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{{short description|American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, and futurist}}{{other uses}}{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}

factoids

| birth_place = Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.1983107mf=y}}| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.| alma_mater =

• Designer
• author
• inventor

{edih}Anne Hewlett|1917}}| children = 2, including Allegra Fuller Snyder| significant_buildings = Geodesic dome (1940s)| significant_projects = Dymaxion house (1928)| embedded =

factoids
embed	yes

| education = Harvard University (expelled)| era = 20th-century philosophy* Western philosophy

• American philosophy{edih}

• Dymaxion Chronofile (1920–1983)
• Nine Chains to the Moon (1938)
• Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968)
• Critical Path (1981)

{edih}

• Systems theory

{edih}

• Cloud Nine (sphere)
• Current solar income
• Design science
• Energy slave
• Ephemeralization

{{flatlist|* Dymaxion

• car
• house
• map{edih}
• Geoscope
• Space frame
• Spaceship earth
• Synergetics
• Tensegrity

}}

• Fröbel
• Korzybski
• Sidis

{edih}

• Abernathy
• Asawa
• Baldwin
• Ben-Eli
• Brand
• Cabrol
• Cage
• Clinton
• Floyd
• Gabel
• Hays
• Johnston
• Kiyosaki
• Nelson
• Pearce
• Sadao
• Schlossberg
• Snelson
• Wilson

}}}}| awards = Presidential Medal of Freedom (1983)}}Richard Buckminster Fuller ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ÊŠ|l|Éš}}; July 12, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1983)ENCYCLOPEDIA,weblink Fuller, R. Buckminster, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica., 2007, April 20, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071021002639weblink">weblink October 21, 2007, was an American architect, systems theorist, writer, designer, inventor, philosopher, and futurist. He styled his name as R. Buckminster Fuller in his writings, publishing more than 30 books and coining or popularizing such terms as "Spaceship Earth", "Dymaxion" (e.g., Dymaxion house, Dymaxion car, Dymaxion map), "ephemeralization", "synergetics", and "tensegrity".Fuller developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome; carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres. He also served as the second World President of Mensa International from 1974 to 1983.BOOK, Mensa: The Society for the Highly Intelligent, 299, 304, Victor, Serebriakoff, Stein and Day, 1986, 978-0-8128-3091-0, WEB, Staff, The History of Mensa: Chapter 1: The Early Years (1945-1953), Mensa International, Mensa Switzerland, 2010,weblinkweblink March 8, 2019, live, March 8, 2019, Fuller was awarded 28 United States patentsWEB,weblink Partial list of Fuller U.S. patents, April 18, 2014, and many honorary doctorates. In 1960, he was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal from The Franklin Institute. He was elected an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1967, on the occasion of the 50-year reunion of his Harvard class of 1917 (from which he was expelled in his first year).WEB,weblinkweblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink October 9, 2022, live, Catalogue of Members: Harvard members elected from 1966-1981, Harvard College Phi Beta Kappa, January 31, 2015, WEB,weblink L. Steven, Sieden, Biography of R. Buckminster Fuller - Section 4: 1947–1976, 2011, BuckyFullerNow.com, January 31, 2015, February 26, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150226181943weblink">weblink dead, He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.WEB, Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter F,weblinkweblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink October 9, 2022, live, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, April 7, 2011, The same year, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member. He became a full Academician in 1970, and he received the Gold Medal award from the American Institute of Architects the same year. Also in 1970, Fuller received the title of Master Architect from Alpha Rho Chi (APX), the national fraternity for architecture and the allied arts.WEB,weblink "Website of Alpha Rho Chi", October 16, 2023, In 1976, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.WEB,weblink Website of St. Louis Literary Award, July 25, 2016, April 27, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190427180855weblink">weblink WEB,weblink Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award, Saint Louis University Library Associates, July 25, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160731082313weblink">weblink July 31, 2016, In 1977, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.WEB, Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement, www.achievement.org, American Academy of Achievement,weblink He also received numerous other awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, presented to him on February 23, 1983, by President Ronald Reagan.[Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom] Reagan Library. February 23, 1983. Retrieved May 8, 2024

Life and work

(File:BuckminsterFuller cropped.jpg|thumb|220px|Fuller {{circa|1910}})Fuller was born on July 12, 1895, in Milton, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller and Caroline Wolcott Andrews, and grand-nephew of Margaret Fuller, an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. The unusual middle name, Buckminster, was an ancestral family name. As a child, Richard Buckminster Fuller tried numerous variations of his name. He used to sign his name differently each year in the guest register of his family summer vacation home at Bear Island, Maine. He finally settled on R. Buckminster Fuller.BOOK, Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work, Sieden, Steven, 2000, Basic Books, 978-0738203799, Fuller spent much of his youth on Bear Island, in Penobscot Bay off the coast of Maine. He attended Froebelian Kindergarten.JOURNAL, Provenzo, Eugene F., 2009, Friedrich Froebel's Gifts: Connecting the Spiritual and Aesthetic to the Real World of Play and Learning,weblink American Journal of Play, en, 2, 1, 85–99, 1938-0399, ERIC, He was dissatisfied with the way geometry was taught in school, disagreeing with the notions that a chalk dot on the blackboard represented an "empty" mathematical point, or that a line could stretch off to infinity. To him these were illogical, and led to his work on synergetics. He often made items from materials he found in the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. By age 12, he had invented a 'push pull' system for propelling a rowboat by use of an inverted umbrella connected to the transom with a simple oar lock which allowed the user to face forward to point the boat toward its destination. Later in life, Fuller took exception to the term "invention".Years later, he decided that this sort of experience had provided him with not only an interest in design, but also a habit of being familiar with and knowledgeable about the materials that his later projects would require. Fuller earned a machinist's certification, and knew how to use the press brake, stretch press, and other tools and equipment used in the sheet metal trade.BOOK, Pawley, Martin, Buckminster Fuller, New York, Taplinger, 1991, 978-0-8008-1116-7,weblink

Education

Fuller attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts, and after that began studying at Harvard College, where he was affiliated with Adams House. He was expelled from Harvard twice: first for spending all his money partying with a vaudeville troupe, and then, after having been readmitted, for his "irresponsibility and lack of interest". By his own appraisal, he was a non-conforming misfit in the fraternity environment.

