Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez as songwriters and Idina Menzel as performer.WEB, SHOW BITS: : 'Frozen' Soundtrack Fires up With 2 Grammy Wins,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150209035036weblink">weblink February 9, 2015, February 9, 2015, ABC News, NEWS, 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees,weblink December 7, 2014, The Grammy, The Recording Academy,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141207032519weblink">weblink December 7, 2014, NEWS, Morris, Christopher, Grammy Nominations: Sam Smith, Beyonce Lead The Pack,weblink December 7, 2014, Variety (magazine), Variety, December 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141209045903weblink">weblink December 9, 2014, NEWS, The 2015 Grammy nomination list,weblink December 7, 2014, USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, Inc., December 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141207022708weblink">weblink December 7, 2014,Legacy
Cultural impact
File:ElsaAnnaFrozen.jpg|thumb|alt=A smiling Elsa and Anna|Elsa and Anna at a 2013 DisneylandDisneylandIt was observed during the spring and summer of 2014 that Frozen was popular with children in the U.S.WEB, Notte, Jason, Why 'Let It Go' From Disney's 'Frozen' Needs an Oscar,weblink The Street, The Street, Inc., May 14, 2014, February 26, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140514161416weblink">weblink May 14, 2014, NEWS, Healy, Vikki Ortiz, What to do about 'Frozen' fatigue,weblink May 14, 2014, Chicago Tribune, April 8, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140514155342weblink">weblink May 14, 2014, NEWS, Silva, Estey, 'Frozen' fatigue: Coping with kids songs on repeat,weblink May 14, 2014, The Christian Science Monitor, May 8, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140514091252weblink">weblink May 14, 2014, NEWS, Cohen, Joanna, Kids Are Icebound by 'Frozen' Fervor: Disney's Animated Film 'Frozen' Has Some Children Obsessed,weblink May 17, 2014, New York Times, May 16, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140517141242weblink">weblink May 17, 2014, limited, and the UK,NEWS, Kay, Karen, Frozen: How Disney's animated fairytale is conquering the world,weblink May 14, 2014, Daily Mirror, May 3, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140512233630weblink">weblink May 12, 2014, NEWS, Lynskey, Dorian, Frozen-mania: how Elsa, Anna and Olaf conquered the world,weblink May 14, 2014, The Guardian, May 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140513233529weblink">weblink May 13, 2014, NEWS, Mainwaring, Rachel, Will you Let It Go! My kids singing Frozen song gives me chills,weblink July 10, 2014, WalesOnline, Media Wales Ltd, June 27, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140714192845weblink">weblink July 14, 2014, where the film was watched repeatedly and its songs memorized and sung by children (distressing some parents, teachers and classmates). The phenomenon (called "Frozen-mania" by The Guardian) was noted by journalists and individuals who included UK prime minister David CameronWEB, February 5, 2015, David Cameron suggests he has heard Frozen's 'Let it Go' too many times,weblink live,weblink January 10, 2022, March 1, 2021, The Daily Telegraph, The Telegraph, en-GB, {{cbignore}} and actors Ben Affleck,WEB, September 30, 2014, Dad Ben Affleck is as sick of 'Frozen' as you are,weblink November 26, 2023, Today (American TV program), Today, en, Kevin Costner,WEB, Nahas, Aili, January 29, 2015, Kevin Costner: My Home Is 'Frozen Obsessed', People (magazine), People,weblink dead, March 16, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150329220743weblink">weblink March 29, 2015, and Vince Vaughn,NEWS, Harrison, Lily, March 5, 2015, Vince Vaughn Jokes That Frozen Is Probably Damaging His Daughter Lochlyn—Watch!, E! Online,weblink live, March 16, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150308194121weblink">weblink March 8, 2015, who found themselves dealing with their children's preoccupation with the film. When Terry Gross mentioned the phenomenon to songwriters Lopez and Anderson-Lopez in an April 2014 NPR interview, they said they could not have known how popular their work on Frozen would become;WEB, Gross, Terry, Transcript: Songwriters Behind 'Frozen' Let Go Of The Princess Mythology,weblink Fresh Air, NPR, May 14, 2014, April 10, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140519123546weblink">weblink May 19, 2014, they were "just trying to tell a story that resonated" and "didn't suck." The film's popularity and its status as a popular culture phenomenon was attributed to its emphasis on classic Disney animation elements, the female characters, songs, and the absence of a typical villain. Its sibling relationships and themes of self-acceptance and sacrifice also resonated with audiences worldwide.