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Operation Enduring Freedom
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Official name for the US's war on terror}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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- {{flag|NATO}}
- {{flagicon image |Flag of the International Security Assistance Force.svg}} ISAF
- {{flagicon|Albania}} AlbaniaWEB,weblink Afghanistan, ISAF Operations led by NATO,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180620002228weblink">weblink 20 June 2018, live,
- {{flag|Finland}}
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- Former:
- {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1992}} Northern Alliance}}
- {{flag|Philippines}}
- {{flag|United States}}
- {{flag|Australia}}{{Citation |url=http://www.philippines.embassy.gov.au/mnla/medrel110506.html |title=Philippines |publisher=Embassy |place=Australia |access-date=7 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102175048weblink |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}.
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- {{flag|NATO}}
- {{flag|European Union}}
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- {{flag|United States|1960|size=23px}}
- {{flag|South Korea}}
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- {{flag|United States|1960|size=23px}}
- {{flag|Taliban}}
- {{flag|al-Qaeda}}
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Abu Sayyaf (from 2001)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Jemaah Islamiyah (from 2001)
- Former
- {{flagicon image|Flag of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.svg}} Moro Islamic Liberation Front (until 2012)
- {{flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg}} Al-Shabaab (from 2006)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Hizbul Islam (until 2014)
- {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (until 2017)
- 72,000+ killedNEWS,weblink How many terrorists has President Obama actually 'taken out'? Probably over 30,000., the Washington post, 7 December 2015, 10 February 2016,weblink 7 March 2016, live,
- 328+300 killed (2002–2007)weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307044243weblink |date=7 March 2016 }} 15 killed (February 2012)weblink {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120229023655weblink |date=29 February 2012 }}
- 260 to 365 killed"The Bureau of Investigative Journalism" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608135616weblink |date=8 June 2015 }}, Somalia Datasheet. Retrieved 4 February 2016.Cooper, Helene. ""US Strikes Kill 150 Shabab fighters in Somalia, officials say". Washington Post. 7 March 2016. "American warplanes on Saturday struck a training camp in Somalia belonging to the Islamist militant group the Shabab, the Pentagon said, killing about 150 fighters who United States officials said were preparing an attack against American troops and their regional allies in East Africa." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217224149weblink|date=17 February 2017 }}| campaign = Operation Enduring Freedom
Subordinate operations
Operation Enduring Freedom most commonly referred to the U.S.-led combat mission in Afghanistan.NEWS, Philipps, Dave, Mission Ends in Afghanistan, but Sacrifices Are Not Over for U.S. Soldiers,weblink 17 August 2017, subscription, The New York Times, 31 December 2014,weblink 18 August 2017, live, NEWS, Dempsey, Judy, NATO to add to Afghanistan troops,weblink 17 August 2017, subscription, The New York Times, 20 July 2005,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170818012630weblink">weblink 18 August 2017, live, The codename was also used for counter-terrorism operations in other countries targeting Al Qaeda and remnants of the Taliban, such as OEF-Philippines and OEF-Trans Sahara, primarily through government funding vehicles.- Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), 7 October 2001 – 31 December 2014. Succeeded by Operation Freedom's Sentinel.WEB, Obama, Hagel Mark End of Operation Enduring Freedom,weblink Defense, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Defense, United States of America, December 2014, 21 March 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150314000513weblink">weblink 14 March 2015, live,
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (OEF-P, formerly Operation Freedom Eagle), 15 January 2002 – 24 February 2015{{citation|last1=Robinson|first1=Linda|last2=Johnston|first2=Patrick B.|last3=Oak|first3=Gillian S.|title=U.S. Special Operations Forces in the Philippines, 2001–2014|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1200/RR1236/RAND_RR1236.pdf|isbn=978-0-8330-9210-6|publisher=RAND Corporation|access-date=17 August 2017|location=Santa Monica, California|date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819170049weblink|archive-date=19 August 2017|url-status=live}}NEWS, Turse, Nick, US Special Operations Forces Are in More Countries Than You Can Imagine,weblink 17 August 2017, The Nation, 20 January 2015,weblink 18 August 2017, live,
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA)