Wartime experience

Between his sessions at Harvard, Fuller worked in Canada as a mechanic in a textile mill, and later as a laborer in the meat-packing industry. He also served in the U.S. Navy in World War I, as a shipboard radio operator, as an editor of a publication, and as commander of the crash rescue boat USS Inca. After discharge, he worked again in the meat-packing industry, acquiring management experience. In 1917, he married Anne Hewlett. During the early 1920s, he and his father-in-law developed the Stockade Building System for producing lightweight, weatherproof, and fireproof housing—although the company would ultimately fail in 1927.BOOK, Lloyd Steven, Sieden, Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work, New York, Perseus Books Group, 2000, 978-0-7382-0379-9, 84–85, However, in 1927 his own financial difficulties forced Mr. Hewlett to sell his stock in the company. Within weeks Stockade Building Systems became a subsidiary of Celotex Corporation, whose primary motivation was akin to that of other conventional companies: making a profit. Celotex management took one look at Stockade's financial records and called for a complete overhaul of the company. The first casualty of the transition was Stockade's controversial president [Buckminster Fuller, who was fired].,

Depression and epiphany

Fuller recalled 1927 as a pivotal year of his life. His daughter Alexandra had died in 1922 of complications from polio and spinal meningitisFuller, R. Buckminster, Your Private Sky, p. 27 just before her fourth birthday.BOOK, Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work, Lloyd Steven, Sieden, Basic Books, 1989, 978-0-7382-0379-9, Barry Katz, a Stanford University scholar who wrote about Fuller, found signs that around this time in his life Fuller had developed depression and anxiety.NEWS,weblink The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller, The New York Times, James Sterngold, June 15, 2008, January 24, 2019, Fuller dwelled on his daughter's death, suspecting that it was connected with the Fullers' damp and drafty living conditions. This provided motivation for Fuller's involvement in Stockade Building Systems, a business which aimed to provide affordable, efficient housing.In 1927, at age 32, Fuller lost his job as president of Stockade. The Fuller family had no savings, and the birth of their daughter Allegra in 1927 added to the financial challenges. Fuller drank heavily and reflected upon the solution to his family's struggles on long walks around Chicago. During the autumn of 1927, Fuller contemplated suicide by drowning in Lake Michigan, so that his family could benefit from a life insurance payment.BOOK, Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work, Lloyd Steven, Sieden, Basic Books, 1989, 978-0-7382-0379-9, 87, during 1927, Bucky found himself unemployed with a new daughter to support as winter was approaching. With no steady income the Fuller family was living beyond its means and falling further and further into debt. Searching for solace and escape, Bucky continued drinking and carousing. He also tended to wander aimlessly through the Chicago streets pondering his situation. It was during one such walk that he ventured down to the shore of Lake Michigan on a particularly cold autumn evening and seriously contemplated swimming out until he was exhausted and ending his life., Fuller said that he had experienced a profound incident which would provide direction and purpose for his life. He felt as though he was suspended several feet above the ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke directly to Fuller, and declared:{{Blockquote|From now on you need never await temporal attestation to your thought. You think the truth. You do not have the right to eliminate yourself. You do not belong to you. You belong to the Universe. Your significance will remain forever obscure to you, but you may assume that you are fulfilling your role if you apply yourself to converting your experiences to the highest advantage of others.BOOK, Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work, Lloyd Steven, Sieden, Basic Books, 1989, 978-0-7382-0379-9, 87–88, |author=|title=|source=}}Fuller stated that this experience led to a profound re-examination of his life. He ultimately chose to embark on "an experiment, to find what a single individual could contribute to changing the world and benefiting all humanity".NEWS,weblink Design – A Three-Wheel Dream That Died at Takeoff – Buckminster Fuller and the Dymaxion Car, The New York Times, June 15, 2008, subscription, Speaking to audiences later in life, Fuller would frequently recount the story of his Lake Michigan experience, and its transformative impact on his life.

Recovery

In 1927, Fuller resolved to think independently which included a commitment to "the search for the principles governing the universe and help advance the evolution of humanity in accordance with them ... finding ways of doing more with less to the end that all people everywhere can have more and more".{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} By 1928, Fuller was living in Greenwich Village and spending much of his time at the popular café Romany Marie's,WEB,weblink Before Buckyballs: Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi, John Haber, John, Haber, Haber's Arts Reviews, See also: NEWS,weblink The Architect and the Sculptor: A Friendship of Ideas, Grace, Glueck, Grace Glueck, The New York Times, May 19, 2006, April 27, 2010, where he had spent an evening in conversation with Marie and Eugene O'Neill several years earlier.Lloyd Steven Sieden. Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work (pp. 74, 119–142). New York: Perseus Books Group, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7382-0379-3}}. p. 74: "Although O'Neill soon became well known as a major American playwright, it was Romany Marie who would significantly influence Bucky, becoming his close friend and confidante during the most difficult years of his life." Fuller accepted a job decorating the interior of the café in exchange for meals, giving informal lectures several times a week,WEB,weblink Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi, John, Haskell, Kraine Gallery Bar Lit, Fall 2007, April 18, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080513065703weblink">weblink May 13, 2008, and models of the Dymaxion house were exhibited at the café. Isamu Noguchi arrived during 1929—Constantin BrâncuÈ™i, an old friend of Marie's,BOOK, Robert Schulman (journalist), Robert, Schulman, Romany Marie: The Queen of Greenwich Village, 85–86, 109–110, Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville, Butler Books, 2006, 978-1-884532-74-0, had directed him there—and Noguchi and Fuller were soon collaborating on several projects,WEB,weblink Interview with Isamu Noguchi conducted by Paul Cummings at Noguchi's studio in Long Island City, Queens, November 7, 1973, Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Archives of American Art, including the modeling of the Dymaxion car based on recent work by Aurel Persu.WEB,weblink Passenger Files: Isamu Noguchi, 1904–1988, Michael John, Gorman, Towards a cultural history of Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Car, Stanford University, Stanford Humanities Lab, March 12, 2002,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070613214749weblink">weblink June 13, 2007, mdy-all, Includes several images. It was the beginning of their lifelong friendship.

Geodesic domes

Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949,WEB,weblink IDEAS + INVENTIONS: Buckminster Fuller and Black Mountain College, July 15 – November 26, 2005, Black Mountain College Museum and Arts Center, 2005,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090115004344weblink">weblink January 15, 2009, serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949. Fuller had been shy and withdrawn, but he was persuaded to participate in a theatrical performance of Erik Satie's Le piège de Méduse produced by John Cage, who was also teaching at Black Mountain. During rehearsals, under the tutelage of Arthur Penn, then a student at Black Mountain, Fuller broke through his inhibitions to become confident as a performer and speaker.BOOK, Segaloff, Nat, Arthur Penn: American director, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky, 2011, 27–28, 978-0813129761, Available as a .pdf atweblink Black Mountain, with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been created, built and awarded a German patent on June 19, 1925, by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld, Fuller was awarded United States patents. Fuller's patent application made no mention of Bauersfeld's self-supporting dome built some 26 years prior. Although Fuller undoubtedly popularized this type of structure he is mistakenly given credit for its design.One of his early models was first constructed in 1945 at Bennington College in Vermont, where he lectured often. Although Bauersfeld's dome could support a full skin of concrete it was not until 1949 that Fuller erected a geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical limits. It was {{convert|4.3|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} in diameter and constructed of aluminium aircraft tubing and a vinyl-plastic skin, in the form of an icosahedron. To prove his design, Fuller suspended from the structure's framework several students who had helped him build it. The U.S. government recognized the importance of this work, and employed his firm Geodesics, Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina to make small domes for the Marines. Within a few years, there were thousands of such domes around the world.{{for|the structural principle, based on compression and tension, named by Fuller in the 1960s|Tensegrity}}Fuller's first "continuous tension – discontinuous compression" geodesic dome (full sphere in this case) was constructed at the University of Oregon Architecture School in 1959 with the help of students.BOOK, The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller, Robert W., Marks, R. Buckminster, Fuller, Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Books, 1973, 978-0-385-01804-3, 169, These continuous tension – discontinuous compression structures featured single force compression members (no flexure or bending moments) that did not touch each other and were 'suspended' by the tensional members.