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:WEB, Remsen, Nick, March 18, 2014, What If Disney's Frozen Had Fashion?,weblink live,weblink November 8, 2023, November 8, 2023, Vogue (magazine), Vogue, en-US, NEWS, Nobody saw it coming ... 10 reasons Frozen became the highest grossing animation ever, en, The Irish Times,weblink live, November 8, 2023,weblink November 8, 2023, WEB, Delizo, Michael Joe T., June 26, 2014, 'Suman Girl' makes wave on social media,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140629004554weblink">weblink June 29, 2014, November 22, 2023, Manila Bulletin, NEWS, Cunningham, Todd, May 29, 2014, 'Frozen' Riding 'Perfect Storm' to $200 Million at Japan Box Office, TheWrap,weblink live, May 29, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140531073304weblink">weblink May 31, 2014, WEB, Hyo-won, Lee, March 31, 2014, 'Frozen' Producer Talks Franchise Rumors, Disney Strategy, Bizarre Popularity in South Korea (Q&A),weblink live,weblink February 25, 2022, November 15, 2023, The Hollywood Reporter, en-US, }}In May, columnist Joel Stein of Time magazine wrote about his son Laszlo's frustration with the "cultural assault" of Frozen at preschool and social and extracurricular activities, and Stein's Skype call to lead actress Bell after Laszlo began asking why the film had been made.NEWS, Stein, Joel, Ice, Ice, Laszlo: How my son – traumatized by the Frozen soundtrack – learned to let it go,weblink May 19, 2014, Time, May 26, 2014, 62, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140519031515weblink">weblink May 19, 2014, When Laszlo asked if Bell knew when she made Frozen that it would take over kids' lives, she replied: "I did not know that people would not let it go. No pun intended." In a December 2014 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Lee acknowledged that she had transitioned from thanking people when they expressed their appreciation for Frozen to having to apologize when they said: "[W]e're still listening to those songs" (with their children).NEWS, Wilson, Stacey, 'Frozen' Director Apologizes to Parents for "Let It Go",weblink December 16, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, Prometheus Global Media, December 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141216092718weblink">weblink December 16, 2014, MAGAZINE, Frozen Director Now Apologizes to Parents for 'Let It Go',weblink December 16, 2014, Time (magazine), Time, December 15, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141216011328weblink">weblink December 16, 2014, NEWS, Domanico, Anthony, 'Frozen' director Jennifer Lee is really sorry for 'Let It Go',weblink December 16, 2014, CNET, December 15, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141216082300weblink">weblink December 16, 2014, Lee said that she used the film and its strong female characters to inspire her daughter (who had experienced bullying at school), and she had also been bullied as a child; they were true to themselves, like Anna and Elsa.In a mid-2014 BabyCenter list of the 100 most-used baby names, Elsa was ranked 88th; it was the first time the name had appeared on the website's chart.NEWS, People Are Naming Their Babies After Frozen Characters Now,weblink Jenna, Mullins, June 16, 2014, June 16, 2014, E! Online, E! Entertainment Television, LLC, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140617121058weblink">weblink June 17, 2014, BabyCenter managing director Sarah Barrett said that although the film's heroine is Anna, "Elsa offers a more unique name and is also a strong female role model."NEWS, Mid Year Results: BabyCentre Top 20 Boys' and Girls' Names of 2014; Emily and Oliver top the chart,weblink BabyCenter, Babycentre.co.uk, BabyCenter, L.L.C., June 16, 2014, June 16, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140619220326weblink">weblink June 19, 2014, A number of new parents said that their name choices were "heavily influenced" by the siblings. Disney UK vice president Anna Hill later said, "We're