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{{Short description|Prime Minister of Italy from 2021 to 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}

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| image = Mario Draghi in 2021 crop.jpg| alt = | caption = Draghi in 2021| office1 = Prime Minister of Italy| president1 = Sergio Mattarella| term_start1 = 13 February 2021| term_end1 = 22 October 2022| predecessor1 = Giuseppe Conte| successor1 = Giorgia Meloni | office2 = President of the European Central Bank| vicepresident2 = Vítor ConstâncioLuis de Guindos| term_start2 = 1 November 2011| term_end2 = 31 October 2019| predecessor2 = Jean-Claude Trichet| successor2 = Christine LagardeFinancial Stability Board>Chair of the Financial Stability Board| term_start3 = 2 April 2006| term_end3 = 4 November 2011| predecessor3 = Position established| successor3 = Mark Carney| office4 = Governor of the Bank of Italy| term_start4 = 16 January 2006| term_end4 = 31 October 2011| predecessor4 = Antonio Fazio| successor4 = Ignazio Visco19473|df=y}}| birth_place = Rome, Italy| death_date = | death_place = | residence = Independent politician>IndependentSerena Cappello|1973}}| children = 2Sapienza University of Rome (Bachelor of Economics>BEc, Master of Economics)Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Doctor of Philosophy>PhD)| profession = | signature = Mario Draghi signature.svg}}{{Mario Draghi sidebar}}Mario Draghi {{post-nominals|post-noms=OMRI|country=ITA}} ({{IPA-it|ˈmaːrjo ˈdraːɡi|lang}}; born 3 September 1947) is an Italian economist, academic, banker, and civil servant who served as the prime minister of Italy from February 2021 to October 2022.WEB,weblink Draghi ha dato le dimissioni, 21 July 2022, 21 July 2022, 21 July 2022,weblink live, NEWS, Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister,weblink 6 January 2022, BBC News, 13 February 2021, 19 March 2022,weblink live, NEWS, Nasce il governo di Mario Draghi, con 8 tecnici e 15 ministri di sei partiti,weblink 6 January 2022, Rai News, 13 February 2021, it, 14 May 2021,weblink live, Prior to his appointment as prime minister, he served as President of the European Central Bank (ECB) between 2011 and 2019. Draghi was also Chair of the Financial Stability Board between 2009 and 2011, and Governor of the Bank of Italy between 2006 and 2011.WEB, Banca d'Italia – Mario Draghi,weblink Bank of Italy, 6 January 2022, it, 13 December 2021,weblink live, After a lengthy career as an academic economist in Italy, Draghi worked for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., throughout the 1980s, and in 1991 returned to Rome to become Director General of the Italian Treasury. He left that role after a decade to join Goldman Sachs, where he remained until his appointment as Governor of the Bank of Italy in 2006. His tenure as Governor coincided with the 2008 Great Recession, and in the midst of this he was selected to become the first Chair of the Financial Stability Board, the global standard-setter that replaced the Financial Stability Forum.He left those roles after his nomination by the European Council in 2011 to serve as President of the ECB. He presided over the institution during the Eurozone crisis, becoming famous throughout Europe for saying that he would be prepared to do "whatever it takes" to prevent the euro from failing.WEB,weblink 'Whatever it takes' – a speech and its implications for the euro area, www.kfw.de, 3 February 2021, 26 May 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Mario Draghi: The euro is irreversible, 15 June 2018, 4 May 2022, 4 May 2022,weblink live, In 2014, Draghi was listed by Forbes as the eighth-most powerful person in the world. In 2015, Fortune magazine ranked him as the world's "second greatest leader".NEWS, Mario Draghi,weblink 6 January 2022, Fortune, en, 1 November 2021,weblink live, He is also the only Italian to be listed three times in the Time 100 annual listicle.NEWS, Mario Draghi tra i 100 di "Time" (per la terza volta): unico italiano,weblink 6 January 2022, Corriere della Sera, 15 September 2021, it, 17 September 2021,weblink live, In 2019, Paul Krugman described him as "the greatest central banker of modern times."NEWS,weblink Opinion | After Draghi (Wonkish), Paul, Krugman, The New York Times, 24 May 2019, 24 October 2019, 1 August 2019,weblink live, Moreover, thanks to his monetary policies, he is widely considered the "saviour of the euro" during the European debt crisis.NEWS, Johnson, Miles, Arnold, Martin, Mario Draghi: the euro's saviour called to serve Italy,weblink 6 January 2022, Financial Times, 5 February 2021, 2 August 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Il saluto del salvatore dell'euro – MilanoFinanza.it,weblink 6 January 2022, MF Milano Finanza, 25 October 2019, it, 21 July 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Mario Draghi, eurozone saviour, now called to Italy's side,weblink 6 January 2022, France 24, 3 February 2021, en, 17 June 2022,weblink live, He has been nicknamed Super Mario by some media, a nickname that was popularised during his time as President of the ECB, when he was credited by numerous sources as having played a key role in combatting the Eurozone crisis.NEWS, Draghi, dal liceo a Roma alla guida della Bce: la storia di SuperMario,weblink 6 January 2022, Sky TG24, it, 19 October 2021,weblink live, NEWS, 'Super' Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new PM – can he save its economy like he saved the euro?,weblink 6 January 2022, Sky News, en, 22 May 2022,weblink live, After Draghi's term as ECB President ended in 2019, he initially returned to private life. On 3 February 2021, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Draghi was invited by President Sergio Mattarella to form a government of national unity (Draghi Cabinet), following the resignation of Giuseppe Conte.WEB,weblink Mattarella invites Draghi to form a new government, 2 February 2021, 2 February 2021, Il Fatto Quotidiano, 2 February 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Mario Draghi accepts mandate to form new Italian government, Financial Times, 3 February 2021, 4 February 2021, Johnson, Miles, Ghiglione, Davide, 3 February 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Horowitz, Jason, 12 February 2021, A Giant of Europe Prepares to Head Italy's New Unity Government, en-US, The New York Times,weblink 14 February 2021, 0362-4331, 15 February 2021,weblink live, After successful negotiations with parties including the League (Lega), the Five Star Movement (M5S), the Democratic Party (PD), and (FI), Draghi was sworn in as prime minister on 11 February,WEB, 13 February 2021, Mario Draghi sworn in as prime minister of Italy,weblink 11 February 2021, The Guardian, en, 13 February 2021,weblink live, pledging to oversee effective implementation of COVID-19 economic stimulus.WEB,weblink Mario Draghi's new government to be sworn in on Saturday, 12 February 2021, The Guardian, Angela, Giuffrida, 14 February 2021, 19 April 2021,weblink live, Draghi has been rated highly in public opinion polls in Italy during his time as prime minister; at the end of his first year in office Politico Europe ranked him as the most powerful person in Europe and The Economist named Italy as "Country of the Year", singling out Draghi's leadership as central to its nomination.NEWS, POLITICO 28: Class of 2022,weblink 6 January 2022, POLITICO, 6 July 2021, 8 January 2022,weblink live, WEB,weblink The Economist crowns Italy 'Country of the Year', 16 December 2021, 23 March 2022, 6 February 2022,weblink live, On 14 July 2022, the M5S revoked support to Draghi's coalition government regarding a decree concerning economic stimulus to offset the energy crisis. On the same day, despite having largely won the confidence vote, Draghi announced his resignation as prime minister, which was rejected by President Mattarella.NEWS,weblink Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi says he'll resign, government faces collapse, The Washington Post, Chico, Harlan, Stefano, Pitrelli, 14 July 2022, 14 July 2022, 14 July 2022,weblink live, On 21 July, Draghi resigned for a second time following the failure of the confidence vote to pass with an absolute majority due to the withdrawals of M5S, Lega, and FI. On the same day, President Mattarella accepted the resignation and Draghi remained in office as caretaker prime minister.WEB,weblink Draghi si è dimesso, il presidente Mattarella ha sciolto le Camere: l'Italia al voto il 25 settembre, 21 July 2022, 21 July 2022, 21 July 2022,weblink live, Prima il messaggio alla Camera, poi Draghi si dimette al Quirinale {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721171851weblink |date=21 July 2022}}, Il Sole 24 Ore He was succeeded by Giorgia Meloni on 22 October 2022.NEWS,weblink live, Il governo Meloni giurerà domani mattina al Quirinale, RAI, it, 21 October 2022,weblink 21 October 2022, 21 October 2022, NEWS,weblink live, Nuovo governo, le news. Meloni accetta l'incarico, domani alle 10 il giuramento, Sky TG24, it, 21 October 2022,weblink 21 October 2022, 21 October 2022,