Dymaxion Chronofile

(File:Dynamaxion 1933.jpg|right|thumb|220px|A 1933 Dymaxion prototype)For half of a century, Fuller developed many ideas, designs, and inventions, particularly regarding practical, inexpensive shelter and transportation. He documented his life, philosophy, and ideas scrupulously by a daily diary (later called the Dymaxion Chronofile), and by twenty-eight publications. Fuller financed some of his experiments with inherited funds, sometimes augmented by funds invested by his collaborators, one example being the Dymaxion car project.

World stage

File:Biosphère Montréal.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The Montreal BiosphèreMontreal BiosphèreFile:Preserved R Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlitt Dome Home.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Fuller's home in Carbondale, IllinoisCarbondale, IllinoisInternational recognition began with the success of huge geodesic domes during the 1950s. Fuller lectured at North Carolina State University in Raleigh in 1949, where he met James Fitzgibbon, who would become a close friend and colleague. Fitzgibbon was director of Geodesics, Inc. and Synergetics, Inc. the first licensees to design geodesic domes. Thomas C. Howard was lead designer, architect, and engineer for both companies. Richard Lewontin, a new faculty member in population genetics at North Carolina State University, provided Fuller with computer calculations for the lengths of the domes' edges.JOURNAL, Jerry Coyne and Steve Jones, 1994 Sewall Wright Award: Richard C. Lewontin, 1995, The American Naturalist, 146, 1, front matter, 2463033, University of Chicago Press, Fuller began working with architect Shoji Sadao in 1954, together designing a hypothetical Dome over Manhattan in 1960, and in 1964 they co-founded the architectural firm Fuller & Sadao Inc., whose first project was to design the large geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal.WEB,weblink Shoji Sadao, World Resource Simulation Center, 2016, January 11, 2016, This building is now the "Montreal Biosphère".In 1962, the artist and searcher John McHale wrote the first monograph on Fuller, published by George Braziller in New York.After employing several Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIU) graduate students to rebuild his models following an apartment fire in the summer of 1959, Fuller was recruited by longtime friend Harold Cohen to serve as a research professor of "design science exploration" at the institution's School of Art and Design. According to SIU architecture professor Jon Davey, the position was "unlike most faculty appointments ... more a celebrity role than a teaching job" in which Fuller offered few courses and was only stipulated to spend two months per year on campus.WEB,weblink Fifty years of Fuller: SIU Carbondale celebrates iconic architect, futurist, Gabriel, Neely-Streit, The Southern, February 6, 2019, Nevertheless, his time in Carbondale was "extremely productive", and Fuller was promoted to university professor in 1968 and distinguished university professor in 1972.BOOK,weblink Richard Buckminster Fuller Basic Biography, January 23, 1973, Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller, Working as a designer, scientist, developer, and writer, he continued to lecture for many years around the world. He collaborated at SIU with John McHale. In 1965, they inaugurated the World Design Science Decade (1965 to 1975) at the meeting of the International Union of Architects in Paris, which was, in Fuller's own words, devoted to "applying the principles of science to solving the problems of humanity."From 1972 until retiring as university professor emeritus in 1975, Fuller held a joint appointment at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, where he had designed the dome for the campus Religious Center in 1971.WEB,weblink The Center for Spirituality & Sustainability, Siue.edu, October 28, 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130313014223weblink">weblink March 13, 2013, During this period, he also held a joint fellowship at a consortium of Philadelphia-area institutions, including the University of Pennsylvania, Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College, Swarthmore College, and the University City Science Center; as a result of this affiliation, the University of Pennsylvania appointed him university professor emeritus in 1975.Fuller believed human societies would soon rely mainly on renewable sources of energy, such as solar- and wind-derived electricity. He hoped for an age of "omni-successful education and sustenance of all humanity". Fuller referred to himself as "the property of universe" and during one radio interview he gave later in life, declared himself and his work "the property of all humanity". For his lifetime of work, the American Humanist Association named him the 1969 Humanist of the Year.In 1976, Fuller was a key participant at UN Habitat I, the first UN forum on human settlements.

Last filmed appearance

Fuller's last filmed interview took place on June 21, 1983, in which he spoke at Norman Foster's Royal Gold Medal for architecture ceremony.Norman Foster – Royal Gold Medal Presentation YouTube, March 26, 2015. His speech can be watched in the archives of the AA School of Architecture, in which he spoke after Sir Robert Sainsbury's introductory speech and Foster's keynote address.{{Clear}}

Death

File:Bucky TRIMTAB.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Gravestone (see Trim tab)]]In the year of his death, Fuller described himself as follows:{{Blockquote|Guinea Pig B:I am now close to 88 and I am confident that the only thing important about me is that I am an average healthy human. I am also a living case history of a thoroughly documented, half-century, search-and-research project designed to discover what, if anything, an unknown, moneyless individual, with a dependent wife and newborn child, might be able to do effectively on behalf of all humanity that could not be accomplished by great nations, great religions or private enterprise, no matter how rich or powerfully armed.BOOK, Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller, Fuller, R. Buckminster, 1983, St. Martin's Press, vii, }}Fuller died on July 1, 1983, 11 days before his 88th birthday.NEWS, Krebs, Albin, 1983-07-03, R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER, FUTURIST INVENTOR, DIES AT 87, en-US, The New York Times,weblink 2023-07-03, 0362-4331, During the period leading up to his death, his wife had been lying comatose in a Los Angeles hospital, dying of cancer. It was while visiting her there that he exclaimed, at a certain point: "She is squeezing my hand!" He then stood up, had a heart attack, and died an hour later, at age 87. His wife of 66 years died 36 hours later. They are buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.WEB, R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) {{!, Mount Auburn Cemetery |url=https://www.mountauburn.org/r-buckminster-fuller-1895-1983/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.mountauburn.org}}

