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{{Short description|Prime minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}

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| birth_place = Mishmar HaSharon,Mandatory Palestine| party = Israel Democratic PartyIsraeli Labor Party>Labor Party (until 2011)Independence (Israeli political party) (2011–2012) Independent politician>Independent (2012–2019) {{marriageNava Barak-Singer>Nava Cohen2003 {{marriage2007}}}}| children = 3Hebrew University of Jerusalem (BSc)Stanford University (M. S.>MS)Officer (armed forces)>Military officer| signature = Ehud Barak Signature.svgIsrael Defense Forces>Israeli Defense Forces| rank = Rav Aluf (Lieutenant general; highest rank)| unit = Sayeret MatkalChief of General Staff (Israel)>Chief of General StaffChief of General Staff (Israel)Central Command (Israel)>Central CommandMilitary Intelligence Directorate AmanSayeret Matkal| serviceyears = 1959–1995| battles = Six-Day WarYom Kippur WarEntebbe raidMedal of Distinguished ServiceIsraeli military decorations>Tzalash (4)Legion of MeritDoD Medal for Distinguished Public Service| native_name_lang = heאֵהוּד בָּרָק}}}}Ehud Barak ( {{IPA-he|eˈhud baˈʁak||Ehud_barak.ogg|link=yes}}; born Ehud Brog; 12 February 1942) is an Israeli former general and politician who served as the tenth prime minister from 1999 to 2001. He was leader of the Labor Party between 1997 and 2001 and between 2007 and 2011.Born on a kibbutz, Barak is the eldest of four sons; his grandparents were murdered in the Holocaust. He graduated in physics and mathematics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and later obtained a master's in engineering-economic systems from Stanford University.Barak's military career in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) began in 1959, spanning 35 years and culminating in his appointment as Chief of the General Staff in 1991, serving until 1995. His military tenure is noted for his leadership in several operations, including "Operation Isotope" in 1972, the covert 1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon, and the 1976 Entebbe raid. A lieutenant general, Barak shares with two others the honor of being the most highly decorated soldier in Israel's history.In politics, his career began with his appointment as interior minister in 1995 under Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Following Rabin's assassination, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Shimon Peres' government. Barak was elected to the Knesset on the Labor Party list in 1996 and subsequently became party leader. Barak served as Israel's last left-wing Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001. His tenure was marked by significant events, including the decision to form a coalition with the Orthodox party Shas, the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Southern Lebanon in 2000, and participation in the 2000 Camp David Summit aimed at resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Barak's government faced challenges, notably the protests in October 2000.After defeat in the 2001 Israeli prime ministerial election, he left politics and engaged in international business and advisory roles. He made a political comeback in 2005, attempting to regain leadership in the Labor Party, and later served as defense minister - where he led Operation Cast Lead in 2008–09 - and deputy prime minister under Ehud Olmert and then in Benjamin Netanyahu's second government between 2007 and 2013. His decision to form the Independence party in 2011 marked a shift in his politics, influencing the dynamics within the Netanyahu government. Despite retiring from politics in 2012, he attempted another comeback, running in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election as the leader of Israel Democratic Party - a new party he formed. His party merged with others to form an alliance called the Democratic Union, but it did not win enough seats for him to become a member of the Knesset.NEWS,weblink Declaring Netanyahu's time as up, Ehud Barak announces formation of new party, 26 June 2019, 29 June 2019, Jacob Magid, The Times of Israel, Outside of his political and military career, Barak has accumulated wealth through business endeavors and investments; his net worth is estimated to be $10–15 million.

