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}}The College of Europe (; ; ) is a post-graduate institute of European studies with its first campus opened in Bruges, Belgium, a second campus located in Warsaw, Poland, and a third one established in Tirana, Albania.The College of Europe in Bruges was founded in 1949 by leading historical European figures and founding fathers of the European Union, including Salvador de Madariaga, Winston Churchill, Paul-Henri Spaak and Alcide De Gasperi. The College of Europe was one of the results of the 1948 Congress of Europe in The Hague to promote "a spirit of solidarity and mutual understanding between all the nations of Western Europe and to provide elite training to individuals who will uphold these values""Le rôle du Collège d'Europe {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607093610weblink |date=7 June 2011 }}" [The role of the College of Europe], Journal de Bruges et de la Province, 7 October 1950, Vol. 114, No. 78, p. 1 and "to train an elite of young executives for Europe".Henri Brugmans, "Former des cadres pour l'Europe {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607094230weblink |date=7 June 2011 }}" [Training executives for Europe], Fédération, January 1950, No. 60, pp. 42–44It has the status of (:fr:Établissement d'utilité publique|Institution of Public Interest), operating according to Belgian law. The second campus in Natolin (Warsaw), Poland, opened in 1992.WEB,weblink College of Europe – College of Europe – Campuses – Natolin (Warsaw), Coleurope.eu, 2012-06-26, 10 June 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120610051350weblink">weblink live, The College of Europe is historically linked to the establishment of the European Union and its predecessors, and to the creation of the European Movement International, of which the college is a supporting member. Federica Mogherini, former High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, was appointed as the Rector to start in September 2020;WEB,weblink Former top diplomat Mogherini appointed as College of Europe rector, Zoi, Didili, 27 May 2020, www.neweurope.eu, {{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} former President of the European Council Herman, Count Van Rompuy is chairman of the board.WEB,weblink Appointment of the new President of the Administrative Council, coleurope.eu, 1 July 2019, 1 July 2019,weblink live, Each academic year is named after a patron and referred to as a promotion. The academic year is opened by a leading European politician. Alumni of the College of Europe include the former Prime Minister of Denmark Helle Thorning-Schmidt, the former Prime Minister and current President of Finland Alexander Stubb, the former British Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg as well as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy Enzo Moavero Milanesi. Many of its alumni go on to serve as diplomats and senior civil servants in European institutions.The College of Europe was the most represented alma mater (university attended) among senior EU civil servants, based on a sample compiled by Politico in 2021.NEWS, 4 February 2021, How to join the EU bubble — Brussels careers by the numbers,weblink Politico, 2 November 2022, 3 November 2022,weblink live, Politico even dedicated a section of their website to news related to the College of Europe.WEB,weblink College of Europe, Politico, 2 November 2022, 3 November 2022,weblink live,

History

Hague Congress initiative to create a College of Europe

The College of Europe was the world's first university institute of postgraduate studies and training in European affairs. It was founded in 1949 by leading European figures, such as Salvador de Madariaga, Winston Churchill, Paul-Henri Spaak and Alcide De Gasperi, in the wake of the Hague Congress of 1948, that led to the creation of the European Movement. At the Congress, the Spanish statesman Salvador de Madariaga strongly advocated for the creation of a College of Europe, where graduates from different European states could study together as a way to heal the wounds of the World War II. Although the cultural resolution adopted at the end of the Congress did not include explicit references to the establishment of a College of Europe and only advocated for the creation of a "European Cultural Centre and a European Institute for Childhood and Youth Questions", the idea of establishing a European University was put forward by Congress attendees immediately after the Congress.WEB, The College of Europe,weblink cvce.eu, University of Luxembourg. CVCE., 21 November 2019, 6 December 2022,weblink live, (File:Europa Congres Ridderzaal Den Haag. Overzicht, Bestanddeelnr 902-7379.jpg|thumb|The Hague Congress (1948))(File:Salvador de Madariaga.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Salvador de Madariag)A group of Bruges citizens led by the Reverend Karel Verleye succeeded in attracting the college to Bruges. Professor Hendrik Brugmans, one of the intellectual leaders of the European Movement and the President of the Union of European Federalists, became its first Rector (1950–1972).WEB, Hendrik BRUGMANS † (1950-1972),weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 12 May 2019, 23 April 2019,weblink live, John Bowie, Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, was appointed Director of the first session held by the college, in 1949.WEB, The College of Europe,weblink cvce.eu, University of Luxembourg, CVCE, 21 November 2019, 6 December 2022,weblink live, Henri van Effenterre, who was a Professor of Ancient History at Caen University and Alphonse de Vreese, International Law professor at the University of Ghent, also contributed to that first session. The topic of that first session taught to the first promotion of the college (frequently called , for it is the only promotion not named after any prominent figure) was "Teaching history and the development of a European spirit in universities".In the decades that followed the establishment of the institution, students were hosted at the Navarra Hotel in the historic centre of Bruges until 1981.WEB, RICHE HISTOIRE DE L'HÔTEL NAVARRA BRUGES,weblink hotelnavarra.com, Hotel Navarra Brugge, 20 November 2019, 16 August 2021,weblink live, The College consolidated itself as an institution specialized in studies focused on the newly established European Communities (the college was founded in 1949, before the communities were established).

Bruges speech by Margaret Thatcher

(File:Margaret Thatcher Portrait 1984.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Margaret Thatcher)In 1988, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher delivered a speech that became known as the Bruges speech at the College of EuropeWEB, Speech to the College of Europe ("The Bruges Speech"),weblink Margaret Thatcher Foundation, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 20 November 2019, 11 September 2022,weblink live, as part of the opening ceremony for that academic year. The Bruges speech is considered by observers as the cornerstone of the Eurosceptic movement that eventually led to Brexit.NEWS, How Thatcher's Bruges speech put Britain on the road to Brexit,weblink 20 November 2019, Financial Times, 31 August 2018, 14 November 2019,weblink live, Thatcher laid down her vision for Europe, claiming that the European Community should remain an economic union, refusing the claims for a closer political integration made by Commission President Jacques Delors. Thatcher outlined her opposition to any attempts to create "a European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels."NEWS, McWilliams, David, 1 December 2015, How the Iron Lady drew up the original blueprint for a Brexit,weblink Independent.ie, 5 November 2022, 5 November 2022,weblink live, The speech was perceived as not only an attack on European federalism but an attack on the European project, as such.