Philosophy

Buckminster Fuller was a Unitarian, and, like his grandfather Arthur Buckminster Fuller (brother of Margaret Fuller),WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061019224827weblink">weblink October 19, 2006, Arthur Buckminster Fuller, WEB,weblink Buckminster Fuller: Designer of a New World, 1895-1983, Harvard Square Library, 2016, January 11, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130806065007weblink">weblink August 6, 2013, a Unitarian minister. Fuller was also an early environmental activist, aware of Earth's finite resources, and promoted a principle he termed "ephemeralization", which, according to futurist and Fuller disciple Stewart Brand, was defined as "doing more with less".BOOK, Brand, Stewart, The Clock of the Long Now, New York, Basic, 1999, 978-0-465-04512-9,weblink Resources and waste from crude, inefficient products could be recycled into making more valuable products, thus increasing the efficiency of the entire process. Fuller also coined the word synergetics, a catch-all term used broadly for communicating experiences using geometric concepts, and more specifically, the empirical study of systems in transformation; his focus was on total system behavior unpredicted by the behavior of any isolated components.Fuller was a pioneer in thinking globally, and explored energy and material efficiency in the fields of architecture, engineering, and design.BOOK, Fuller, R. Buckminster, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, Carbondale, IL, Southern Illinois University Press, 1969, 978-0-8093-2461-3, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, BOOK, Fuller, R. Buckminster, Applewhite, E. J., Synergetics,weblink registration, New York, Macmillan, 1975, 978-0-02-541870-7, In his book Critical Path (1981) he cited the opinion of François de ChadenèdesFrançois de Chadenèdes (November 18, 1920 - October 24, 1999) - His name in full was Jean Auguste François de Bournai Barthelemy de Chadenèdes. A petroleum geologist and priest, he was born in Flushing, New York. After graduating from Harvard College in 1943, he received an M.S. degree from Harvard University in 1947, and a Ph.D. degree from Stanford University in 1951. He worked in the petroleum industry for the next thirty years, retiring in 1981. He was a member of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists. As a geologist he was active in California, Colorado, Mexico, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, and he worked with other geologists in Bali, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Moscow. He is credited with helping discover oil in the Moxa Arch area of Wyoming, and in the Overthrust Belt of western Wyoming and Utah. He served as an advisor to President Richard Nixon's Environmental Quality Council (renamed the Cabinet Committee on the Environment), and, starting in 1975, he was a consultant to R. Buckminster Fuller on world energy. He contributed articles to many journals and books. In 1991 he was ordained a priest in the Episcopal Church, and he served as assistant and associate rector at Saint John's Episcopal Church in Boulder, Colorado. He was a resident of Boulder for many years. (1920-1999) that petroleum, from the standpoint of its replacement cost in our current energy "budget" (essentially, the net incoming solar flux), had cost nature "over a million dollars" per U.S. gallon ($300,000 per litre) to produce. From this point of view, its use as a transportation fuel by people commuting to work represents a huge net loss compared to their actual earnings.BOOK, Fuller, R. Buckminster, xxxiv–xxxv, Critical Path,weblink registration, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1981, 978-0-312-17488-0, true, An encapsulation quotation of his views might best be summed up as: "There is no energy crisis, only a crisis of ignorance."WEB, Phil, Ament,weblink Inventor R. Buckminster Fuller, Ideafinder.com, October 28, 2012, WEB,weblinkweblink November 7, 2021, live, Buckminster Fuller World Game Synergy Anticapatory, YouTube, January 27, 2007, October 28, 2012, {{cbignore}}NEWS,weblink The Debates, The Economist, Though Fuller was concerned about sustainability and human survival under the existing socioeconomic system, he remained optimistic about humanity's future. Defining wealth in terms of knowledge, as the "technological ability to protect, nurture, support, and accommodate all growth needs of life", his analysis of the condition of "Spaceship Earth" caused him to conclude that at a certain time during the 1970s, humanity had attained an unprecedented state. He was convinced that the accumulation of relevant knowledge, combined with the quantities of major recyclable resources that had already been extracted from the earth, had attained a critical level, such that competition for necessities had become unnecessary. Cooperation had become the optimum survival strategy. He declared: "selfishness is unnecessary and hence-forth unrationalizable ... War is obsolete."BOOK, Fuller, R. Buckminster, xxv, Introduction, Critical Path,weblink registration, 1st, 1981, New York, N.Y., St.Martin's Press, 978-0-312-17488-0, "It no longer has to be you or me. Selfishness is unnecessary and hence-forth unrationalizable as mandated by survival. War is obsolete., true, He criticized previous utopian schemes as too exclusive, and thought this was a major source of their failure. To work, he thought that a utopia needed to include everyone.BOOK, Utopia or oblivion: the prospects for humanity, Fuller, R. Buckminster, Jaime, Snyder, Lars Müller Publishers, 2008, Baden, Switzerland, 978-3-03778-127-2,weblink Fuller was influenced by Alfred Korzybski's idea of general semantics. In the 1950s, Fuller attended seminars and workshops organized by the Institute of General Semantics, and he delivered the annual Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture in 1955.WEB, Notable Individuals Influenced by General Semantics,weblink The Institute of General Semantics, April 18, 2014, March 19, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140319195937weblink">weblink dead, Korzybski is mentioned in the Introduction of his book Synergetics. The two shared a remarkable amount of similarity in their formulations of general semantics.WEB, Drake, Harold L., The General Semantics and Science Fiction of Robert Heinlein and A. E. Van Vogt,weblinkweblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink October 9, 2022, live, General Semantics Bulletin 41, Institute of General Semantics, 144, For his dissertation showing some relationships between formulations of Alfred Korzybski and Buckminster Fuller, plus documenting meetings and associations of the two gentlemen, he was given the 1973 Irving J. Lee Award in General Semantics offered by the International Society for General Semantics., In his 1970 book I Seem To Be a Verb, he wrote: "I live on Earth at present, and I don't know what I am. I know that I am not a category. I am not a thing—a noun. I seem to be a verb, an evolutionary process—an integral function of the universe."Fuller wrote that the natural analytic geometry of the universe was based on arrays of tetrahedra. He developed this in several ways, from the close-packing of spheres and the number of compressive or tensile members required to stabilize an object in space. One confirming result was that the strongest possible homogeneous truss is cyclically tetrahedral.Edmondson, Amy, "A Fuller Explanation", Birkhauser, Boston, 1987, p19 tetrahedra, p110 octet trussHe had become a guru of the design, architecture, and "alternative" communities, such as Drop City, the community of experimental artists to whom he awarded the 1966 "Dymaxion Award" for "poetically economic" domed living structures.

