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{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language}}

factoids

| states = North Caucasus| region = Ingushetia, ChechnyaIngush people>Ingush353,000|2}}| date = 2020| ref = e27| familycolor = CaucasianNortheast Caucasian languages>Northeast CaucasianNakh languages>NakhVainakh languages>Vainakh Vainakh languages>Chechen–IngushCyrillic script>Cyrillic (current) Georgian scripts, Arabic script>Arabic, Latin (historical)Russia}}{{flag|Ingushetia}}| iso2 = inh| iso3 = inh| glotto = ingu1240| glottorefname = Ingush| notice = IPA}}Ingush ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|g|ʊ|ʃ}}; , {{transliteration|inh|Ghalghai mott}}, pronounced {{IPA|cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj mot|}}) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya.

Classification

Ingush and Chechen, together with Bats, constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.{{sfnp|Nichols|Sprouse|2004|p=1}}

Geographic distribution

Ingush is spoken by about 353,000 people (2020), primarily across a region in the Caucasus covering parts of Russia, primarily Ingushetia and Chechnya. Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belgium, Norway, Turkey and Jordan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Official status

Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia, a federal subject of Russia.

Writing system

It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like Tkhaba-Yerdy emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a Georgian script emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-Georgian name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=13}} Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.{{sfn|Chentieva|1958|p=14}}Ingush became a written language with an Arabic-based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century. After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet, which was later replaced by Cyrillic.{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" А а Аь аь Б б В в Г г Гӏ гӏ Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Кх кх Къ къ Кӏ кӏ Л л М м Н н О о П п Пӏ пӏ Р р С с Т т Тӏ тӏ У у Ф ф Х х Хь хь Хӏ хӏ Ц ц Цӏ цӏ Ч ч Чӏ чӏ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Яь яь Ӏ ӏ| |

Phonology

Vowels

{| class=wikitable! !! Front !! Central !! Back!Highɪ}}varies {{IPAblink>ɨ}}ʊ}}!Mide}}varies {{IPAblink>ə}}o}}!Lowæ}}|ɑː}}The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа {{IPA|/oɑ/}}, ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.

Consonants

The consonants of Ingush are as follows,{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|p=20}} including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols:{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=19-21}}{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |! rowspan="2" | Labial! rowspan="2" | Dental! rowspan="2" | Alveolar! rowspan="2" | Palatal! colspan="2" | Velar! rowspan="2" | Uvular! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal! rowspan="2" | Glottal! {{small|palatalized}}! {{small|plain}}! colspan="2" | Nasalm}} {{angbr|м, m}}|n}} {{angbr|н, n}}||||||! rowspan="3" | Plosive! {{small|voiceless}}p}} {{angbr|п, p}}t}} {{angbr|т, t}}t͡s}} {{angbr|ц, c}}t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ч, ch}}kʲ}} {{angbr|к, jk}}k}} {{angbr|к, k}}q}} {{angbr|кх, q}}ʡ}} {{angbr|ӏ, w}}ʔ}} {{angbr|ъ, ʼ}}! {{small|ejective}}pʼ}} {{angbr|пӏ, pʼ}}tʼ}} {{angbr|тӏ, tʼ}}t͡sʼ}} {{angbr|цӏ, cʼ}}t͡ʃʼ}} {{angbr|чӏ, ch’}}kʲʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, jkʼ}}kʼ}} {{angbr|кӏ, kʼ}}qʼ}} {{angbr|къ, qʼ}}||! {{small|voiced}}b}} {{angbr|б, b}}d}} {{angbr|д, d}}||ɡʲ}} {{angbr|г, jg}}ɡ}} {{angbr|г, g}}|||! rowspan="2" | Fricative! {{small|voiceless}}f}} {{angbr|ф, f}}|s}} {{angbr|с, s}}ʃ}} {{angbr|ш, sh}}| {{IPA linkх, x}}ʜ}} {{angbr|хь, hw}}h}} {{angbr|хӏ, h}}! {{small|voiced}} {{IPAlinkв, v}}|z}} {{angbr|з, z}}ʒ}} {{angbr|ж, zh}}| {{IPAlinkгӏ, gh}}||! colspan="2" | Approximantl}} {{angbr|л, l}}|j}} {{angbr|й, j}}|||||! rowspan="2" | Trill! {{small|voiceless}}||r̥}} {{angbr|рхӏ, rh}}||||||! {{small|voiced}}||r}} {{angbr|р, r}}||||||Single consonants can be geminated by various morphophonemic processes.