Post-Cold War history

After the fall of communism and changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the College of Europe campus at Natolin (Warsaw, Poland), was founded in 1992 with the support of the European Commission and the Polish government.WEB, Welcome to Natolin,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 20 November 2019, 10 June 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120610051350weblink">weblink live, According to former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors, "this College of Europe at Natolin is more than the symbol of Europe found once again, it is the hope represented in this beautiful historic place. The hope that exchanges can multiply for greater mutual understanding and fraternity". The establishment of a second campus in eastern has been frequently regarded as part of an effort aiming to train young students from eastern countries under the auspices of eastern enlargement.BOOK, Poole, Peter A., Europe Unites: The EU's Eastern Enlargement, 2003, Praeger, Westport, CT 06881, 0-275-97704-8, 63,weblink registration, 20 November 2019, Since the establishment of that second campus in Poland, the college operates as "one College – two campuses," and what was once referred to as the "", is now known as the "".In 2012, the College of Europe became a supporting member of the European Movement International.WEB,weblink EMI Board approves new Membership applications, EMI, The EMI is closely linked to the creation of the College of Europe., 21 June 2019, 24 March 2022,weblink dead, The academic year 2018–2019 marked the first time in which a promotion was named after a College alumnus, Manuel Marín, Spanish Statesman, EU Commissioner and acting President of the Commission (known as the "father of the Erasmus Programme"), who had passed away early that year. In 2015, three years before the election of Marín as Patron, former Finnish Prime Minister Alexander Stubb was the first College alumnus to be invited to be the Orateur at the opening ceremony of that academic year.Former Spanish Minister and Cabinet Spokesperson Íñigo Méndez de Vigo, 9th Baron of Claret, served as chairman of the board from 2009 to 2019; in 2019 former Prime Minister of Belgium and President of the European Council Herman, Count Van Rompuy was appointed the new chairman of the board. In May 2020 Federica Mogherini, former High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission, was appointed rector of the College, the first high ranking political figure from the European Commission to hold the post.WEB, de la Baüme, Maia, Mogherini approved as College of Europe rector,weblink politico.eu, 26 May 2020, Politico Europe, 26 June 2020, 29 June 2020,weblink live,

Campuses

Bruges campus

(File:College of Europe.jpg|thumb|Paul Henri Spaak Building)The Bruges campus is situated in the centre of Bruges since its establishment in 1949. Bruges is located in the Flemish Region of Belgium, a Dutch-speaking area, although the college does not use Dutch as one of its working languages.The college has a system of residences in the centre of Bruges and not far from the Dijver, where the main administrative and academic building and the library are situated. None of the residences lodges more than 60 students so that each residence in fact has its own small multinational and multicultural environment.WEB, Residences,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 11 May 2020, 14 May 2020,weblink live, It consists of the following campus buildings:

Dijver

The Paul Henri Spaak Building (named after the Belgian socialist politician, and popularly known as Dijver) is the College's main administrative building on the Bruges campus. It hosts the college's main reception, some of its offices, classrooms and the library. It is located on the Dijver Canal. A white classic façade stands at the front of the main building (where the European, Belgian, Flemish and Brugeois flags hang together), while there is a garden in its back side. The garden is used by the students, who frequently spare their break time there due to its proximity to the library (which is connected to the main building by a corridor). Signed portraits of all the orateurs hang in the walls of the main corridor of the building.(File:Prinses Beatrix in Brugge, eerste steen gelegd voor de bibliotheek Europacollege, Bestanddeelnr 917-8422.jpg|thumb|left|Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands laying down the first stone of the library in 1965)The library building was built in 1965. Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands (later Queen Beatrix) laid the first stone of the library in a special commemorative event. Almost three decades after its completion, the library was reformed and enlarged (the works were completed in 1992). Most of the library funds are devoted to European Studies, together with law, economics, and political and administrative sciences.WEB, College Libraries,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 11 May 2020, 13 May 2020,weblink live, Access to the library is restricted to College students and academic staff. A bust of Salvador de Madariaga presides over the library main reading hall.

Verversdijk

Following the increase in the number of students attending the College each year, the College of Europe (with the support of different entities and institutions, including the Flemish Government and the City of BrugesWEB, The Verversdijk extension,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 10 May 2020, 14 May 2020,weblink live, ) reformed the 17th century protected monumentWEB, Jezuïetencollege,weblink inventaris.onroerenderfgoed.be, Inventaris Vlaanderen, 11 May 2020, 23 January 2020,weblink live, of Verversdijk to provide additional lecture theatres (auditoria), teaching rooms and offices for academics, research fellows and staff; and to extend its activities. The reform was led by the office of Xaveer De Geyter Architects (XDGA), and the project was nominated for the Mies van de Rohe award in 2009.WEB, College of Europe,weblink xdga.be, XDGA, 11 May 2020, 14 July 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200714163528weblink">weblink live, The Verversdijk premises began to be used by College students in 2007. Besides its academic and administrative use throughout the course, a cocktail is served in its garden to each promotion, following their graduation ceremony at St. Walburga Church (Bruges).The historical site of Verversdijk owes its name to fact that the owners of the houses standing there at medieval times were dyers who used wool traded with Scotland, as the area was populated by several Englishmen during the Middle Ages.WEB, Verversdijk,weblink thedoghousebruges.co.uk, The Doghouse, 11 May 2020, 10 August 2020,weblink live, During the Spanish rule, it hosted the schooling houses and the monastery established by the Jesuits in the 17th century.WEB, De Molenbrug: in het midden van verschillende werelden,weblink erfgoedcelbrugge.be, Erfgoed Brugge, 11 May 2020, 16 August 2021,weblink live, In 1792, the monastery auditorium was used as a meeting place by the Jacobin Club. The main monastery wing (dating back to 1701, and whose façade was plastered in 1865WEB, Verversdijk. The present and the future,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 10 May 2020, 16 August 2021,weblink live, ) was built along the canal, and was used as an athenaeum since 1851. its long inner corridor is an outstanding example of the rococo style in Bruges, whereas, the ashlar staircase is also an element of artistic relevance. The attic of the building, with a total length of 45 meters and a surprisingly well-preserved oak canopy, is currently used as a study room. During the First World War occupation of Belgium, the attic was used as a sleeping room for soldiers of the German Marine.The monastery wing was also home to the Museum of Modern Painting from 1898 to 1931WEB, Groeninge Museum, Bruges,weblink Web Gallery of Art, Web Gallery of Art, 11 May 2020, 23 January 2021,weblink live, (when they were transferred to the newly established Groeninge MuseumBOOK, Turner, Christopher, Landmark Visitors Guide Bruges: Belgium, 2002, Hunter Publishing, 36, 9781843060321,weblink ). Since 2008, following and agreement between the College and the Groeninge Museum, the college hosts the 'Extraordinary Groeninghe Art Collection',WEB, History,weblink Groeninghe Art Collection, Groeninghe Art Collection, 11 May 2020, 12 April 2023,weblink live, an installation of contemporary works of art featuring international artists at Verversdijk's hallways. Members of the Groeninghe Art Collection meet every two months at the College to discuss art, attend lectures by art experts and consider possible purchases.In March 2014, the so-called China Library was established at the Verversdijk compound.WEB, "China Library" inaugurated at College of Europe,weblink chinaculture.org, China Culture, 11 May 2020, 22 February 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200222042017weblink">weblink live, A project sponsored by the Information Office of the State Council of the Chinese Government,WEB, Official Inauguration of the China Library,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 10 May 2020, 5 August 2020,weblink live, the library (decorated in Chinese style) is home to ten thousand books and documents in more than six languages, as frequently hosts events related with Sino-European relations or the Chinese culture.File:Verversdijk Campus - 2016.jpg|View of Verversdijk CampusFile:PM 062043 B Brugge.jpg|Old entrance to the Verversdijk buildingsFile:Europacollege Verversdijk.jpg|New entrance to the Verversdijk buildings

