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{{Short description|Largest city in Hesse, Germany}}{{About|the city in Hesse, Germany}}{{Distinguish|Frankfort (disambiguation){{!}}Frankfort|Frankfurt (Oder)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}









!Colspan=14|Climate data for Frankfurt!Month!Jan!Feb!Mar!Apr!May!Jun!Jul!Aug!Sep!Oct!Nov!Dec!style="border-left-width:medium“|Year!Mean No. of days with Maximum temperature => {{Convert|30.0|C|F|abbr=on}}!Mean No. of days with Minimum temperature

• {{flagicon|FRA}} Deuil-la-Barre, Val d’Oise, France (1967); formerly twinned with Nieder-Eschbach, incorporated into Frankfurt in 1972)

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Friendly cities

Frankfurt has friendly relations with: |title=Neue Ehrlichkeit. Mit Tanzmusik aus dem Computer feign zwei Frankfurter Klangbastler weltweit Erfolge. |url=http://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/13683412 |format=PDF |newspaper=Der Spiegel |page=268 |location=Hamburg |language=DE |date=3 October 1994 |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307191049magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/13683412 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}}

factoids
name	Frankfurt am Main Frangford am Maa (Hessian dialects>Hessian) |type = City |image_photo = {{multiple image |image_flag = Flag of Frankfurt am Main.svg|image_coa = Wappen Frankfurt am Main.svg	50	38	08	56	display=it}}|image_plan = Hesse F.svg|plantext = |state = Hesse|region = Darmstadt|district = urban|elevation = 112|area = 248.31	The FrankfurtRheinMain region – facts and figures {{Webarchive >url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184241www.region-frankfurt.de/Regional-Authority/Facts-and-figures?La=2 |date=31 January 2017 }} Retrieved 18 January 2017	Regional Monitoring 2015. Facts and Figures – FrankfurtRheinMain Metropolitan Region {{Webarchive >url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184232www.region-frankfurt.de/media/custom/2629_303_1.PDF?1469180764 |date=31 January 2017 }} Retrieved 18 January 2017|postal_code = 60306–60599, 65929–65936	Harheim>06101, 06109|licence = F|Gemeindeschlüssel = 06 4 12 000		Mike JosefFRANKFURTER OBERBüRGERMEISTER FELDMANN ENDGüLTIG ABGEWäHLT	SüDDEUTSCHE.DE > DATE=11 NOVEMBER 2022	LANGUAGE=DE	ARCHIVE-DATE=11 NOVEMBER 2022	URL-STATUS=LIVE, |leader_term =	List of mayors of Frankfurt>Lord Mayor|party = SPD|ruling_party1 = Greens|ruling_party2 = SPD|ruling_party3 = FDP|ruling_party4 = Volt|year = 1st century}}Frankfurt am Main ({{IPA-de|ˈfʁaÅ‹kfʊʁt Ê”am ˈmaɪn|lang|De-Frankfurt_am_Main-pronunciation.ogg}};Hessian: , {{IPA-dedia|ˈfʁɑŋfɔɐ̯t am ˈmãː|pron}}WEB, Keil, Carsten, Frankfurter Aussprachewörterbuch,frankfurterisch.org/woerterbuch, 13 March 2023, 13 March 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230313181946/https://frankfurterisch.org/woerterbuch, live, {{lit.}} “Frank ford on the{{efn|an dem → am}} Main“) is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany,{{efn|after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne}} and it is the only city in the country rated as an “alpha world city” according to GaWC. Located in the foreland of the Taunus on its namesake Main, it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main and its urban area has a population of over 2.3 million. The city is the heart of the larger Rhine-Main metropolitan region, which has a population of more than 5.8 million and is Germany’s second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region and the fourth biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union. Frankfurt is home to the European Central Bank, one of the institutional seats of the European Union, while Frankfurt’s central business district lies about {{cvt|90|km|0}} northwest of the geographic center of the EU at Gadheim in Lower Franconia. Like France and Franconia, the city is named after the Franks. Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhenish Franconian dialect area.Frankfurt was a city state, the Free City of Frankfurt, for nearly five centuries, and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire, as a site of Imperial coronations; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806, regained it in 1815 and then lost it again in 1866, when it was annexed (though neutral) by the Kingdom of Prussia. It has been part of the state of Hesse since 1945. Frankfurt is culturally, ethnically and religiously diverse, with half of its population, and a majority of its young people, having a migrant background. A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals, including many expatriates. In 2015, Frankfurt was home to 1,909 ultra high-net-worth individuals, the sixth-highest number of any city. As of 2023, Frankfurt is the 13th-wealthiest city in the world and the second-wealthiest city in Europe (after London).WEB, Worlds Wealthiest Cities 2023,www.henleyglobal.com/publications/wealthiest-cities, 9 January 2024, Henley & Partners, en, Frankfurt is a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and transportation, and is the site of many global and European corporate headquarters. Due to its central location in the former West Germany, Frankfurt Airport became the busiest in Germany, one of the busiest in the world, the airport with the most direct routes in the world, and the primary hub for Lufthansa, the national airline of Germany and Europe’s largest airline. Frankfurt Central Station is Germany’s second-busiest railway station after Hamburg Hbf, and Frankfurter Kreuz is the most-heavily used interchange in the EU. Frankfurt is one of the major financial centers of the European continent, with the headquarters of the European Central Bank, , Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Deutsche Bank, DZ Bank, KfW, Commerzbank, DekaBank, Helaba, several cloud and fintech startups, and other institutes. