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Rawalpindi
please note:
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{{Short description|Metropolis in Punjab, Pakistan}}{{About||the district|Rawalpindi District|other uses}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids |
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Etymology
The word Rawalpindi consists of two Punjabi words; rawal (}}), and pindi (}}). The origin of the name may derive from the combination of two words: ”rawal” meaning lake and ”pind” meaning village. The combination of the two words thus means “the village of the lake”.WEB, Do you know in which year Rawalpindi cantonment was established? {{!, Pakistan Cities, Towns and Villages {{!}} PrideofPakistan.com |url=https://www.prideofpakistan.com/pakistan-city-details/Do-you-know-in-which-year-Rawalpindi-cantonment-was-established/19#:~:text=The%20word%20Rawalpindi%20consists%20of,means%20the%20village%20of%20lake. |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.prideofpakistan.com |language=en}}Another theory is that Rawalpindi literally means the “Village of Rawals” as it occupies the site of an old village inhabited by the Rawals, a group of yogis (ascetics).WEB, 2023-07-28, Rawalpindi {{!, City, Pakistan, & Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rawalpindi |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} Some accounts propose that a group of yogis arrived in this area with their leader, a head yogi named ‘Rawal’, and settled here with their followers.History
Origins
The region around Rawalpindi has been inhabited for thousands of years. Rawalpindi falls within the ancient boundaries of Gandhara, and is thus in a region containing many Buddhist ruins. In the region north-west of Rawalpindi, traces have been found of at least 55 stupas, 28 Buddhist monasteries, 9 temples, and various artifacts in the Kharoshthi script.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=tK-nRXoQ40oC&pg=PA262, Buddhist Sects in India, Nalinaksha, Dutt, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1998, 978-8120804289, 4 January 2020, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819230620/https://books.google.com/books?id=tK-nRXoQ40oC&pg=PA262, live, File:Silverplate with investiture scene. Sasanian 4th century CE, possibly Afghanistan. Middle East, 52 Ancient Iran - 28174064678.jpg|thumb|left|Possible Kushano-Sasanian plate, excavated in Rawalpindi, fourth century CE. (British Museum]] 124093.WEB, Plate British Museum,www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1897-1231-188, The British Museum, en, 19 October 2020, 19 October 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201019223056/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1897-1231-188, live, )File:Fasting Buddha BM OA1907.12-28.1.jpg|thumb|upright|The “Fasting Buddha”, on display at the British Museum in LondonLondonTo the southeast are the ruins of the Mankiala stupa – a second-century stupa where, according to the Jataka tales, a previous incarnation of the Buddha leapt off a cliff in order to offer his corpse to seven hungry tiger cubs.BOOK, Bernstein, Richard, Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment, 2001, A.A. Knopf, 9780375400094,books.google.com/books?id=-D0Tsbmep7QC, 22 June 2017, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819030323/https://books.google.com/books?id=-D0Tsbmep7QC, live, The nearby town of Taxila is thought to have been home to one of the early universities or education centres of South Asia.WEB, Takshashila – World’s Oldest University, 10 September 2007,www.hitxp.com/articles/history/takshashila-taxila-oldest-university/, Hitxp.com, 20 August 2012, 24 February 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220224124324/https://www.hitxp.com/articles/history/takshashila-taxila-oldest-university/, live, Sir Alexander Cunningham identified ruins on the site of the Rawalpindi Cantonment as the ancient city of Ganjipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the Bhatti tribe in the ages preceding the Christian era.Medieval
The first mention of Rawalpindi’s earliest settlement dates from when Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed Rawalpindi and the town was restored by Gakhar chief Kai Gohar in the early 11th century. The town fell into decay again after Mongol invasions in the 14th century.WEB,dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif, Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 272 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library, Dsal.uchicago.edu, 18 February 2013, 22 November 2013, 2 December 2013,dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif," title="web.archive.org/web/20131202221359dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif,">web.archive.org/web/20131202221359dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif, live, Situated along an invasion route, the settlement did not prosper and remained deserted until 1493, when Jhanda Khan Gakhar re-established the ruined town, and named it Rawal.BOOK, Ahmad, Asghar, Pakistan tourism directory, ‘86: everything about tourism, 1986, Holiday Weekly,books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ, 7 December 2017, 5 May 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160505202041/https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ, live,Mughal
File:Rawat_Fort_-_Main_Gate_East.jpg|thumb|The 16th century Rawat FortRawat FortDuring the Mughal era, Rawalpindi remained under the rule of the Ghakhar clan, who in turn pledged allegiance to the Mughal Empire. The city was developed as an important outpost in order to guard the frontiers of the Mughal realm. Gakhars fortified a nearby caravanserai, in the 16th century, transforming it into the Rawat Fort in order to defend the Pothohar plateau from Sher Shah Suri’s forces.BOOK, Malik, Iftikhar Haider, Culture and Customs of Pakistan, 2006, Greenwood Publishing Group, 9780313331268, Construction of the Attock Fort in 1581 after Akbar led a campaign against his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim, further securing Rawalpindi’s environs. In December 1585, the Emperor Akbar arrived in Rawalpindi, and remained in and around Rawalpindi for 13 years as he extended the frontiers of the empire,BOOK, Agrawal, Ashvini, Studies in Mughal History, 1983, Motilal Banarsidass, 9788120823266,books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA180, 7 December 2017, 18 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200818224854/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA180, live, in an era described as a “glorious period” in his career as Emperor.With the onset of chaos and rivalry between Gakhar chiefs after the death of Kamal Khan in 1559, Rawalpindi was awarded to Said Khan by the Mughal Emperor. Emperor Jehangir visited the royal camp in Rawalpindi in 1622, where he first learned of Shah Abbas I of Persia’s plan to invade Kandahar.BOOK, Findly, Ellison, Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India, 1993, Oxford University Press, 9780195360608, 173,books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA173, 7 December 2017, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819235750/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA173, live,Sikh Misl