Early life and education

Mario Draghi was born in Rome in 1947 to an upper-class family; his father Carlo, who was born in Padua, first joined the Bank of Italy in 1922, and later worked for the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (IRI) and for the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro; while his mother, Gilda Mancini, who was born in Monteverde, Campania, near Avellino, was a pharmacist. He is the eldest of three children including Andreina, an art historian, and Marcello, an entrepreneur.WEB, Moraschini, Stefano, Mario Draghi. Moderna economia globale,weblink Biografieonline, 6 January 2022, it, 26 April 2009, 10 December 2021,weblink live, When he was 15 years old, his father died; at 19, his mother died.NEWS, Straight Talk with Hank Paulson: Mario Draghi,weblink 6 January 2022, Paulson Institute, 2 December 2020, en, 6 January 2022,weblink live, Draghi studied at the Massimiliano Massimo Institute, a Jesuit school in Rome, where he was a classmate of the future chairman of Ferrari, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, the future prefect and civil servant Gianni De Gennaro and the future television presenter Giancarlo Magalli.WEB,weblink I compagni di classe del nuovo Governatore, 5 September 2012, it, corriere.it, 7 October 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121007233902weblink">weblink live, NEWS, Conti, Paolo, I compagni di classe, da Montezemolo a Magalli: "Snider il più bravo, ma Mario ci faceva copiare",weblink Corriere della Sera, 30 December 2005,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150218223838weblink">weblink 18 February 2015, it, In 1970, he graduated with honours in economics at the Sapienza University of Rome, under the supervision of Keynesian economist Federico Caffè; his graduation dissertation was titled "Economic integration and the variation of exchange rates".WEB, Laurea a Mario Draghi in Scienze Statistiche,weblink University of Padua,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140904121313weblink">weblink 4 September 2014, it, 18 December 2009, In his dissertation, Draghi was particularly critical of Luxembourg Prime Minister Pierre Werner's remarks that European monetary union was "premature".WEB, The economic policy of Federico Caffè in our times,weblink European Central Bank, 6 January 2022, en, 12 November 2014, 22 November 2021,weblink live, Draghi went on to earn a PhD in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977, this time with a dissertation titled "Essays on economic theory and applications", under the supervision of Franco Modigliani and Robert Solow.WEB,weblink Archived copy, 5 September 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130223223329weblink">weblink 23 February 2013,

Professor and civil servant

From 1975 to 1981, Draghi was first professor of economic and financial policy at the University of Trento, then of macroeconomics at the University of Padua, and later of mathematical economics at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice."Mario Draghi, il Governatore". Stefania Tamburello. Milan In 1981, he was appointed professor of economic and monetary policy at the University of Florence a position that he held until 1994.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111008134839weblink">weblink 8 October 2011, Bank of Italy – Mario Draghi, Bancaditalia.it, 26 June 2011, During this time, he also spent time as executive director of the World Bank in Washington, D.C. In 1983, Draghi was also appointed a counsellor to then-Minister of Treasury Giovanni Goria.NEWS, La biografia di Mario Draghi,weblink 6 January 2022, La Stampa, 4 February 2021, it, 20 October 2021,weblink live, In 1991, Minister of Treasury Guido Carli and Bank of Italy Governor Carlo Azeglio Ciampi appointed Draghi as director general of the Italian Treasury; Draghi held this senior position in the civil service until 2001.BOOK, Subrata Ghatak, John N. Kallianiotis, José Roberto Sánchez-Fung, Exchange Rates and International Financial Economics: History, Theories, and Practices,weblink 3 October 2013, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-137-31888-6, 48, 29 April 2016, 7 April 2022,weblink live, During his time at the Treasury, he chaired the committee that revised Italian corporate and financial legislation, and drafted the law that continues to govern Italian financial markets.BOOK, David A Dieterle PhD, Economic Thinkers: A Biographical Encyclopedia: A Biographical Encyclopedia,weblink 8 August 2013, ABC-CLIO, 978-0-313-39747-9, 67–, 29 April 2016, 17 October 2021,weblink live, Draghi was also among the main proponents of the privatisations of many state-owned companies which occurred in the Italian economy through the 1990s. He also chaired the management committee of SACE, implementing a complete reformation of the group and managing the transition from the Mani Pulite corruption scandal. Draghi returned to chair SACE between 1998 and 2001, before the subsequent privatisation. During these years, he was also a board member of several Italian banks and corporations, like Eni, Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro and Istituto Mobiliare Italiano.NEWS, Chi è Mario Draghi,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Post, 3 February 2021, it-IT, 1 January 2022,weblink live, NEWS , In 2001, he left the Treasury to become a fellow of the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.WEB, Draghi, Mario nell'Enciclopedia Treccani,weblink www.treccani.it, Treccani, 6 January 2022, it-IT, 30 December 2021,weblink live, Draghi was also appointed as vice chairman and managing director of Goldman Sachs International in 2002. He was also made a member of the firm's management committee, holding all of these roles until 2005.NEWS,weblink What price the new democracy? Goldman Sachs conquers Europe, Foley, Stephen, 18 November 2011, The Independent, 18 November 2011, London, 4 March 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304025943weblink">weblink live, He led Goldman Sachs's European strategy and its engagements with major European corporations and governments.WEB,weblink Goldman Sachs – Press Releases – Professor Mario Draghi Joins Goldman Sachs, Goldman Sachs, 28 January 2002, 5 February 2019, 21 December 2018,weblink live, After the revelation that off-market swaps had been systematically used by the Greek Government, facilitated by Goldman Sachs, Draghi stated that he "knew nothing" about the arrangement, and "had nothing to do with it".WEB, 14 June 2011, Draghi Says He Knew Nothing About Goldman-Greece Deal,weblink 4 October 2020, Bloomberg.com, 12 January 2021,weblink live, During this period, Draghi also worked as a trustee at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and also spent time as an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.

Governor of the Bank of Italy

File:President George W. Bush greets Bank of Italy Governor and Financial Stability Forum Chairman Mario Draghi.jpg|thumb|left|Draghi with U.S. President George W. BushGeorge W. BushIn December 2005, it was announced that Draghi would become governor of the Bank of Italy.BOOK, Nomi Prins, It Takes a Pillage: An Epic Tale of Power, Deceit, and Untold Trillions,weblink registration, 2 October 2009, John Wiley & Sons, 978-0-470-55550-7, 89, He officially took up the position on 16 January 2006. In April 2006, he was elected by fellow central bank governors to become chairman of the Financial Stability Forum; this body would later be re-organised to become the Financial Stability Board in April 2009 on behalf of the G20, bringing together representatives of governments, central banks and national supervisors institutions in the wake of the financial crisis.BOOK, Juan Fernández de Guevara Radoselovics, José Pastor Monsálvez, Crisis, Risk and Stability in Financial Markets,weblink 29 November 2012, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-137-00183-2, 94, As the inaugural FSB chairman, Draghi was responsible to the G20 leaders, and worked to promote international financial stability, improve the functioning of markets and reduce systemic risk through information exchange and international cooperation between supervisors.In his capacity as Bank of Italy governor, Draghi was also a member of the governing and general councils of the European Central Bank and a member of the board of directors of the Bank for International Settlements. He also represented Italy on the board of governors at both the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Asian Development Bank.BOOK, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Symposium, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Maintaining stability in a changing financial system: a symposium,weblink 2009, The Bank, xiii, 24 January 2015, 18 May 2015,weblink live, On 5 August 2011, he made a contribution to domestic political debate when, together with the ECB President Jean Claude Trichet, he published a notable letter to the Italian Government of Silvio Berlusconi to recommend a series of economic measures that should urgently be implemented in Italy.BOOK, Jean Pisani-Ferry, The Euro Crisis and Its Aftermath,weblink 2014, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-999333-8, 183, 29 April 2016, 3 August 2020,weblink live,

