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{{Short description|Fictional character used to represent a country and its people}}File:Britannia.jpg|thumb|Britannia arm-in-arm with Uncle Sam symbolizes the British-American alliance in World War I. The two animals, the Bald eagle and the Barbary lionBarbary lionFile:Recuerdo centenario argentino.jpg|thumb|The Liberty of Oudiné in memory of the Argentine centenary of the May RevolutionMay RevolutionA national personification is an anthropomorphic personification of a state or the people(s) it inhabits. It may appear in political cartoons and propaganda.Some personifications in the Western world often took the Latin name of the ancient Roman province. Examples of this type include Britannia, Germania, Hibernia, Hispania, Helvetia and Polonia. Examples of personifications of the Goddess of Liberty include Marianne, the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World), and many examples of United States coinage. Another ancient model was Roma, a female deity who personified the city of Rome and his dominion over the territories of the Roman Empire.WEB,www.electa.it/prodotto/il-tempio-di-venere-e-roma/, Il Tempio di Venere e Roma, 12 September 2023, it, Examples of representations of the everyman or citizenry in addition to the nation itself are Deutscher Michel, John Bull and Uncle Sam.Eric Hobsbawm, “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914,” in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 263-307.

Gallery

File:Vespasian. Judaea Capta commemorative (CNG 303440).jpg|Iudaea Capta, “Conquered Judaea”, commemorative coin issued by the Roman emperor Vespasian (left) after the Jewish WarFile:4 Gift Bringers of Otto III.jpg|An early example of national personification in a gospel book dated 990: Sclavinia, Germania, Gallia, and Roma, bringing offerings to Emperor Otto III.File:Friedrich Overbeck 008.jpg|Italia und Germania (1828) by Johann Friedrich Overbeck.Image:Allegorie Pacificatie van Gent.jpg|In this Allegory depicting the 1576 Pacification of Ghent by Adriaen Pietersz van de Venne, the seated women represent a short-lived unity among the embattled provinces of what would become the present-day Belgium and NetherlandsFile:Naval-race-1909.jpg|1909 cartoon in Puck shows (clockwise) US, Germany, Britain, France and Japan engaged in naval race in a “no limit” game.File:They Shall Not Perish.png|Columbia depicted in an American Committee for Relief in the Near East poster defending an Armenian woman beneath her flag.

Personifications by country or territory

{| class=“wikitable“! Location! Image! Personification! Animal used for the same purpose

Albania}}	75px)	Mother Albania (statue)>Mother Albania| Double-headed eagle

Flag of the Americas.png}} Americas	75px)| Personification of the Americas| American alligator

Argentina}}	75px)	Allegorical representations of Argentina>Allegory of the Republic, Gaucho|

Armenia}}	65px)| Mother Armenia|

Australia}}	75x75px)|Little Boy from Manly|Boxing kangaroo

Austria}}	frameless|75x75px)	Austria) (:de:Tyrolia (Personifikation)|Tyrolia) (Tyrol)|Double-headed eagle

Bangladesh}}|	BangamataBANGLADESH: PAST AND PRESENT	FIRST=SALAHUDDIN	PUBLISHER=APH PUBLISHING	PAGE=310	URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=SZFQQ7RUQWGC,	Bengal tigerHTTP://VISITBANGLADESH.GOV.BD/ABOUT-BANGLADESH/NATIONAL-SYMBOL/	WORK=BANGLADESH TOURISM BOARD	LOCATION=BANGLADESH	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20161228040953/HTTP://VISITBANGLADESH.GOV.BD/ABOUT-BANGLADESH/NATIONAL-SYMBOL/	URL-STATUS=DEAD,

Belgium}}	75px)	La Belgique), Manneken PisCOUVREUR>FIRST1=MANUEL	FIRST2=ANNE	FIRST3=THéRèSE	SERIES=HISTORIA BRUXELLAE	LOCATION=BRUSSELS	PUBLISHER=MUSéES DE LA VILLE DE BRUXELLES	ISBN=978-2-930423-01-2, EMERSON>FIRST=CATHERINE	LOCATION=LEEDS	YEAR=2015, 978-1-909662-30-8,	Duchy of Brabant>Brabantic Lion, Leo Belgicus