Rawalpindi declined in importance as Mughal power declined, until the town was captured in the mid-1760s from Muqarrab Khan by the Sikhs under Sardar Gujjar Singh and his son Sahib Singh. The city’s administration was handed to Sardar Milkha Singh, who then invited traders from the neighbouring commercial centers of Jhelum and Shahpur to settle in the territory in 1766.BOOK, Sir Lepel Henry, Griffin, The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab, Volume 2, 1890, Civil and Military Gazette Press,books.google.com/books?id=YhFPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA321, 7 December 2017, 20 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200820030328/https://books.google.com/books?id=YhFPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA321, live, The city then began to prosper, although the population in 1770 is estimated to have been only about 300 families.NEWS, Rogers, Ayesha Pamela, Rawalpindi Historic Urban Landscape Project,www.academia.edu/10585632, 8 December 2017, 24 February 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220224124317/https://www.academia.edu/10585632, live, Rawalpindi became for a time the refuge of Shah Shuja, the exiled king of Afghanistan, and of his brother Shah Zaman in the early 19th century.BOOK, Gazetteer of the Rawalpindi district, 1895, “Civil and Military Gazette” Press,books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260, 7 December 2017, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819200235/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260, live,Sikh Empire
Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh allowed the son of Sardar Milkha Singh to continue as Governor of Rawalpindi, after Ranjit Singh seized the district in 1810. Sikh rule over Rawalpindi was consolidated by defeat of the Afghans at Haidaran in July 1813. The Sikh rulers allied themselves with some of the local Gakhar tribes, and jointly defeated Syed Ahmad Barelvi at Akora Khattak in 1827, and again in 1831 in Balakot. Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi’s Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad, Persia in 1839,NEWS, The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi,blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/, 8 December 2017, Express Tribune, 23 February 2016, 8 December 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171208231506/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/, live, in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty. In 1841, Diwan Kishan Kaur was appointed Sardar of Rawalpindi.On 14 March 1849, Sardar Chattar Singh and Raja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire surrendered to General Gilbert near Rawalpindi, ceding the city to the British.BOOK, Grewal, J. S., The Sikhs of the Punjab,books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA140, Cambridge University Press, 1998, 9780521637640, 7 December 2017, 18 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200818171901/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA140, live, The Sikh Empire then came to an end on 29 March 1849.British
File:FJWU main building.JPG|thumb|Rawalpindi’s Fatima Jinnah Women UniversityFatima Jinnah Women University(File:Pothohar map.jpg|thumb|Map of Pothohar)Following Rawalpindi’s capture by the British East India Company, 53rd Regiment of the company army took quarters in the newly captured city. The decision to man a permanent military cantonment in the city was made in 1851 by the Marquess of Dalhousie. The city saw its first telegraph office in the early 1850s. The city’s Garrison Church was built shortly after in 1854, and is the site where Robert Milman, Bishop of Calcutta, was buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876. The city was home to 15,913 people in the 1855 census. During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the area’s Gakhars and Janjua tribes remained loyal to the British.Numerous civil and military buildings were built during the British era, and the Municipality of Rawalpindi was constituted in 1867, while the city’s population as per the 1868 census was 19,228, with another 9,358 people residing in the city’s cantonment. The city was also connected to railways that offered connection to India and the northwest frontier in Peshawar in the 1880s. The Commissariat Steam Flour Mills were the first such mills in Punjab, and supplied most of the needs of British cantonments throughout Punjab. Rawalpindi’s cantonment served as a feeder to other cantonments throughout the region.Rawalpindi flourished as a commercial centre, though the city remained largely devoid of an industrial base during the British era. A large portion of Kashmir’s external trade passing through the city; in 1885, 14% of Kashmir’s exports, and 27% of its imports passed through the city. A large market was opened in central Rawalpindi in 1883 by Sardar Sujan Singh, while the British further developed a shopping district for the city’s elite known as Saddar with an archway built to commemorate Brigadier General Massey.File:Queen Victoria’s Statue, Rawalpindi, 1939.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Queen VictoriaQueen VictoriaRawalpindi’s cantonment became a major centre of military power of the Raj after an arsenal was established in 1883. Britain’s army elevated the city from a small town, to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921. In 1868, 9,358 people lived in the city’s cantonment – by 1891, the number rose to 37,870. In 1891, the city’s population excluding the Cantonment was 34,153. The city was considered to be a favourite first posting for newly arrived soldiers from England, owing to the city’s agreeable climate, and the nearby hill station of Murree. In 1901, Rawalpindi was made the winter headquarters of the Northern Command and of the Rawalpindi military division. Riots broke out against British rule in 1905, following a famine in Punjab that peasants were led to believe was a deliberate act.During World War I, Rawalpindi District “stood first” among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channeled into the area in return.BOOK, The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, 2003, Orient Blackswan, 9788178240596,books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA114, 10 December 2017, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819164013/https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA114, live, By 1921, Rawalpindi’s cantonment had overshadowed the city - Rawalpindi was one of seven cities of Punjab in which over half the population lived in the cantonment district. Communal riots erupted between Rawalpindi’s Sikh and Muslim communities in 1926 after Sikhs refused to silence music from a procession that was passing in front of a mosque.BOOK, Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh, History of the United Panjab, 1996, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, 9788171565344,books.google.com/books?id=luropwVYb0kC&pg=PA151, 8 December 2017, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819142959/https://books.google.com/books?id=luropwVYb0kC&pg=PA151, live, {{HMS|Rawalpindi}} was launched as an ocean liner in 1925 by Harland and Wolff, the same company which built {{RMS|Titanic}}. The ship was converted into an armed vessel, and was sunk in October 1939. Scientists from Porton Down carried out poison gas tests on British Indian Army soldiers during the Rawalpindi experiments over the course of more than a decade beginning in the 1930s.WEB,www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm, UK tested poison gas on Indian soldiers, USA Today, 1 September 2007, 22 November 2013, 5 January 2012,www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120105041502www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120105041502www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm, live,Partition