Garenmarkt

The Hotel Portinari in Garenmarkt 15 with its classical façade was formerly home to Tommaso Portinari, the administrator of the Florentine "Loggia de Medici" in the 15th century in Bruges. It contains eleven apartments for professors and forty student rooms, two "salons" in 19th-century style, the "salon du Recteur" with 18th-century wall paintings and a modern "Mensa" for students. A room dedicated to Winston Churchill (who was among the voices calling for the establishment of the College during The Hague Congress in 1948 and was one of its founders the year after) was inaugurated by his grandson, Sir Nicholas Soames, and the British ambassador in 2017.WEB,weblink Official inauguration of the Sir Winston Churchill Room | Coleurope, 16 August 2021, 16 August 2021,weblink live, Garenmarkt also hosts the canteen for all College students.

Biskajer

The residence is located in a home built in classicist style during the 19th century. The building is located in Biskajersplein, a small square named after the Spanish region of Biscay (the square is located on the side the dock where ships coming in from that region unloaded their merchandise in the 15th and 16th centuries). The actual residence is located on the lot occupied by the Mareminne house,WEB,weblink BRUJAS - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, 16 August 2021, 16 August 2021,weblink live, which hosted the consulate of Biscay in the past, although the original building was demolished. Traces of the old consulate building can be found in the inner garden of the residence, which kept the shape of the consulate's horse stable. The residence hosts 53 students every year.WEB,weblink Residences | Coleurope, 11 May 2020, 14 May 2020,weblink live,

Gouden Hand

The Gouden Hand residence is housed in a Bruges-style building dating back to the 17th century. It is a listed monument. It was renovated during the 2005–2006 academic year. The name of the residence, directly translates from Dutch to "Golden Hand", after a Medieval legend about the canal bordering the residence.WEB,weblink Legend of Bruges – Young Travelling Scholarship, 26 October 2021, 26 October 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Gouden-Handreibrug, Torenbrug & Augustijnenbrug, 26 October 2021, 26 October 2021,weblink live, Gouden Hand is also the name of two streets along the same canal. The 15th century painter Jan Van Eyck lived and owned a studio in the Gouden-Handstraat nr. 6, behind the current residence.WEB,weblink Gouden-Handstraat nr 6 site van het voormalig huis van Jan van Eyck, www.erfgoedforumbrugge.be, The Gouden Hand student bar is situated in the cellar. The building has been a backdrop for many films and documentaries.

Natolin campus

File:Palac Potockich w Natolinie 01.jpg|thumb|Potocki Palace in Natolin ]]The Natolin Warsaw campus of the college was established in 1992 responding to the revolutions of 1989 and ahead of Poland's accession negotiations with the EU.The Natolin Campus is located in a historic palace, part of a 120-hectare park and nature reserve—formerly the Royal hunting palace of Natolin—situated in the southern part of Warsaw about 20 minutes by metro from the city centre. The Natolin European Centre Foundation takes care of the complex and has conducted restoration of the former Potocki palace, making it available for the college.The old historical buildings, including the manor house, the stables and the coach house, were converted to the needs of modern times and new buildings were constructed in a style preserving the harmony of the palace and its outlying park.In 2022, the Natolin campus of the College of Europe hosted one of the four European citizens’ panels, organised as part of the EU's Conference on the Future of Europe.NEWS, de La Baume, Maïa, 8 May 2022, The EU spent months and millions asking for people's thoughts. Will it listen to them?,weblink Politico, 5 November 2022, 5 November 2022,weblink live,

Albania Campus

In 2023, the College announced the opening of a new campus in AlbaniaWEB, 2023-03-16, College of Europe to open new campus in Albania,weblink 2023-08-09, POLITICO, en,

Student life

The College of Europe is bilingual. Students are expected to be proficient in English and French. Students receive an advanced master's degree following a one-year programme. Students specialise in either European Political and Administrative Studies, EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies, European Law, European Economic Studies, or European Interdisciplinary Studies (at the Natolin campus). For much of its history, the college only admitted a few students, the number has increased since the 1990s.

Admissions

Application may be made to national selection committees or by direct application to the College of Europe for individuals from a country where no selection committee exists.WEB,weblink College of Europe – Admission – Academic requirements, Coleurop.be, 17 September 2011, 27 September 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110927141055weblink">weblink dead, As of 2014, there are 28 national selection committees.WEB,weblink College of Europe – Admission – Selection Committees, Coleurop.be, 7 July 2020, 8 June 2020,weblink live, Regarding scholarships, the national selection committees can grant a scholarship; approximately 70% of students receive a scholarship from either national governments or other public and private institutions.WEB, Scholarships {{!, Coleurope |url=https://www.coleurope.eu/admission/scholarships |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.coleurope.eu}} Students have the choice between four masters at Bruges campus:

• European Economic Studies
• EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies
• European Legal Studies
• European Political and Governance Studies
• Master in Transatlantic Affairs, which is a 2 year program unlike the other degrees.