delighted that Elsa is a popular name for babies and it's lovely to hear that for many families, it is actually their siblings who have chosen it", and "Elsa's fight to overcome her fears and the powerful strength of the family bond" were relevant to many families. On 2014 year-end Google list, Frozen was the year's most-searched film.NEWS,weblink Google's Year In Hollywood Search: 'Frozen,' 'Game of Thrones,' JLaw, Robin Williams, David, Bloom, Deadline Hollywood, December 16, 2014, December 16, 2014, Penske Business Media, LLC., live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141216172717weblink">weblink December 16, 2014, WEB,weblink Movies {{!, Google Year in Search 2014 |work=Google |publisher=Google Inc. |access-date=December 18, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217095751weblink |archive-date=December 17, 2014 }} For a full list of trends, see Google | Year in Search 2014 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219014434weblink |date=December 19, 2014 }}. At the Google Play store, Frozen and its soundtrack were named the movie and album of the year: the best-selling titles.NEWS,weblink Google Play's 2014 Stars: 'Frozen,' 'Frozen' Again, #TFIOS And 'The Walking Dead', David, Bloom, Deadline Hollywood, December 11, 2014, December 16, 2014, Penske Business Media, LLC., live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141218112224weblink">weblink December 18, 2014, The Writers Guild Foundation listed Frozen as having one of the best scripts of 2010s film and television, praising it as subverting "rigidly established story and character tropes".WEB, 2019-12-21, 10 out of '10s: Our Favorite Scripts of the Decade,weblink 2021-02-04, The Writers Guild Foundation, en-US, Frozen also became the subject of "a wealth of academic debate", including "a number of academic publications discussing the film's aesthetics, industrial significance and gender politics".BOOK, Lester, Catherine, Davis, Amy M., Discussing Disney, 2019, John Libbey Publishing, New Barnet, 9780861969623, 193–216,weblink 24 February 2024, Chapter 10: Frozen Hearts and Fixer Uppers: Villainy, Gender, and Female Companionship in Disney’s Frozen, (At p. 193.) The University of East Anglia hosted "Symfrozium", a May 12, 2015 academic conference which was covered by the British news media.BOOK, Pallant, Chris, Davis, Amy M., Discussing Disney, 2019, John Libbey Publishing, New Barnet, 9780861969623, 239–255,weblink 24 February 2024, Chapter 12: Disney Pluralism: Beyond Disney-Formalism, (At p. 239.)Franchise
File:Frozenfandemonium.jpg|thumb|alt=A group of people onstage, seen from the audience|Frozen{{'s}} directors, composers, producers, and several stars at the "Frozen FANdemonium: A Musical Celebration" presentation at the 2015 D23 Expo, celebrating the film's songs]]In January 2014, Iger announced that Frozen would be adapted into a Broadway musical.NEWS, Reingold, Jennifer, Disney CEO Iger: Frozen has restored our mojo,weblink January 13, 2014, Fortune, January 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140604115101weblink">weblink June 4, 2014, NEWS, Cox, Gordon, Disney Considering "Frozen" for Broadway, Obviously,weblink January 13, 2014, Variety, January 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140114040305weblink">weblink January 14, 2014, MAGAZINE, Rothman, Lily, Disney has already announced plans to bring a musical version to Broadway, and theme-park incarnations have been hinted at., Ice, Ice, Baby: Frozen inspires a totally chilled-out cult following, Time, February 24, 2014, 183, 7, 48–59, In one business quarter, Iger went from speaking of Frozen{{'}}s "franchise potential" (in February 2014)WEB, Transcript of the Walt Disney Company Q1 FY14 Earnings Conference Call,weblink April 3, 2014, The Walt Disney Company, February 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140404164806weblink">weblink April 4, 2014, {{rp|8,13}} to saying that it was "probably" one of Disney's "top five franchises" (in May).NEWS, Fritz, Ben, Disney's Film Business Gets Big Boost From 'Frozen': Operating Income at Film Unit More Than Quadruples; Musical in the Works,weblink May 8, 2014, Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141215182821weblink">weblink December 15, 2014, WEB, Disney plans to milk 'Frozen' success, Patrick M., Sheridan, CNNMoney, May 12, 2014,weblink May 13, 2014, 'This is definitely up there in terms of our top, probably, five franchises,' said Disney CEO Bob Iger in a conference call last week after Disney reported a 27% surge in profits. 