(File:Inside raja bazaar Rawalpindi 1.jpg|thumb|Andaroon Raja Bazaar streets)On 5 March 1947, members of Rawalpindi’s Hindu and Sikh communities took out a procession against the formation of a Muslim ministry within the Government of Punjab. Policemen fired upon protestors, while Hindus and Sikhs fought against weaker Muslim counter-protestors.NEWS, The forgotten massacre,nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre, 8 December 2017, The Nation, 29 December 2014, 7 December 2017,nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre," title="web.archive.org/web/20171207111523nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre,">web.archive.org/web/20171207111523nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre, live, The area’s first Partition riots erupted the next day on 6 March 1947, when the city’s Muslims, angered by the actions of Hindus and Sikhs and encouraged by the Pir of Golra Sharif, raided nearby villages after they were unable to do so in the city on account of Rawalpindi’s heavily armed Sikhs.NEWS, A.G., NOORANI, Horrors of Partition,www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm, 8 December 2017, Frontline (India), 25 February 2014,www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20140225142101www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20140225142101www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm, live, At the dawn of Pakistan’s independence in 1947 following the success of the Pakistan Movement, Rawalpindi was 43.79% Muslim, while Rawalpindi District as a whole was 80% Muslim. The region, on account of its large Muslim majority, was thus awarded to Pakistan. Rawalpindi’s Hindu and Sikh population, who had made up 33.72% and 17.32% of the city,BOOK, Ispahani, Farahnaz, Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan’s Religious Minorities, 2017, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-062167-4,books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20, 8 December 2017, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819132718/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20, live, migrated en masse to the newly independent Dominion of India after anti-Hindu and anti-Sikh pogroms in western Punjab, while Muslim refugees from India settled in the city following anti-Muslim pogroms in eastern Punjab and northern India.Modern
(File:Murree Road Rawalpindi.jpg|thumb|Murree Road is one of the main arteries in Rawalpindi.)(File:Bahria Town Rawalpindi 3.jpg|thumb|Bahria Town is an affordable locality in Rawalpindi)(File:6th road Rawalpindi.jpg|thumb|Rehman Abad Clock Tower Rawalpindi)In the years following independence, Rawalpindi saw an influx of Muhajir, Pashtun and Kashmiri settlers. Having been the largest British Cantonment in the region at the dawn of Pakistan’s independence, Rawalpindi was chosen as headquarters for the Pakistani Army, despite the fact that Karachi had been selected as the first capital.BOOK, Burki, Shahid Javed, Historical Dictionary of Pakistan, 2015, Rowman & Littlefield, 9781442241480,books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA479, 8 December 2017, 19 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200819210204/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA479, live, In 1951, the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan. Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan’s assassination, in what is now known as Liaquat Bagh Park. In 1958, Field Marshal Ayub Khan launched his coup d’etat from Rawalpindi. In 1959, the city became the interim capital of the country under Ayub Khan, who had sought the creation of a new planned capital of Islamabad in the vicinity of Rawalpindi. As a result, Rawalpindi saw most major central government offices and institutions relocate to nearby territory, and its population rapidly expand.The construction of Pakistan’s new capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in Rawalpindi. Rawalpindi remained the headquarters of the Pakistani Army after the capital shifted to Islamabad in 1969, while the Pakistan Air Force continues to maintain an airbase in the Chaklala district of Rawalpindi.WEB, Pakistan Air Force,www.defencejournal.com/march98/paf1.htm, Defense General, 20 August 2012, 18 October 2012,www.defencejournal.com/march98/paf1.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20121018220202www.defencejournal.com/march98/paf1.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20121018220202www.defencejournal.com/march98/paf1.htm, live, WEB, PAF Active Bases,www.paf.gov.pk/active_bases.html, Pakistan Air Force, 20 August 2012, 26 June 2010,www.paf.gov.pk/active_bases.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100626125429www.paf.gov.pk/active_bases.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100626125429www.paf.gov.pk/active_bases.html, dead, The military dictatorship of General Zia ul Haq hanged Pakistan’s deposed Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in Rawalpindi in 1979.WEB, Siddiqui, Salman, No Morning English Daily Carried the News of Bhutto’s Hanging,archives.dawn.com/archives/143320, Daily Dawn, 20 August 2012, 4 April 2009, 1 December 2012,archives.dawn.com/archives/143320," title="web.archive.org/web/20121201083844archives.dawn.com/archives/143320,">web.archive.org/web/20121201083844archives.dawn.com/archives/143320, live, In 1980, tens of thousands of Shia protestors led by Mufti Jaffar Hussain marched to Rawalpindi to protest a provision of Zia ul Haqs Islamization programme. A spate of bombings in September 1987 took place in the city killing 5 people, in attacks that are believed to have been orchestrated by agents of Afghanistan’s communist government.NEWS, 5 killed, 16 hurt in Rawalpindi bus stop blast,news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870921&id=d2NPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5563,4284917&hl=en, 8 December 2017, New Straits Times, Reuter, 21 September 1987, Rawalpindi, en, 24 February 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220224124344/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870921&id=d2NPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5563%2C4284917&hl=en, live, On 10 April 1988, Rawalpindi’s Ojhri Camp, an ammunition depot for Afghan mujahideen fighting against Soviet forces in Afghanistan, exploded and killed many in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.WEB, Kamal Siddiqi,archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/, Ojhri disaster saw end of Junejo govt: Report, Archive.indianexpress.com, 14 April 1998, 27 February 2015, 14 September 2014,archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/," title="archive.today/20140914051204archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/,">archive.today/20140914051204archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/, live, WEB,forum.pakistanidefence.com/index.php?showtopic=46043, Pakistan Refuses To Release 1988 Blast Reports To – Pakistani Military & Strategic Discussion Forum – Pakistani Defence Forum, Forum.pakistanidefence.com, 27 February 2015, 27 February 2015,forum.pakistanidefence.com/index.php?showtopic=46043," title="web.archive.org/web/20150227151736forum.pakistanidefence.com/index.php?showtopic=46043,">web.archive.org/web/20150227151736forum.pakistanidefence.com/index.php?showtopic=46043, live, At the time, the New York Times reported more than 93 were killed and another 1,100 wounded;NEWS, Gordon, Michael R.,www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/world/us-officials-link-pakistan-blast-to-kabul-regime.html, U.S. Officials Link Pakistan Blast to Kabul Regime, Pakistan; Afghanistan, The New York Times, 17 April 1988, 27 February 2015, 27 February 2015,www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/world/us-officials-link-pakistan-blast-to-kabul-regime.