Dialects

Ingush is not divided into dialects with the exception of {{ill|Galanchoz|ru|Галанчожский диалект}} (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush.{{sfn|Koryakov|2006|p=25}}

Grammar

Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax, though it has ergative morphology.{{sfnp|Nichols|2008}}{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}}

Case

The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language{{sfnp|Nichols|2011}} shows eight cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, dative, allative, instrumental, lative and comparative.{| class="wikitable"! Cases! Singular! Plural| Absolutive| -⌀The choice of -azh vs. -ii is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.}}| Ergative-uo is the only productive form. -z appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. -aa occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.}}| –azh| Genitivename=allomorph|Allomorph after vowels}}| -ii, -i| Dativename=allomorph}}| -azh-ta| Allative| -ga| -azh-ka| Instrumental| -ca| -azh-ca | Lative| -gh| -egh| Comparative| -l| -el{{notelist}}Handel|2003|p6}}">

Tenses{| class"wikitable"Handel|2003|p6}}

! Stem !! Suffix !! Tense !! Example Infinitive Stem(INFS)| {-a}| Infinitive (INF)| laaca| {-a}| Imperative (IMP)| laaca Present Stem(unmarked)| ---| Generic Present (PRES)| loac| {-az&}| Simultaneous Converb (SCV)| loacaz&| {-ar}| Imperfect (IMPF)| loacar| {-agDa}| Future (FUT)| loacadda Past Stem(PAST)| {-ar}| Witnessed Past (WIT)| leacar| {-aa}/{-na}| Anterior Converb (ACV)| leacaa| {-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D}| Perfect (PERF)| leacaad| {-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar}| Pluperfect (PLUP)| leacaadar

Numerals

Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses a vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty.{| class="wikitable"! Orthography !! Phonetic !! Value !! Composition| | | | | | | | | | | 1+10| 2+10| 3+10| 4+10| 5+10| 6+10| 7+10| 8+10| | 20|| 20+10| 2×20| 2×20+10| | 2×100| loan from Persian

1. Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. d- is merely the default value.

Nichols|2011|p174-175}}">

Pronouns{| class"wikitable"Nichols|2011|p174-175}}

! rowspan="3" |! colspan="3" | 1st person! colspan="2" | 2nd person! colspan="2" | 3rd person! rowspan="2" | singular! colspan="2" | plural! rowspan="2" | singular! rowspan="2" | plural! rowspan="2" | singular! rowspan="2" | plural! {{small|exclusive}}! {{small|inclusive}}! Nominativeinh|so}}inh|txo}}inh|vai}}inh|hwo}}inh|sho/shu}}inh|yz}}inh|yzh}}! Genitiveinh|sy}}inh|txy}}inh|vai}}inh|hwa}}inh|shyn}}inh|cyn/cun}}inh|caar}}! Dativeinh|suona}}inh|txuona}}inh|vaina}}inh|hwuona}}inh|shoana}}inh|cynna}}inh|caana}}! Ergativeinh|aaz}}inh|oaxa}}inh|vai}}inh|wa}}inh|oasha}}inh|cuo}}inh|caar}}! Allativeinh|suoga}}inh|txuoga}}inh|vaiga}}inh|hwuoga}}inh|shuoga}}inh|cynga}}inh|caarga}}! Ablativeinh|suogara}}inh|txuogara}}inh|vaigara}}inh|hwuogara}}inh|shuogara}}inh|cyngara}}inh|caargara}}! Instrumentalinh|suoca(a)}}inh|txuoca(a)}}inh|vaica(a)}}inh|hwuoca}}inh|shuoca(a)}}inh|cynca}}inh|caarca(a)}}! Lativeinh|sogh}}inh|txogh}}inh|vaigh}}inh|hwogh}}inh|shogh}}inh|cogh}}inh|caaregh}}! Comparativeinh|sol}}inh|txol}}inh|vail}}inh|hwol}}inh|shol}}inh|cul/cyl}}inh|caarel}}

Word order

In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".{{sfnp|Nichols|2011|pp=678ff}}{{interlinear |indent=2|Muusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazhVCVsim|simultaeous converb}}|It's Musa. It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)}}

References

{{reflist|20em}}

Bibliography

English sources

• BOOK

,

• ENCYCLOPEDIA

,

• BOOK

{edih}

• BOOK

,

Russian sources

• BOOK

,

• BOOK

,

• BOOK

,

External links

{{interWiki|code= inh}}

• (wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script|Appendix:Cyrillic script)
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150610213543weblink">Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Ingush)
• Ingush Language Project at UC Berkeley
• University of Graz report {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093732weblink |date=2007-09-30 }}
• Russian-Ghalghaj (Ingush) vocabulary
• Ingush 100-word Swadesh list at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}{{authority control}}