President of the European Central Bank

File:Strauss-Kahn, Trichet, Draghi (IMF 2009).jpg|thumb|220px|Draghi (right) with Dominique Strauss-Kahn and Jean-Claude TrichetJean-Claude TrichetDraghi had for years been mentioned as a possible successor to Jean-Claude Trichet, whose term as president of the European Central Bank was due to end in October 2011.NEWS, Kort, Katharina, 29 September 2009, Super-Mario für die EZB, Handelsblatt,weblink 9 March 2017, 2 October 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091002232736weblink">weblink live, On 13 February 2011, Wolfgang Münchau, associate editor of the Financial Times, endorsed Draghi as the best candidate for the position.NEWS,weblink Draghi can lead the eurozone out of danger, Financial Times, 13 February 2011, 14 February 2011, 15 February 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110215095544weblink">weblink live, A few days later, The Economist wrote that "the next president of the world's second-most-important central bank should be Mario Draghi".NEWS,weblink The Italian's Job, The Economist, 17 February 2011, 18 February 2011, 21 February 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110221055519weblink">weblink live, Draghi subsequently won the support of Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi for the position, who expressed a desire to see an Italian take the pre-eminent economic policymaking role within the European Union.NEWS, Mario Draghi nominato presidente della Bce dal vertice Ue. Berlusconi: un successo italiano e del governo,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Sole 24 ORE, 24 June 2011, it, 10 April 2022,weblink live, On 17 May 2011, the Council of the European Union recommended the nomination of Draghi as President of the ECB."Draghi Appointed ECB Chief", Wall Street Journal, 16 May 2011. Draghi's nomination was later approved by the European Parliament and the ECB itself, and on 24 June 2011 his appointment was signed-off by EU leaders.NEWS,weblink Mario Draghi appointed as head of European Central Bank, BBC, 24 June 2011, 24 June 2011, 24 June 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110624112712weblink">weblink live, NEWS,weblink The Wall Street Journal, Draghi appointed ECB chief (intro-only without subscription), Alessandra, Galloni, Alessandra Galloni, William, Horobin, 24 June 2011, 8 August 2017, 11 January 2021,weblink live, During the nomination process, some concerns were raised about Draghi's past employment at Goldman Sachs.NEWS,weblink EU appoints Draghi to ECB, Bini Smaghi to leave, Reuters, 24 June 2011, 24 June 2011, 11 March 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160311020726weblink">weblink live, As a member of the Group of Thirty, founded by the Rockefeller Foundation, he was accused in Der Spiegel, Tagesschau.de and Die Welt of having a conflict of interest as president of the ECB.WEB,weblink Board of Directors, 1 December 2015, www.bis.org,weblink 7 April 2010, WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130806072717weblink">weblink dead, Official members of the Group of Thirty : Mario Draghi, 6 August 2013, 24 October 2019, Draghi moved to Frankfurt and formally took up the role of ECB President on 1 November 2011, the day after Trichet's term expired.NEWS,weblink MarketWatch, EU leaders confirm Draghi to head ECB, William L., Watts, 24 June 2011, 24 June 2011, 27 June 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110627135844weblink">weblink live, In December 2011, Draghi brokered a €489 billion three-year loan program from the ECB to EU banks. Draghi's ECB also promptly repealed the final two interest rate hikes of Trichet's term, stating this would ease the continuing European sovereign debt crisis. In February 2012, Nobel Prize laureate in economics, Joseph Stiglitz argued that on the issue of the impending Greek debt restructuring, the ECB's insistence that it should be "voluntary", as opposed to a default agreed by Greek authorities, would be "a gift" to the financial institutions that sold credit default insurance on that debt, a position Stiglitz argued was a moral hazard.WEB, Stiglitz, Joseph, Joseph Stiglitz, Capturing the ECB,weblink project-syndicate.org, Project Syndicate, 6 February 2012, 14 February 2012, In fact, the ECB may be putting the interests of the few banks that have written credit-default swaps before those of Greece, Europe's taxpayers, and creditors who acted prudently and bought insurance., 12 February 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120212063354weblink">weblink live, In March 2012, a second, larger round of ECB loans to EU banks was initiated, this time called the Long-Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO). One commentator, Matthew Lynn, saw the ECB's injection of funds, along with quantitative easing from the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, as feeding increases in oil prices in 2011 and 2012.NEWS, Lynn, Matthew, What central banks provide, oil markets take away,weblink MarketWatch, 29 February 2012, 29 February 2012, 1 March 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120301210842weblink">weblink live, File:Mario Draghi World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Draghi in DavosDavosIn July 2012, in the midst of renewed fears about sovereigns in the eurozone, Draghi stated in a panel discussion that, under his leadership, the ECB "is ready to do whatever it takes to preserve the euro. And believe me, it will be enough."AV MEDIA, Mario Draghi, 26 July 2012, 17 December 2012, ECB's Draghi to the euro's rescue?, Video, Euronews via YouTube,weblink 24 January 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140124144312weblink">weblink live, This statement was heavily reported throughout the EU and the world's financial markets, and initially led to a steady decline in bond yields (borrowing costs) for eurozone countries, in particular Spain, Italy and France. In light of what had been slow political progress on solving the eurozone crisis, Draghi's statement has come to be seen subsequently as the major turning point in the fortunes of the eurozone, with numerous policymakers and commentators describing it as having been essential to the continuation of the euro currency.NEWS, Watts, William L., Here's how things look a year after Mario Draghi pledged 'whatever it takes' to save the euro (blog),weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130728040943weblink">weblink dead, 28 July 2013, MarketWatch, 26 July 2013, 17 December 2013, NEWS, Dixon, Hugo, Hugo Dixon, Saving face and the Euro will be tough,weblink The New York Times, 30 July 2012, 23 August 2018, 23 August 2018,weblink live, Draghi has since come to be prominently associated with the phrase "whatever it takes". Beginning in 2013, Draghi was criticised in the context of the scandals rising around the bank Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena,NEWS,weblink Monte dei Paschi: Affäre um älteste Bank der Welt erreicht Draghi, Der Spiegel, 29 January 2013, Spiegel Online, 30 November 2014, 29 November 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141129090809weblink">weblink live, which according to at least one German publication was making very risky deals.JOURNAL,weblink Europa droht ein Währungskrieg (Europe at the verge of currency wars), Manager Magazin, 30 November 2014, 30 November 2014, 2 December 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141202180342weblink">weblink live, File:Twenty years of the euro three in four Europeans are in favour of the single currency (39786518243).jpg|right|thumb|Draghi during a plenary session of the European ParliamentEuropean ParliamentIn April 2013, Draghi said in response to a question regarding membership of the eurozone, "These questions are formulated by people who vastly underestimate what the euro means for the Europeans, for the euro area. They vastly underestimate the political capital that has been invested in the euro."NEWS, Boesler, Matthew, MARIO DRAGHI: Zero hedge readers don't understand the Euro crisis,weblink Business Insider, 4 April 2013, 20 May 2013, 11 May 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130511033358weblink">weblink live, In 2015, in an appearance before the European Parliament, Draghi said that the future of the eurozone was at risk unless member countries gave up some independence and created more Pan-European government institutions. "We have not yet reached the stage of a genuine monetary union," Draghi said. Failure of eurozone countries to harmonise their economies and create stronger institutions would, he said, "put at risk the long-term success of the monetary union when faced with an important shock."NEWS, Ewing, Jack, Eurozone's Future Remains at Risk, Mario Draghi Warns,weblink The New York Times, 25 February 2015, 26 February 2015, 4 March 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150304034254weblink">weblink live, In 2015, Draghi said that his political ideas belong to liberal socialism.WEB,weblink Interview with Die Zeit, Press Release, ECB, 15 January 2015, 26 April 2021, 26 April 2021,weblink live, On 31 October 2019, his mandate as ECB President expired and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde was appointed as his successor.WEB,weblink New President of the European Central Bank, 1 November 2019, Press Release, ECB, 1 November 2019, 27 December 2019,weblink live,