Bhutan}}||	Druk>Thunder Dragon

Brazil}}	75px)| Efígie da República the Bandeirante (São Paulo State and Minas Gerais) the “Tropeiro” (Minas Gerais) the Candango (Brasília) the Gaúcho (Rio Grande do Sul);|

Bulgaria}}	75px)| Mother Bulgaria	National symbols of Bulgaria>Double-headed eagle

Cambodia}}	75px)| Preah Thong and Neang Neak|

Canada}}	75px)	Royal Canadian Mounted Police#Popular awareness>Mountie,MCGILL >FIRST1=ROBERT	DATE=2017	ISBN=9780773551589	URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=YIYUDWAAQBAJ&PG=PA37	Johnny Canuck,BARBER	TITLE=ONLY IN CANADA YOU SAY: A TREASURY OF CANADIAN LANGUAGE	PUBLISHER=OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CANADA	PAGE=70	URL=HTTPS://ARCHIVE.ORG/DETAILS/ONLYINCANADAYOUS0000BARB/PAGE/70, Canada Bereft (Vimy Memorial). Le Vieux de ‘37 (Quebec) Canada was often personified as a young woman in 19th and early 20th century editorial cartoons, called simply “Canada”, “Miss Canada”, or sometimes “Mother Canada”.WEB,www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/canadian-confederation/Pages/political-cartoons.aspx#d, Library and Archives Canada, Library and Archives Canada,	North American beaver>Canadian beaver

Chile}}	75px)| Huaso, Roto, Doña Juanita Moai (Rapa Nui)| Condorito

China}} and {{flag|Taiwan}}| || Chinese dragon,Snow Lion (Tibet)

Colombia}}	75px)| Juan Valdez|

Croatia}}	75px)| Mother Croatia|

Cuba}}	75px)| La República|

Czechia}}	75px)| Čechie, Czech Vašek, Honza, Svejk.	Coat of arms of the Czech Republic>Czech lion

Denmark}}	75px)| Holger Danske, Mother Denmark|

Dominican Republic}}	75px) | Conchoprimo|

Egypt}}	75px)| Mother of the World| Sphinx

El Salvador}}	75px)	Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo>Salvador del Mundo|

Europe}}	75px)	Europa (consort of Zeus)>Europa or Europa regina

Finland}}	75px)| Finnish Maiden| Finnish lion

France}}	75px)| Marianne| Gallic rooster

Georgia}}	75px)	Kartlis Deda>Mother of a Georgian|

Germany}}	75px)	Germania (personification)>Germania, Deutscher Michel Bavaria (Bavaria) Berolina (Berlin) (:de:Brema (Personifikation)|Brema) (Bremen) .(:de:Brunonia|Brunonia) (Brunswick Land) (:de:Franconia|Franconia) (Franconia) (:de:Francofurtia|Francofurtia) (Frankfurt) Hammonia (Hamburg) (:de:Lubeca|Lubeca) (Lübeck) (:de:Borussia (Allegorie)|Borussia) (Prussia) Palatia (Rhineland-Palatinate) (:de:Saxonia (Sachsen)|Saxonia) (Saxony) (:de:Vimaria|Vimaria) (Weimar) (:de:Württembergia (Nationalallegorie)|Württembergia) (Württemberg)	Reichsadler, Coat of Arms of Germany>Bundesadler, Berliner Bär (Berlin), Bavarian Lion (Bavaria), Marcher Eagle (Brandenburg), Prussian Eagle (Prussia)

Greece}}	75px)	Hellas (personification)>Hellas|

Haiti}}|	Ezili Dantor, Catherine Flon>Katrin

Hungary}}	75px)| The Lady of Hungaria| Turul

Iceland}}	75px)| The Lady of the Mountains|

India}}	75px)| Bharat Mata	Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, Indian elephant>Indian Elephant, Indian peafowl

Indonesia}}	75px)| Ibu Pertiwi| Garuda Pancasila

Iran}}, {{flag	Tajikistan}}	75px)	RostamHTTPS://WWW.ACADEMIA.EDU/17124620	LAST1 = HASSANABADI		ISBN = 9780739152546	FIRST1 = FRED		LANGUAGE=FR	FIRST=ISABEL, 2024-02-08, | Lion and sun