Early life and family

(File:EHUD BARAK - FAMILY.jpg|thumb|left|Barak (behind, second from left) with his family in 1964)Ehud Barak was born on kibbutz Mishmar HaSharon in what was then Mandatory Palestine.NEWS, Warrior, Military Strategist and Peacemaker,weblink 3 April 2019, Academy of Achievement, 4 May 2001, He is the eldest of four sons of Esther (née Godin; 25 June 1914 – 12 August 2013) and Yisrael Mendel Brog (24 August 1910 – 8 February 2002).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}His paternal grandparents, Frieda and Reuven Brog, were murdered in Pušalotas (Pushelat) in northern Lithuania (then ruled by Russian Empire) in 1912, leaving his father orphaned at the age of two. Barak's maternal grandparents, Elka and Shmuel Godin, died at the Treblinka extermination camp during the HolocaustAt special ceremony, UN pays tribute to victims of Holocaust UN News 10 February 2011Ehud hebraized his family name from "Brog" to "Barak" in 1972. It was during his military service that he met his future wife, Nava (née Cohen, born 8 April 1947 in Tiberias). They had three daughters together: Michal (born 9 August 1970), Yael (born 23 October 1974) and Anat (born 16 October 1981). He has grandchildren.WEB,weblink טייקון בהתהוות: איך זה שלאהוד ברק יש כל כך הרבה כסף?, 13 February 2014, Barak divorced Nava in August 2003. On 30 July 2007, Barak married Nili Priel (born 25 April 1944) in a small ceremony in his private residence. In his spare time, Barak enjoys reading works by writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,WEB, Weitz, Gidi, 9 May 2011,weblink Peace, politics, and Patek Philippe: An interview with Ehud Barak, Haaretz,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131127123751weblink">weblink 27 November 2013, live, 14 March 2013, and he is a classical pianist, with many years of study behind him.Barak earned his bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1968, and his master's degree in engineering-economic systems in 1978 from Stanford University, California.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Military career

File:Ehud Barak military.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ehud Barak as Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense ForcesIsrael Defense Forces(File:Ehud Barak Ribbons.png|thumb|right|upright|Citations and war ribbons of Ehud BaraK)Barak joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in 1959. He served in the IDF for 35 years, rising to the position of Chief of the General Staff and the rank of Rav Aluf (Lieutenant-General), the highest in the Israeli military.During his service as a commando in the elite Sayeret Matkal, Barak led several highly acclaimed operations, such as: "Operation Isotope", the mission to free the hostages on board the hijacked Sabena Flight 571 at Lod Airport in 1972; the covert 1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon in Beirut, in which he was disguised as a woman to kill members of the Palestine Liberation Organization; Barak was also a key architect of the June 1976 Entebbe raid, another rescue mission to free the hostages of the Air France aircraft hijacked by terrorists and forced to land at the Entebbe Airport in Uganda. These highly acclaimed operations, along with Operation Bayonet, led to the dismantling of Palestinian terrorist cell Black September. It has been alluded that Barak also masterminded the Tunis Raid on 16 April 1988, in which PLO leader Abu Jihad was killed.NEWS, BBC News,weblink Long history of Israel's 'covert killing',weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100201065627weblink">weblink 1 February 2010, 29 January 2010, live, During the Yom Kippur War, Barak commanded an improvised regiment of tanks which, among other things, helped rescue paratrooper battalion 890, commanded by Yitzhak Mordechai, which was suffering heavy losses in the Battle of the Chinese Farm. He went on to command the 401st armored brigade and the 611st "Pillar of Fire" and 252nd "Sinai" divisions, before his appointment to head the IDF's Planning Directorate. Barak also participated in the Siege of Beirut, overseeing it from Beirut International Airport.Barak later served as head of Aman, the Military Intelligence Directorate (1983–85), head of Central Command (1986–87) and Deputy Chief of the General Staff (1987–91). He served as Chief of the General Staff between 1 April 1991 and 1 January 1995. During this period he implemented the first Oslo Accords and participated in the negotiations towards the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.Barak was awarded the Medal of Distinguished Service and four Chief of Staff citations (Tzalash HaRamatkal) for courage and operational excellence.Gal Perl Finkel, Don’t throw out the baby with the bath water, The Jerusalem Post, 9 August 2018. These five decorations make him the most decorated soldier in Israeli history (jointly with close friend Nechemya Cohen).Offer Drori, [htMajor Amitai Hasontp://www.global-report.com/drori/a342512-גיבורי-ישראל-מרובי-העיטורים-צדק-היסטורי גיבורי ישראל מרובי העיטורים – צדק היסטורי], 4 February 2009 (Hebrew) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013074728weblink |date=13 October 2012 }} In 1992 he was awarded the Legion of Merit (Commander) by the United States.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120314230336weblink">An image of Barak receiving the award on 14 January 1993 in the Pentagon. Note that according to IDF regulations foreign medals are not worn on the uniform. In 2012, he was again awarded by the United States with the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service.WEB, 14 March 2013,weblink Photo of the Day: Nov. 30, 2012 (Panetta, Barak Hug it Out Edition), Defense News, 30 November 2012,weblink" title="archive.today/20130121093751weblink">weblink 21 January 2013, dead,

Political career

On 7 July 1995, Barak was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs by Yitzhak Rabin. When Shimon Peres formed a new government following Rabin's assassination in November 1995, Barak was made Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995–96).WEB,weblink FM Barak- Address to NJCRAC – Feb 11- 1996, Mfa.gov.il, 11 February 1996, 14 March 2013, He was elected to the Knesset on the Labor Party list in 1996, and served as a member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. Following internal elections after Peres' defeat in the election for Prime Minister in 1996, Barak became the leader of the Labor Party.