'So you can expect us to take full advantage of that over the next at least five years.', live,weblink May 13, 2014, The film's popularity resulted in a merchandise shortage in the United StatesNEWS, Berr, Jonathan, Want to buy "Frozen" merchandise? Be prepared to wait or pay up,weblink CBS MoneyWatch, CBS Interactive Inc., April 13, 2014, April 11, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140413142034weblink">weblink April 13, 2014, NEWS, Liddane, Lisa, Most-wanted dress in the U.S.: 'Frozen's' Elsa frock,weblink April 13, 2014, Orange County Register, April 10, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140413141838weblink">weblink April 13, 2014, NEWS, Kavilanz, Parija, 'Frozen' Elsa dress selling for $1,000 on eBay,weblink April 11, 2014, CNNMoney, April 10, 2014, live,weblink April 12, 2014, NEWS, Palmeri, Christopher, Elsa's Frozen Dress: The Hottest Gown in Town,weblink April 21, 2014, Bloomberg Businessweek, April 17, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140421005612weblink">weblink April 21, 2014, and several other industrialized countries in April 2014,NEWS, Vincent, Alice, Frozen merchandise shortage spells trouble for parents,weblink April 13, 2014, The Daily Telegraph, April 10, 2014, London, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140413201131weblink">weblink April 13, 2014, NEWS, Wood, Zoe, Frozen: parental panic as unexpected Disney hit leads to merchandise sellout,weblink May 18, 2014, The Guardian, May 17, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140518023349weblink">weblink May 18, 2014, NEWS, March, Catherine Dawson, Frozen-out in the toy aisle: Why merch for Disney's hit film is in short supply,weblink April 20, 2014, The Globe and Mail, April 17, 2014, Toronto, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140421024812weblink">weblink April 21, 2014, NEWS, Mayoh, Lisa, Australian supplies of Frozen dolls have dried up,weblink May 29, 2014, The Daily Telegraph, May 24, 2014, Sydney, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140524012447weblink">weblink May 24, 2014, NEWS, Han, Esther, S'no joke for parents as stocks of Frozen movie merchandise sell out,weblink July 10, 2014, Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media, July 4, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140627022920weblink">weblink June 27, 2014, WEB, Kenny, Katie, Do you want to buy a snowman?,weblink Stuff.co.nz, Fairfax New Zealand Limited, May 17, 2014, May 16, 2014, WEB, Quennesson, Perrine, La Reine des Neiges : un succès qui rend fou,weblink Premiere, Lagardère Group, April 26, 2014, fr, April 24, 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140426232001weblink">weblink April 26, 2014, NEWS, Ang, Benson, 'Frozen' dress sold out in Singapore,weblink April 22, 2014, The Straits Times, April 20, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140421020604weblink">weblink April 21, 2014, which increased resale prices for higher-quality limited-edition Frozen dolls and costumes to over $1,000 on eBay. By the time the merchandise shortage was resolved in early November 2014,NEWS, Thompson, Andrew, Chillax parents, the great 'Frozen' toy shortage has thawed,weblink November 1, 2014, Today.com, NBCUniversal Media, LLC, November 1, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141101185749weblink">weblink November 1, 2014, Disney had sold over three million Frozen costumes in North America.NEWS, Byron, Ellen, Paul, Ziobro, Elsa Dominates Anna in 'Frozen' Merchandise Sales,weblink November 9, 2014, The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, Inc., November 4, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141215063557weblink">weblink December 15, 2014, Wait times for meet-and-greets at Disney parks regularly exceeded four hours in February 2014, compelling management to indefinitely extend what was originally intended as a temporary promotion. Disney Parks staged Frozen Summer Fun at Disney's Hollywood Studios,NEWS, Brigante, Ricky, Frozen Summer Fun event debuts at Walt Disney World as Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, and Olaf appear in delightful new shows,weblink July 10, 2014, Inside the Magic, Distant Creations Group, LLC, July 5, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140708202612weblink">weblink July 8, 2014, and