In Natolin Campus, there is only one degree which is the European Interdisciplinary Studies.

Traditions

The College of Europe has developed several traditions. Some are shared with the École nationale d'administration (ENA) in France. Both the College and ENA name their promotions after a historical figure, being in the College of Europe an outstanding European figure, which is called "patron".WEB,weblink Government by nerds one step from tyranny, Tim Soutphommasane, 19 November 2011, The Australian, 20 November 2011, It is no accident that institutes such as the celebrated Ecole Nationale d'Administration in France or the College of Europe in Belgium produce so many political leaders., 20 November 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111120205051weblink">weblink live, Besides the choice of a prominent historical figure to name each promotion, each academical year is traditionally inaugurated by a prominent European figure. Furthermore, each year, College of Europe students are named honorary citizens of Bruges prior to their departure.WEB, onorary citizens of the city of Bruges,weblink 26 November 2019, coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 28 September 2020,weblink live, Another tradition dating back to the first years of existence of the college is the visit to Flanders fields during the first weeks of the academic year. During that visit, students lay a floral tribute at the Menin Gate war memorial in Ypres.WEB, In Flanders Fields - historical study trip,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 26 November 2019, 28 September 2020,weblink live,

Promotions

Academic years at the College are known as promotions. Each promotion is named after an outstanding European, referred to as the promotion's patron.The opening ceremony each year is presided over by a prominent politician, referred to as the Orateur; they have included Angela Merkel, David Miliband, Jean-Claude Juncker, Javier Solana, José Manuel Barroso, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Juan Carlos I of Spain, Margaret Thatcher and François Mitterrand. Being invited as the college's Orateur is considered a high honour.WEB,weblink College of Europe – College of Europe – History – Opening ceremonies, Coleurop.be, 17 September 2011, 25 May 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110525193439weblink">weblink dead, {| class="wikitable sortable"|+List of promotions! Year !! Name of promotion (Patron) !! Students !! Speaker at opening ceremony (Orateur)|2023-2024|Madeleine Albright

462	Petr Pavel (Bruges)|

|2022-2023|David Sassoli

ca. 470	Roberta Metsola (Bruges) and Stevo Pendarovski (Natolin)

|2021-2022|Éliane Vogel-Polsky

472	Alexander De Croo (Bruges) and Olha Stefanishyna (Natolin)

|2020-2021|Mário Soares

477	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (Bruges) and Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya (Natolin)

|2019-2020|Hannah Arendt

471	Donald TuskHTTP://WWW.CONSILIUM.EUROPA.EU/EN/PRESS/PRESS-RELEASES/2019/11/08/WEEKLY-SCHEDULE-OF-PRESIDENT-DONALD-TUSK/>TITLE=WEEKLY SCHEDULE OF PRESIDENT DONALD TUSK	LANGUAGE=EN	ARCHIVE-DATE=13 NOVEMBER 2019	URL-STATUS=LIVE, (Bruges)

	Manuel Marín>	|Antonio Tajani (Bruges) & Tibor Navracsics (Natolin)

	Simone Veil>		António Costa (Bruges)HTTPS://WWW.COLEUROPE.EU/EVENTS/OPENING-CEREMONY-BRUGES-CAMPUS-35	website=coleurope.eu	archive-date=13 September 2017	weblink>url-status=live}} & Andrzej Duda (Natolin)HTTPS://WWW.COLEUROPE.EU/FR/EVENTS/OPENING-CEREMONY-ACADEMIC-YEAR-2017-2018-NATOLIN-CAMPUS-COLLEGE-EUROPE>TITLE=OPENING CEREMONY OF THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-2018 AT THE NATOLIN CAMPUS OF THE COLLEGE OF EUROPE {{!, College of Europe	access-date=2017-07-24	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913140223weblink|url-status=live}}

	John Maynard Keynes>	|Jean-Claude Juncker (Bruges) & Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze (Natolin)

	Frédéric Chopin>	|Alexander Stubb (Bruges) & Johannes Hahn (Natolin)

	Giovanni Falcone>Falcone & Paolo Borsellino	>	|Mariano Rajoy (Bruges) & Petro Poroshenko (Natolin, cancelled)

	Voltaire>	|Íñigo Méndez de Vigo (Bruges) & Bronisław Komorowski (Natolin)

	Václav Havel>	|Helle Thorning-Schmidt (Bruges) & Vladimir Filat (Natolin)

	Marie Curie>Marie Sklodowska-Curie	448	Giorgio Napolitano (Bruges) & José Manuel Barroso (Natolin)

	Albert Einstein>	|Angela Merkel (Bruges) & Štefan Füle (Natolin)

	Charles Darwin>	|Jerzy Buzek (Bruges) & Toomas Hendrik Ilves (Natolin)

	Marcus Aurelius>	|Yves Leterme (Bruges) & Hans-Gert Pöttering (Natolin)

	Anna Politkovskaya & Hrant Dink>	|David Miliband (Bruges) & Carl Bildt (Natolin)

	Nicolaus Copernicus>	|Jean-Claude Juncker (Bruges) & Alaksandar Milinkievič (Natolin)

	Ludwig van Beethoven>	|Javier Solana (Bruges) & Viktor Yushchenko (Natolin)

	Montesquieu>	|José Manuel Barroso (Bruges) & Josep Borrell Fontelles (Natolin)

	John Locke>	|Joschka Fischer (Bruges) & Danuta Hübner (Natolin)

	Bertha von Suttner>	|Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (Bruges) & Erhard Busek (Natolin)

	Simon Stevin>	|Aleksander Kwasniewski (Bruges) & Guy Verhofstadt (Natolin)

	Aristotle>		George Papandreou (junior)>George Papandreou (Bruges) & Jan Kulakowski (Natolin)

	Wilhelm von Humboldt>Wilhelm & Alexander von Humboldt	374	Jacques Delors (Bruges) & Jean-Luc Dehaene (Natolin)