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Pankisi GorgeBOOK, Spencer C. Tucker, The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts &91;5 volumes&93;: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts,weblink 8 October 2010, ABC-CLIO, 978-1-85109-948-1, 415, 17 November 2015,weblink 1 January 2016, live, BOOK, Raymond Monsour Scurfield, Katherine Theresa Platoni, War Trauma and Its Wake: Expanding the Circle of Healing,weblink 10 September 2012, Routledge, 978-1-136-45788-3, 268, 17 November 2015,weblink 11 June 2016, live,
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS; see also Insurgency in the Maghreb)
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Caribbean and Central America (OEF-CCA){{citation|url=http://www.dod.gov/dodgc/olc/docs/testStavridis080305.pdf |title=Statement of Admiral James G. Stavridis, United States Navy Commander, United States Southern Command Before the House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense |department=United States Southern Command|date=5 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101094429weblink|archive-date=1 January 2016}}
- Operation Enduring Freedom – Kyrgyzstan, 18 December 2001 – 3 June 2014BOOK, Bolger, Daniel P., Daniel P. Bolger, Why We Lost: A General's Inside Account of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, 2014, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 9780544370487, xiii, 415,weblink
Etymology
The U.S. government used the term "Operation Enduring Freedom" to officially describe the War in Afghanistan, from the period between 7 October 2001 and 31 December 2014.WEB,weblink Operation Enduring Freedom comes to an end, 29 December 2014, United States Army, 28 February 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150224084435weblink">weblink 24 February 2015, live, Subsequent operations in Afghanistan by the United States' military forces, both non-combat and combat, occurred under the name Operation Freedom's Sentinel.The operation was originally called "Operation Infinite Justice", but as similar phrases have been used by adherents of several religions as an exclusive description of God, it is believed to have been changed to avoid offense to Muslims who are the majority religion in Afghanistan.NEWS,weblink Infinite Justice, out – Enduring Freedom, BBC News, 25 September 2001, 30 November 2006,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071014221506weblink">weblink 14 October 2007, live, In September 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush's remark that "this crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take a while", which prompted widespread criticism from the Islamic world, may also have contributed to the renaming of the operation.The term "OEF" typically refers to the phase of the War in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. Other operations, such as the Georgia Train and Equip Program, are only loosely or nominally connected, such as through government funding vehicles. All the operations, however, have a focus on counterterrorism activities.Operation Enduring Freedom, which was a joint U.S., U.K., and Afghan operation, was separate from the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which was an operation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization nations including the U.S. and the U.K.BOOK, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Defence Committee, The UK Deployment to Afghanistan: Fifth Report of Session 2005–06; Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence,weblink 2006, The Stationery Office, 978-0-215-02828-0, 39, 17 November 2015,weblink 1 January 2016, live, The two operations ran in parallel, although it had been suggested that they merge.BOOK, David T. Zabecki PhD, Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes],weblink 28 October 2014, ABC-CLIO, 978-1-59884-981-3, 6, 17 November 2015,weblink 1 January 2016, live,Overview
In response to the September 11 attacks, the early combat operations that took place on 7 October 2001 to include a mix of strikes from land-based B-1 Lancer, B-2 Spirit and B-52 Stratofortress bombers, carrier-based F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18 Hornet fighters, and Tomahawk cruise missiles launched from both U.S. and British ships and submarines signaled the start of Operation Enduring Freedom.The initial military objectives of OEF, as articulated by President George W. Bush in his 20 September address to a Joint Session of Congress and his 7 October address to the country, included the destruction of terrorist training camps and infrastructure within Afghanistan, the capture of al-Qaeda leaders, and the cessation of terrorist activities in Afghanistan.WEB, Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs, The Global War on Terrorism: The First 100 Days,weblink 2024-01-28, 2001-2009.state.gov, en, In January 2002, over 1,200 soldiers from the United States Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC) deployed to the Philippines to support the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in their push to uproot terrorist forces on the island of Basilan. Of those groups included are Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah.WEB,weblink