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media and creative industries complement the economic base. Frankfurt’s DE-CIX is the world’s largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the world’s largest trade fairs. Major fairs include the Music Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the world’s largest book fair. With 108 consulates, among which the largest is the US Consulate General, Frankfurt is second to New York City among non-capital cities in regards to consulate seats.Frankfurt is home to influential educational institutions, including the Goethe University with the Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt ((:de:Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt|de)) (Hesse’s largest hospital), the FUAS, the FUMPA, and graduate schools like the FSFM. The city is one of two seats of the German National Library (alongside Leipzig), the largest library in the German-speaking countries and one of the largest in the world. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, continental Europe’s largest English theater and many museums, 26 of which line up along the Museum Embankment, including the Städel, the Liebieghaus, the German Film Museum ((:de:Deutsches Filmmuseum|de)), the Senckenberg Natural Museum, the Goethe House and the Schirn art venue. Frankfurt’s skyline is shaped by some of Europe’s tallest skyscrapers, which has led to the term Mainhattan. The city has many notable green areas and parks, including the Wallanlagen, (:de:Volkspark Niddatal|Volkspark Niddatal), Grüneburgpark, the City Forest, two major botanical gardens (the Palmengarten and the Botanical Garden Frankfurt) and the Frankfurt Zoo. Frankfurt is the seat of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund – DFB), is home to the first division association football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the Löwen Frankfurt ice hockey team, and the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, and is the venue of the Frankfurt Marathon and the Ironman Germany.{{TOC limit |levels=3 }} Distinctions Frankfurt is the largest financial hub in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, , Frankfurt Stock Exchange and several large commercial banks.The Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the world’s largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market.In 2010, 63 national and 152 international banks had their registered offices in Frankfurt, including Germany’s major banks, notably Deutsche Bank, DZ Bank, KfW, Deka Bank and Commerzbank, as well as 41 representative offices of international banks.WEB, Internetredaktion,www.bundesbank.de/download/hv/frankfurt/bankenplatz_frankfurt.pdf, Bundesbank: Bankenplatz Frankfurt, de, Bundesbank.de, 23 May 2012, dead,bundesbank.de/download/hv/frankfurt/bankenplatz_frankfurt.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110101073333bundesbank.de/download/hv/frankfurt/bankenplatz_frankfurt.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110101073333bundesbank.de/download/hv/frankfurt/bankenplatz_frankfurt.pdf, 1 January 2011, Frankfurt is considered a global city (alpha world city) as listed by the GaWC group’s 2012 inventory.“The World According to GaWC {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130081552www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html |date=30 November 2012}}”. GaWC. Retrieved 4 November 2014. Among global cities it was ranked tenth by the Global Power City Index 2011 and 11th by the Global City Competitiveness Index 2012. Among financial hubs, the city was ranked eighth by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and ninth in the 2013 Global Financial Centres Index.Its central location in Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, and road transport hub. Frankfurt Airport is one of the world’s busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germany’s flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurt Central Station is one of the largest rail stations in Europe and the busiest junction operated by Deutsche Bahn, the German national railway company, with 342 trains a day to domestic and European destinations.Bahnhof.de Frankfurt Hbf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215053841www.bahnhof.de/site/bahnhoefe/de/sued/frankfurt__hbf/daten__und__fakten/daten__und__fakten__.html |date=15 February 2012}}. Retrieved 27 September 2011. Frankfurter Kreuz, also known as the Autobahn interchange and located close to the airport, is the most-heavily used interchange in the EU, used by 320,000 cars daily.Strassenwaerter {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502202449www.strassenwaerter.de/strassen_und_autobahnmeisterei_frankfurt.htm |date=2 May 2005}} In 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual ‘Quality of Living’ survey of cities around the world.WEB,www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105#Top_50_cities:_Quality_of_living, Mercer’s Survey 2011, 29 November 2011, Mercer (consulting firm), Mercer, dead,www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105#Top_50_cities:_Quality_of_living," title="web.archive.org/web/20140502132638www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105#Top_50_cities:_Quality_of_living,">web.archive.org/web/20140502132638www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105#Top_50_cities:_Quality_of_living, 