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150227152102www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/world/us-officials-link-pakistan-blast-to-kabul-regime.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150227152102www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/world/us-officials-link-pakistan-blast-to-kabul-regime.html, live, many believe that the toll was much higher.NEWS, Ojhri disaster saw end of Junejo govt: Report,archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/, 6 August 2017, The Indian Express, 14 April 1998, 14 September 2014,archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/," title="archive.today/20140914051204archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/,">archive.today/20140914051204archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/, live, Riots erupted in Rawalpindi in 1992 as mobs attacked Hindu temples in retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India. On 27 December 2007, Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7161590.stm, Benazir Bhutto killed in attack, BBC, 27 December 2007, 31 December 2007, 31 December 2007,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7161590.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20071231044857news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7161590.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20071231044857news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7161590.stm, live, Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater metropolitan area. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad. In June 2015, the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus, a new bus rapid transit line with various points in Islamabad, opened for service.Geography
File:Islamabad from Satellite.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Satellite image of Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area with Margalla Hills to the north and Potohar PlateauPotohar PlateauClimate
Rawalpindi features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa)WEB, Climate: Rawalpindi – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table,en.climate-data.org/location/1009/, Climate-Data.org, 7 September 2013, 4 April 2015,en.climate-data.org/location/1009/," title="web.archive.org/web/20150404215010en.climate-data.org/location/1009/,">web.archive.org/web/20150404215010en.climate-data.org/location/1009/, live, with hot and wet summers, a cooler and drier winter. Rawalpindi and its twin city Islamabad, during the year experiences an average of 91 thunderstorms, which is the highest frequency of any plain elevation city in the country. Strong windstorms are frequent in the summer during which wind gusts have been reported by Pakistan Meteorological Department to have reached {{convert|176|km/h|abbr=on}}. In such thunder/wind storms, which results in some damage of infrastructure.WEB,www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPRN/2006/10/13/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA, Weather History for Islamabad, Pakistan | Weather Underground, Wunderground.com, 13 October 2006, 22 November 2013, 2 December 2013,www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPRN/2006/10/13/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA," title="web.archive.org/web/20131202231319www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPRN/2006/10/13/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA,">web.archive.org/web/20131202231319www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPRN/2006/10/13/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA, live, The weather is highly variable due to the proximity of the city to the foothills of Himalayas.The average annual rainfall is {{Convert|1254.8|mm|abbr=on}}, most of which falls in the summer monsoon season. However, westerly disturbances also bring quite significant rainfall in the winter. In summer, the record maximum temperature has soared to {{Convert|47.7|C|F|0|lk=on}} recorded in June 1954, while it has dropped to a minimum of {{Convert|-3.9|C|F|0|lk=on}} several occasions, though the last of which was in January 1967.{{Weather box| metric first = yes| single line = yes| location = Rawalpindi| Jan record high C = 30.1| Feb record high C = 30| Mar record high C = 34.5| Apr record high C = 40.6| May record high C = 45.6| Jun record high C = 46.6| Jul record high C = 44.4| Aug record high C = 42| Sep record high C = 38.1| Oct record high C = 37.5| Nov record high C = 32.2| Dec record high C = 28.3| Jan high C = 17.9| Feb high C = 19.7| Mar high C = 24.5| Apr high C = 30.5| May high C = 36| Jun high C = 38.4| Jul high C = 35.3| Aug high C = 33.7| Sep high C = 33.7| Oct high C = 30.9| Nov high C = 25.9| Dec high C = 20.2| Jan mean C = 10.6| Feb mean C = 12.9| Mar mean C = 17.6| Apr mean C = 23.2| May mean C = 28.4| Jun mean C = 31.1| Jul mean C = 29.9| Aug mean C = 28.8| Sep mean C = 27.4| Oct mean C = 22.7| Nov mean C = 17.1| Dec mean C = 12.3| Jan low C = 3.2| Feb low C = 6| Mar low C = 10.7| Apr low C = 15.8| May low C = 20.7| Jun low C = 23.7| Jul low C = 24.4| Aug low C = 23.8| Sep low C = 21.1| Oct low C = 14.5| Nov low C = 8.3| Dec low C = 4.3| Jan record low C = -3.9| Feb record low C = -2.7| Mar record low C = 1.1| Apr record low C = 5.0| May record low C = 6.1| Jun record low C = 15.5| Jul record low C = 17.2| Aug record low C = 17.2| Sep record low C = 11.6| Oct record low C = 5.5| Nov record low C = -0.5| Dec record low C = -2.8| precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation mm = 67.1| Feb precipitation mm = 84.1| Mar precipitation mm = 92.4| Apr precipitation mm = 63.2| May precipitation mm = 34.1| Jun precipitation mm = 75.3| Jul precipitation mm = 305.3| Aug precipitation mm = 340.3| Sep precipitation mm = 110.7| Oct precipitation mm = 31.7| Nov precipitation mm = 14.4| Dec precipitation mm = 36.2| Jan precipitation days = 5| Feb precipitation days = 6| Mar precipitation days = 6| Apr precipitation days = 5| May precipitation days = 4| Jun precipitation days = 6| Jul precipitation days = 15| Aug precipitation days = 17| Sep precipitation days = 7| Oct precipitation days = 2| Nov precipitation days = 2| Dec precipitation days = 3| source 1 = Climate-Data.org, altitude: 497m| source 2 = SCBMWEB,www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/pa-rawal.htm, PAKISTAN - RAWALPINDI, Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas, 26 June 2016, 19 May 2021,www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/pa-rawal.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20210519050055www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/pa-rawal.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20210519050055www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/pa-rawal.htm, live, | source = }}Cityscape