announced on September 12, 2014, that the Maelstrom ride at Epcot's Norway pavilion would be closed and replaced with a Frozen-based attraction which opened in early 2016.NEWS, Bilbao, Richard, Disney replacing Epcot's Maelstrom with Frozen ride,weblink Orlando Business Journal, September 12, 2014, September 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140913124612weblink">weblink September 13, 2014, NEWS, Brigante, Ricky, "Frozen" ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot, "Frozen" Christmas also revealed,weblink September 14, 2014, Inside the Magic, September 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140914014821weblink">weblink September 14, 2014, A live Frozen musical stage show opened at the Hyperion Theater in Disney California Adventure on May 27, 2016, replacing (Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular|Aladdin).WEB,weblink 'Frozen' show at California Adventure sets its opening date: May 27, Ng, David, Los Angeles Times, December 20, 2016, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161015184102weblink">weblink October 15, 2016, March 4, 2016, limited, By August 2014, Random House had sold over eight million Frozen-related books.NEWS, Legaspi, Althea, Anna And Elsa Of 'Frozen' Are Coming To A Bookstore Near You,weblink August 10, 2014, MTV News, Viacom International Inc., August 9, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140810215358weblink">weblink August 10, 2014, Tour operators, including Adventures by Disney, added more tours of Norway in response to increasing 2014 demand.NEWS, Baran, Michelle, Disney's 'Frozen' is sending tourists packing for Norway,weblink July 20, 2014, Travel Weekly, Northstar Travel Media, LLC, July 6, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151105010502weblink">weblink November 5, 2015, NEWS, Morris, Jessica, Disney's 'Frozen' fires up Norway's tourism,weblink July 20, 2014, CNBC.com, CNBC LLC, June 20, 2014, live,weblink July 1, 2014, Showrunners of Once Upon a Time (produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios) conceived of and obtained authorization from ABC and Disney for a Frozen-inspired crossover story arc in the series' fourth season, which was broadcast from September to December 2014.NEWS, Ng, Philiana, 'Once Upon a Time' Bosses on 'Frozen' Reveal: We Want to Do It Justice (Q&A),weblink May 14, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter, May 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140515025524weblink">weblink May 15, 2014, NEWS, Rothman, Lily, Was That Elsa from Frozen on Once Upon a Time?,weblink May 14, 2014, Time, May 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140514001212weblink">weblink May 14, 2014, MAGAZINE, How the Producers of Once Upon a Time Kept That Frozen Shocker a Secret,weblink Time, May 12, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140512221321weblink">weblink May 12, 2014, ABC broadcast The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic, a one-hour making-of special, on September 2 of that year.WEB, Learn the Story of Frozen and Find Out What's Next for Anna and Elsa,weblink Disney Insider, August 13, 2014, August 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140814104246weblink">weblink August 14, 2014, MAGAZINE, Hibberd, James, ABC to show how Disney made 'Frozen',weblink August 15, 2014, Entertainment Weekly, August 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140814061622weblink">weblink August 14, 2014, NEWS, Prudom, Laura, ABC to Air 'The Story of Frozen' Behind-the-Scenes Special,weblink August 15, 2014, Variety (magazine), Variety, August 13, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140815031510weblink">weblink August 15, 2014, Lasseter announced at the end of the telecast that the production team would reunite to make Frozen Fever, a short film which debuted in theaters with Disney's Cinderella on March 13, 2015.MAGAZINE, Zuckerman, Esther, 'Frozen' short will play before 'Cinderella',weblink Entertainment Weekly, December 10, 2014, December 3, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141204052527weblink">weblink December 4, 2014, NEWS,weblink 'Frozen' Characters to Return in 'Frozen Fever' Animated Short, Marc, Graser, Variety (magazine), Variety, September 2, 2014, September 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140904015015weblink">weblink September 4, 2014, NEWS, Zakarin, Jordan, Disney's New 'Frozen' Short