2 May 2014, According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germany’s most expensive city and the world’s tenth most expensive.NEWS,business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/15/worlds-most-expensive-place-to-live/?hpt=ieu_t4, World’s most expensive place to live is..., The Economist, dead,business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/15/worlds-most-expensive-place-to-live/?hpt=ieu_t4," title="web.archive.org/web/20120219231307business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/15/worlds-most-expensive-place-to-live/?hpt=ieu_t4,">web.archive.org/web/20120219231307business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/15/worlds-most-expensive-place-to-live/?hpt=ieu_t4, 19 February 2012, Frankfurt has many downtown high-rise buildings that form its renowned Frankfurt skyline. In fact, it is one of the few cities in the European Union (EU) to have such a skyline, which is why Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, combining the local river Main and “Manhattan”. The other well-known nickname is Bankfurt. Before World War II, the city was noted for its unique old town, the largest timber-framed old town in Europe. The Römer area was later rebuilt and is popular with visitors and for events such as Frankfurt Christmas Market. Other parts of the old town were reconstructed as part of the Dom-Römer Project from 2012 to 2018. Etymology (in Old High German) or (in Latin) were the first names mentioned in written records from 794. It transformed to Frankenfort during the Middle Ages and then to Franckfort and Franckfurth in the modern era. According to historian David Gans, the city was named {{circa|146 AD}} by its builder, a Frankish king named Zuna, who ruled over the province then known as Sicambri. He hoped thereby to perpetuate the name of his lineage.Dovid Solomon Ganz, Tzemach David (part 2), Warsaw 1859, p. 13b (Hebrew); Polish name of book: Cemahc Dawid; cf. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, Fredegar and the History of France, University of Manchester, n.d. pp. 536–538. This is chronologically incompatible, however, with the archaeologically demonstrated Roman occupation of the area around Nida fortress in modern Heddernheim. The name is derived from the Franconofurd of the Germanic tribe of the Franks; Furt (cf. English ford) where the river was shallow enough to be crossed on foot. (File:Die Frankenfurt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The legend of the Frankenfurt (ford of the Franks))By the 19th century, the name Frankfurt had been established as the official spelling. The older English spelling of Frankfort is now rarely seen in reference to Frankfurt am Main, although more than a dozen other towns and cities, mainly in the United States, use this spelling, including Frankfort, Kentucky, Frankfort, New York, and Frankfort, Illinois. The New York Times first used the Frankfurt spelling for Frankfurt am Main on 24 October 1953 and last used the Frankfort spelling on 10 June 1954.The suffix am Main has been used regularly since the 14th century. In English, the city’s full name of Frankfurt am Main means “Frankfurt on the Main” (pronounced like English mine or German ). Frankfurt is located on an ancient ford (German: ) on the river Main. As a part of early Franconia, the inhabitants were the early Franks, thus the city’s name reveals its legacy as “the ford of the Franks on the Main”.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA135, Placenames of the world, Room, Adrian, McFarland, 2006, 135, 23 July 2009, 978-0-7864-2248-7,books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&lpg=PA135&pg=PA135," title="web.archive.org/web/20110722025846books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&lpg=PA135&pg=PA135,">web.archive.org/web/20110722025846books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&lpg=PA135&pg=PA135, 22 July 2011, live, Among English speakers, the city is commonly known simply as Frankfurt, but Germans occasionally call it by its full name to distinguish it from the other (significantly smaller) German city of Frankfurt an der Oder in the Land of Brandenburg on the Polish border.The city district Bonames has a name probably dating back to Roman times, thought to be derived from {{Not a typo|bona me(n)sa}} (good table).The common abbreviations for the city, primarily used in railway services and on road signs, are Frankfurt (Main), Frankfurt (M), Frankfurt a. M., Frankfurt/Main or Frankfurt/M. The common abbreviation for the name of the city is “FFM”. Also in use is “FRA”, the IATA code for Frankfurt Airport. History {{For timeline}}, pre 475{{Noflag|Francia}}, ca. 475–843{{Noflag|East Francia}}, 843–962{{flagicon image|Heiliges Römisches Reich - Reichssturmfahne vor 1433 (Nimbierter Adler).svg}} Holy Roman Empire, 962–1806{{flagicon image|Flag of the Free City of Frankfurt.svg}} Free City of Frankfurt, 1372–1806{{flagicon image|Banner of the Electorate of Mainz.svg}} Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, 1806–1813 {{flagicon image|Flag of the Free City of Frankfurt.svg}} Free City of Frankfurt, 1813–1866{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} Kingdom of Prussia, 1866–1871{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1867–1918).svg}} German Empire, 1871–1918 {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} Weimar Republic, 1918–1933 {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} German Reich, 1933–1945{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg}} American occupation zone, 