	Leonardo da Vinci>	|Jean-Luc Dehaene (Bruges) & Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant (Natolin)

	Hendrik Brugmans>	|António Guterres (Bruges) & Ursula Stenzel (Natolin)

	Alexis de Tocqueville>	|Wim Kok (Bruges) & Aleksander Kwasniewski (Natolin)

	Walter Hallstein>	|Klaus Hänsch (Bruges) & Jacques Santer (Natolin)

	Ramon Llull>	|Juan Carlos I of Spain (Bruges) & Andrzej Olechowski (Natolin)

	Stefan Zweig>	|Thomas Klestil

	Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor>Charles IV	264	Jacques Santer

	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart>	|Flavio Cotti

	Hans Scholl>Hans & Sophie Scholl	245	Richard von Weizsäcker

	Denis de Rougemont>	|Jacques Delors

	Christopher Dawson>	|Margaret Thatcher

	Altiero Spinelli>	|François Mitterrand

	William Penn>	|Ruud Lubbers

	Christopher Columbus>	|Felipe Gonzalez

	Madame de Staël>	|Altiero Spinelli

	Jean Rey (politician)>Jean Rey	133	Garret FitzGerald

	Joseph Bech>	|Gaston Thorn

	Johan Willem Beyen>	|Bruno Kreisky

	Jean Monnet>	|Simone Veil

	Salvador de Madariaga>	|Dries van Agt

	Paul-Henri Spaak>	|Guy Spitaels

	Karl Renner>	|Mario Soares

	Peter Paul Rubens>	|Leo Tindemans

	Adam Jerzy Czartoryski>	|Edgar Faure

	Aristide Briand>	|Herman De Croo

	Giuseppe Mazzini>	|Karl Otto Pöhl

	Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi>	|George Brown, Baron George-Brown

	Dante Alighieri>	|Altiero Spinelli & Hendrik Brugmans

	Winston Churchill>		Jean Rey (politician)>Jean Rey & Hendrik Brugmans

	William the Silent>		Albert II of Belgium>Prince Albert of Belgium & Hendrik Brugmans

	Konrad Adenauer>	| Robert van Schendel & Hendrik Brugmans

	Comenius>	| Alfons de Vreese

	George C. Marshall>		Jean Rey (politician)>Jean Rey & Hendrik Brugmans

	Thomas More>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Robert Schuman>	|Salvador de Madariaga & Hendrik Brugmans

	Thomas Paine>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	August Vermeylen>	|Pierre Harmel & Hendrik Brugmans

	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz>	| Hugo Geiger & Hendrik Brugmans

	Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon>Saint-Simon	38	Hendrik Brugmans

	Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully>Sully	43	Hendrik Brugmans

	Fridtjof Nansen>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Henry the Navigator>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Raoul Dautry>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Virgil>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Alcide De Gasperi>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Erasmus>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Juan Vives>	|Hendrik Brugmans