Prime Minister of Israel

File:Barak pentagon 1999.jpg|thumb|right|Barak at the Pentagon (1999)]] File:President Bill Clinton with Prime Minister Ehud Barak of Israel and Chairman Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Authority.jpg|thumb|right|Ehud Barak shaking hands with Yasser Arafat, joined by President Bill ClintonBill ClintonIn the 1999 Prime Ministerial election, Barak beat Benjamin Netanyahu by a wide margin. However, he sparked controversy by deciding to form a coalition with the ultra-Orthodox party Shas, who had won an unprecedented 17 seats in the 120-seat Knesset. Shas grudgingly agreed to Barak's terms that they eject their leader Aryeh Deri, a convicted felon, and enact reform to "clean up" in-party corruption. Consequentially, the left wing Meretz party quit the coalition after they failed to agree on the powers to be given to a Shas deputy minister in the Ministry of Education.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}In 1999 Barak gave a campaign promise to end Israel's 22-year-long occupation of Southern Lebanon within a year. On 24 May 2000 Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon. On 7 October, three Israeli soldiers were killed in a border raid by Hezbollah and their bodies were subsequently captured. The bodies of these soldiers, along with the living Elhanan Tenenbaum, were eventually exchanged for Lebanese captives in 2004.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}The Barak government resumed peace negotiations with the PLO, stating that "Every attempt [by the State of Israel] to keep hold of this area [the West Bank and Gaza] as one political entity leads, necessarily, to either a nondemocratic or a non-Jewish state. Because if the Palestinians vote, then it is a binational state, and if they don't vote it is an apartheid state."NEWS,weblink Jimmy Carter, Don't Give Up on Mideast Peace, International Herald Tribune, 12 April 2012, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120415235950weblink">weblink 15 April 2012, As part of these negotiations, Barak took part in the Camp David 2000 Summit which was meant finally to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict but failed. Barak also allowed Foreign Minister Shlomo Ben-Ami to attend the Taba Summit with the leadership of the Palestinian Authority, after his government had fallen.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Domestic issues

On 22 August 1999, Barak appointed the Tal committee which dealt with the controversial issue of ultra-Orthodox Jews' exemption from military service.WEB,weblink he:הועדה לגבוש ההסדר הראוי בנושא גיוס בני ישיבות - דו"ח, The Committee to Formulate the Proper Arrangement Regarding the Enlistment of Yeshiva Students - Report, he, 13 April 2014,weblink 3 October 2012, live, Following the failure of the Camp David summit with Arafat and Bill Clinton in the summer of 2000, when the original 7 years mandate of the PNA expired, and just after Israel pulled out its last troops out of southern Lebanon in May 2000, the weeks-long Riots in October 2000 led to the killing of twelve Israeli Arabs and one Palestinian by Israel Police and one Jewish civilian by Israeli Arabs.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Resignation

In 2001, Barak called an election for Prime Minister.NEWS, Staff, 2001-02-06, Barak concedes defeat,weblink 2024-02-06, The Guardian, en-GB, 0261-3077, In the contest, he was defeated by Likud leader Ariel Sharon, and subsequently resigned as Labor leader and from the Knesset. He left Israel to work as a senior advisor with United States-based Electronic Data Systems. He also partnered with a private equity company focused on "security-related" work.