Prime Minister of Italy (2021–2022)

Government formation

{{See also|2021 Italian government crisis|Draghi Cabinet}}File:Mattarella Draghi Quirinale 2021.jpg|thumb|left|Draghi with President Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinal PalaceQuirinal PalaceBetween December 2020 and January 2021, tensions arose within Italy's ruling coalition, with Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte and former prime minister Matteo Renzi taking contrary positions on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy as well as its deep economic consequences.NEWS, A un passo dalla crisi di governo: Renzi pronto a ritirare le ministre. Ecco gli scenari possibili,weblink 6 January 2022, Open, 3 January 2021, it-IT, 5 February 2021,weblink live, On 13 January, Renzi announced the resignation of the two Cabinet Ministers from his party, Italia Viva, triggering the collapse of the second Conte Government.NEWS, Meredith, Sam, Amaro, Silvia, Italy's government in crisis after former PM pulls support for ruling coalition,weblink 13 January 2021, CNBC.com, CNBC International, CNBC, 13 January 2021, Government Collapse 2021, 31 January 2021,weblink live, On 26 January, after days of inconclusive negotiations with political parties, Conte tendered his resignation as prime minister to President Mattarella.NEWS, Legorano, Giovanni, 25 January 2021, Italian Prime Minister Resigns Amid Struggle Over How to Revive Economy From Covid-19, The Wall Street Journal,weblink 25 January 2021, 16 February 2021,weblink live, On 2 February 2021, following failed consultations between parties to nominate a replacement, President Mattarella announced he would summon Draghi to the Quirinal Palace, with the intention of giving him the task of forming a technocratic government.WEB,weblink Italian, 2 February 2021, 2 February 2021, La vecchia maggioranza non si è messa d'accordo, Il Post, 7 February 2021,weblink live, WEB, 3 February 2021, Ex-ECB chief Mario Draghi asked to form Italy's next government,weblink 3 February 2021, euronews, en, 3 February 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Italian, 2 February 2021, 2 February 2021, Mattarella sceglie un governo del presidente e convoca Mario Draghi: "Voto non opportuno con l'emergenza, serve pienezza delle funzioni", Il Fatto Quotidiano, 2 February 2021,weblink live, The following day, Draghi accepted the task of forming a new government and began consultations with party leaders.NEWS, Crisi di Governo, incarico a Draghi: le ultime news,weblink 6 January 2022, Sky TG24, 3 February 2021, it, 12 February 2021,weblink live, Draghi quickly secured the support of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), the centrist Italia Viva (IV), the left-wing Free and Equal (LeU), and other small liberal and centrist parties.WEB, 11 February 2021, Zingaretti: "Unità contro chi vuole destabilizzare il Pd. Ora Costituente per riforme in Parlamento",weblink 11 February 2021, la Repubblica, it, 11 February 2021,weblink live, After an initial delay, Matteo Salvini, leader of the right-wing League, and Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the centre-right , jointly announced they too would support Draghi.WEB, 10 February 2021, Berlusconi e Salvini: "Sostegno a Draghi con responsabilità e senza veti",weblink 11 February 2021, ilGiornale.it, it, 11 February 2021,weblink live, Finally, on 11 February, the membership of the Five Star Movement (M5S) approved the party's support for Draghi, with 59.3% of party members voting in favour of joining the new government.WEB, 11 February 2021, Dal voto Cinquestelle via libera al governo Draghi con il 59,3%. Di Maio: "Il movimento prende la via europea". Fico: "Niente salti ne buio",weblink 11 February 2021, lastampa.it, it-IT, 13 February 2021,weblink live, (File:Governo Draghi.jpg|thumb|right|Draghi and his Cabinet at the Quirinal Palace after the oath of office)On 12 February, Draghi unveiled the members of his Cabinet, which included representatives from all of the above political parties, including 9 ministers from the outgoing cabinet, as well as independent technocrats.NEWS, Horowitz, Jason, A Giant of Europe Prepares to Head Italy's New Unity Government,weblink 15 February 2021, The New York Times, 12 February 2021, 15 February 2021,weblink live, The following day, Draghi was sworn in as prime minister. Draghi's cabinet was described as a national unity government in the wake of its announcement.NEWS, Johnson, Miles, Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister,weblink 15 February 2021, Financial Times, 13 February 2021, 15 February 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Draghi government sworn in – English,weblink 15 February 2021, ANSA.it, 13 February 2021, en, 13 February 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Roberts, Hannah, Mario Draghi forms Italian government,weblink 15 February 2021, Politico, 12 February 2021, 15 February 2021,weblink live, On 17 February, Draghi won a confidence vote in the Senate, with 262 votes in favour, 40 against and 2 abstentions.NEWS, Forgnone, Valeria, Governo, ok del Senato alla fiducia a Draghi con 262 sì. "Grazie per la stima, andrà validata dai fatti". Nel M5S 15 votano contro,weblink 6 January 2022, la Repubblica, 17 February 2021, it, 21 February 2021,weblink live, On the following day, he won a further confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies with 535 votes in favour, 56 against and 5 abstentions; this margin represented one of the largest ever majorities in the history of the Italian Republic.NEWS, Forgnone, Valeria, Mari, Laura, Governo, ok della Camera alla fiducia con 535 sì, 56 no e 5 astenuti. Voto contrario di un leghista che passa a Fdi. Dissenso leghista a quota 30. Draghi: "Lotta alla corruzione e alle mafie",weblink 6 January 2022, la Repubblica, 18 February 2021, it, 31 October 2021,weblink live, During his first speech as prime minister to both houses of the Italian Parliament, Draghi stated that the Italy that emerged after the COVID-19 pandemic would have to undergo a period of reconstruction similar to post-World War II Italy, and that it would be his government's responsibility to begin this process.NEWS, Horowitz, Jason, Italy's New Prime Minister Appeals for Unity and Sacrifice,weblink 6 January 2022, The New York Times, 17 February 2021, 17 December 2021,weblink live, He also stressed that his government would adopt a strongly pro-European position, and emphasised the importance of Italy remaining within the Eurosystem.NEWS, Draghi a Salvini: "Sostenermi significa accettare l'irreversibilità dell'euro",weblink 6 January 2022, L'HuffPost, 17 February 2021, it, 21 October 2021,weblink live, WEB, Key policy points in Italy PM Draghi's maiden speech to Senate,weblink 17 February 2021, Reuters, 18 February 2021, 17 February 2021,weblink live, WEB, Balmer, Crispian, Jones, Gavin, Amante, Angelo, Italy's new PM Draghi promises sweeping reforms, urges national unity,weblink 17 February 2021, Reuters, 18 February 2021, 17 February 2021,weblink live, WEB, Roberts, Hannah, Italy's Draghi to League: Learn to love the euro,weblink 17 February 2021, Politico, 19 February 2021, 18 February 2021,weblink live, On 13 May, it was announced that Draghi would forgo his annual salary of €115,000 for being prime minister.NEWS,weblink Mario Draghi waives his salary as Italy's PM, Financial Times, 13 May 2021, Johnson, Miles, 8 February 2022, 8 December 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20211208192815weblink">weblink live,