	Antoine de Saint-Exupéry>	|Hendrik Brugmans

		| Victor Van Hoestenberghe & Salvador de Madariaga

Notable alumni

Many former students of the college, referred to as anciens (French for alumni), have gone on to serve as government ministers, members of various parliaments, diplomats and high-ranking civil servants and executives.File:Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Danmarks statsminister. Nordiska Radets session 2011 i Kopenhamn.jpg|Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Danish politician, former Prime Minister of DenmarkFile:Nick Clegg (2011) (cropped).jpg|Nick Clegg, British business executive and politicianFile:Clément Beaune.jpg|Clément Beaune, French politicianFile:Brigid Laffan, Director of the RSCAS at the EUI (22294519322).jpg|Brigid Laffan, Irish political scientistFile:Valerie plame wilson 2014.jpg|Valerie Plame, American writer, spy novelist and former CIA officerFile:2020-10-20 Marija Pejčinović Burić.jpg|Marija Pejčinović Burić, Croatian politician, Secretary General of the Council of EuropeFile:Stubb 4682.jpg|Alexander Stubb, Finnish politician, President of FinlandFile:Pål Jonson in 2022 (4 av 5) (cropped).jpg|Pål Jonson, Swedish politician and Minister for DefenseA list of all alumni from 1949 to 1999 is included in the book The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe (1999), edited by Dieter Mahncke, Léonce Bekemans and Robert Picht.Alumni of note of the College of Europe (from 1949) include{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Gaetano Adinolfi, former Deputy Secretary General of the Council of Europe
• Alberto Alemanno, Professor of Law at New York University School of Law and HEC Paris,New York University website CEO of eLabEuropeWEB,weblink elabeurope.eu, elabeurope.eu, 21 June 2019, 21 June 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190621132306weblink">weblink live,
• Frans Alphons Maria Alting von Geusau, Dutch legal scholar and diplomat
• Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan, French-Irish economist, Jean Monnet Professor of Economics at the University of Limerick
• Peter Arbo, Norwegian academic
• Árni Páll Árnason, Icelandic Minister of Economic Affairs. Promotion Mozart.
• Ioanna Babassika, Greek human rights lawyer, member of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture
• Yuriko Backes, Luxembourgish diplomat and politician, Minister for FinancesWEB, January 5, 2022, Yuriko Backes,weblink 2023-07-14, Government of Luxembourg, en, 14 July 2023,weblink dead,
• María Angeles Benítez Salas, Spanish European civil servant, director-general of the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development
• Ledi Bianku, judge at the European Court of Human Rights
• Margunn Bjørnholt, Norwegian sociologist
• Iwo Byczewski, former Polish Deputy Foreign Minister (1991–1995), Ambassador to Belgium and Permanent Representative to the European Union
• Geert Van Calster, Belgian lawyer and legal scholar
• Sofie Carsten Nielsen, Danish Minister for Higher Education and Science. Promotion Aristotle
• Franz Ceska, Austrian Ambassador to Belgium and France, Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva
• Poul Skytte Christoffersen, Danish Permanent Representative to the European Institutions, Special Advisor to The Right Honourable Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
• Nick Clegg, British politician, former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leader of the Liberal Democrats and member of the European Parliament
• Luc Coene, Belgian economist and Governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB)
• Karl Cox, Vice President of the Oracle Corporation
• Martin Donnelly, British civil servant
• Niels Egelund, Danish diplomat, former Permanent Representative to NATO and Ambassador to France
• Jonathan Faull, Director General for the Internal Market and Services
• Monique Pariat, Director-General for the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs and previously Director-General for the Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations.
• Mary Finlay Geoghegan, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ireland.
• Nigel Forman, British MP and Minister of Higher Education (1992), a member of the Conservative Party
• Gabriel Fragnière, Swiss academic
• Louise Fréchette, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations
• Francesco Paolo Fulci, former Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations (1993–1999), currently serving as President of Ferrero SpA
• Otto von der Gablentz, German diplomat and academic
• Luis Garicano, Professor of Economics and Strategy at the London School of Economics
• Miriam González Durántez, Spanish lawyer and wife of Nick Clegg
• Fiona Hayes-Renshaw, Irish academic, visiting professor at the college since 2001
• Chris Hoornaert, Ambassador of Belgium to the Netherlands
• Simon Hughes, British politician and Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament
• Marc Jaeger, judge at the General Court of the EU
• Josef Joffe, German editor and publisher of Die Zeit and adjunct professor of political science at Stanford University
• Claudia Kahr, judge at the Austrian Constitutional Court
• Alison Kelly, Irish ambassador to Israel
• Stephen Kinnock, Director at the World Economic Forum
• Berno Kjeldsen, Danish ambassador
• Lars-Jacob Krogh, journalist
• Sabino Fornies Martinez, European Commission Civil Servant, Head of task force at DG FISMA and EU Diplomat in Beijing
• Brigid Laffan, Director of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute
• Jo Leinen, German member of the European Parliament, former president of the Union of European Federalists
• Christian Lequesne, Professor of European Politics at Sciences Po, the College of Europe and the London School of Economics
• Leif Terje Løddesøl, former Chair of Statoil
• Sylvie Lucas, Luxembourg's ambassador to the United Nations and president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (2009–2010)
• Aude Maio-Coliche, Ambassador, Head of the EU Delegation to Venezuela
• Helena Malikova, EU civil servant and academic
• Manuel Marín, former President of the European Commission
• Thomas Mayr-Harting, Ambassador, Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations
• Ian McIntyre, British journalist
• David McWilliams, Irish economist, journalist and documentary-maker
• Holger Michael, German ambassador
• Enzo Moavero Milanesi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy
• Goenawan Mohamad, Indonesian poet
• Juan Moscoso del Prado, Spanish socialist Member of Parliament, spokesman in the European Union Committee
• Jon Ola Norbom, former Minister of Finance of Norway
• Jim Oberstar, member of the United States House of Representatives
• Mary O'Rourke, barrister
• David O'Sullivan (civil servant), Chief Operating Officer of the European Union's diplomatic corps, former Secretary-General of the European Commission and Director General for Trade
• Valerie Plame, former United States CIA Operations Officer
• Ursula Plassnik, former Foreign Minister of Austria, a member of Austrian People's Party (European People's Party)
• Nikola Poposki, Macedonian Minister for Foreign Affairs and former Ambassador of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Macedonia to the European Union
• Xavier Prats Monné, EU official
• Torolf Raa, former Norwegian ambassador
• Carine Van Regenmortel, Belgian corporate lawyer
• Philippe Régnier, Professor at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies and the University of Ottawa
• Prince Albert Rohan, former Permanent Secretary of the Austrian Foreign Ministry, UN envoy
• Margaritis Schinas, Vice-President of the European Commission
• György Schöpflin, a Hungarian academic and politician, Member of the European Parliament for Fidesz and the European People's Party
• Guy Spitaels, Belgian politician and Minister-President of Wallonia
• Alexander Stubb, Finnish Minister for Foreign Affairs, a member of politician of the National Coalition Party (European People's Party)
• Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Prime Minister of Denmark and leader of the Social Democrats (Denmark)
• Didrik Tønseth, former Norwegian ambassador
• Count Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff, Austria's ambassador to Prague
• Loukas Tsoukalis, Jean Monnet Professor of European Integration at the University of Athens and President of the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy
• Andrew Tyrie, Member of Parliament (MP) for Chichester and Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, a member of Conservative Party
• Helmut Türk, judge at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, former Ambassador of Austria to the United States
• Werner Ungerer, German diplomat, Permanent Representative to the European Communities from 1985 to 1990 and rector of the college from 1990 to 1993
• Robert Verrue, Director-General for Employment of the European Commission
• Alexander Walker, British film critic
• Helen Wallace, Lady Wallace of Saltaire, British expert in European studies and Emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science
• Bruno de Witte, Professor of EU Law at the European University Institute
• Marc van der Woude, judge at the European Court of Justice
• Adrien Zeller, former French minister in the second Jacques Chirac government (1986–1988), former President of Alsace Regional Council, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement
• Jaap de Zwaan, Dutch diplomat and negotiator of several European treaties, Professor of EU Law at the Erasmus University Rotterdam
• Alexander Stubb, prime minister of Finland

{{colend}}Alumni of note of the College of Europe in Natolin, Poland (from 1993) include:

• Gert Antsu, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Estonia to Ukraine
• JarosÅ‚aw DomaÅ„ski, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Poland to the Islamic Republic of Iran
• Marija Pejčinović Burić, Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs
• Alyn Smith, Scottish member of the European Parliament
• Olesea Stamate, Minister of Justice of the Republic of Moldova
• RafaÅ‚ Trzaskowski, Mayor of Warsaw, former member of the Polish Sejm, former Polish member of the European Parliament, former Polish Minister of Administration and Digitization, former Secretary of State in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Faculty and organisation

The College of Europe originally had no permanent teaching staff; the courses were taught by prominent academics and sometimes government officials from around Europe.NEWS, Jozwiak, Rikard, Training The 'New Europeans' -- The College of Europe Breeds The EU Elite, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 28 October 2011,weblink Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, 12 May 2019, 12 May 2019,weblink live, Especially in the last couple of decades, the college has increasingly employed professors and other teaching staff on a permanent basis.