PASOC 2003 Conference, Tom, Fargo, Speeches and Transcripts, U.S. Pacific Command, 10 February 2003, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080513094615weblink">weblink 13 May 2008, The operation consisted of training the AFP in counter-terrorist operations as well as supporting the local people with humanitarian aid in Operation Smiles.WEB,weblink Operation Smiles, U.S. Pacific Command, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090326131527weblink">weblink 26 March 2009, In October 2002, the Combined Task Force 150 and United States military Special Forces established themselves in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier. The stated goals of the operation were to provide humanitarian aid and patrol the Horn of Africa to reduce the abilities of terrorist organizations in the region. Similar to OEF-P, the goal of humanitarian aid was emphasized, ostensibly to prevent militant organizations from being able to take hold amongst the population as well as reemerge after being removed.The military aspect involves coalition forces searching and boarding ships entering the region for illegal cargo as well as providing training and equipment to the armed forces in the region. The humanitarian aspect involves building schools, clinics and water wells to enforce the confidence of the local people.Since 2001, the cumulative expenditure by the U.S. government on Operation Enduring Freedom has exceeded $150 billion.{{Citation | title = FAS | url =weblink | access-date = 17 November 2015 | archive-url =weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150501203337weblink">weblink | archive-date = 1 May 2015 | url-status = live }}.Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan
The Taliban
Seizing upon a power vacuum after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan after their invasion, the Taliban governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. Their extreme interpretation of Islamic law prompted them to ban music, television, sports, and dancing, and enforce harsh judicial penalties (See Human rights in Afghanistan). Amputation was an accepted form of punishment for stealing,WEB,weblink Taliban publicly execute murderer, amputate two robbers, Rawa, 14 August 1998, 27 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110607162714weblink">weblink 7 June 2011, live, WEB,weblink The Afghan Taliban: Like It or Not, It Occupies Two-Thirds of Afghanistan and Shows No Sign of Weakening, Washington report, 27 March 2011, dead,weblink" title="wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100108013137weblink">weblink 8 January 2010, and public executions could often be seen at the Kabul football stadium.WEB,weblink Filmed by RAWA: Taliban publicly execute an Afghan woman, Rawa, 27 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110510012809weblink">weblink 10 May 2011, live, {{Citation|title=Asia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/s/w_asia/70585.stm |publisher=BBC |place=United Kingdom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040124024022weblink |archive-date=24 January 2004}} Women's rights groups around the world were frequently critical as the Taliban banned women from appearing in public or holding many jobs outside the home.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} They drew further criticismWEB,weblink U.N. Confirms Destruction of Afghan Buddhas, ABC News, when they destroyed the Buddhas of Bamyan, historical statues nearly 1,500 years old, because the Buddhas were considered idols.In 1996, Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden moved to Afghanistan. When the Taliban came to power, bin Laden was able to forge an alliance between the Taliban and his al-Qaeda organization. It is understood that al-Qaeda-trained fighters known as the 055 Brigade were integrated with the Taliban army between 1997 and 2001. It has been suggested that the Taliban and bin Laden had very close connections.{{Citation |publisher=9/11 commission |place=US |title=Report |chapter=5 |contribution-url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch5.pdf }}.U.S.-led coalition action
On 20 September 2001, the U.S. stated that Osama bin Laden was behind the 11 September attacks in 2001. The U.S. made a five-point ultimatum to the Taliban:NEWS,weblink Transcript of President Bush's address, CNN, 21 September 2001, 27 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100819021954weblink">weblink 19 August 2010, live,
* Deliver to the U.S. all of the leaders of al-Qaeda
* Release all imprisoned foreign nationals
* Close immediately every terrorist training camp
* Hand over every terrorist and their supporters to appropriate authorities
* Give the United States full access to terrorist training camps for inspection