Return to politics

File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Prime Minister and Defense Minister at Weaponry Display.jpg|thumb|right|Israeli Minister of Defense Ehud Barak, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu after the Victoria AffairVictoria AffairIn 2005, Barak announced his return to Israeli politics, and ran for leadership of the Labor Party in November. However, in light of his weak poll showings, Barak dropped out of the race early and declared his support for veteran statesman Shimon Peres. Following his failed attempt to maintain leadership of the Labor party, Barak became a partner of the investment company SCP Private Equity Partners, Pennsylvania. He also established a company "Ehud Barak Limited" which is thought to have made over NIS 30 million.WEB, Blau, Uri, 14 March 2013,weblink Ehud Barak Ltd, Haaretz Daily Newspaper, 24 May 2007, 11 March 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140311113557weblink">weblink After Peres lost the race to Amir Peretz and left the Labor party, Barak announced he would stay at the party, despite his shaky relationship with its newly elected leader. He declared, however, that he would not run for a spot on the Labor party's Knesset list for the March 2006 elections. Barak's attempt to return to a prominent role in Israel politics seemed to have failed. However, Peretz's hold on the Labor leadership proved unexpectedly shaky as he was badly damaged by negative views of his performance as Defense Minister during the 2006 Lebanon War, which was seen as something less than a success in Israel.NEWS,weblink Kadima nominates Peres for president, Kuwait Times, {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}In January 2007, Barak launched a bid to recapture the leadership of the Labor party in a letter acknowledging "mistakes" and "inexperience" during his tenure as Prime Minister.NEWS, Reuters,weblink Former Israeli PM Barak in New Leadership Bid, 7 January 2007, 17 October 2012, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121017131657weblink">weblink In early March 2007, a poll of Labor Party primary voters put Barak ahead of all other opponents, including Peretz.NEWS,weblink Poll: Barak, Ayalon lead Peretz in the Labor leadership primaries, Yossi Verter, Haaretz, 3 March 2007,weblink" title="archive.today/20120908202019weblink">weblink 8 September 2012, live, 22 September 2016, In the first round of voting, on 28 May 2007, he gained 39% of the votes, more than his two closest rivals, but not enough to win the election.NEWS,weblink Peretz loses Israeli party vote, 30 May 2007, BBC News, 3 January 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140422234256weblink">weblink 22 April 2014, live, As a result, Barak faced a runoff against the second-place finisher, Ami Ayalon, on 12 June 2007, which he won by a narrow margin.NEWS, Barak wins Labor Party primary election: party officials, International Herald Tribune, 12 June 2007, Barak has been critical of what he sees as racist sentiments that have recently been expressed by some Israeli rabbis and rebbetzins; he views such statements as a threat to Israeli unity and that they may lead Israeli society into a "dark and dangerous place".NEWS, Haaretz, 1 January 2011, 29 December 2010,weblink Barak: Anti-Arab letters by rabbis and rabbis' wives leading Israel into dark place, Mazal, Mualem,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110101124410weblink">weblink 1 January 2011, live,

Defense Minister

File:Barak - Rice 2007 08 01 israel3 600.jpg|thumb|right|Ehud Barak and Condoleezza RiceCondoleezza Rice

As head of the Labor Party

After winning back the leadership of the Labor party, Barak was sworn in as Minister of Defense on 18 June 2007, as part of Prime Minister Olmert's cabinet reshuffle. However, on 1 July 2007, Barak led a successful effort in the Labor central committee to stipulate that Labor would leave the government coalition if Olmert did not resign by September or October 2007. At that time the Winograd Commission would publish its final report on the performance of the Israel Defense Forces and its civilian leadership. The preliminary Winograd report released earlier this year laid most of the blame on Olmert for poorly planning, executing, and reviewing war strategies in the 2006 conflict against Hezbollah.NEWS, Harel, Amos, Remember the Second Lebanon War,weblink Haaretz, Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd, From December 2008 to January 2009, Barak led the Israel Defense Forces through Operation Cast Lead in his capacity as Minister of Defence.WEB, Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, United Nations Human Rights Council,weblink 13 July 2014, 106, 15 September 2009, Labor won only 13 out of the 120 Knesset seats in the 2009 elections, making them the fourth largest party. Barak and other Labor officials initially stated they would not take part in the next government. However, over the objections of some in the Labor party, in March 2009, Barak reached an agreement under which Labor joined the governing coalition led by Benjamin Netanyahu. Barak retained his position as Defense Minister.