COVID-19 pandemic

{{see also|COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 vaccination in Italy}}(File:Mario Draghi - May 2021.jpg|left|thumb|Mario Draghi in May 2021)Addressing the nation shortly after becoming prime minister, Draghi stated that it would be his government's priority to plan a route out of the COVID-19 pandemic, and pledged to reorganise the country's pandemic response units; on 27 February, Draghi replaced the Head of the Civil Protection, Angelo Borrelli, with Fabrizio Curcio, and on 1 March, he replaced the Extraordinary Commissioner for the COVID-19 Emergency, Domenico Arcuri, with the Army General Francesco Paolo Figliuolo, who received the additional mandate of reorganising and implementing the vaccination campaign.NEWS, Draghi sostituisce Arcuri, il generale Figliuolo è il nuovo Commissario all'emergenza Covid,weblink 6 January 2022, la Repubblica, 1 March 2021, it, 14 July 2022,weblink live, Borrelli and Arcuri had both been considered close to former prime minister Giuseppe Conte.NEWS, Ecco perché Arcuri è al capolinea,weblink 6 January 2022, ilGiornale.it, 27 February 2021, it, 21 December 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Curcio per Borrelli: Draghi cambia la Protezione civile,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Fatto Quotidiano, 27 February 2021, it-IT, 24 July 2021,weblink live, Following discussions with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Draghi announced that he had agreed to ensure vaccines produced in Italy were prioritised for distribution to the population of the European Union.NEWS, Ue, Draghi sente von der Leyen: priorità accelerare vaccini e una nuova politica migratoria,weblink 6 January 2022, la Repubblica, 3 March 2021, it, 24 July 2021,weblink live, On the following day, Draghi made international headlines by authorising the blocking of a shipment of 250,000 Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccines that were originally intended to travel to Australia.NEWS, Speciale, Alessandro, Dendrinou, Viktoria, Follain, John, Italy Blocks Australia's AstraZeneca Vaccines Under EU Rule,weblink 6 January 2022, Bloomberg, 4 March 2021, en, 12 April 2022,weblink live, This led to harsh criticism by Australian prime minister Scott Morrison and British prime minister Boris Johnson.NEWS, Coronavirus: Australia wants EU to 'review' Italy's vaccine block {{!, DW {{!}} 5 March 2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-australia-wants-eu-to-review-italys-vaccine-block/a-56779185 |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=DW.COM |date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721171851weblink |url-status=live}}NEWS, PM call with Prime Minister Draghi of Italy: 4 March 2021,weblink 6 January 2022, GOV.UK, 4 March 2021, en, 28 February 2022,weblink live, Conversely, Draghi's decision was praised by other European leaders, such as French President Emmanuel Macron.NEWS, Blocco vaccini, ora Macron potrebbe seguire Draghi: "Valutiamo stop a export",weblink 6 January 2022, EuropaToday, 5 March 2021, it, 25 July 2021,weblink live, In mid-March, the Italian Government announced it would pause the rollout of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, after reports that some Italians treated with it had developed blood clots, although no death cases have been reported directly due to the vaccine.WEB,weblink COVID-19: Germany, France, Italy and Spain pause Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine amid blood clot concerns, Sky News, 15 March 2021, 16 March 2021,weblink live, On 16 March 2021, Draghi had a phone call with the French President Macron concerning the suspension of the AstraZeneca vaccine and of the eventual decisions of the European Medicines Agency that will take a definitive decision on 18 March 2021.WEB, 16 March 2021, Draghi e Macron pronti a ripartire con AstraZeneca,weblink 20 March 2021, L'HuffPost, it, 18 March 2021,weblink live, On 15 March 2021, Draghi placed the majority of Italy under so-called 'full lockdown' conditions, with non-essential businesses closing and travel restricted, in response to an increase in the transmission of COVID-19, although unlike the 2020 lockdown, factories and some other workplaces were allowed to remain open. Announcing the lockdown, Draghi vowed that Italy would see its vaccination programme triple in April, reaching 500,000 people per day by that time.{{Citation|title=Italy Back in Lockdown as Draghi Vows to Speed Up Vaccines|date=16 March 2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2021-03-16/italy-back-in-lockdown-as-draghi-vows-to-speed-up-vaccines-video|language=en|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317152154weblink|url-status=live}} Around this time, Draghi's approval rating as prime minister reached a new high of 63% in opinion polls.WEB, 10 March 2021, Sondaggi, il Pd senza segretario cala al 17,4%. Draghi, Conte e Speranza i leader più apprezzati,weblink 20 March 2021, Il Fatto Quotidiano, it-IT, 19 March 2021,weblink live, On 16 April, during a press conference with his health minister Roberto Speranza, Draghi announced that restrictions will be eased from 26 April, allowing the reopening of bars and restaurants, stating that "it is possible to look to the future with prudent optimism and confidence".NEWS, COVID-19 restrictions to start being eased from April 26 says Draghi – English,weblink 6 January 2022, ANSA.it, 16 April 2021, en, 21 October 2021,weblink live, In June 2021, the more contagious SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant became predominant in Italy.NEWS, Il rischio variante Delta: impennata di casi, ricoveri sotto controllo. Dal Regno Unito un mix di buone e cattive notizie (anche per l'Italia) {{!, I dati |url=https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/italia/2021/07/16/news/variante-delta-impennata-di-casi-ricoveri-sotto-controllo-dal-regno-unito-un-mix-di-buone-e-cattive-notizie-i-dati-1.40504597 |access-date=16 July 2021 |agency=ilsecoloxix.it |publisher=ilsecoloxix.it |date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716140037weblink |url-status=live}}NEWS, Variante Delta, nuovi focolai in Italia: da Roma a Pantelleria,weblink 20 July 2021, ilsole24ore.com, ilsole24ore.com, 20 July 2021, 19 July 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Tre scenari per l'epidemia: casi in forte rialzo, ma i vaccini reggono l'urto,weblink 16 July 2021, ilsole24ore.com, ilsole24ore.com, 14 July 2021, 16 July 2021,weblink live, To contain the spread of new variants, in August 2021 the government extended the requirement of the EU Digital COVID Certificate, also known as "Green Pass", to the participation in sports events and music festivals, but also to the access to indoor places like bars, restaurants and gyms, as well as to long-distance public transportation.NEWS, Giuffrida, Angela, Italy imposes 'green pass' restrictions on unvaccinated people,weblink 31 August 2021, The Guardian, 22 July 2021, en, 31 August 2021,weblink live, On 15 October, Italy became the first country in the world to establish a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination certificate or a negative test, for the entire work force, public and private.NEWS, Horowitz, Jason, Workers across Italy face a new reality: No health pass, no paycheck.,weblink 6 January 2022, The New York Times, 15 October 2021, 7 January 2022,weblink live, On 24 November, Draghi announced the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination certificate for all the recreational activities, like cinemas, bars, restaurants and sport games, thus eliminating the possibility of attending one of these activities with a negative test only.NEWS, Super Green pass, via libera del governo: varrà in zona bianca dal 6 dicembre al 15 gennaio,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Fatto Quotidiano, 24 November 2021, it-IT, 24 November 2021,weblink live, On 5 January 2022, amid a new increase in COVID-19 cases following the spread of the highly contagious Omicron variant, the government introduced compulsory vaccination for all Italian citizens above the age of 50.NEWS, Dall'obbligo vaccinale al Green Pass per i servizi alla persona: tutte le nuove regole,weblink 6 January 2022, L'HuffPost, 5 January 2022, it, 5 January 2022,weblink live, NEWS, Nuovo decreto anti-Covid, via libera all'unanimità al vaccino obbligatorio per gli over 50. Sanzione da 100 euro per chi si rifiuta,weblink 6 January 2022, la Repubblica, 5 January 2022, it, 5 January 2022,weblink live,