On 21 September 2001, the Taliban rejected this ultimatum, stating there was no evidence in their possession linking bin Laden to the 11 September attacks.NEWS,weblink Taliban Won't Turn Over Bin Laden, CBS News, 21 September 2001, 27 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110415125820weblink">weblink 15 April 2011, live, On 22 September 2001 the United Arab Emirates and later Saudi Arabia withdrew their recognition of the Taliban as the legal government of Afghanistan, leaving neighboring Pakistan as the only remaining country with diplomatic ties.On 4 October 2001, it was reported that the Taliban covertly offered to turn bin Laden over to Pakistan for trial in an international tribunal that operated according to Islamic shar'ia law.WEB,weblink Briefing 05: The Smoking Gun, J-n-v.org, 8 October 2001, 27 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110225052439weblink">weblink 25 February 2011, live, On 7 October 2001, the Taliban proposed to try bin Laden in Afghanistan in an Islamic court.NEWS,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110415073508weblink">weblink 15 April 2011,weblink U.S. rejects Taliban offer to try bin Laden, CNN, 7 October 2001, 6 March 2016, dead, This proposition was immediately rejected by the US.NEWS,weblink Bush to Taliban: 'Time is running out', CNN, 7 October 2001, 27 March 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100916091256weblink">weblink 16 September 2010, On 14 October 2001, the Taliban proposed to hand bin Laden over to a third country for trial, but only if they were given evidence of bin Laden's involvement in the events of 11 September 2001.NEWS,weblink Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over, The Guardian, UK, 27 March 2011, 14 October 2001, The UN Security Council, on 16 January 2002, unanimously established an arms embargo and the freezing of identifiable assets belonging to bin Laden, al-Qaeda, and the remaining Taliban.Combat operations start
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2012}}File:Fleet 5 nations.jpg|thumb|right|300px|5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. In four descending columns, from left to right: {{ship|Italian frigate|Maestrale|F570|2}}, {{ship|French frigate|De Grasse|D 612|2}}; {{USS|John C. Stennis}}, {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle|R91|2}}, {{ship|French frigate|Surcouf|F711|2}}; {{USS|Port Royal|CG-73|6}}, {{HMS|Ocean|L12|6}}, {{USS|John F. Kennedy|CV-67|6}}, {{HNLMS|Van Amstel|F831|6}}; and Luigi Durand de la Penne ]]On Sunday 7 October 2001, American and British warplanes began targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda. Cruise missiles were fired from warships.WEB,weblink Bush announces opening of attacks – October 7, 2001, CNN, 2018-05-21,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20181028004104weblink">weblink 28 October 2018, live, The Northern Alliance, aided by Joint Special Operations teams consisting of Green Berets from the 5th Special Forces Group, aircrew members from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR), and Air Force Combat Controllers, fought against the Taliban. Aided by U.S. bombing and massive defections, they captured Mazar-i-Sharif on 9 November. They then rapidly gained control of most of northern Afghanistan, and took control of Kabul on 13 November after the Taliban unexpectedly fled the city. The Taliban were restricted to a smaller and smaller region, with Kunduz, the last Taliban-held city in the north, captured on 26 November. Most of the Taliban fled to Pakistan.The war continued in the south of the country, where the Taliban retreated to Kandahar. Whilst in Kandahar the Taliban agreed to surrender but the deal was rejected by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as it would have provided amnesty to Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar.NEWS, Knowlton, Brian, December 7, 2001, Rumsfeld Rejects PlanTo Allow Mullah Omar 'To Live in Dignity' : Taliban Fighters Agree to Surrender Kandahar, The New York Times,weblink WEB,weblink Taliban leader to surrender Kandahar, TheGuardian.com, 6 December 2001, After Kandahar fell in December,BOOK, From 9/11 to terror war : the dangers of the Bush legacy, Kellner, Douglas, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, 0585463255, Lanham, 145, 52802017, remnants of the Taliban and al-Qaeda continued to mount resistance. Meanwhile, in November 2001 the U.S. military and its allied forces established their first ground base in Afghanistan to the south west of Kandahar, known as FOB Rhino.NEWS,weblink MEU(SOC)s in OEF-A – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom {{!, Defense Media Network|work=Defense Media Network|access-date=2018-05-21|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620002020weblink|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=live}}The Battle of Tora Bora, involving U.S., British and Northern Alliance forces took place in December 2001 to further destroy the Taliban and suspected al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. In early March 2002 the United States military, along with allied Afghan military forces, conducted a large operation to destroy al-Qaeda in an operation code-named Operation Anaconda.The operation was carried out by elements of the United States 10th Mountain Division, 101st Airborne Division, the U.S. special forces groups TF 11, TF Bowie, TF Dagger, TF K-Bar, British Royal Marines, the Norwegian Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK), Hærens Jegerkommando and