Film Will Premiere in Spring 2015,weblink September 3, 2014, TheWrap, The Wrap News Inc., September 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140903152214weblink">weblink September 3, 2014, MAGAZINE, Breznican, Anthony, Anthony Breznican, 'Frozen Fever': Disney to bring back Elsa and Anna for animated short,weblink September 3, 2014, Entertainment Weekly, September 2, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140903044335weblink">weblink September 3, 2014, On September 4, 2014, Feld Entertainment's Disney on Ice presented the world premiere of a touring ice-skating show based on the film at Amway Center in Orlando, Florida.NEWS, Palm, Matthew, 'Disney on Ice presents Frozen' has world premiere in Orlando,weblink September 7, 2014, Orlando Sentinel, Tribune Publishing Company, September 3, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140907125906weblink">weblink September 7, 2014, NEWS, Palm, Matthew, Review: 'Disney on Ice presents Frozen' from Feld Entertainment,weblink September 7, 2014, Orlando Sentinel, Tribune Publishing Company, September 4, 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140907130041weblink">weblink September 7, 2014, During the airing of The Making of Frozen: Return to Arendelle on ABC, it was announced that a holiday special entitled Olaf's Frozen Adventure was in production and scheduled for release in winter 2017. In June 2017, John Lasseter said that the 21-minute special would instead have a limited-timeWEB, Booth, Kaitlyn, Olaf's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21-Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco,weblink Bleeding Cool, December 3, 2017, June 13, 2017, live,weblink December 4, 2017, mdy-all, theatrical release. The featurette premiered in theaters with Pixar's Coco on November 22, 2017,MAGAZINE, Snetiker, Marc, John Lasseter talks Olaf's Frozen Adventure, debuts first look,weblink Entertainment Weekly, June 13, 2017, June 13, 2017, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170613201807weblink">weblink June 13, 2017, and made its television debut on ABC on December 14.WEB, OLAF'S FROZEN ADVENTURE Makes Broadcast Television Debut on ABC, 12/14,weblink broadwayworld.com, December 8, 2017, December 8, 2017, live,weblink December 9, 2017, mdy-all, Arendelle was a world in Kingdom Hearts III, a 2019 video game which adapts the film's plot. Frozen{{'s}} voice cast reprised their roles for the game.WEB,weblink Kingdom Hearts 3 English Voice Cast Revealed, Dornbush, Jonathon, IGN, January 8, 2019, November 8, 2019, Frozen II, a feature-length sequel, was released on November 22, 2019.WEB, Rubin, Rebecca, November 1, 2018, Frozen II Release Date Moves Up a Week,weblink live,weblink November 1, 2018, February 2, 2022, Variety (magazine), Variety, It outgrossed the first film at the box office,WEB, Rubin, Rebecca, January 5, 2020, Frozen 2 Is Now the Highest-Grossing Animated Movie Ever,weblink live,weblink January 6, 2020, August 19, 2023, Variety (magazine), Variety, and had a positive critical and audience response.ROTTEN TOMATOES, {{RT data, rtid, y, |type=m|title=Frozen II|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|publisher_hide=yes}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit}} Third and fourth films were in development in 2023.WEB, D'Alessandro, Anthony, February 8, 2023, Frozen, Toy Story & Zootopia Sequels In The Works,weblink live,weblink February 8, 2023, October 17, 2023, Deadline Hollywood, WEB, Rubin, Rebecca, November 16, 2023, Frozen 4 in the Works at Disney, Bob Iger Reveals,weblink live,weblink November 16, 2023, November 16, 2023, Variety (magazine), Variety,See also
Notes
{{notelist}}References
{{reflist|30em}}Further reading
- BOOK, Solomon, Charles, The Art of Frozen, Chronicle Books, December 3, 2013, San Francisco, 9781452117164, 843955758,
- WEB, Lee, Jennifer, Frozen{{', s Final Shooting Draft |url=http://waltdisneystudiosawards.com/downloads/frozen-screenplay.pdf |publisher=Walt Disney Animation Studios |access-date=February 20, 2014 |year=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401054119weblink |archive-date=April 1, 2014 }}
External links
{{Commons|Frozen (2013 film)}}- {{Official websiteweblink}}
- {{IMDb title|2294629|Frozen}}
- {{TCMDb title|889117|Frozen}}
- {{AllMovie title|555200|Frozen}}
- {{DisneyAtoZ|title=Frozen}}
- Frozen at Walt Disney Animation Studios
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