Major design projects

(File:Géode V 3 1.gif|thumb|right|220px|A geodesic sphere)

The geodesic dome

Fuller was most famous for his lattice shell structures – geodesic domes, which have been used as parts of military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental protest camps, and exhibition attractions. An examination of the geodesic design by Walther Bauersfeld for the Zeiss-Planetarium, built some 28 years prior to Fuller's work, reveals that Fuller's Geodesic Dome patent (U.S. 2,682,235; awarded in 1954) is the same design as Bauersfeld's.WEB,weblink Geodesic Domes and Charts of the Heavens, Telacommunications.com, June 19, 1973, April 18, 2014, Their construction is based on extending some basic principles to build simple "tensegrity" structures (tetrahedron, octahedron, and the closest packing of spheres), making them lightweight and stable. The geodesic dome was a result of Fuller's exploration of nature's constructing principles to find design solutions. The Fuller Dome is referenced in the Hugo Award-winning novel Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner, in which a geodesic dome is said to cover the entire island of Manhattan, and it floats on air due to the hot-air balloon effect of the large air-mass under the dome (and perhaps its construction of lightweight materials).WEB,weblink The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ: Geodesic Domes, Cjfearnley.com, April 18, 2014,

Transportation

{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}|source = —Lloyd S. Sieden, Bucky Fuller's Universe, 2000To his young daughter Allegra:Fuller described the Dymaxion as a "zoom-mobile, explaining that it could hop off the road at will, fly about, then, as deftly as a bird, settle back into a place in traffic".WEB, R. (Richard) Buckminster Fuller 1895-1983, Coachbuilt.com,weblink }}File:Dymaxion car photo.jpg|thumb|220px|The Dymaxion car, c. 1933, artist Diego RiveraDiego RiveraThe Dymaxion car was a vehicle designed by Fuller, featured prominently at Chicago's 1933-1934 Century of Progress World's Fair.{{patent |US|2101057}} During the Great Depression, Fuller formed the Dymaxion Corporation and built three prototypes with noted naval architect Starling Burgess and a team of 27 workmen — using donated money as well as a family inheritance.BOOK, The 20th Century A-GI: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 7, 1266, Routledge, Frank Magill, 1999,weblink 978-1136593345, NEWS, A 3-Wheel Dream That Died at Takeoff, The New York Times, Phil Patton, June 2, 2008,weblink Fuller associated the word Dymaxion, a blend of the words dynamic, maximum, and tensionBOOK,weblink Buckminster Fuller's Universe, 132, Lloyd Steven, Sieden, 2000, Basic Books, 978-0-7382-0379-9, {{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} to sum up the goal of his study, "maximum gain of advantage from minimal energy input".BOOK,weblink R. Buckminster Fuller, 17, John, McHale, 1962, Prentice-Hall, The Dymaxion was not an automobile but rather the 'ground-taxying mode' of a vehicle that might one day be designed to fly, land and drive — an "Omni-Medium Transport" for air, land and water.BOOK, The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller, Marks, Robert, 1973, Anchor Press / Doubleday, 104, Fuller focused on the landing and taxiing qualities, and noted severe limitations in its handling. The team made improvements and refinements to the platform, and Fuller noted the Dymaxion "was an invention that could not be made available to the general public without considerable improvements".The bodywork was aerodynamically designed for increased fuel efficiency and its platform featured a lightweight cromoly-steel hinged chassis, rear-mounted V8 engine, front-drive, and three-wheels. The vehicle was steered via the third wheel at the rear, capable of 90° steering lock. Able to steer in a tight circle, the Dymaxion often caused a sensation, bringing nearby traffic to a halt.BOOK, The Age of Heretics, Jossey Bass, Warren Bennis Signature Series, Art Kleiner, April 2008, In 1934, Fuller had interested auto magnate Walter Chrysler in financing his Dymaxion car, a durable, three-wheeled, aerodynamic land vehicle modeled after an airplane fuselage. Fuller had built three models that drew enthusiastic crowds wherever. Like all Fuller's other projects (he was responsible for refining and developing the geodesic dome, the first practical dome structure) it was inexpensive, durable and energy efficient; Fuller worked diligently to cut back the amount of material and energy used by any product he designed. "You've produced exactly the car I've always wanted to produce," the mechanically apt Chrysler told him. Then Chrysler noted ruefully, Fuller had taken one-third the time and one fourth the money Chrysler's corporation usually spent producing prototypes — prototypes Chrysler himself usually hated in the end. For a few months, it had seemed Chrysler would go ahead and introduce Fuller's car. But the banks that financed Chrysler's wholesale distributors vetoed the move by threatening to call in their loans. The bankers were afraid (or so Fuller said years later) that an advanced new design would diminish the value of the unsold motor vehicles in dealers' showrooms. For every new car sold, five used cars had to be sold to finance the distribution and production chain, and those cars would not sell if Fuller's invention made them obsolete.,weblink 9780470443415, BOOK, The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller, Marks, Robert, 1973, Anchor Press / Doubleday, 29, Shortly after launch, a prototype rolled over and crashed, killing the Dymaxion's driver and seriously injuring its passengers.WEB, Nevala-Lee, Alec, August 2, 2022, The Dramatic Failure of Buckminster Fuller's "Car of the Future",weblink October 20, 2022, Slate Magazine, en, Fuller blamed the accident on a second car that collided with the Dymaxion.WEB, Passenger Files: Francis T. Turner, Colonel William Francis Forbes-Sempill and Charles Dollfuss, Stanford University Archives,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120821193516weblink">weblink August 21, 2012, MAGAZINE, Maximum Dynamism! Jeff Lane's Fuller Dymaxion Replica Captures Insane Cool of the Originals, Car and Driver, Davey G. Johnson, March 18, 2015,weblink May 1, 2015, May 18, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150518065656weblink">weblink dead, Eyewitnesses reported, however, that the other car hit the Dymaxion only after it had begun to roll over.Despite courting the interest of important figures from the auto industry, Fuller used his family inheritance to finish the second and third prototypesBOOK, Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller, St. Martin's Press, R. Buckminster Fuller, 1983, — eventually selling all three, dissolving Dymaxion Corporation and maintaining the Dymaxion was never intended as a commercial venture.WEB, About Fuller, Session 9, Part 15, Bucky Fuller Institute,weblink May 1, 2015, May 18, 2015,weblink dead, One of the three original prototypes survives.WEB, Dymaxion Car at the National Automobile Museum in Reno, Nevada. The only surviving prototype