Marinejegerkommandoen, Canada's 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, Canada's Joint Task Force 2, the German KSK, and elements of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and of the New Zealand Special Air Service and the Afghan National Army.After managing to evade U.S. forces throughout the summer of 2002, the remnants of the Taliban gradually began to regain their confidence. A U.S. and Canadian led operation (supported by British and Dutch forces), Operation Mountain Thrust was launched in May 2006 to counter renewed Taliban insurgency.Since January 2006, the NATO International Security Assistance Force undertook combat duties from Operation Enduring Freedom in southern Afghanistan, the NATO force chiefly made up of British, Canadian and Dutch forces (and some smaller contributions from Denmark, Romania and Estonia and air support from Norway as well as air and artillery support from the U.S.) (see the article Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in 2006). The United States military also conducts military operations separate from NATO as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in other parts of Afghanistan, in areas such as Kandahar, Bagram, and Kabul (including Camp Eggers and Camp Phoenix.)International support
The United States was supported by (Operation Enduring Freedom - Afghanistan: Allies|several nations) during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan in 2001–2003 and in subsequent coalition operations directly or indirectly in support of OEF. See the article Afghanistan War order of battle for the disposition of coalition forces in Afghanistan as of 2012.Result
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2012}}File:Close Air Support (8260511841).jpg|thumb|AV-8B Harrier IIs from the United States Marine Corps' VMA-231 provide close air support over Helmand ProvinceHelmand ProvinceThe U.S.-led coalition initially removed the Taliban from power and seriously crippled al-Qaeda and associated militants in Afghanistan. However, success in quelling the Taliban insurgency since the 2001 invasion has faltered. As the war dragged on, the Taliban demonstrated they could not be defeated also thanks to sanctuary in neighboring Pakistan.Brigitte L Nacos, 'Terrorism and Counterterrorism': Chapter 11, p.188On 9 October 2004, Afghanistan elected Hamid Karzai president in its first direct elections. The following year, Afghans conducted the 2005 Afghan parliamentary election on 18 September. Since the invasion, hundreds of schools and mosques have been constructed, millions of dollars in aid have been distributed, and the occurrence of violence has been reduced.While military forces interdicted insurgents and assured some form of security, Provincial reconstruction teams were tasked with infrastructure building, such as constructing roads and bridges, assisting during floods, and providing food and water to refugees. Many warlords have participated in an allegiance program, formally recognizing the legitimacy of the government of Afghanistan, and formally surrendering their soldiers and weapons. Subsequent actions have led to questions about their true loyalties.The Afghan National Army, Afghan National Police, and Afghan Border Police were being trained to assume the task of securing their nation.On 31 December 2014, Operation Enduring Freedom concluded, and was succeeded by Operation Freedom's Sentinel on 1 January 2015.WEB, 19 February 2015,weblink Operation Freedom's Sentinel Qualifies for Campaign Medal, Defense, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Defense, United States of America, 19 March 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150220080926weblink">weblink 20 February 2015, live, NEWS,weblink Trump Calls Biden's Afghanistan Exit the 'Greatest Embarrassment', Bloomberg.com, 18 August 2021, In 2020, the US left Afghanistan to the Taliban under an agreement ensuring a safe passage for American forces out of the country by mid 2021.NEWS,weblink Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops from Afghanistan, The New York Times, 29 February 2020, Mashal, Mujib, WEB,weblink Historian: Trump's deal with Taliban created a 'roadmap toward a surrender' - CNN Video, 17 August 2021, On 15 August 2021, all of Afghanistan, besides Kabul, was back in the hands of Taliban. By August 31, all US and allied forces departed the Hamid Karzai International Airport, thus ending any official operations within Afghanistan.NEWS,weblink Chaos Ensues at Kabul Airport as Americans Abandon Afghanistan, The New York Times, 16 August 2021, Gall, Carlotta, Khapalwak, Ruhullah, NEWS,weblink Chaos, desperation at Kabul airport as Biden defends withdrawal from Afghanistan, Reuters, 17 August 2021,Criticism