Domestic reforms

(File:Mattarella Draghi 2022.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Mario Draghi and Sergio Mattarella on 3 February 2022)In July and August, Draghi led the process to overhaul Italy's criminal and civil justice system, with an aim of reducing the time taken to resolve cases. Among other things, the reform package abolished one of the two levels of appeal applied to most cases in the Italian judiciary. The reforms had long been argued for by several political parties, on the basis that the slow legal system disincentivised external investment into Italy.WEB,weblink Italy's Draghi wins confidence votes on justice reforms, 3 August 2021, 6 August 2021, 6 August 2021,weblink live, On 3 August 2021, the package of reforms passed the Italian Parliament after Draghi announced that he would consider the vote a question of confidence in his government. Draghi also announced that the passage of judicial overhaul would be linked to the allocation of €200bn in post-pandemic stimulus funds from the European Union. The judicial overhaul represented the first successful reform package of the Italian justice system in several decades.WEB, Sanderson, Rachel, 3 August 2021, Mario Draghi Earns His Summer Vacation,weblink 30 January 2022, Bloomberg, 22 October 2021,weblink live, In October 2021, the Draghi Government passed its budget for 2022. The budget modified the pension reform approved by the Conte Government, known as Quota 100, which enabled retirement at age 62 with 38 years of contributions, introducing instead the so-called Quota 102 (which allows retirement at age 64 with 38 years of contributions).NEWS, Manovra, ok Cdm. Dalle pensioni alla proroga Superbonus: cosa prevede,weblink 6 January 2022, Sky TG24, 29 October 2021, it, 4 November 2021,weblink live, Italian trade unions opposed the reform and organised a general strike in protest in late November and early December 2021.NEWS, Sindacati: 'Quota 102 non va, pronti alla piazza' – Politica,weblink 6 January 2022, ANSA, 28 October 2021, it, 4 November 2021,weblink live, The Draghi government's budget also modified the citizens' income, a universal basic income introduced by Conte. The new income introduces a gradual decline in the allowance after six months and its revocation after two rejected job offers.NEWS, Così cambierà il Reddito di cittadinanza,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Foglio, 28 October 2021, it, 7 January 2022,weblink live, On 30 December 2021, Draghi oversaw passage of an additional budget proposal, including an overhaul of the Italian taxation system, the introduction of a new series of tax credits and wide-ranging company tax cuts, subsidies for firms that hire young people and new mothers, subsidised mortgages for people buying their first property, and a fund set aside in order to mitigate rising energy prices.NEWS,weblink Draghi boost as Italian parliament approves €32bn budget, Financial Times, 30 December 2021, Sciorilli Borrelli, Silvia, 30 December 2021, 30 December 2021,weblink live, At the end of 2021, the Economist magazine named Italy as its 'Country of the Year', awarded each year to the country judged to have made the most improvement over the course of one year. The magazine singled out Draghi's leadership as central to the decision.In the 2022 presidential election, Draghi was widely seen as a probable successor of incumbent president Sergio Mattarella. However, on 29 January 2022, Draghi publicly supported the re-election of Mattarella as president, ending media speculation that he himself could succeed Mattarella, and pledged to oversee an overhaul of Italian competition law and public procurement policy in the following six months, with a view to increase the performance of the economy.NEWS,weblink Draghi gains vital time for policy revamp after Italy re-elects Mattarella as president, Financial Times, 30 January 2022, Kazmin, Amy, 30 January 2022, 30 January 2022,weblink live, On 18 February 2022, amid the global energy crisis, the Draghi Government approved a package of €8bn euro to support the economy, heavily affected by the rise of energy costs.NEWS,weblink Italy approves 8 bln euro package to help economy, curb energy bills, 18 February 2022, Reuters, 19 February 2022, 19 February 2022,weblink live,

Foreign policies

File:Draghi Biden 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Mario Draghi with the U.S. President Joe BidenJoe BidenSince the beginning of his premiership, Draghi implemented an active foreign policy focused on the Mediterranean Sea, North Africa and the Middle East in order to increase Italy's influence over the area.NEWS, Horowitz, Jason, How Mario Draghi Is Making Italy a Power Player in Europe,weblink 6 January 2022, The New York Times, 15 April 2021, 6 January 2022,weblink live, NEWS, Galluzzo, Marco, Draghi in Libia: l'obiettivo è annullare l'influenza straniera,weblink 6 January 2022, Corriere della Sera, 4 June 2021, it, 5 November 2021,weblink live, On 6 April 2021, Draghi visited Libya, in his first international trip, during which he met Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, saying he wanted to strengthen ties with the Arab country, a former colony of Italy.NEWS, La visita di Draghi in Libia,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Post, 6 April 2021, it-IT, 21 April 2022,weblink live, The trip was described as an attempt to reduce the Turkish and Egyptian influences over Libya, following the aftermath of the civil war.NEWS, Draghi Picks Libya for First Trip, Seeking Stronger Ties,weblink Follain, John, 6 April 2021, 8 April 2021, Bloomberg News, Bloomberg, Tugwell, Paul, Magdy, Mirette, 6 April 2021,weblink live, Days later, Draghi publicly labelled Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as a "dictator", harshly criticising him for his behaviour after a meeting with European leaders Ursula von der Leyen and Charles Michel, during which, according to Draghi, he "humiliated President von der Leyen".NEWS, Italy's Draghi accuses 'dictator' Erdogan, draws Turkey's condemnation,weblink 6 January 2022, Reuters, 8 April 2021, en, 14 January 2022,weblink live, NEWS, Draghi: "Erdogan? Un dittatore di cui si ha bisogno". La Turchia: "Ritiri queste parole",weblink 6 January 2022, L'HuffPost, 8 April 2021, it, 5 November 2021,weblink live, The statement caused immediate reactions from the Turkish government. Turkey's foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu summoned Italian ambassador and described Draghi's words as an "unacceptable populist rhetoric", while many other prominent members of Erdoğan's cabinet strongly attacked Draghi.NEWS, Parrock, Jack, Turkey summons Italian ambassador after Mario Draghi called Erdogan 'dictator',weblink 6 January 2022, The Times, 10 April 2021, en, 7 May 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Ozbek, Inci, Turkey Summons Italian Envoy After Draghi Calls Erdogan Dictator,weblink 6 January 2022, Bloomberg, 8 April 2021, en, 11 April 2021,weblink live, However, Draghi was backed by several European leaders, including the head of the European People's Party, Manfred Weber.NEWS, Draghi was right on Erdogan says Weber – English,weblink 6 January 2022, ANSA.it, 9 April 2021, en, 12 May 2021,weblink live, On 14 April, Erdoğan accused Draghi of being an "appointed and unelected Prime Minister", describing his statement as "rude and impertinent".NEWS, Ansaldo, Marco, Erdogan risponde a Draghi: "Totale maleducazione, colpite le relazioni tra Italia e Turchia",weblink 6 January 2022, la Repubblica, 14 April 2021, it, 22 October 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Erdogan: "Io dittatore? Draghi nominato e non eletto, danneggiate relazioni Turchia-Italia",weblink 6 January 2022, Tgcom24, 14 April 2021, IT, 14 May 2021,weblink live, File:Macron Draghi Quirinale 2021.jpg|thumb|left|Draghi and the French President Emmanuel Macron, in 2021, following the signing of the Quirinal TreatyQuirinal TreatyIn June 2021, Draghi attended his first G7 summit in Cornwall in the United Kingdom. During the meeting, Draghi led discussions on strategy for avoiding adverse market reactions to stimulus spending.NEWS, Nardelli, Alberto,weblink Johnson Defers to Draghi on Economy at First G-7 Summit Session, Bloomberg, 11 June 2021, 8 February 2022, 30 January 2022,weblink live, During the summit, Draghi held a bilateral meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden.WEB,weblink Readout of President Biden's Meeting with Prime Minister Mario Draghi of Italy, whitehouse.gov, 12 June 2021, 1 July 2021, 4 July 2021,weblink live, Draghi praised Biden, saying he had improved relations between the European Union and the United States.WEB,weblink Mario Draghi: "Biden ha portato aria nuova nei rapporti tra USA e UE", 3 May 2021, 3 May 2021,weblink live, In August 2021, following the withdrawal of NATO troops from Afghanistan amid the Taliban offensive, the Italian government took part in the evacuation from Kabul.NEWS, Un po' di numeri sull'evacuazione italiana degli afghani da Kabul,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Post, 23 August 2021, it-IT, 30 October 2021,weblink live, Within the Operation "Aquila Omnia",WEB, Esercito Italiano nell'Operazione "Aquila Omnia" – Esercito Italiano,weblink www.esercito.difesa.it, Esercito Italiano, 6 January 2022, it, 27 August 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210827074730weblink">weblink live, nearly 5,000 Afghans were evacuated by the Italian Armed Forces and brought to Italy.NEWS, Afghanistan, sono 4.832 gli afghani evacuati in Italia con l'operazione 'Aquila Omnia',weblink 6 January 2022, Dire.it, 26 August 2021, it-IT, 22 October 2021,weblink live, On 30 and 31 October 2021, Rome hosted the annual G20 summit. Draghi and the other leaders mainly discussed climate change, COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic global recovery in health, economic and political terms. The only leaders who did not attend the G20 were the Chinese leader Xi Jinping and the Russian President Vladimir Putin.NEWS, G20 Italy: Which world leaders will be in Rome?,weblink 6 January 2022, Wanted in Rome, 27 October 2021, en, 30 October 2021,weblink live, On 26 November 2021, Draghi signed the "Quirinal Treaty", with the French president Emmanuel Macron, at the Quirinal Palace, in Rome.NEWS, Trattato tra Italia e Francia: Draghi e Macron siglano l'intesa,weblink 30 November 2021, rainews, italian, 30 November 2021,weblink live, The treaty is aimed to promote the convergence and coordination of French and Italian positions in matters of European and foreign policies, security and defence, migration policy, economy, education, research, culture and cross-border cooperation.NEWS, Amiel, Sandrine, Will a new French-Italian pact reshape Europe post-Merkel?,weblink 6 January 2022, Euronews, 26 November 2021, en, 25 January 2022,weblink live, File:Зустріч Президента України з президентами Франції та Румунії, а також головами урядів Німеччини та Італії 50.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Draghi with Ukrainian President Volodymyr ZelenskyyVolodymyr ZelenskyyUnder Draghi's premiership, a new approach toward Russia was implemented; the new Italian foreign policies was described by the Financial Times as "one of the biggest foreign policy shifts in years".NEWS, 2 May 2022, Revulsion at Ukraine war ends Rome's old amity with Moscow, en, Financial Times,weblink 2 May 2022, live, 2 May 2022,weblink On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine; Draghi harshly condemned Russia's attack, calling for an immediate ceasefire and promising "whatever it takes to restore Ukrainian sovereignty".WEB, 24 February 2022, Russia-Ucraina, Draghi: "Con Mosca ora dialogo impossibile",weblink 24 February 2022, Sky Tg24, it, 24 February 2022,weblink live, He added that it was "impossible to have meaningful dialogue with Moscow", demanding Russia to unconditionally pull its forces back to the internationally established borders.NEWS, 24 February 2022, Italy's Draghi promises "whatever it takes" to restore Ukrainian sovereignty, en, Reuters,weblink 24 February 2022, 25 February 2022,weblink live, Despite initial reluctance, on 26 February, during a phone call with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Draghi agreed to support the exclusion of Russia from the SWIFT network, the international financial transactions system.NEWS, 26 February 2022, Draghi: "L'Italia appoggia le sanzioni alla Russia, anche su Swift", it, ANSA,weblink 26 February 2022, live, 26 February 2022,weblink On 22 March, Draghi broke with other European leaders when he publicly supported the application of Ukraine to join the European Union.NEWS,weblink Mario Draghi endorses Ukraine's bid for EU membership, Financial Times, 22 March 2022, Kazmin, Amy, 23 March 2022, 23 March 2022,weblink live, Draghi was also among the main proponents of the freezing of a large part of Russian Central Bank's 643 billion dollars of foreign currency reserves.Weaponisation of finance: how the west unleashed 'shock and awe' on Russia {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510080958weblink |date=10 May 2022}}, Financial TimesAs of May 2022, the Italian government allocated 500 million euros to support Ukrainians arriving in Italy and 110 million in financial assistance for the Ukrainian government.Ucraina: Draghi, dall'Italia aiuti per 610 milioni di euro {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504091416weblink |date=4 May 2022}}, ANSA Moreover, Italy sent also military equipment to Ukraine.Ucraina, dalle mitragliatrici ai missili: quali armi potrebbe inviare l'Italia a Kiev {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428023427weblink |date=28 April 2022}}, Sky Tg24 On 3 May 2022, Draghi addressed the European Parliament dealing with several themes. According to Draghi, the EU needed to embrace "pragmatic federalism" in multiple policy sectors, like security, economy and defence.Mario Draghi urges EU to deepen economic integration in response to war {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504163951weblink |date=4 May 2022}}, Financial TimesOn 16 June 2022, Draghi visited Kyiv alongside French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz. The three leaders had a long meeting with Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to discuss various issues such as Ukraine's application to be an EU member and the ongoing Russian war in Ukraine.WEB, 16 June 2022, Macron, Scholz and Draghi arrive in Kyiv for historic visit,weblink 16 June 2022, POLITICO, en-US, 16 June 2022,weblink live, WEB, 15 June 2022, Draghi, Scholz e Macron arrivano a Kiev. Prima tappa a Irpin,weblink 16 June 2022, la Repubblica, it, 16 June 2022,weblink live, The trip was considered "historic" by various commentators.France's Macron, German's Scholz and Italy's Draghi to arrive in Kyiv for historic visit {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617134323weblink |date=17 June 2022}}, First Post