Ireland}}	75px)	Ériu, Banba, Fódla, Kathleen Ni Houlihan, Hibernia (personification)>Hibernia, The Old Woman of BeareO’Rourke Murphy, M. & MacKillop, J. (2006). An Irish Literature Reader: Poetry, Prose, Drama.|

Israel}}	75px)| Srulik|

Italy}}

75px)

Italia turrita, Roma (personification)>Roma (Roman Empire)

Italian wolf,MINAHAN

TITLE=THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO NATIONAL SYMBOLS AND EMBLEMS

PUBLISHER=ABC-CLIO

ISBN=9780313344978

TITLE=ITALY

PUBLISHER=SCHOLASTIC

ISBN=9780531120996

Lion of Saint Mark (Venice)HTTPS://WWW.FRANCISCANMEDIA.ORG/SAINT-MARK/

ACCESS-DATE=30 JULY 2018

ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20201008170450/HTTPS://WWW.FRANCISCANMEDIA.ORG/SAINT-MARK/, dead,

Japan}}| | | Green Pheasant, Koi

Kazakhstan}}	75px)| Altin Adam|

Kenya}}|| Wanjiku|

Unification flag of Korea.svg}} Korea ({{flag	South Korea}} - despite mutual enmity, both states lay claim to the same historical heritage)||| Korean Tiger, Chollima

Kyrgyzstan}}	75px)	Epic of Manas>Manas|

Latvia}}	112x112px)	Milda (mythology)>Milda|

Lebanon}}| | Abu Abed|

Lithuania}}	75px)| Lietuva|

Benelux	Low Countries>Low Lands or Benelux (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg)	100x100px)||Leo Belgicus

Malaysia}}

75px)

Hang TuahTHE RHETORIC OF BANGSA AND MINZU

AUTHOR=LIOK EE TAN

YEAR=1988

AUTHOR=MELANIE CHEW

YEAR= 1999

LOCATION=SINGAPORE,

Malayan tigerMINAHAN

DATE= 2009

PUBLISHER=GREENWOOD

ISBN=978-0313344961,

Malta}}	75px)	Melita (personification)>Melita|

Mexico}}	75px)	Mexican Motherland), La China Poblana |Golden eagle

Mongolia}}	75px)|Genghis Khan|

Montenegro}}	75px)	Lovćen, Oj, svijetla majska zoro>Mother Montenegro|

Morocco}}	75px)| |Barbary Lion

Netherlands}}	75px)|Dutch Maiden Dutch Sailor (Holland)|Dutch Republic Lion, Leo Hollandicus, Leo Belgicus

Nepal}}	75px)	Gurkha, Sherpa people>Sherpa	YetiHTTPS://NEPALITIMES.COM/HERE-NOW/LOVE-IT-OR-HATE-IT-IT-S-ABOMINABLE	LAST=SUBBA, Sanghamitra,

New Zealand}}	75px)	Zealandia (personification)>Zealandia,HTTPS://TEARA.GOVT.NZ/EN/PHOTOGRAPH/32532/SOUTH-AFRICAN-WAR-MEMORIAL-WAIMATE>TITLE = SOUTH AFRICAN WAR MEMORIAL, WAIMATE	FIRST1=JOCK, Southern man (South Island)Dingwall, R. “Southern Man (Dunedin Airport)”, Otago Sculpture Trust, 19 November 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2017.	Kiwi (bird)>Kiwi

Nicaragua}}	75px)| El Güegüense| Motmot

North Macedonia}}	75px)	title=A Manifesto from the Provisional Government of Macedonia	quote=Our mother Macedonia became now as a widow, lonely and deserted by her sons. She does not fly the banner of the victorious Macedonian army}}(:File:Divided Bulgaria after the Conress of Berlin.jpg|Bulgarian graphic representation of Bulgaria, East Rumelia and North Macedonia)|Lioness

Norway}}	75px)	Mother Norway), Ola & Kari Nordmann, Nór|

Flag of Palestine.svg}} Palestine	Image:Handara - panoramio.jpg>75px| Handala|

Peru}}	75px)| Peruvian Motherland| Vicuña

Philippines}}	left	75px)| La Madre Filipinas, Juan dela Cruz|Philippine Carabao

Poland}}	75px)	Polonia (personification)>Polonia	Orzeł Biały>White eagle

Portugal}}	75px)| Zé Povinho, Efígie da República, Guardian Angel of Portugal| Rooster of Barcelos