1945–1949{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} West Germany, 1949–1990 {{flag|Germany}}, 1990–present}} Early history and Holy Roman Empire At the western borders of Frankfurt lies the Kapellenberg as part of the Taunus with one of the first Stone Age cities in Europe.WEB,www.leiza.de/en/research/project-4/the-onset-of-urbanisation-in-the-rhine-main-region-6000-years-ago, LEIZA: The onset of urbanisation in the Rhine-Main region 6,000 years ago, The Celts had different settlements in the Taunus mountains north of Frankfurt, the biggest one the Heidetrank Oppidum. The first traces of Roman settlements established in the area of the river Nidda date to the reign of Emperor Vespasian in the years 69 to 79 AD. Nida (modern Heddernheim, Praunheim) was a Roman civitas capital (Civitas Taunensium).Alemanni and Franks lived there, and by 794, Charlemagne presided over an imperial assembly and church synod, at which Franconofurd (alternative spellings end with -furt and -{{Not a typo|vurd}}) was first mentioned. It was one of the two capitals of Charlemagne’s grandson Louis the German, together with Regensburg. Louis founded the collegiate church, rededicated in 1239 to Bartholomew the Apostle and now Frankfurt Cathedral.BOOK, Rolf Grosse, Du royaume franc aux origines de la France et de l’Allemagne 800–1214, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2014, 47, Frankfurt was one of the most important cities in the Holy Roman Empire. From 855, the German kings were elected and crowned in Aachen. From 1562, the kings and emperors were crowned and elected in Frankfurt, initiated for Maximilian II. This tradition ended in 1792, when Francis II was elected. His coronation was deliberately held on Bastille Day, 14 July, the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. The elections and coronations took place in St. Bartholomäus Cathedral, known as the (Emperor’s Cathedral), or its predecessors.The (’Frankfurt Trade Fair’) was first mentioned in 1150. In 1240, Emperor Frederick II granted an imperial privilege to its visitors, meaning they would be protected by the empire. The fair became particularly important when similar fairs in French Beaucaire lost attraction around 1380. Book trade fairs began in 1478.In 1372, Frankfurt became a (Imperial Free City), i.e., directly subordinate to the Holy Roman Emperor and not to a regional ruler or a local nobleman.In 1585, Frankfurt traders established a system of exchange rates for the various currencies that were circulating to prevent cheating and extortion. Therein lay the early roots for the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.Frankfurt managed to remain neutral during the Thirty Years’ War, but suffered from the bubonic plague that refugees brought to the city. After the war, Frankfurt regained its wealth. In the late 1770s the theater principal Abel Seyler was based in Frankfurt, and established the city’s theatrical life.BOOK, Mohr, Albert Richard, Albert Richard Mohr, 1967, Abel Seyler und seine Verdienste um das Frankfurter Theaterleben, Frankfurter Theater von der Wandertruppe zum Komödienhaus: ein Beitrag zur Theatergeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt am Main, Kramer, 66–81, Mk Frankfurt Merian Stadtansicht.jpg|Frankfurt in 1612Frankfurt Am Main-Peter Becker-BAAF-032-Aussicht vom Steinernen Haus in der Judengasse nach Westen-1872.jpg|Frankfurt in 1872Hertel Kaiserplatz von Osten um 1880.jpg|Kaiserplatz, {{circa|1880}} Impact of French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars Following the French Revolution, Frankfurt was occupied or bombarded several times by French troops. It remained a Free city until the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1805/6. In 1806, it became part of the principality of Aschaffenburg under the (Prince-Primate), Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg. This meant that Frankfurt was incorporated into the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1810, Dalberg adopted the title of a Grand Duke of Frankfurt. Napoleon intended to make his adopted son Eugène de Beauharnais, already (“prince of Venice”, a newly established primogeniture in Italy), Grand Duke of Frankfurt after Dalberg’s death (since the latter as a Catholic bishop had no legitimate heirs). The Grand Duchy remained a short episode lasting from 1810 to 1813 when the military tide turned in favor of the Anglo-Prussian-led allies that overturned the Napoleonic order. Dalberg abdicated in favor of Eugène de Beauharnais, which of course was only a symbolic action, as the latter effectively never ruled after the ruin of the French armies and Frankfurt’s takeover by the allies. Frankfurt as a fully sovereign state After Napoleon’s final defeat and abdication, the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) dissolved the grand-duchy and Frankfurt became a fully sovereign city-state with a republican form of government. Frankfurt entered the newly founded German Confederation (till 1866) as a free city, becoming the seat of its , the confederal parliament where the nominally presiding Habsburg Emperor of Austria was represented by an Austrian “presidential envoy”.After the ill-fated revolution of 1848, Frankfurt was the seat of the first democratically elected German parliament, the Frankfurt Parliament, which met in the (St. Paul’s Church) and was opened on 18 May 1848. In the year of its existence, the assembly developed a common constitution for a unified Germany, with the Prussian king as its monarch. The institution failed in 1849 when the Prussian king, Frederick William IV, declared that he would not accept “a crown from the