Resignation

File:Draghi Quirinale 2022.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Draghi arriving at the Quirinal PalaceQuirinal PalaceOn 13 July 2022, after months of tensions regarding economic policies implemented by the government as well as the military response to the war in Ukraine, Giuseppe Conte, leader of the Five Star Movement (M5S) and former prime minister, revoked the support to the government on the so-called decreto aiuti (), concerning economic stimulus to contrast the ongoing economic and energy crisis, opening a political crisis within the majority.NEWS, 13 July 2022, Italy's government on the brink as 5-Star threatens to boycott confidence vote,weblink The Guardian, Angela, Giuffrida, en, 13 July 2022, 13 July 2022,weblink live, On the following day, the Senate approved the decree with 172 votes, but the M5S abstained, leaving the Senate floor.Decreto aiuti, i 5S non voteranno la fiducia. Conte: "Le dichiarazioni di Draghi non bastano". Letta: "Serve una verifica". Meloni: "Alle urne". La diretta della giornata {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714170730weblink |date=14 July 2022}}, la Repubblica After a few hours, following a meeting with president Mattarella, Draghi officially announced his resignation as prime minister,Draghi si dimette: «È venuto meno il patto di fiducia su cui si reggeva il governo» – Il testo del discorso ai ministri {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714165849weblink |date=14 July 2022}}, Open stating that "the pact of trust and confidence underlying the government action had failed."Draghi al cdm,mi dimetto, venuto meno patto fiducia base governo {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714193142weblink |date=14 July 2022}}, ANSA However, the resignation was rejected by Mattarella, who invited Draghi to explain the political situation to the Parliament on 20 July.NEWS, 14 July 2022, Italy's President Mattarella rejects Prime Minister Draghi's resignation,weblink CNN, Livia, Borghese, Sharon, Braithwaite, en, 14 July 2022, 14 July 2022,weblink live, On 20 July, Draghi held a speech in front of the Senate, harshly condemning the positions that M5S and Lega held during the last months of the cabinet.Il governo ottiene la fiducia, ma Lega, Forza Italia e M5S non votano. Draghi domani alla Camera {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720160945weblink |date=20 July 2022}}, Rai News In the evening, the government failed to reach the absolute majority in the confidence vote as Lega, FI and M5S decided not to take part in the ballot, de facto causing the fall of the government.WEB,weblink DIRETTA Crisi di governo, Draghi al Quirinale da Mattarella, 20 July 2022, 20 July 2022,weblink live, WEB,weblink Fine del governo Draghi Lega, Forza Italia e M5s non votano la fiducia. Il premier stasera non sale al Quirinale, 20 July 2022, 20 July 2022,weblink live, On the following day, after a speech in front of the Chamber of Deputies, Draghi officially resigned as prime minister.WEB, di Redazione Online,weblink Cosa succede ora al governo, viste le possibili dimissioni di Draghi?, Corriere.it, 20 July 2022, 2022-07-20, 21 July 2022,weblink live, Mattarella accepted his resignation, but Draghi remained in office as caretaker prime minister, until the formation of a new government following the 2022 general election.WEB,weblink Draghi potrebbe annunciare le dimissioni già domani alla Camera. Poi salirà al Quirinale da Mattarella, 20 July 2022, NEWS,weblink Draghi ha dato le dimissioni, Corriere della Sera, it, 21 July 2022, 21 July 2022,