File:Fawara Chowk Rawalpindi 2.jpg|Fawara Chowk in 1940.File:Fawara Chowk Rawalpindi.jpg|Fawara Chowk in 2021.File:College Road Rawalpindi.jpg|College Road is famous for electronic markets.File:Haveli sujan Singh Rawalpindi.jpg|Haveli sujan Singh RawalpindiFile:Poonch house Rawalpindi.jpg|Poonch House RawalpindiFile:Faizabad Interchange, Rawalpindi.jpg|Faizabad InterchangeFile:Lal_haveli.jpg|Lal HaveliFile:Bahria Town Rawalpindi 2.jpg|Bahria Town is a private housing scheme in RawalpindiSocial structures in Rawalpindi’s historic core centre around neighbourhoods, each known as a Mohallah. Each neighbourhood is served by a nearby bazaar (market) and mosque, which in turn serves as a place where people can gather for trade and manufacturing.Hull, M. S. (2013). “Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan”, University of California Press. Each Mohallah has narrow gallies (streets), and the grouping of houses around short lanes and cul-de-sacs lends a sense of privacy and security to residents of each neighbourhood.{{original research inline|date=March 2019}} Major intersections in the neighbourhood are each referred to as a chowk.Rawalpindi is relatively a new city contrasted with Pakistan’s millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar.BOOK, Kenoyer, Jonathan M.,books.google.com/books?id=DK3tAAAAMAAJ&q=major+ancient++cities+of+pakistan, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, 1998, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-577940-0, en, South of Rawalpindi’s historic core, and across the Lai Nullah, are the wide lanes of the Rawalpindi Cantonment. With tree-lined avenues and historic architecture, the cantonment was the main European area developed during British colonial rule. British colonialists also built the Saddar Bazaar south of the historic core, which served as a retail center geared towards Europeans in the city. Beyond the cantonment are the large suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for Islamabad’s commuter population.Demographics
The population of Rawalpindi is 2,098,231 in 2017. 84% of the population is Punjabi, 9% is Pashtun, and 7% is from other ethnic groups.{{Historical populations|title = |type = |align = |direction = |width = |state = |shading = |pop_name = |percentages = |footnote =Religion
File:Bagh_Sardaran.JPG|An abandoned Hindu Temple at Bagh SardaranFile:Perspective view from main gate - Christ Church, Rawalpindi.jpg|Christ Church, RawalpindiFile:Moti Masjid, liaquat road Rawalpindi.png|Moti MasjidFile:Fatima masjid, bahria town, Rawalpindi.jpg|Fatima Masjid, Bahria TownFile:Markazi Jamia Masjid, Rawalpindi.jpg|Markazi Jamia Masjid96.7% of Rawalpindi’s population is Muslim, 3.1% is Christian, 0.2% belong to other religious groups. The city’s Kohaati Bazaar is site of large Shia mourning-processions for Ashura. The neighbourhoods of Waris Shah Mohallah and Pir Harra Mohallah form the core of Muslim settlement in Rawalpindi’s old city.Rawalpindi was a majority Hindu and Sikh city prior to the Partition of India in 1947, combined composing 51.05 percent of the total population according to the 1941 census.{{rp|32}} The same census detailed Muslims made up 43.79 percent of the total population.{{rp|32}} The Baba Dyal Singh Gurdwara in Rawalpindi was where the reformist Nirankari movement of Sikhism originated.JOURNAL, Rida, Arif, Farooqi, Maria, The Lost Art of Rawalpindi, THAAP, 2015,www.academia.edu/33926957, 28 January 2018, 24 February 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220224124320/https://www.academia.edu/33926957, live, The city still has a small Sikh population, but has been bolstered by the arrival of Sikhs fleeing political instability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.NEWS, For the Sikhs in KP, Rawalpindi is their new home,www.dawn.com/news/1122982, 8 December 2017, Dawn, 3 August 2014, 8 December 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171208231444/https://www.dawn.com/news/1122982, live, The city is still home to a few hundred Hindu families.NEWS, The temples of Rawalpindi: Old wisdom in a new world,www.dawn.com/news/1211298, 8 December 2017, Dawn, 16 October 2015, 16 December 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171216100744/https://www.dawn.com/news/1211298, live, Despite the fact that the vast majority of the city’s Hindus fled en masse to India after Partition, most Hindu temples in the old city remain standing, although in disrepair and often abandoned. Many of the old city’s neighbourhoods continue to bear Hindu and Sikh names, such as Krishanpura, Arya Mohallah, Akaal Garh, Mohanpura, Amarpura, Kartarpura, Bagh Sardaraan, Angatpura.The Shri Krishna Mandir is the only functional Hindu temple in Rawalpindi.NEWS,www.dawn.com/news/1539267, Krishna Temple- the only worship place for twin cities’ Hindus, Aamir Yasin, 8 March 2020, Dawn, 21 August 2020, 6 June 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200606021930/https://www.dawn.com/news/1539267, live, It was built in the Kabarri Bazaar in 1897. Other temples are abandoned or were repurposed. Rawalpindi’s large Kalyan Das Temple from 1880 has been used as the “Gov’t. Qandeel Secondary School for the Blind” since 1973.NEWS, Devi ka mandir,www.dawn.com/news/1122802, 8 December 2017, Dawn, 2 August 2014, 8 December 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171208234408/https://www.dawn.com/news/1122802, live, WEB,www.gounesco.com/kalyan-das-temple-200-year-old-relic-rawalpindi/, A 200-year-old temple in Rawalpindi is a school for special children, Gounesco, 14 August 2018, 6 September 2016, 14 August 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180814232712/https://www.gounesco.com/kalyan-das-temple-200-year-old-relic-rawalpindi/, live, The Ram Leela Temple in Kanak Mandi, and the Kaanji Mal Ujagar Mal Ram Richpal Temple in the Kabarri Bazaar, are both currently used to house Kashmiri refugees. Mohan Temple in the Lunda Bazaar remains standing, but is abandoned and the building no longer used for any purpose. The city’s “Shamshan Ghat” serves as the city’s cremation grounds, and was partly renovated in 2012.NEWS, Rawalpindi’s dilapidated Shamshan Ghat,www.dawn.com/news/1150796, 8 December 2017, Dawn, 14 December 2014, 8 December 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171208231447/https://www.dawn.com/news/1150796, live, The city’s Babu Mohallah neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders who had fled Mashhad, Persia in the 1830s.In the British era many churches were built for the British soldiers to come to the churches for Sunday prayer becauseRawalpindi Cantonment was the home for the British Army.NEWS, Pindi’s architectural heritage – II: The sacred banyan tree and the neglected Hindu temples,tribune.com.pk/story/413967/pindis-architectural-heritage-ii-the-sacred-banyan-tree-and-the-neglected-hindu-temples/, 8 December 2017, Express Tribune, 28 June 2012, 9 December 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171209212629/https://tribune.com.pk/story/413967/pindis-architectural-heritage-ii-the-sacred-banyan-tree-and-the-neglected-hindu-temples/, live, {| class=“wikitable collapsible sortable”Transportation