gutter”. Frankfurt after the loss of sovereignty File:Courbet Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|View of Frankfurt am Main, including the Alte Brücke (Old Bridge), by Gustave CourbetGustave CourbetFrankfurt lost its independence after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 when Prussia annexed several smaller states, among them the Free City of Frankfurt. The Prussian administration incorporated Frankfurt into its province of Hesse-Nassau. The Prussian occupation and annexation were perceived as a great injustice in Frankfurt, which retained its distinct western European, urban and cosmopolitan character. The formerly independent towns of Bornheim and Bockenheim were incorporated in 1890.In 1914, the citizens founded the University of Frankfurt, later named Goethe University Frankfurt. This marked the only civic foundation of a university in Germany; today it is one of Germany’s largest.From 6 April to 17 May 1920, following military intervention to put down the Ruhr uprising, Frankfurt was occupied by French troops.Chronology: Emergence of a Modern City 1866–1945 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085810www.stadtgeschichte-ffm.de/service/chronik/chronik_5_2_e.html |date=19 July 2011 }}. Retrieved 10 June 2010. The French claimed that Articles 42 to 44 of the peace treaty of Versailles concerning the demilitarization of the Rhineland had been broken.NEWS, French march into Germany, 7 April 1920, The Times, 10, “The French commander issued a notice to the public informing them that the occupation was consequent upon the German advance in the Ruhr contrary to the Peace Treaty.” In 1924, Ludwig Landmann became the first Jewish mayor of the city, and led a significant expansion during the following years. During the Nazi era, the synagogues of the city were destroyed and the vast majority of the Jewish population fled or was killed.WEB, Jüdische Geschichte,www.frankfurt-tourismus.de/Entdecken-und-Erleben/Sehenswertes/Juedisches-Frankfurt/Juedische-Geschichte, frankfurt-tourismus.de, 17 September 2022, 20 September 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220920171238/https://www.frankfurt-tourismus.de/Entdecken-und-Erleben/Sehenswertes/Juedisches-Frankfurt/Juedische-Geschichte, live, During World War II, Frankfurt was the location of a Nazi prison for underage girls with several forced labour camps,WEB,www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1478, Frauenjugendgefängnis Frankfurt-Preungesheim, Bundesarchiv.de, 24 November 2023, de, a camp for Sinti and Romani people (see Romani Holocaust),WEB,www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1473, Lager für Sinti und Roma Frankfurt am Main, Bundesarchiv.de, 24 November 2023, de, the Dulag Luft West transit camp for Allied prisoners of war,BOOK, Megargee, Geoffrey P., Overmans, Rüdiger, Vogt, Wolfgang, 2022, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV, Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 129, 978-0-253-06089-1, and a subcamp of the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.WEB,bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html, Anlage zu § 1. Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG,bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090423004151bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090423004151bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html, de, 24 November 2023, 23 April 2009, Frankfurt was severely bombed in World War II (1939–1945). About 5,500 residents were killed during the raids, and the once-famous medieval city center, by that time the largest in Germany, was almost completely destroyed. It became a ground battlefield on 26 March 1945, when the Allied advance into Germany was forced to take the city in contested urban combat that included a river assault. The 5th Infantry Division and the 6th Armored Division of the United States Army captured Frankfurt after several days of intense fighting, and it was declared largely secure on 29 March 1945.BOOK, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946, Stanton, Shelby, 2nd, 2006, Stackpole Books, 9780811701570, 57, 84, After the end of the war, Frankfurt became a part of the newly founded state of Hesse, consisting of the old Hesse-(Darmstadt) and the Prussian Hesse provinces. The city was part of the American Zone of Occupation of Germany. The Military Governor for the United States Zone (1945–1949) and the United States High Commissioner for Germany (HICOG) (1949–1952) had their headquarters in the IG Farben Building, intentionally left undamaged by the Allies’ wartime bombardment.Frankfurt was the original choice for the provisional capital city of the newly founded state of West Germany in 1949. The city constructed a parliament building that was never used for its intended purpose (it housed the radio studios of Hessischer Rundfunk). In the end, Konrad Adenauer, the first postwar Chancellor, preferred the town of Bonn, for the most part because it was close to his hometown, but also because many other prominent politicians opposed the choice of Frankfurt out of concern that Frankfurt would be accepted as the permanent capital, thereby weakening the West German population’s support for a reunification with East Germany and the eventual return of the capital to Berlin.Postwar reconstruction took place in a sometimes simple modern style, thus changing Frankfurt’s architectural face. A few landmark buildings were reconstructed historically, albeit in a simplified manner (e.g., Römer, St. Paul’s Church, and Goethe House). The collection of historically significant Cairo Genizah documents of the Municipal Library was destroyed by the bombing. According to Arabist and Genizah scholar S.D. Goitein, “not even handlists indicating its contents have survived.