Housing

File:Dymaxion House exterior.jpg|thumb|right|220px|A Dymaxion house at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, MichiganDearborn, MichiganFuller's energy-efficient and inexpensive Dymaxion house garnered much interest, but only two prototypes were ever produced. Here the term "Dymaxion" is used in effect to signify a "radically strong and light tensegrity structure". One of Fuller's Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something like the flattened "bell" of certain jellyfish. It has several innovative features, including revolving dresser drawers, and a fine-mist shower that reduces water consumption. According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house was designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages, with interior color panels available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling and air circulation.Conceived nearly two decades earlier, and developed in Wichita, Kansas, the house was designed to be lightweight, adapted to windy climates, cheap to produce and easy to assemble. Because of its light weight and portability, the Dymaxion House was intended to be the ideal housing for individuals and families who wanted the option of easy mobility.JOURNAL, Massey, Jonathan, 2012, Buckminster Fuller's Reflexive Modernism, Design and Culture, 4, 3, 325–344, 10.2752/175470812X13361292229159, 144621805, The design included a "Go-Ahead-With-Life Room" stocked with maps, charts, and helpful tools for travel "through time and space".NEWS, Planetary Homeboy, Wigley, M, 1997, Any, 16–23, It was to be produced using factories, workers, and technologies that had produced World War II aircraft. It looked ultramodern at the time, built of metal, and sheathed in polished aluminum. The basic model enclosed {{convert|90|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} of floor area. Due to publicity, there were many orders during the early Post-War years, but the company that Fuller and others had formed to produce the houses failed due to management problems.In 1967, Fuller developed a concept for an offshore floating city named Triton City and published a report on the design the following year.BOOK, A study of a prototype floating community, R. Buckminster Fuller, Triton Foundation, 1968, Models of the city aroused the interest of President Lyndon B. Johnson who, after leaving office, had them placed in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum.JOURNAL, Cities on the Sea?, John, Lear, The Saturday Review, 54, December 4, 1971, 90, In 1969, Fuller began the Otisco Project, named after its location in Otisco, New York. The project developed and demonstrated concrete spray with mesh-covered wireforms for producing large-scale, load-bearing spanning structures built on-site, without the use of pouring molds, other adjacent surfaces, or hoisting. The initial method used a circular concrete footing in which anchor posts were set. Tubes cut to length and with ends flattened were then bolted together to form a duodeca-rhombicahedron (22-sided hemisphere) geodesic structure with spans ranging to {{convert|60|ft|m}}. The form was then draped with layers of ¼-inch wire mesh attached by twist ties. Concrete was sprayed onto the structure, building up a solid layer which, when cured, would support additional concrete to be added by a variety of traditional means. Fuller referred to these buildings as monolithic ferroconcrete geodesic domes. However, the tubular frame form proved problematic for setting windows and doors. It was replaced by an iron rebar set vertically in the concrete footing and then bent inward and welded in place to create the dome's wireform structure and performed satisfactorily. Domes up to three stories tall built with this method proved to be remarkably strong. Other shapes such as cones, pyramids, and arches proved equally adaptable.The project was enabled by a grant underwritten by Syracuse University and sponsored by U.S. Steel (rebar), the Johnson Wire Corp (mesh), and Portland Cement Company (concrete). The ability to build large complex load bearing concrete spanning structures in free space would open many possibilities in architecture, and is considered one of Fuller's greatest contributions.

Dymaxion map and World Game

Fuller, along with co-cartographer Shoji Sadao, also designed an alternative projection map, called the Dymaxion map. This was designed to show Earth's continents with minimum distortion when projected or printed on a flat surface.In the 1960s, Fuller developed the World Game, a collaborative simulation game played on a 70-by-35-foot Dymaxion map,NEWS, Perry, Tony, This Game Anything but Child's Play: Buckminster Fuller's creation aims to fight the real enemies of mankind: starvation, disease and illiteracy,weblink Los Angeles Times, January 19, 2014, October 2, 1995, in which players attempt to solve world problems.WEB, Richards, Allen, R. Buckminster Fuller: Designer of the Geodesic Dome and the World Game,weblink Mother Earth News, January 19, 2014, May–June 1971, WEB, Aigner, Hal, Sustaining Planet Earth: Researching World Resources,weblink Mother Earth News, January 19, 2014, November–December 1970, The object of the simulation game is, in Fuller's words, to "make the world work, for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation, without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone".WEB, World Game,weblink Buckminster Fuller Institute, January 19, 2014,

Appearance and style

Buckminster Fuller wore thick-lensed spectacles to correct his extreme hyperopia, a condition that went undiagnosed for the first five years of his life.Thomas T. K. Zung, Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for a New Millennium Retrieved June 13, 2016 Fuller's hearing was damaged during his naval service in World War I and deteriorated during the 1960s. After experimenting with bullhorns as hearing aids during the mid-1960s,MAGAZINE, Tomkins, Calvin, In the Outlaw Area, The New Yorker, January 8, 1966,weblink December 14, 2015, Fuller adopted electronic hearing aids from the 1970s onward.{{rp|397}}In public appearances, Fuller always wore dark-colored suits, appearing like "an alert little clergyman".{{rp|18}} Previously, he had experimented with unconventional clothing immediately after his 1927 epiphany, but found that breaking social fashion customs made others devalue or dismiss his ideas.WEB, Buckminster Fuller and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Part One of Press Conference 1/3,weblinkweblink November 7, 2021, live, YouTube, December 14, 2015, {{cbignore}}{{rp|6:15}} Fuller learned the importance of physical appearance as part of one's credibility, and decided to become "the invisible man" by dressing in clothes that would not draw attention to himself.{{rp|6:15}} With self-deprecating humor, Fuller described this black-suited appearance as resembling a "second-rate bank clerk".{{rp|6:15}}Writer Guy Davenport met him in 1965 and described him thus:{{blockquote|He's a dwarf, with a worker's hands, all callouses and squared fingers. He carries an ear trumpet, of green plastic, with WORLD SERIES 1965 printed on it. His smile is golden and frequent; the man's temperament is angelic, and his energy is just a touch more than that of [Robert] Gallway (champeen runner, footballeur, and swimmer). One leg is shorter than the other, and the prescription shoe worn to correct the imbalance comes from a country doctor deep in the wilderness of Maine. Blue blazer, Khrushchev trousers, and a briefcase full of Japanese-made wonderments;Questioning Minds: The Letters of Guy Davenport and Hugh Kenner, ed. Edward M. Burns (Counterpoint, 2018), p. 733.}}