Public transportation
(File:Double road Rawalpindi.jpg|thumb|A Double road in Rawalpindi)(File:Public transport network in the Rawalpindi Islamabad Metropolitan Area.jpg|thumb|Map of Pindi-Islamabad public transport)The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a {{convert|48.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. The Metrobus network’s first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat, in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.NEWS,www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/, Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service, 2022-04-16, INCPAK, 2022-04-18, en-US, NEWS,www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad, PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his ‘speedy work’ will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan, 2022-04-18, GEO News, 2022-04-18, en-US, The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority.Road
Rawalpindi is situated along the historic Grand Trunk Road that connects Peshawar to Islamabad and Lahore. The road is roughly paralleled by the M-1 Motorway between Peshawar and Rawalpindi, while the M-2 Motorway provides an alternate route to Lahore via the Salt Range. The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the Khyber Pass, with onwards connections to Kabul and Central Asia via the Salang Pass. The Karakoram Highway provides access between Islamabad and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via Kashgar in the Chinese region of Xinjiang.The Islamabad Expressway connects Rawalpindi’s eastern portions with the Rawal Lake and heart of Islamabad. The IJP Road separates Rawalpindi’s northern edge from Islamabad.Motorways
File:M2 Motorway. Linking Islamabad with Lahore-3.jpg|thumb|The M-2 motorway connects Rawalpindi to Lahore, and is part of a network of motorways under construction that will continue to the port city of KarachiKarachiRawalpindi is connected to Peshawar by the M-1 Motorway. The motorway also links Rawalpindi to major cities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, such as Charsadda and Mardan. The M-2 motorway offers high speed access to Lahore via the Potohar Plateau and Salt Range. The M-3 Motorway branches off from the M-2 at the city of Pindi Bhattian, where the M-3 offers onward connections to Faisalabad, and connects to the M-4 Motorway which continues onward to Multan. A new motorway network is under construction to connect Multan and Karachi as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. The Hazara Motorway is also under construction as part of CPEC, and will provide control-access motorway travel all the way to Mansehra via the M-1 or Grand Trunk Road.Rail
(File:Rawalpindi Railway Station 3.jpg|thumb|Rawalpindi Railway Station)Rawalpindi railway station in the Saddar neighbourhood serves as a stop along Pakistan’s {{convert|1687|km|mi}}-long Main Line-1 railway that connects the city to the port city of Karachi to Peshawar. The stations is served by the Awam Express, Hazara Express, Islamabad Express, Jaffar Express, Khyber Mail trains, and serves as the terminus for the Margalla Express, Mehr Express, Rawal Express, Pakistan Express, Subak Raftar Express, Green Line Express, Sir Syed Express, Subak Kharam Express and Tezgam trains.The entire Main Line-1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of $3.65 billion for the first phase of the project,“PURCHASE OF POWER: PAYMENTS TO CHINESE COMPANIES TO BE FACILITATED THROUGH REVOLVING FUND”. Business Recorder. Retrieved 6 December 2015. with completion by 2021.NEWS, Pakistan to get Chinese funds for upgrading rail links, building pipeline,www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-to-get-chinese-funds-for-upgrading-rail-links-building-pipeline/story-pI5fBFrrL6tEuJRe0m3v2O.html, 9 August 2016, Hindustan Times, 10 June 2016, The project is planned to be completed in two phases in five years by 2021. The first phase will be completed by December 2017 and the second by 2021., 11 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200811074118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-to-get-chinese-funds-for-upgrading-rail-links-building-pipeline/story-pI5fBFrrL6tEuJRe0m3v2O.html, live, Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track.NEWS, Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC,www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec, 10 February 2016, Daily Times, 22 January 2016, 10 August 2017,www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec," title="web.archive.org/web/20170810012047www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec,">web.archive.org/web/20170810012047www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec, live,Air
Rawalpindi is served by the Islamabad International Airport. The airport is located 21 km west of the city. It offers non-stop flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Middle East, Europe, North America, Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia.Administrative divisions
(File:Rawalpindi District Sub Div.svg|thumb|237x237px|right|Administrative subdivisions of Rawalpindi District.)The City-District of Rawalpindi is sub-divided into one Municipal Corporation Two Cantonment Board and Seven tehsils:- Rawalpindi Municipal Corporation Rawalpindi City weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424082439www.mcrawalpindi.org/ |date=24 April 2022 }}
- Rawalpindi Cantonment Board Rawalpindi Cantt weblink
- Chaklala Cantonment Board Chaklala Cantt weblink{| class=“sortable wikitable”
! Sr.||Tehsil||Headquarters||Area(km2)||Population(2017) |1 Taxila Tehsil>Taxila|Taxila|NA|677,951 |2 Rawalpindi Tehsil>Rawalpindi Rawalpindi District>Rawalpindi|?|2,237,000 |3 Gujar Khan Tehsil>Gujar Khan|Gujar Khan|1,466|678,503 |4 Kallar Syedan Tehsil>Kallar Syedan Kallar Syedan Tehsil>Kallar Syedan|421|217,273 |5 Kahuta Tehsil>Kahuta|Kahuta|NA|220,576 |6 Kotli Sattian Tehsil>Kotli Sattian|Kotli Sattian|NA|119,312 |7 Rawalpindi also holds many private colonies that have developed themselves rapidly, e.g. Gulraiz Housing Society, Korang Town, Agochs Town, Ghori Town, Pakistan Town, Judicial Town, Bahria TownWEB,bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=87, About Bahria Town Rawalpindi – Bahria Town – Your Lifestyle Destination, Bahriatown.com, 22 November 2013, 25 December 2013,www.bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=87," title="web.archive.org/web/20131225075500www.bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=87,">web.archive.org/web/20131225075500www.bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=87, live, which is the Asia’s largest private colony, Kashmir Housing Society, Danial Town, Al-Haram City, Education City, Gul Afshan Colony, Allama Iqbal Colony.Murree Tehsil>Murree|Murree|NA|233,471 Parks