“Goitein, S.D. A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Vol. I – Economic Foundations. University of California Press, 2000, p. 5{{multiple image| align = center| caption_align = center| image1 = Frankfurt Nationalversammlung 1848.jpg| width1 = 340| alt1 = | caption1 = The Frankfurt Parliament at St. Paul’s Church in 1848| image2 = Frankfurt Am Main-Altstadt-Zerstoerung-Luftbild 1944.jpg| width2 = 305| alt2 = | caption2 = Aerial view of the cathedral in May 1945| image3 = Frankfurt Am Main-Samstagsberg-20070607.jpg| width3 = 365| alt3 = | caption3 = Reconstruction (1981–1984) of six houses at the east side of the Römerberg which were destroyed in World War II}}The end of the war marked Frankfurt’s comeback as Germany’s leading financial hub, mainly because Berlin, now a city divided into four sectors, could no longer rival it. In 1948, the Allies founded the Bank deutscher Länder, the forerunner of . Following this decision, more financial institutions were re-established, e.g. Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank. In the 1950s, Frankfurt Stock Exchange regained its position as the country’s leading stock exchange.Frankfurt also reemerged as Germany’s transportation hub and Frankfurt Airport became Europe’s second-busiest airport behind London Heathrow Airport in 1961.During the 1970s, the city created one of Europe’s most efficient underground transportation systems.WEB, Port of Frankfurt,www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/DEU_Port_of_Frankfurt_2769.php, World Port Source, 29 March 2018,www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/DEU_Port_of_Frankfurt_2769.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20180329121635www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/DEU_Port_of_Frankfurt_2769.php,">web.archive.org/web/20180329121635www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/DEU_Port_of_Frankfurt_2769.php, 29 March 2018, live, That system includes a suburban rail system (S-Bahn) linking outlying communities with the city center, and a deep underground light rail system with smaller coaches (U-Bahn) also capable of travelling above ground on rails.In 1998, the European Central Bank was founded in Frankfurt, followed by the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and European Systemic Risk Board in 2011. Geography File:Taunus - Deutsche Mittelgebirge, Serie A-de.png|thumb|Frankfurt on the mouth of the Nidda into the Main, which flows into the Rhine between the Rhineland-Palatine capital of Mainz and the Hessian (historically Nassauian) capital of Wiesbaden. Also visible the Taunus suburbs of the districts of High Taunus and Main-Taunus, two of the wealthiest districts in Germany.]]File:Frankfurt by Sentinel-2, 2020-07-23.jpg|thumb|Frankfurt as seen by the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2A ]]File:Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 25, 2018 SkySat.jpg|thumb|The central Innenstadt district, as seen by a SkySatSkySatFrankfurt is the largest city in the state of Hesse in the western part of Germany. Site Frankfurt is located on both sides of the river Main, south-east of the Taunus mountain range. The southern part of the city contains the Frankfurt City Forest, Germany’s largest city forest. The city area is {{cvt|248.31|km²|2}} and extends over {{cvt|23.4|km|2}} east to west and {{cvt|23.3|km|2}} north to south. Its downtown is north of the river Main in Altstadt district (the historical center) and the surrounding Innenstadt district. The geographical center is in Bockenheim district near Frankfurt West station.Frankfurt at the heart of the densely populated Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region with a population of 5.5 million. Other important cities in the region are Wiesbaden (capital of Hesse), Mainz (capital of Rhineland-Palatinate), Darmstadt, Offenbach am Main, Hanau, Aschaffenburg, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Rüsselsheim, Wetzlar and Marburg. Districts (File:Frankfurt Subdivisions boroughs.svg|thumb|The 46 Stadtteile (city districts) of central Frankfurt, 2010)The city is divided into 46 city districts (Stadtteile), which are in turn divided into 121 city boroughs (Stadtbezirke) and 448 electoral districts (Wahlbezirke). The 46 city districts combine into 16 area districts (Ortsbezirke), which each have a district committee and chairperson.The largest city district by population and area is Sachsenhausen, while the smallest is Altstadt, Frankfurt’s historical center. Three larger city districts (Sachsenhausen, Westend and Nordend) are divided for administrative purposes into a northern (-Nord) and a southern (-Süd) part, respectively a western (-West) and an eastern (-Ost) part, but are generally considered as one city district (which is why often only 43 city districts are mentioned, even on the city’s official website).WEB,www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2835, Stadtteile, Frankfurt.de, 27 September 2011,frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2835," title="web.archive.org/web/20111014170007frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2835,">web.archive.org/web/20111014170007frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2835, 14 October 2011, dead, Some larger housing areas are often falsely called city districts, even by locals, like Nordweststadt (part of Niederursel, Heddernheim and Praunheim), Goldstein (part of Schwanheim), Riedberg (part of