Academics

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Dominique Moïsi, co-founder and is a senior advisor of the Paris-based Institut Français des Relations Internationales (IFRI), Pierre Keller Visiting Professor at Harvard University, and the Chairholder for Geopolitics at the College of Europe.WEB,weblink Dominique MOÏSI - College of Europe, coleurope.eu, 21 June 2019, 21 June 2019,weblink live,
• BronisÅ‚aw Geremek, Chairholder of the Chair of European Civilisation until his deathWEB,weblink Chair of European Civilisation at the College of Europe, Coleurop.be, 22 April 2012, 2 October 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081002014214weblink">weblink dead,
• Leszek Balcerowicz, economist, the former chairman of the National Bank of Poland and Deputy Prime Minister in Tadeusz Mazowiecki's government. He implemented the Polish economic transformation program in the 1990s, a shock therapy commonly referred to as the Balcerowicz PlanWEB,weblink Leszek Balcerowicz at the College of Europe, Coleurope.eu, 22 April 2012, 3 April 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120403044713weblink">weblink live,
• Andrea Biondi, co-Director of the Centre for European Law at King's College LondonWEB,weblink Andrea Biondi at King's College London, Kcl.ac.uk, 22 April 2012, 12 April 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120412022534weblink">weblink live,
• AleÅ¡ Debeljak, cultural critic, poet, and essayistWEB,weblink AleÅ¡ Debeljak web page, Old.fdv.uni-lj.si, 22 April 2012, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090207013354weblink">weblink 7 February 2009,
• Alyson Bailes, a former English diplomat and British Ambassador to Finland who lives in IcelandWEB,weblink Alyson Bailes at College of Europe, Coleurop.be, 22 April 2012, 2 December 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101202152907weblink">weblink dead,
• Valentine Korah, Emeritus Professor of Competition Law at University College LondonWEB,weblink Valentine Korah at University College London, Ucl.ac.uk, 25 February 2008, 22 April 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121007125659weblink">weblink 7 October 2012, dead,
• Jacques Rupnik, professor at Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris i.e. Sciences PoWEB,weblink Jacques Rupnik at Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris, Ceri-sciencespo.com, 22 April 2012, 15 April 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120415030044weblink">weblink live,
• (:de:Stefan Collignon|Stefan Collignon), professor of political economy, International Chief Economist of the Centro Europa Ricerche, founder of Euro Asia Forum at Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy, he served as Deputy Director General for Europe in the Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany) 1999–2000.WEB, Stefan Collignon,weblink Stefan Collignon web page, Stefancollignon.de, 22 April 2012, 6 August 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150806160006weblink">weblink live,
• John Usher, legal scholar
• Guy Haarscher, legal and political philosopher
• Geoffrey R. Denton, head of economics
• Jan de Meyer (1958–1970)
• Dieter Mahncke
• Léonce Bekemans
• Fiona Hayes-Renshaw
• Gerhard Stahl
• Shada Islam
• Christian Lequesne
• Enzo Moavero Milanesi, Italian Minister for Europe and Professor in the Legal Studies Department
• Alexander Stubb, Finnish Minister for Europe, former Foreign Minister, and Professor at the college since 2000
• Norman Davies, Historian; Honorary fellow, St Antony's College, Oxford, Oxford University; Professor, Jagiellonian University WEB,weblink Site - College of Europe, coleurope.eu, 21 June 2019, 21 June 2019,weblink live,
• Jean de Ruyt, Ambassador; Senior European Policy Advisor, Covington & Burling ; Professor, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL); ex-Belgian Permanent representative to the European Union

{{colend}}

Organisation

Rectors

The rector directs and coordinates the college's activities.

• Hendrik Brugmans (1906–1997) (1949–1971)
• Jerzy Łukaszewski (°1924) (1972–1990)
• Werner Ungerer (°1927) (1990–1993)
• Gabriel Fragnière (1934-2015) (1993–1995)
• Otto von der Gablentz (1930–2007) (1996–2001)
• Piet Akkermans (1942–2002) (2001–2002)
• Robert Picht (1937–2008) (a.i. 2002–2003)
• Paul Demaret (2003–2013)
• (:de:Jörg Monar|Jörg Monar) (2013–2020)
• Federica Mogherini (2020–present)WEB, Rectors of the College of Europe,weblink College of Europe, 12 May 2019, 23 April 2019,weblink live,

Vice rectors

The vice rector is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Natolin (Warsaw) campus.

• Ettore Deodato (1993)
• David W. P. Lewis (1994–1996)
• Jacek Saryusz-Wolski (1996–1999)
• Piotr Nowina-Konopka (1999–2004)
• Robert Picht (a.i. 2004–2005)
• Robert Picht (2005–2007)
• Ewa OÅ›niecka-Tamecka (2007– present)WEB, Vice-Rectors of the Natolin campus (Warsaw),weblink College of Europe, 12 May 2019, 23 April 2019,weblink live,

Presidents of the Administrative Council

• Salvador de Madariaga (1950–1964)
• Jean Rey (1964–1974)
• François-Xavier Ortoli (1974–1975)
• Daniel Coens (1985–1990)
• Manuel Marín (1990–1995)
• Jacques Delors (1995–2000)
• Jean-Luc Dehaene (2000–2009)
• Íñigo Méndez de Vigo (2009 – 2019)WEB, Presidents of the Administrative Council,weblink College of Europe, 12 May 2019, 23 April 2019,weblink live,
• Herman Van Rompuy (2019–present)WEB, Mr Herman VAN ROMPUY President of the Administrative Council of the College of Europe. Opening Ceremony, Bruges Campus, 13 November 2019,weblink coleurope.eu, College of Europe, 26 November 2019, 16 August 2021,weblink live,