Hardliner newspapers in Iran and religious scholars in Lebanon suggested "Infinite Imperialism," "Infinite Arrogance," or "Infinite Injustice" might have been more appropriate name for the operation.NEWS,weblink Analysis: Straw's visit divides Iran, 2001-09-24, 2019-02-19, en-GB,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190219073303weblink">weblink 19 February 2019, live, BOOK, Osama's revenge : the next 9-11 : what the media and the government haven't told you, Williams, Paul L., 2004, Prometheus Books, 1591022525, Amherst, NY, 68, 54823028, registration,weblink BOOK, Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq, Dower, John W., W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, 9780393080476, 466, NEWS,weblink As the British Foreign Secretary courts Iran to aid a US-led coalition against terrorism, Tehran struggles for consensus and considers the incentives for cooperation, Moaveni, Azadeh, 27 September – 3 October 2001, Al-Ahram Weekly, 2019-02-18,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190219130115weblink">weblink 19 February 2019, live, AFP, reporting on a news story in the Sunday, 3 April 2004, issue of The New Yorker,{{Citation | title = South Asia | url =weblink | archive-url =weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040405213413weblink">weblink | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2004-04-05 | publisher = Channel NewsAsia}}. wrote that retired Army Colonel Hy Rothstein, "who served in the Army Special Forces for more than 20 years, ...commissioned by The Pentagon to examine the war in Afghanistan concluded the conflict created conditions that have given 'warlordism, banditry and opium production a new lease on life'..."The conduct of U.S. forces was criticised in a report entitled Enduring Freedom – Abuses by U.S. Forces in Afghanistan by U.S.-based human rights group Human Rights Watch in 2004. Some Pakistani scholars, such as Masood Ashraf Raja, editor of (Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies|Pakistaniaat), have also provided a more specific form of criticism that relates to the consequences of the Global War on Terrorism on the region.JOURNAL, 2009, The Rhetoric of Democracy and War on Terror: The Case of Pakistan, Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 1, 2, 60–65,Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (OEF-P)
Abu Sayyaf Group
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2012}}The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Al Harakat Al Islamiyya, is deemed a "foreign terrorist organization" by the United States government. Specifically, it is an Islamist separatist group based in and around the southern islands of the Republic of the Philippines, primarily Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao.NEWS,weblink Abu Sayyaf Group (Philippines, Islamist separatists), Council on Foreign Relations, 2018-05-21, en,weblink 22 May 2018, live, Since inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and extortion in their fight for an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Its claimed overarching goal is to create a Pan-Islamic superstate across the Malay portions of Southeast Asia, spanning, from east to west, the large island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago (Basilan and Jolo islands), the large island of Borneo (Malaysia and Indonesia), the South China Sea, and the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar).Jemaah Islamiyah
Jemaah Islamiyah is a militant Islamic terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic theocracy in Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, the south of Thailand and the Philippines. Jemaah Islamiyah originally used peaceful means to achieve its goals, but later resorted to terrorism because of its connections with al-Qaeda.NEWS,weblink Profile: Jemaah Islamiah, 2012-02-02, BBC News, 2018-05-21, en-GB,weblink 19 July 2018, live, Financial links between Jemaah Islamiyah and other terrorist groups, such as Abu Sayyaf and al-Qaeda, have been found to exist.WEB,weblink Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah, Nbr.org, 27 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060927184541weblink">weblink 27 September 2006, dead, Jemaah Islamiyah means "Islamic Group" or "Islamic Community" and is often abbreviated JI.Jemaah Islamiyah is thought to have killed hundreds of civilians. Also, it is suspected of carrying out the Bali car bombing on 12 October 2002, in which suicide bombers attacked a nightclub killing 202 people and wounding many more. Most of the casualties were Australian tourists. After this attack, the U.S. State Department designated Jemaah Islamiyah as a Foreign Terrorist Organization. Jemaah Islamiyah is also suspected of carrying out the Zamboanga bombings, the Metro Manila bombings, the 2004 Australian embassy bombing and the 2005 Bali terrorist bombing.U.S. Actions
In January 2002, 1,200 Members of United States Special Operations Command, Pacific (SOCPAC) were deployed to the Philippines to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in uprooting al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah and Abu Sayyaf. The members of SOCPAC were assigned to assist in military operations against the terrorist forces as well as humanitarian operations for the island of Basilan, where most of the conflict was expected to take place.The United States Special Forces (SF) Unit trained and equipped special forces and scout rangers of the AFP, creating the Light Reaction Company (LRC). The LRC and elements of SOCPAC deployed to Basilan on completion of their training. The stated goals of the deployment were denying the ASG sanctuary, surveiling, controlling, and denying ASG routes, surveiling supporting villages and key personnel, conducting local training to overcome AFP weaknesses and sustain AFP strengths, supporting operations by the AFP "strike force" (LRC) in the area of responsibility (AOR), conducting and supporting civil affairs operations in the AOR.WEB, Colonel David S, Maxwell,weblink The U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection, Army, 27 March 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100412201517weblink">weblink 12 April 2010,Result