Kalbach-Riedberg) and Europaviertel (part of Gallus). The Bankenviertel (banking district), Frankfurt’s financial district, is also not an administrative city district (it covers parts of the western Innenstadt district, the southern Westend district and the eastern Bahnhofsviertel district).Many city districts are incorporated suburbs (Vororte) or were previously independent cities, such as Höchst. Some like Nordend and Westend arose during the rapid growth of the city in the Gründerzeit following the Unification of Germany, while others were formed from territory which previously belonged to other city {{Not a typo|district(s)}}, such as Dornbusch and Riederwald. History of incorporations Until the year 1877 the city’s territory consisted of the present-day inner-city districts of Altstadt, Innenstadt, Bahnhofsviertel, Gutleutviertel, Gallus, Westend, Nordend, Ostend and Sachsenhausen.Bornheim was part of an administrative district called Landkreis Frankfurt, before becoming part of the city on 1 January 1877, followed by Bockenheim on 1 April 1895. Seckbach, Niederrad and Oberrad followed on 1 July 1900. The Landkreis Frankfurt was finally dispersed on 1 April 1910, and therefore Berkersheim, Bonames, Eckenheim, Eschersheim, Ginnheim, Hausen, Heddernheim, Niederursel, Praunheim, Preungesheim and Rödelheim joined the city. In the same year a new city district, Riederwald, was created on territory that had formerly belonged to Seckbach and Ostend.On 1 April 1928 the City of Höchst became part of Frankfurt, as well as its city districts Sindlingen, Unterliederbach and Zeilsheim. Simultaneously the Landkreis Höchst was dispersed with its member cities either joining Frankfurt (Fechenheim, Griesheim, Nied, Schwanheim, Sossenheim) or joining the newly established Landkreis of Main-Taunus-Kreis.Dornbusch became a city district in 1946. It was created on territory that had formerly belonged to Eckenheim and Ginnheim.On 1 August 1972, Hesse’s smaller suburbs of Harheim, Kalbach, Nieder-Erlenbach, and Nieder-Eschbach became districts while other neighboring suburbs chose to join the Main-Taunus-Kreis, the Landkreis Offenbach, the Kreis Groß-Gerau, the Hochtaunuskreis, the Main-Kinzig-Kreis or the Wetteraukreis.Bergen-Enkheim was the last suburb to become part of Frankfurt on 1 January 1977.Flughafen became an official city district in 1979. It covers the area of Frankfurt Airport that had belonged to Sachsenhausen and the neighboring city of Mörfelden-Walldorf.Frankfurt’s youngest city district is Frankfurter Berg. It was part of Bonames until 1996.Kalbach was officially renamed Kalbach-Riedberg in 2006 because of the large residential housing development in the area known as Riedberg. Neighboring districts and cities File:Locator map of Planungsverband Ballungsraum Frankfurt Rhein-Main in Hesse.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Frankfurt urban area within HesseHesseTo the west Frankfurt borders the administrative district (Landkreis) of Main-Taunus-Kreis with towns such as Hattersheim am Main, Kriftel, Hofheim am Taunus, Kelkheim, Liederbach am Taunus, Sulzbach, Schwalbach am Taunus and Eschborn; to the northwest the Hochtaunuskreis with Steinbach, Oberursel (Taunus) and Bad Homburg vor der Höhe; to the north the Wetteraukreis with Karben and Bad Vilbel; to the northeast the Main-Kinzig-Kreis with Niederdorfelden and Maintal; to the southeast the city of Offenbach am Main; to the south the Kreis Offenbach with Neu-Isenburg and to the southwest the Kreis Groß-Gerau with Mörfelden-Walldorf, Rüsselsheim and Kelsterbach.Together with these towns (and some larger nearby towns, e.g., Hanau, Rodgau, Dreieich, Langen) Frankfurt forms a contiguous built-up urban area called Stadtregion Frankfurt which is not an official administrative district. The urban area had an estimated population of 2.3 million in 2010, and is the 13th-largest urban area in the EU. Climate Frankfurt has a temperate-oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Its climate features cool winters with frequent rain showers and overcast skies, and warm to hot summers. The average annual temperature is {{cvt|11.4|°C|1}}, with monthly mean temperatures ranging from {{cvt|2.7|°C|1}} in January to {{cvt|20.7|°C|1}} in July. The descriptions below are based on climate data between 1991 and 2020.Due to its location at the northern tip of the Upper Rhine Valley in the Southwest of Germany, Frankfurt is one of the warmest and driest major German cities along with Darmstadt, Mannheim, Karlsruhe and Freiburg im Breisgau. Summers in Frankfurt can get quite hot when compared to the rest of the country. On average, it sees 62 days with a daily high temperature above 25 Â°C and 18 days with a high above 30 Â°C per year.Climate change is elevating the number of hot days. In the year of 2018, Frankfurt recorded 108 days with a maximum over 25 Â°C and 43 days with a high above 30 Â°C. This is compared to 52 and 13 days on average per year between 1981 and 2010. The overall tendency for higher temperatures can also be seen when comparing the climate data from 1981 to 2010 with the data from 2010 to 2020. Being an urban heat island, Frankfurt sometimes experiences tropical nights, where the temperature does not fall below 20 Â°C between May and September. This is exacerbated and made more frequent as the density of the city stores daytime heat overnight.The growing season is longer when compared to the rest of Germany, thus resulting in an early arrival of springtime in the region, with trees typically leafing out already toward the end of March.Winters in Frankfurt are generally mild or at least