Lifestyle

Following his global prominence from the 1960s onward, Fuller became a frequent flier, often crossing time zones to lecture. In the 1960s and 1970s, he wore three watches simultaneously; one for the time zone of his office at Southern Illinois University, one for the time zone of the location he would next visit, and one for the time zone he was currently in.{{rp|290}}MAGAZINE, Kolbert, Elizabeth,weblink Annals of Innovation: Dymaxion Man: Reporting & Essays, The New Yorker, April 18, 2014, BOOK, Fuller, Buckminster, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1969, 978-0-8093-2461-3, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, In the 1970s, Fuller was only in 'homely' locations (his personal home in Carbondale, Illinois; his holiday retreat in Bear Island, Maine; and his daughter's home in Pacific Palisades, California) roughly 65 nights per year—the other 300 nights were spent in hotel beds in the locations he visited on his lecturing and consulting circuits.{{rp|290}}In the 1920s, Fuller experimented with polyphasic sleep, which he called Dymaxion sleep. Inspired by the sleep habits of animals such as dogs and cats,BOOK, Sieden, Lloyd Steven, Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work, New York, Perseus Books Group, 2000, 978-0-7382-0379-9, Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work, {{rp|133}} Fuller worked until he was tired, and then slept short naps. This generally resulted in Fuller sleeping 30-minute naps every 6 hours.BOOK, Kenner, Hugh, Bucky: A Guided Tour of Buckminster Fuller, New York, William Morrow & Company, 1973, 978-0-688-00141-4, Bucky: A Guided Tour of Buckminster Fuller, {{rp|160}} This allowed him "twenty-two thinking hours a day", which aided his work productivity.{{rp|160}} Fuller reportedly kept this Dymaxion sleep habit for two years, before quitting the routine because it conflicted with his business associates' sleep habits.MAGAZINE,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070105004033weblink">weblink January 5, 2007, Time (magazine), Time, Science: Dymaxion Sleep, October 11, 1943, April 27, 2010, Despite no longer personally partaking in the habit, in 1943 Fuller suggested Dymaxion sleep as a strategy that the United States could adopt to win World War II.Despite only practicing true polyphasic sleep for a period during the 1920s, Fuller was known for his stamina throughout his life. He was described as "tireless"{{Citation | last = Farrell | first = Barry | title = The View from the Year 2000 | newspaper = Life | pages = 46–58 | date = February 26, 1971 | url =weblink | access-date = February 1, 2015}}{{rp|53}} by Barry Farrell in Life magazine, who noted that Fuller stayed up all night replying to mail during Farrell's 1970 trip to Bear Island.{{rp|55}} In his seventies, Fuller generally slept for 5–8 hours per night.{{rp|160}}Fuller documented his life copiously from 1915 to 1983, approximately {{convert|270|ft|m}} of papers in a collection called the Dymaxion Chronofile. He also kept copies of all incoming and outgoing correspondence. The enormous R. Buckminster Fuller Collection is currently housed at Stanford University.WEB, R. Buckminster Fuller Collection,weblink Stanford Libraries, April 6, 2017, May 28, 2020,weblink January 12, 2020, {{blockquote|If somebody kept a very accurate record of a human being, going through the era from the Gay 90s, from a very different kind of world through the turn of the century—as far into the twentieth century as you might live. I decided to make myself a good case history of such a human being and it meant that I could not be judge of what was valid to put in or not. I must put everything in, so I started a very rigorous record.WEB,weblink Buckminster Fuller conversations, News-service.stanford.edu, 2003-01-22, 2014-04-18, February 24, 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080224012838weblink">weblink dead, WEB,weblink Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources, Sul.stanford.edu, June 22, 2005, October 28, 2012, }}

Language and neologisms

Buckminster Fuller spoke and wrote in a unique style and said it was important to describe the world as accurately as possible."What is important in this connection is the way in which humans reflex spontaneously for that is the way in which they usually behave in critical moments, and it is often "common sense" to reflex in perversely ignorant ways that produce social disasters by denying knowledge and ignorantly yielding to common sense." Intuition, 1972 Doubleday, New York. p.103 Fuller often created long run-on sentences and used unusual compound words (omniwell-informed, intertransformative, omni-interaccommodative, omniself-regenerative), as well as terms he himself invented.He wrote a single unpunctuated sentence approximately 3000 words long titled "What I Am Trying to Do". And It Came to Pass – Not to Stay Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1976. His style of speech was characterized by progressively rapid and breathless delivery and rambling digressions of thought, which Fuller described as "thinking out loud". The effect, combined with Fuller's dry voice and non-rhotic New England accent, was varyingly considered "hypnotic" or "overwhelming".Fuller used the word Universe without the definite or indefinite article (the or a) and always capitalized the word. Fuller wrote that "by Universe I mean: the aggregate of all humanity's consciously apprehended and communicated (to self or others) Experiences"."How Little I Know" from And It Came to Pass – Not to Stay Macmillan, 1976The words "down" and "up", according to Fuller, are awkward in that they refer to a planar concept of direction inconsistent with human experience. The words "in" and "out" should be used instead, he argued, because they better describe an object's relation to a gravitational center, the Earth. "I suggest to audiences that they say, 'I'm going "outstairs" and "instairs."' At first that sounds strange to them; They all laugh about it. But if they try saying in and out for a few days in fun, they find themselves beginning to realize that they are indeed going inward and outward in respect to the center of Earth, which is our Spaceship Earth. And for the first time they begin to feel real 'reality.'"Intuition (1972).Fuller preferred the term "world-around" to replace "worldwide". The general belief in a flat Earth died out in classical antiquity, so using "wide" is an anachronism when referring to the surface of the Earth—a spheroidal surface has area and encloses a volume but has no width. Fuller held that unthinking use of obsolete scientific ideas detracts from and misleads intuition. Other neologisms collectively invented by the Fuller family, according to Allegra Fuller Snyder, are the terms "sunsight" and "sunclipse", replacing "sunrise" and "sunset" to overturn the geocentric bias of most pre-Copernican celestial mechanics.Fuller also invented the word "livingry", as opposed to weaponry (or "killingry"), to mean that which is in support of all human, plant, and Earth life. "The architectural profession—civil, naval, aeronautical, and astronautical—has always been the place where the most competent thinking is conducted regarding livingry, as opposed to weaponry."Critical Path, page xxv.As well as contributing significantly to the development of tensegrity technology, Fuller invented the term "tensegrity", a portmanteau of "tensional integrity". "Tensegrity describes a structural-relationship principle in which structural shape is guaranteed by the finitely closed, comprehensively continuous, tensional behaviors of the system and not by the discontinuous and exclusively local compressional member behaviors. Tensegrity provides the ability to yield increasingly without ultimately breaking or coming asunder."Synergetics, page 372."Dymaxion" is a portmanteau of "dynamic maximum tension". It was invented around 1929 by two admen at Marshall Field's department store in Chicago to describe Fuller's concept house, which was shown as part of a house of the future store display. They created the term using three words that Fuller used repeatedly to describe his design – dynamic, maximum, and tension.R. Buckminster Fuller – Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario,St. Martin's Press, Inc.,1980, page 54.Fuller also helped to popularize the concept of Spaceship Earth: "The most important fact about Spaceship Earth: an instruction manual didn't come with it."WEB, Selected Quotes,weblink 090810 cjfearnley.comIn the preface for his "cosmic fairy tale" Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Fuller stated that his distinctive speaking style grew out of years of embellishing the classic tale for the benefit of his daughter, allowing him to explore both his new theories and how to present them. The Tetrascroll narrative was eventually transcribed onto a set of tetrahedral lithographs (hence the name), as well as being published as a traditional book.Fuller's language posed problems for his credibility. John Julius Norwich recalled commissioning a 600-word introduction for a planned history of world architecture from him, and receiving a 3500-word proposal which ended: {{blockquote|We will see the (1) down-at-the-mouth-ends curvature of land civilisation's retrogression from the (2) straight raft line foundation of the Mayans' building foundation lines historically transformed to the (3) smiling, up-end curvature of maritime technology transformed through the climbing angle of wingfoil aeronautics progressing humanity into the verticality of outward-bound rocketry and inward-bound microcosmy, ergo (4) the ultimately invisible and vertically-lined architecture as humans master local environment with invisible electro-magnetic fields while travelling by radio as immortal pattern-integrities.}}Norwich commented: "On reflection, I asked Dr. Nikolaus Pevsner instead."BOOK, Norwich, John Julius, More Christmas Crackers: being ten commonplace selections 1980-89, 1990, Viking, London, 0670831891,