Leaving the Labor Party

In January 2011, Labor Party leader Barak formed a breakaway party, Independence, which enabled him to maintain his loyal Labor's MK faction within Netanyahu's government, and prevented the departure of Labor party as a whole from Netanyahu's coalition-government. Labor previously threatened to force Barak to do so. After Barak's move, Netanyahu was able to maintain a majority of 66 MK (out of 120 in the Knesset), previously having 74 MKs within his majority coalition.In February 2011, Barak attended a ceremony at the UN for the International Day of Commemoration in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. Barak told the UN General Assembly that "an independent, strong, thriving and peaceful State of Israel is the vengeance of the dead."WEB, The Jerusalem Post, Barak at UN: Strong Israel is revenge of the Nazis' victims,weblink Jordana Horn, 10 February 2011, 10 February 2011, 23 October 2012, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121023011146weblink">weblink Barak's Independence party was due to run in a legislative election, but decided not to in 2012, and retired from politics. Barak planned to quit since Operation Pillar of Defense but postponed it until later that year.NEWS,weblink Ryan Jones, Ehud Barak drops out of Israeli politics, Israel HaYom, Israel Today, 26 November 2012, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131022133959weblink">weblink 22 October 2013, Barak stated during an American television interview that he would "probably" strive for nuclear weapons if he were in Iran's position, adding "I don't delude myself that they are doing it just because of Israel". This comment has been criticized and compared to Barak's comment in 1998 during a television interview when he said that if he were a Palestinian he would probably have joined one of the terror organizations.NEWS, Barak criticized over Iran comments, The Irish Times,weblink In 2023 it was revealed that Barak had visited Jeffrey Epstein around 30 times from 2013 to 2017 and had also flown on his jet, having first met Epstein in 2003. Barak denied any wrongdoing.NEWS, Ehud Barak met with Jeffrey Epstein dozens of times, flew on private plane — report,weblink The Times of Israel, 4 May 2023, NEWS, Noam Chomsky, Ehud Barak and Woody Allen all met with Epstein after conviction,weblink The Jewish Chronicle, 2 May 2023,

Return to political life

On 26 June 2019, Barak announced his return to politics and his intention to form a new party named the Israel Democratic Party, intending to challenge Netanyahu in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election. The party ran with Meretz and other parties in the Democratic Union alliance, which received five seats. Barak himself did not enter the Knesset.

Financial assets

In an interview with Haaretz reported in January 2015, Barak was asked to explain the source of his "big" capital, with which he "bought 5 apartments and connected them," and by which he "lives in a giant rental apartment in a luxury high rise." Barak said he currently earns more than a $1 million a year, and that from 2001 to 2007, he also earned more than a $1 million every year, from giving lectures and from consulting for hedge funds. Barak also said he made millions of dollars more from his investments in Israeli real estate properties.In the interview, Barak was asked whether he is a lobbyist who earns a living from "opening doors". The interviewer stated "You have arrived recently at the Kazakhstan despot Nazarbayev and the president of Ghana. You are received immediately." Barak confirmed that he has been received by these heads of state but denied earning money from opening doors for international business deals for Israeli and foreign corporations, and said he does not see any ethical or moral problems in his business activities. He further said there is no logic to demand of him, after "the natural process in democracy has ended" to not utilize the tools he accumulated in his career to secure his financial future. When asked if his financial worth is $10–15 million, Barak said "I'm not far from there."Ehud Barak warns that Israel under Netanyahu is on the road to disaster {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923115549weblink |date=23 September 2016}} (8 January 2015), Haaretz

Awards and decorations

{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}{| style="margin:1em auto;"90px)90px)90px)90px)90px)90px)90px)90px)90px)90px)|{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"Orders, decorations, and medals of Israel#Citations (Tzalash)>Chief of Staff CitationOrders, decorations, and medals of Israel#Citations (Tzalash)>Chief of Staff CitationOrders, decorations, and medals of Israel#Citations (Tzalash)>Chief of Staff CitationOrders, decorations, and medals of Israel#Citations (Tzalash)>Chief of Staff Citation|Six-Day War Ribbon|War of Attrition Ribbon|Yom Kippur War Ribbon1982 Lebanon War>First Lebanon War Ribbon|Medal of Distinguished Service|Commander of the Legion of Merit

See also

• List of Israel's Chiefs of the General Staff
• List of wartime cross-dressers

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• Bregman, Ahron Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America.
• Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. {{ISBN|1-4000-3003-X}}.
• Dromi, Uri (5 November 2005). "Still craving peace 10 years after Rabin". New Straits Times, p. 20.

External links

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• Defense Minister Ehud Barak at Ynetnews, profile

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