Romania}}	75px)	National symbols of Romania>România| Lynx

Russia}}	75px)	Mother Russia, Russian Winter>General Winter| Russian bear

San Marino}}	75px)	Liberty (personification)>Liberty, Saint Marinus |

Serbia}}	75px)| Mother Serbia| Serbian eagle

Singapore}}	75px)||Merlion

Slovakia}}	75px)	Juraj Jánošík>Jánošík|

Slovenia}}	75px)| Kralj Matjaž|

South Africa}}	frameless|97x97px)|The Lady of Good Hope|Springbok

Spain}}	75px)	Allegory of Hispania>Hispania Breogán (Galicia)	Hispanic Lion)

Sri Lanka}}| | Sri Lanka Matha (Mother Sri Lanka)|

Suriname}}	75px)	Mother Suriname), a 1965 sculpture by Jozeph Klas in the center of Paramaribo, of a mother figure holding five children representing Suriname’s ethnic groups in her arms.HTTP://WWW.PARBODE.COM/OPINIE/ITEM/2629-KUNSTSCHATTEN-MAMA-SRANAN	ACCESS-DATE=2016-03-30	ARCHIVE-DATE=2016-04-14, dead, |

Sweden}}	75px)| Mother Svea (Moder Svea)|

Switzerland}}	75px)| Helvetia Basilea (Basel) (:de:Berna (Personifikation)|Berna) (Bern) Geneva (Geneva) Tigurina Virgo (Zürich) Lucerna (Lucerne)| CowValance, Marc. (Baden, 2013) Die Schweizer Kuh. Kult und Vermarktung eines nationalen Symbols, p. 6 ff.

Thailand}}	75px)| Siam Devadhiraj	White elephant (animal)>White elephant

Ukraine}}	80x80px)| Cossack Mamay	Ruthenian lion>Ruthenian Lion

United Kingdom}}	75px)| Britannia, John Bull Dame Wales (Wales) Scota (Scotland)| Bulldog The Lion and the Unicorn (England and Scotland) Welsh dragon (Wales)

United States}}	75px)	Columbia (personification)>Columbia, Lady Liberty, Lady Justice Uncle Sam (federal government) Billy Yank (The North, obsolete) Johnny Reb (The South, obsolete) Brother Jonathan (New England) Kamehameha the Great (Hawaii) The Guardian (Oklahoma) Letitia (Pennsylvania) Jíbaro (Puerto Rico) The Spirit of Sacrifice (Texas) Mormon pioneers (Utah) The Green Mountaineers (Vermont)	Bald eagle>Bald Eagle, American Buffalo, Timber rattlesnake (American Revolution, obsolete) Humpback whale (Hawaii) Coquí (Puerto Rico) Longhorn (Texas)

Uruguay}}	75px)	Efigie de la República)|

Venezuela}}|| Juan Bimba (obsolete)|

Vietnam}}|| Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ| Vietnamese Dragon, Lạc Bird

See also

• Afghanis-tan, a manga originally published as a webcomic about Central Asia with personified countries.
• Polandball, a contemporary form of national personification in which countries are drawn by Internet users as stereotypic balls and shared as comics on online communities.
• (Hetalia: Axis Powers), an anime about personified countries interacting, mostly taking place within the World Wars.
• Mural crown
• National animal, often personifies a nation in cartoons.
• National emblem, for other metaphors for nations.
• National god, a deity that embodies a nation.
• National patron saint, a Saint that is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation.

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

• Lionel Gossman. “Making of a Romantic Icon: The Religious Context of Friedrich Overbeck’s ‘Italia und Germania.’” American Philosophical Society, 2007. {{ISBN|0-87169-975-3}}. weblink

External links

{{Commons category|Personifications of nations}}

• A scholarly case study of the evolution of Deutscher Michel
• Kirsten Stirling: “The Image of the Nation as a Woman in Twentieth Century Scottish Literature”

{{National personifications}}{{National symbols}}{{Personal names}}