not freezing with a small possibility of snow, especially in January and February but dark and often overcast. Frankfurt is, on average, covered with snow only for around 10 to 20 days per year.NEWS,www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/schneevergleich-fuer-deutsche-staedte-so-viel-schneit-es-bei-ihnen-1.4348735, Winter-Bilanz: Schnee-Vergleich für Deutsche Städte., Süddeutsche.de, 28 February 2019, sueddeutsche.de, 18 January 2021, Zajonz, Moritz, The temperature falls below 0 Â°C on about 64 days and the daily maximum stays below freezing for about 10 days on average per year. Some days with lows under −10 Â°C can occur more often here than at the coasts of Northern Germany, but not as frequently as in Bavaria or the eastern parts of Germany.Because of the mild climate in the region, there are some well-known wine regions in the vicinity such as Rhenish Hesse, Rheingau, Franconia (wine region) and Bergstraße (route). There is also a microclimate on the northern bank of the river Main which allows palms, fig trees, lemon trees and southern European plants to grow in that area. The area is called the “Nizza” (the German word for the southern French town Nice) and is one of the biggest parks with Mediterranean vegetation north of the Alps.WEB,frankfurt.de/english/discover-and-experience/sightseeing/gardens/nizza, Nizza, Stadt Frankfurt am Main, frankfurt.de, 18 January 2021, 18 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210118202137/https://frankfurt.de/english/sightseeing/gardens/nizza, {{Weather box|location = Frankfurt Airport 1991–2020, extremes 1949–present|metric first = Yes|single line = Yes|Jan record high C = 15.9|Feb record high C = 19.1|Mar record high C = 24.7|Apr record high C = 30.3|May record high C = 33.2|Jun record high C = 39.3|Jul record high C = 40.2|Aug record high C = 38.7|Sep record high C = 32.8|Oct record high C = 28.0|Nov record high C = 19.1|Dec record high C = 16.3|year record high C = |Jan avg record high C = 12.1|Feb avg record high C = 13.8|Mar avg record high C = 19.0|Apr avg record high C = 24.8|May avg record high C = 28.9|Jun avg record high C = 32.5|Jul avg record high C = 34.1|Aug avg record high C = 33.5|Sep avg record high C = 27.8|Oct avg record high C = 22.0|Nov avg record high C = 16.6|Dec avg record high C = 12.5|year avg record high C = 35.6|Jan high C = 4.9|Feb high C = 6.6|Mar high C = 11.4|Apr high C = 16.5|May high C = 20.4|Jun high C = 23.9|Jul high C = 26.1|Aug high C = 25.7|Sep high C = 20.8|Oct high C = 14.8|Nov high C = 8.9|Dec high C = 5.5|year high C = |Jan mean C = 2.7|Feb mean C = 3.5|Mar mean C = 7.2|Apr mean C = 11.5|May mean C = 15.5|Jun mean C = 18.9|Jul mean C = 20.7|Aug mean C = 20.1|Sep mean C = 15.7|Oct mean C = 10.8|Nov mean C = 6.5|Dec mean C = 3.4|year mean C = 11.4|Jan low C = -0.5|Feb low C = -0.4|Mar low C = 2.2|Apr low C = 5.4|May low C = 9.3|Jun low C = 12.8|Jul low C = 14.8|Aug low C = 14.4|Sep low C = 10.6|Oct low C = 6.7|Nov low C = 3.2|Dec low C = 0.4|year low C = 7.0|Jan avg record low C = -9.1|Feb avg record low C = -7.2|Mar avg record low C = -4.2|Apr avg record low C = -1.4|May avg record low C = 2.2|Jun avg record low C = 7.0|Jul avg record low C = 9.5|Aug avg record low C = 8.7|Sep avg record low C = 5.1|Oct avg record low C = -0.1|Nov avg record low C = -3.2|Dec avg record low C = -7.7|year avg record low C = -11.2|Jan record low C = -21.6|Feb record low C = -19.6|Mar record low C = -13.0|Apr record low C = -7.1|May record low C = -2.8|Jun record low C = 0.1|Jul record low C = 2.8|Aug record low C = 2.5|Sep record low C = -0.3|Oct record low C = -6.3|Nov record low C = -11.5|Dec record low C = -17.0|year record low C = |precipitation colour = green|Jan precipitation mm = 44.0|Feb precipitation mm = 38.6|Mar precipitation mm = 38.7|Apr precipitation mm = 36.6|May precipitation mm = 60.4|Jun precipitation mm = 55.4|Jul precipitation mm = 63.5|Aug precipitation mm = 61.4|Sep precipitation mm = 47.7|Oct precipitation mm = 50.4|Nov precipitation mm = 47.3|Dec precipitation mm = 54.5|year precipitation mm = | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm| Jan precipitation days =15.2| Feb precipitation days =13.5| Mar precipitation days =13.5| Apr precipitation days =12.3| May precipitation days =13.5| Jun precipitation days =12.3| Jul precipitation days =13.9| Aug precipitation days =12.8| Sep precipitation days =11.6| Oct precipitation days =14.2| Nov precipitation days =15| Dec precipitation days =16.4| year precipitation days =| unit snow days = 1.0 cm| Jan snow days =4.9| Feb snow days =3.3| Mar snow days =1| Apr snow days =0.1| May snow days =0| Jun snow days =0| Jul snow days =0| Aug snow days =0| Sep snow days =0| Oct snow days =0| Nov snow days =0.6| Dec snow days =3.3| year snow days =|Jan sun = 52|Feb sun = 79|Mar sun = 136|Apr sun = 192|May sun = 219|Jun sun = 227|Jul sun = 235|Aug sun = 225|Sep sun = 165|Oct sun = 104|Nov sun = 51|Dec sun = 40|year sun =	Deutscher WetterdienstHTTPS://OPENDATA.DWD.DE/CLIMATE_ENVIRONMENT/CDC/	DEUTSCHER WETTERDIENST >LANGUAGE=DE	TITLE=INDEX OF /CLIMATE_ENVIRONMENT/CDC/,	NCEI (daily max and min, precipitation days and snow days),HTTPS://WWW.NODC.NOAA.GOV/ARCHIVE/ARC0216/0253808/2.2/DATA/0-DATA/REGION-6-WMO-NORMALS-9120/GERMANY/CSV/FRANKFURTMAIN_10637.CSV	TITLE=WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION CLIMATE NORMALS FOR 1991-2020: FRANKFURT MAIN	NOAA>NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION		PUBLISHER=INFOCLIMAT	ACCESS-DATE=17 OCTOBER 2023, }}{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto” class=“wikitable mw-collapsible”
0	0	0	0	0.5	3.3	6.5	5.4	0.7	0	0	0	16.4