Controversies

Controversy concerning Saudi Arabia

In February 2019, a series of press pieces published by EUobserverWEB,weblink Saudis paying College of Europe to lobby MEPs, Nielsen, Nikolaj, EUobserver, 12 February 2019, 7 April 2019, 7 April 2019,weblink live, revealed that the Bruges-based institute was paid by the Saudi government to set up private meetings between Saudi ambassadors, EU officials, and MEPs.WEB,weblink Brugse eliteschool kreeg Saudisch geld, Debusschere, Barbara, De Morgen, 14 February 2019, 26 June 2019, 17 June 2019,weblink live, Although EU lobby transparency rules say that academic institutions should register if they "deal with EU activities and policies and are in touch with the EU institutions", the College of Europe is not listed in the EU joint-transparency register. On 13 February, MEP Alyn Smith of Greens/EFA wrote to ask Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, to provide assurances that the institute has not received "financial contributions from the Saudi authorities in any form" in its efforts to set up meetings with the EU institutions.WEB,weblink [Ticker] College of Europe rector questioned over Saudi visit, EUobserver, 13 February 2019, en, 21 May 2019, 7 April 2019,weblink live, On 20 February, Marietje Schaake of the ALDE group presented a written question to the European Commission on this issue.WEB,weblink College of Europe funding by the Saudi Government for lobbying practices, Schaake, Marietje, Marietje Schaake, en, 21 May 2019, 25 June 2019,weblink live, WEB,weblink College of Europe in receipt of funding from the Saudi Government for lobbying practices, Schaake, Marietje, europarl.europa.eu, en, 21 May 2019, 23 May 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190523035209weblink">weblink live, This written question was the subject of a response from the European Commission published on 17 May in which it explained not having any direct evidence as to the facts reported, nor being able to comment on the sources of revenue of the College of Europe beyond European subsidies.WEB,weblink Answer to Question No E-000928/19, europarl.europa.eu, 19 June 2019, 21 May 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190521063221weblink">weblink live, A group of College alumni collected signatures to demand the institution to stop organising private meetings between MEPs and the Saudi government.WEB,weblink College of Europe alumni ask rector to cut Saudi ties, EUobserver, 19 February 2019, 10 April 2019, 7 April 2019,weblink live, In a letter to the President of the European Parliament's Budget Control Committee Ingeborg Gräßle, Jörg Monar, Rector of the College of Europe, confirmed the organization of trainings for Saudi officials and criticized the media for reporting them as lobbying. The rector indicated that these meetings had no lobbying dimension but sought to show to the Saudis the reasons why the Union defended certain values, privileging communication over isolation to defend European values.WEB,weblink EU college defends Saudi-style visits, attacks 'sloppy' media, EUobserver, 27 February 2019, 10 April 2019, 7 April 2019,weblink live, WEB,weblink POLITICO EU Influence, presented by ISF: International Women's Day – Biased tweeting – College of Europe's Saudi links, 8 March 2019, POLITICO, 19 June 2019, 13 April 2019,weblink live, Inside Arabia Online, an online publication, characterised the lobbying by Saudi Arabia as part of a concerted effort to reverse the Kingdom's inclusion on the EU's "blacklist", which intends to penalize countries failing to combat terrorism financing and money laundering.WEB,weblink Saudi Lobbying Blocks Listing on EU Dirty Money Blacklist, Igrouane, Youssef, Inside Arabia Online, 5 April 2019, 9 April 2019, 10 April 2019,weblink live,

Allegations of sexual harassment and misogyny

The French language weekly news magazine Le Vif/L'Express published an article on 21 February 2019 based on the testimony of former students from recent years. The article reported a culture of sexual harassment and misogyny at the College of Europe. Cases of sexual harassment and inappropriate behaviour were described in the magazine, including frotteurism, forced kisses and groping. Various students reported to Le Vif/L’Express that the administration observes a code of silence on this issue. Cases of inappropriate behaviours by the academic staff were also reported. Contacted by Le Vif/L’Express magazine, the administration replied that: "In some occasions in the past, some students have crossed the personal barriers of other students".WEB,weblink Sexisme : omerta au Collège d'Europe ?, Ghali, Soraya, Le Vif/L'Express, 22 February 2019, 8 April 2019, 7 April 2019,weblink live, On 5 March 2019, a former student of the College of Europe, published an opinion in Le Vif/L’Express magazine, stating that a culture of sexual harassment and misogyny existed at the College of Europe when she was studying there.WEB,weblink Le sexisme et le harcèlement font partie intégrantes du fonctionnement de nombreuses institutions universitaires européennes, Le Vif/L'Express, 5 March 2019, 8 April 2019, 10 April 2019,weblink live,

Jungle comments by Josep Borrell

In October 2022, EU's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell made controversial comments in a speech to the College of Europe's new European Diplomatic Academy in Bruges. In his speech Borrell designated Europe as “a garden” and he called most of the world a “jungle” that “could invade the garden”.NEWS, 19 October 2022, Borrell denies 'jungle' comments were racist,weblink Euractiv, 5 November 2022, 5 November 2022,weblink live, Federica Mogherini, the rector of the College of Europe was hosting Josep Borrell, who succeeded her in the function of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the EUNEWS, Massad, Joseph, 19 October 2022, Josep Borrell's European 'garden' is built on the plunder of the 'jungle',weblink Middle East Eye, 5 November 2022, 5 November 2022,weblink live, did not express any disagreement.NEWS, 26 October 2022, The Delonisers,weblink EU Scream, 5 November 2022, 5 November 2022,weblink live,

Sexual Harassment Scandal

In 2024, Politico Europe published an article detailing longstanding accusations of sexual harassment by an unnamed professor at the university. The article details that accusations against the professor had been logged as long ago as 2012, but that he continued to be employed by the university.WEB, 2024-02-16, Sexual harassment probe rocks College of Europe,weblink 2024-02-16, POLITICO, en, The publication of that article led to the dismissal of the professor Olivier Costa, whose identity was revealed further by Politico after the end of the disciplinary procedureweblink's%20contract.&text=The%20College%20of%20Europe%20in,current%20student%20of%20sexual%20harassment.

See also

• École nationale d'administration
• Europa-Institut of Saarland University
• European Academy of Sciences and Arts
• European University Institute
• List of College of Europe presidents
• List of College of Europe rectors and vice-rectors
• List of Jesuit sites

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• Karel Verleye, De stichting van het Europacollege te Brugge, Stichting Ryckevelde, 1989.
• Dieter Mahncke, Léonce Bekemans, Robert Picht, The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe, College of Europe, Bruges, 1999. {{ISBN|9080498319}}. Includes a list of all graduates 1949–1999.
• Paul Demaret, Inge Govaere, Dominik Hanf (eds), Dynamiques juridiques européennes. Edition revue et mise à jour de 30 ans d'études juridiques européennes au Collège d'Europe, Cahiers du Collège d'Europe, P. I. E. Peter Lang, Brussels, 2007.

External links

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{officialweblink }}
• Politico – College of Europe section
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040209193741weblink">Alumni Association – College of Europe
• The Madariaga – College of Europe Foundation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621173048weblink |date=21 June 2014 }}
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100326061612weblink">Behind the Walls, article by a College alumnus – Europe&Me Magazine

{{Belgian universities}}{{authority control}}