File:Gate of Pharwala Fort toward the Swaan stream.JPG|thumb|The gate of Paharwala FortPaharwala FortAyub National Park is located beyond the old Presidency on Jhelum Road. It covers an area of about {{Convert|2300|acre|ha}} and has a playland, lake with boating facility, an aquarium and a garden-restaurant. Rawalpindi Public Park is on Murree Road near Shamsabad. The Park was opened to the public in 1991. It has a playland for children, grassy lawns, fountains and flower beds.In 2008 Jinnah Park was inaugurated at the heart of Rawalpindi and has since become a hotspot of activity for the city. It houses a state-of-the-art cinema, Cinepax,WEB,www.cinepax.com/, Cinepax, Cinepax, 2 December 2011, 23 December 2011, 9 April 2012,cinepax.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120409124024cinepax.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20120409124024cinepax.com/, live, a Metro Cash and Carry supermart, an outlet of McDonald’s, gaming lounges, Motion Rides and other recreational facilities. The vast lawns also provide an adequate picnic spot.WEB, 21 January 2024, Places to Visit Rawalpindi,mypindi.com/places-rwp/, 21 January 2024, mypindi.com, MyPindi, WEB,www.dawn.com/2011/08/22/digital-fountain-installed-at-jinnah-park.html, Digital fountain installed at Jinnah Park | Provinces, Dawn.Com, 22 August 2011, 23 December 2011, 24 February 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220224124357/https://www.dawn.com/news/653600/digital-fountain-installed-at-jinnah-park, live, File:Rawal Lake Eastern Bank.jpg|thumb|A view of Rawal LakeRawal LakeRawalpindi is situated near the Ayub National Park formerly known as ‘Topi Rakh’ (keep the hat on) is by the old Presidency, between the Murree Brewery Co. and Grand Trunk Road. It covers an area of about {{Convert|2300|acre|ha}} and has a play area, lake with boating facility, an aquarium, a garden-restaurant and an open-air theater. This park hosts “The Jungle Kingdom” which is particularly popular among young residents.WEB,tribune.com.pk/story/158477/two-tiger-cubs-draw-crowds-to-rawalpindi-park/, Two tiger cubs draw crowds to Rawalpindi park – The Express Tribune, 28 April 2011, Tribune.com.pk, 23 December 2011, 13 January 2012,tribune.com.pk/story/158477/two-tiger-cubs-draw-crowds-to-rawalpindi-park/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120113063253tribune.com.pk/story/158477/two-tiger-cubs-draw-crowds-to-rawalpindi-park/,">web.archive.org/web/20120113063253tribune.com.pk/story/158477/two-tiger-cubs-draw-crowds-to-rawalpindi-park/, live,- Liaquat Bagh, formerly known as the “company bagh” (East India Company’s Garden), is of great historical interest. The first prime minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, was assassinated here in 1950. Pakistan’s Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated here on 27 December 2007. She was the youngest and the only woman to be elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan.
- Rawalpindi Public Park (previously Nawaz Sharif Park, renamed Iqbal Park in 2019WEB, Nawaz Sharif, Shahbaz Sharif parks renamed,www.dawn.com/news/1498483, 2019-08-07, DAWN.COM, en, 2020-05-02, 7 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200807003929/https://www.dawn.com/news/1498483, live, ) is located on Murree Road just opposite to the Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. The park was opened in 1991. It has a play area for children, lawns, fountains and flower beds. A cricket stadium was built in 1992 opposite the public park. Several matches in the 1996 World Cup were held on this cricket ground.
Economy
Education
File:Government college for Women Dhoke Kala Khan.JPG|Govt College for WomenFile:ARID Agriculture university Rawalpindi 1.jpg|ARID Agriculture University File:Gordon college Rawalpindi.png|Gordon collegeFile:Municipal library, Rawalpindi.png|Municipal library, RawalpindiRawalpindi District is home to 2,463 government public schools, out of which 1706 are primary schools, 306 middle schools, 334 are high schools, while 117 are higher education colleges.WEB, Rawalpindi,aserpakistan.org/document/aser/map/Rawalpindi.pdf, Annual Status of Education Report, 7 December 2017, 8 December 2017,aserpakistan.org/document/aser/map/Rawalpindi.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20171208003348aserpakistan.org/document/aser/map/Rawalpindi.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20171208003348aserpakistan.org/document/aser/map/Rawalpindi.pdf, live, 97.4% of children ages 6–16 in urban areas of Rawalpindi District are enrolled in school – the third highest percentage in Pakistan after Islamabad and Karachi. 77.1% of Rawalpindi’s students in Class 5 are able to read sentences in English.WEB, Summary Report Card 2014,aserpakistan.org/document/report_cards/2014/summary_report_cards/National_Urban.pdf, Summary Report Cards (National – Urban), Annual Status of Education Report, 7 December 2017, 22 January 2016,www.aserpakistan.org/document/report_cards/2014/summary_report_cards/National_Urban.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160122150044www.aserpakistan.org/document/report_cards/2014/summary_report_cards/National_Urban.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160122150044www.aserpakistan.org/document/report_cards/2014/summary_report_cards/National_Urban.pdf, live, 27% of children in Rawalpindi attend paid private schools.WEB, Annual Status of Education Report – 2015,aserpakistan.org/document/aser/2015/reports/Urban_2015.pdf, 7 December 2017, 81–83, 9 November 2016,aserpakistan.org/document/aser/2015/reports/Urban_2015.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161109143215aserpakistan.org/document/aser/2015/reports/Urban_2015.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161109143215aserpakistan.org/document/aser/2015/reports/Urban_2015.pdf, live,- Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rawalpindi, established in 1978 to conduct SSC and HSSC examinations.
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University (also known as Barani University) is a renowned public university offering research and education in a number of fields and specializing in agriculture. It is on the Murree Road and is placed near other landmarks of the city including the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi Public Park, Rawalpindi Arts Council etc. Arid University is the only university providing agriculture related degrees in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
- Army Medical College is also known as the College of Medical Sciences and is on Abid Majid Road in Rawalpindi. Separate computer labs are available for post-graduate and undergraduate students. Other facilities in the campus include a library, cafeteria, college mosque, swimming pool, gym, squash court, and auditorium. There are seven hostels for male and female students near the college campus.
- College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering is located on Grand Trunk Road in Rawalpindi, EME is the largest constituent college of NUST.WEB, NUST,www.nust.edu.pk/Pages/Home.aspx, Nust.edu.pk, 22 November 2013,nust.edu.pk/Pages/Home.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20131122101323nust.edu.pk/Pages/Home.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20131122101323nust.edu.pk/Pages/Home.aspx, 22 November 2013, dead, The campus includes all on-campus facilities, auditorium and conference hall, accommodation and mess facilities. The library is fully computerized, with a collection of 70,000 volumes.