The desired result was for the AFP to gain sufficient capability to locate and destroy the ASG, to recover hostages and to enhance the legitimacy of the Philippine government. Much of the operation was a success: the ASG was driven from Basilan and one U.S. hostage was recovered. The Abu Sayyaf Group's ranks, which once counted more than 800 members, was reduced to less than 100. The humanitarian portion of the operation, Operation Smiles, created 14 schools, 7 clinics, 3 hospitals and provided medical care to over 18,000 residents of Basilan. Humanitarian groups were able to continue their work without fear of further kidnappings and terrorists attacks by the Abu Sayyaf Group.{{Citation|title=Organisations |url=http://www.ict.org.il/organizations/orgdet.cfm?orgid=3 |publisher=ICT |place=Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525184544weblink |archive-date=25 May 2008 }}Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA)
Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific terrorist organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to deny the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities. Operations began in mid-2002 at Camp Lemonnier by a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) augmented by support forces from Fort Stewart, Fort Hood, and Fort Story. In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established at Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier, taking over responsibilities from the CJSOTF. CJTF-HOA comprised approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and Special Operations Forces (SOF), and coalition force members, Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150). The coalition force consists of ships from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, India, Italy, Pakistan, New Zealand, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region. Since 2003, the U.S. Military also conducts operations targeting Al-Qaeda-linked fighters in Somalia, these operations had reportedly killed between 113 and 136 militants by early 2016. On 7 March 2016, a further 150 were killed in U.S. airstrikes on an al Shabaab training camp north of Mogadishu.WEB,weblink US strike kills at least 150 al Shebab fighters in Somalia, Yahoo news, 8 March 2016, 15 January 2017,weblink 5 November 2018, live, CJTF-HOA has devoted the majority of its efforts to train selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include the rebuilding of schools and medical clinics, as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and Mali.{{Citation|title=Terrorism |url=https://www.senate.gov/member/al/shelby/general/legislation/Terrorism.pdf |publisher=Senate |place=Washington, DC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011050803weblink |archive-date=11 October 2006 }}U.S. action
"Operation Enduring Freedom"(File:ISAF-Logo.svg|thumb|International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) patch)- 7 October 2001 – 28 December 2014
- Casualties U.S. Coalition: 3,486 Dead
- Taliban/Al-Qaeda:25,500–40,500 Dead
- 1 January 2015 – Present
- Casualties U.S. Coalition: 1 January 2015 – Present | 70 Dead – Subject to changeWEB,weblink iCasualties: Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom Casualties, icasualties.org, 2018-10-29,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160204203958weblink">weblink 4 February 2016, live,
- Taliban/Al-Qaeda:
Military decorations
Since 2002, the United States military has created military awards and decorations related to Operation Enduring Freedom NATO also created a military decoration related to Operation Enduring Freedom:- Non-Article 5 ISAF NATO Medal
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}Further reading
- {{Citation | last = Maloney | first = Sean M | title = Enduring the Freedom: A Rogue Historian in Afghanistan | place = Washington, DC | publisher = Potomac Books | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-57488-953-2}}.
External links
{{Commons category}}- The Enduring Freedom Foundation
- Moorthy, Neelesh (6 July 2016). "Obama increases U.S. troops to remain in Afghanistan past 2016". Politifact.
- BOOK,weblink Enduring Voices: Oral Histories of the US Army Experience in Afghanistan, 2003–2005, Christopher N, Koontz, CMH Pub 70-112-1, 2008, United States Army Center of Military History, Washington, DC, 4 August 2010, 24 September 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140924040645weblink">weblink dead, full text available online
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