Personal life

File:President Joe Biden and Prime Minister Mario Draghi.jpg|thumb|right|Draghi and his wife Serena Cappello with Jill and Joe BidenJoe BidenIn 1973, Mario Draghi married Maria Serenella Cappello, of noble origins and descendant of Bianca Cappello, and an expert in English literature,Chi è Serena Cappello la moglie di Mario Draghi: "Lei ne sa più di me" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220140053weblink |date=20 December 2021}}, la RepubblicaWEB, Who is Serena Cappello, Draghi's wife. He said: "She knows more" {{!, Italy24 News English|url=https://www.italy24news.com/en/2021/02/who-is-serena-cappello-draghis-wife-he-said-she-knows-more.html|access-date=16 February 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221060511weblink|url-status=dead}} with whom he has two children: Federica, who worked as investment director of Genextra Spa and board member of Italian Angels for Biotechis, and Giacomo, a finance analyst, who worked as an interest-rate derivative trader at investment bank Morgan Stanley until 2017, and is now at the LMR Partners hedge fund.NEWS,weblink Giacomo Draghi Said to Exit Morgan Stanley for Hedge Fund, 14 June 2019, 14 June 2019, en, 22 October 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Il figlio di Mario Draghi lascia Morgan Stanley per un fondo hedge, 8 February 2017, Repubblica.it, it, 14 June 2019, 20 December 2021,weblink live, Draghi is a Catholic of Jesuit education and is devoted to St. Ignatius of Loyola.NEWS, Cattolico, socialista e liberale. Chi è Mario Draghi,weblink 6 January 2022, Il Giorno, 2 February 2021, it, 31 October 2021,weblink live, Draghi has homes in Rome's Parioli district and in Città della Pieve in Umbria.WEB,weblink Mario Draghi, dal liceo all'Eur alla casa ai Parioli: la Roma del Premier incaricato, Roma today, 3 February 2021, 19 February 2021, it, 4 February 2021,weblink live, He is a supporter of A.S. Roma, one of the football teams of his hometown, and a great fan of basketball.NEWS, Mario Draghi, non solo economia: quante passioni sportive,weblink 6 January 2022, Sky Sport, 3 February 2021, it, 21 October 2021,weblink live, In 2015 he identified himself as a liberal socialist.WEB,weblink Mario Draghi è di destra o di sinistra?, 7 June 2021, 16 July 2022, 16 July 2022,weblink live, WEB,weblink Mario Draghi, partito e orientamento politico dell'ex presidente della Bce, 3 February 2021, 16 July 2022, 1 August 2021,weblink live,

Honours

Italian honours{|

80x80px)Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – awarded on 27 December 1991.HTTP://WWW.QUIRINALE.IT/ELEMENTI/DETTAGLIOONORIFICENZE.ASPX?DECORATO=207569LAST=WEBWEBSITE=QUIRINALEACCESS-DATE=24 FEBRUARY 2018ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20160304200902/HTTP://WWW.QUIRINALE.IT/ELEMENTI/DETTAGLIOONORIFICENZE.ASPX?DECORATO=207569, live, 80px)Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – awarded on 5 April 2000.DRAGHI PROF. MARIO, CAVALIERE DI GRAN CROCE ORDINE AL MERITO DELLA REPUBBLICA ITALIANA WEBSITE=WWW.QUIRINALE.IT ARCHIVE-DATE=15 JANUARY 2012, ECONOMICS: THE DEFINITIVE ENCYCLOPEDIA FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE>AUTHOR=DAVID A. DIETERLEVOLUME=4DATE=2017CHAPTER-URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=LMPHDGAAQBAJ&PG=RA3-PA88ACCESS-DATE=16 NOVEMBER 2020ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220721172127/HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=LMPHDGAAQBAJ&PG=RA3-PA88, live,

Foreign honours{|80x80px)

Order of Prince Henry (Portugal) – awarded on 19 June 2019.HTTP://WWW.PRESIDENCIA.PT/WEBSITE=WWW.PRESIDENCIA.PTARCHIVE-DATE=24 FEBRUARY 2011URL-STATUS=LIVE, {|80x80px)Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany – awarded on 31 January 2020.HTTPS://WWW.BUNDESPRAESIDENT.DE/SHAREDDOCS/REDEN/DE/FRANK-WALTER-STEINMEIER/REDEN/2020/01/200131-VERDIENSTORDEN-DRAGHI.HTMLWEBSITE=WWW.BUNDESPRAESIDENT.DEARCHIVE-DATE=25 FEBRUARY 2021URL-STATUS=LIVE, {|80x80px)Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise>Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class (Ukraine) â€“ awarded on 23 August 2022.HTTPS://WWW.PRESIDENT.GOV.UA/DOCUMENTS/5952022-43765 >TITLE=Указ Президента України â„–595/2022 PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE >ACCESS-DATE=10 SEPTEMBER 2022 ARCHIVE-URL=, uk,

• September 20, 2022: World Statesman Award presented by Henry Kissinger at the 57th Annual Awards Dinner in New York, which was organized by the Appeal of Conscience Foundation.WEB,weblink Appeal of Conscience Foundation to Honor Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi with 2022 World Statesman Award at the 57th Annual Appeal of Conscience Awards, 13 September 2022, AP News, 6 October 2023, WEB, it,weblink Addio a Henry Kissinger, here's when he told about sharing a sandwich with Draghi,weblink November 30, 2023, live, WEB,weblink's-friendship-with-mario-draghi-and-meeting-with-meloni-5963701/, Kissinger's-friendship-with-Mario-Draghi-and-meeting-with-Meloni, November 30, 2023, Kissinger's friendship with Mario Draghi and the meeting with Meloni, it,weblink November 30, 2023, live,

Honorary degrees

• Honorary Master of Business Administration (MIB School of Management Trieste, 2004).WEB,weblink Mario Draghi, President of the European Central Bank, Receiving the Diploma MBA Honoris Causa by the Dean Prof. Nanut, 3 February 2021, 20 October 2021,weblink live,
• Honorary distinction in statistics (University of Padua, 2009).WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110813235147weblink">weblink dead, Laurea honoris causa al prof. Mario Draghi, 13 August 2011, 24 October 2019,
• Honorary Master of Business Administration (Vicenza, CUOA Foundation, 2010).WEB,weblink I Master cuoa honoris causa, 15 August 2021, 29 March 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120329043705weblink">weblink dead,
• Honorary degree in political science (Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, 2013).WEB,weblink Laurea honoris causa a Mario Draghi, LUISS Guido Carli,
• Honorary doctorate (Tel Aviv University, 2017).WEB,weblink TAU Honorary Doctorates 2017, Tel Aviv University, 15 May 2017, 15 December 2018, 16 November 2019,weblink live,
• Honorary PhD in economics (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 2018).WEB,weblink Celebrating new academic year 2018–2019, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 24 October 2019, 2 April 2019,weblink live,
• Honorary degree in law (Università degli Studi di Bologna, 2018).WEB,weblink Mario Draghi to be awarded Law Degree honoris causa from the University of Bologna – University of Bologna, www.unibo.it, 24 October 2019, 23 February 2019,weblink live,
• Honorary degree in economics (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019).WEB,weblink "Conoscenza, coraggio, umiltà": la lezione di Mario Draghi, www.cattolicanews.it, 24 October 2019, 12 October 2019,weblink live,

References

{{reflist}}

Further reading

• NEWS, Blackstone, Bryan, Walker, Marcus, 2 October 2012, How ECB Chief Outflanked German Foe in Fight for Euro,weblink The Wall Street Journal, New York City, Dow Jones & Company,
• Bahaa Monir,weblink" title="archive.today/20140404235446weblink">Europe's Deflation: Imaginative Risk and Fictional Policies (How President Mario Draghi views Negative interest rates, Quantitative Easing Program and Deflation in Europe.) – ORCA Forex

External links

{{Commons}}

• Profile at the Italian Government Website
• {{C-SPAN|132077}}
• {{Britannica|1798502|Mario Draghi}}
• Profile at the European Central Bank Website
• Profile at the Bank of Italy Website
• Mario Draghi – The World's 100 Most Influential People: 2012 – TIME Time magazine
• Mario Draghi – The World's 100 Most Influential People: 2013 – TIME Time magazine
• Mario Draghi – The World's 100 Most Influential People: 2021 – TIME Time magazine

{{Mario Draghi}}{{Prime Ministers of Italy}}{{ECB board}}{{Authority control}}