- Rawalpindi University is on Hamayun Road in Rawalpindi Cantt; it is the oldest constituent college of NUST before, founded in 2022 after the Pakistani Khan government to train the members of Pakistan Armed Forces. The College of Telecommunication Engineering is located on this campus. The MCS library is computerized, with over 55,000 volumes.
- Rawalpindi Medical University provides education in health care. It is a comprehensive, state-assisted institution. It was established in March 1974.It has the highest enrollment of 350 students among medical colleges in Pakistan.
- The Rawalpindi Public Library was one of the earliest private public libraries organized after separation from India. The building was donated for a public library by the then-Deputy Commissioner Major Davis on the initiative of philanthropist Khurshid Anwar Jilani, an attorney, writer and social worker. However, the building was confiscated for election and political campaigning during the last days of Field Marshal Ayub Khan’s reign, and rare manuscripts and artifacts were taken away by the influential.
- Fatima Jinnah Women University The first ever Women University of Pakistan that was established in 1998.WEB, Welcome to Fjwu {{!, Fatima Jinnah Women University |url=https://www.fjwu.edu.pk/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.fjwu.edu.pk}}
- Gordon College Rawalpindi is one of the oldest colleges located in the heart of the city. It was established in 1872. College offers Graduate and master’s degree program. Historically the college has been known for its cultural activities as it has one of the largest auditorium in which stage dramas and other programs were regularly conducted. College remained co-education until the early 1970s but after Zia-ul-Haq regime it was converted to boys only.
- Foundation University RWP Campus located in new Lalazar alongside FFCB. They offer mainly IT and Biotech related courses like Phd in Computer Science etc.Foundation University Islamabad{{Circular reference|date=May 2020}}
- Rawalpindi Women University The Rawalpindi Women University is a public university funded by the Government of Punjab. The university has been running 15 BS Honors,16 Masters and 1 M.Phil. program successfully.
Media
Rawalpindi, being so close to the capital, has an active media and newspaper climate. There are over a dozen of newspaper companies based in the city including Daily Nawa-i-Waqt, Daily Jang, Daily Asas, The Daily Sada-e-Haq, Daily Express, Daily Din, Daily Aajkal Rawalpindi, Daily Islam, and Daily Pakistan in Urdu and Dawn, Express Tribune, Daily Times, The News International and The Nation in English.There are a large number of Cable TV service providers in the city such as Nayatel, PTCL, SA Cable Network and DWN.Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has a centre in RawalpindiTelevision channels based in Rawalpindi include:- ATV
- Lights Asia
- Aapna Channel
- Pothohari TV (Regional language channel)
- City 51
- Pahariwood Network (Regional language channel)
- K2 TV
- Oxygene TV
- Samaa News
Recreation
File:Green_Rawalpindi.jpg|alt=|I Love Rawalpindi signboard outside Punjab House.File:Hyperstar Rawalpindi.jpg|Giga Mall is one of the largest malls in RawalpindiFile:Rawalpindi cricket stadium 1.jpg|Pindi Cricket StadiumFile:Ayub park Rawalpindi museum.png|Ayub park Rawalpindi museumFile:Night view of Joyland Rawalpindi.png|Night view of Joyland RawalpindiIn mid-2012 3D cinema, The Arena, started its operations in Bahria Town Phase-4 in Rawalpindi.WEB, The Arena: About Us,www.thearena.com.pk/about.php, Bahria Construction, dead,www.thearena.com.pk/about.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20120904020929www.thearena.com.pk/about.php,">web.archive.org/web/20120904020929www.thearena.com.pk/about.php, 4 September 2012, WEB, Pakistan’s first gold class 3D cinema: ‘The Arena’ opened at Bahria Town,www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town, The Nation, 20 August 2012, 1 July 2012,www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town," title="web.archive.org/web/20120701220021www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town,">web.archive.org/web/20120701220021www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town, live, (File:Rawalpindi food street.JPG|thumb|upright|Rawalpindi food street, Saddar)- Rawalpindi Golf Course was completed in 1926 by Rawalpindi Golf Club, one of the oldest golf clubs of Pakistan. The facility was initially developed as a nine-hole course. After several phases of development, it is now a 27-hole course and the biggest in Pakistan.{{sfn|M.M. Ahmed|1985}} From the clubhouse, there is a panoramic view of Faisal Mosque, the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Major domestic golf tournaments are regularly held here.
- Playland is another public park parallel to Ayub Park
- In 2019, after the Army Heritage Foundation took over Ayub park from Chaklala Cantonment Board, a new amusement park called JoyLand was opened on the site of a previously failed project.WEB,www.dawn.com/news/1506547, Amusement park in Pindi returns with a revamped look, Yasin, Aamir, 2019-09-22, DAWN.COM, en, 2020-03-04, 30 October 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191030191748/https://www.dawn.com/news/1506547, live, This newly developed park has a number of rides and activities for visitors, from the relaxing Ferris wheel to the daring Discovery. All rides are imported and meet safety standards. JoyLand is the only amusement park in Pakistan that is ISO 9001:2008 certified.WEB,joyland.com.pk/about-us/, About us {{!, Joyland|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-04|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223092605joyland.com.pk/about-us/|url-status=live}}
See also
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}- Central Jail Rawalpindi
- Christ Church, Rawalpindi
- List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi
- Dhamial
- Ghazi Barotha water supply project
- Mewar
- Military Hospital Rawalpindi
- Pakistan Army Museum
- Murree Road
- Pakhral
- Treaty of Rawalpindi
- HMS Rawalpindi
- Rawalpindi Gazetteer
Notes
{{notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Bibliography
- {{citation |author=M.M. Ahmed|title=Teenager, Volume 16|date=1985|publisher=The University of Virginia|page=11}}
External links
{{Sister project links}}- www.rawalpindi.gov.pk/" title="web.archive.org/web/20080313180203www.rawalpindi.gov.pk/">City District Government Rawalpindi, Official Website, archived at 13 March 2008
- Rawalpindi (Pakistan) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- {{Wikivoyage inline}}
- {{curlie||}}
- weblink
- Rawalpindi - Tradition to Innovation
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