Concepts and buildings

His concepts and buildings include:

• Dymaxion house (1928)
• R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
• Aerodynamic Dymaxion car (1933)
• Prefabricated compact bathroom cell (1937)
• Dymaxion deployment unit (1940)
• Dymaxion map of the world (1946)
• Tensegrity structures (1949)
• Geodesic dome for Ford Motor Company (1953
• Patent on geodesic domes (1954)
• Tokyo Tower (1958) (unselected design)WEB,weblink "In praise of Fuller: The Tokyo Tower that never was", Tokyo Global Engineering Corporation., February 24, 2019, February 24, 2019,weblink dead,
• Tokyo Olympic Stadium (1958) (unselected design)WEB, Minoru Yamasaki was recognized for design of World Trade Center,weblink 2023-09-11, www.saoarchitects.com,
• The World Game (1961) and the World Game Institute (1972)
• Patent on octet truss (1961)
• Montreal Biosphere (1967), United States pavilion at Expo 67
• Fly's Eye Dome
• Dewan Tunku Geodesic Dome, KOMTAR, Penang, Malaysia (proposed 1974, completed 1985)WEB,weblink Penang Story Lecture: Komtar and the Buckminster Fuller Connection, pht.org.my, WEB,weblink Penang Monthly, penangmonthly.com, April 18, 2021, April 18, 2021,weblink dead,
• Comprehensive anticipatory design scienceSalsbury, Patrick G. (2000) "Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science; An Introduction" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212035613weblink |date=December 12, 2009 }} Miqel.com"Eight Strategies for Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science" Buckminster Fuller Institute {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010225136weblink |date=October 10, 2009 }}

Influence and legacy

File:Buckminsterfullerene animated.gif|thumb|right|220px|Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60. The names are homages to Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domegeodesic domeAmong the many people who were influenced by Buckminster Fuller are:Constance Abernathy,WEB,weblink Bucky Fuller: Life, Facts & Artifacts, Bonnie Goldstein, DeVarco, thirteen.org, 2016, January 11, 2016, Ruth Asawa,BOOK, Zung, Thomas T. K., Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for the New Millennium,weblink March 20, 2002, St. Martin's Press, 978-0-312-28890-7, 201, J. Baldwin,WEB,weblink BuckyWorks: Buckminster Fuller's Ideas for Today, thirteen.org, 2016, January 11, 2016, WEB,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120824190110weblink">weblink August 24, 2012,weblink Buckyworks - Buckminster Fuller's Ideas for Today by J. Baldwin, Buckminster Fuller Institute, 2004, January 11, 2016, Michael Ben-Eli,WEB, The Fuller Effect,weblink November 21, 2013, Paul, Makovsky, Pierre Cabrol,NEWS,weblink Pierre Cabrol dies at 84; architect was lead designer of Hollywood's Cinerama Dome, Claire, Noland, Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2009, January 11, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120812144652weblink">weblink August 12, 2012, live, John Cage,Joseph Clinton,Buckminster Fuller Prize challenge Retrieved December 29, 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501180303weblink |date=May 1, 2013 }}Peter Floyd,Norman Foster,JOURNAL,weblink Life's Work: Norman Foster, Harvard Business Review, March 1, 2011, hbr.org, Beard, Alison, "https://observer.com/2015/12/sir-norman-foster-my-mentor-buckminster-fuller-was-built-to-last"Medard Gabel,Thomas T. K. Zung, Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for a New Millennium Retrieved December 29, 2010Michael Hays,Ted Nelson,WEB,weblinkweblink November 23, 2021, live, Ted Nelson -- A Very General Lecture [full version], www.youtube.com, {{cbignore}}David Johnston,About David Johnston {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225122618weblink |date=December 25, 2010 }} Retrieved December 29, 2010Peter Jon Pearce,Shoji Sadao,Edwin Schlossberg,Kenneth Snelson,weblink, Whitney Museum of American Art exhibition, Retrieved December 29, 2010concerning Fuller and Snelson Retrieved December 29, 2010Robert Anton Wilson,Robert Anton Wilson interviews Buckminster Fuller, High Times May 1981. Retrieved December 29, 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016005135weblink |date=October 16, 2010 }} Stewart Brand,{{YouTube|id=B5kQYWLtW3Y#t=22m40s|title=From Counterculture to Cyberculture: The Legacy of the Whole Earth Catalog}} (from minute 22:40) Retrieved August 16, 2012 Jason McLennan,WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130324034213weblink">weblink March 24, 2013, The Buckminster Fuller Challenge – 2012 Jury, March 24, 2013, and John Denver.{{Citation |title=John Denver introduces and sings the Buckminster Fuller Tribute song - 'What one man can do'. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1htrUN4ckk |access-date=2024-01-11 |language=en}} An allotrope of carbon, fullerene—and a particular molecule of that allotrope C60 (buckminsterfullerene or buckyball) has been named after him. The Buckminsterfullerene molecule, which consists of 60 carbon atoms, very closely resembles a spherical version of Fuller's geodesic dome. The 1996 Nobel prize in chemistry was given to Kroto, Curl, and Smalley for their discovery of the fullerene.WEB,weblink The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996, Nobelprize.org, January 9, 2023, On July 12, 2004, the United States Post Office released a new commemorative stamp honoring R. Buckminster Fuller on the 50th anniversary of his patent for the geodesic dome and by the occasion of his 109th birthday. The stamp's design replicated the January 10, 1964, cover of Time magazine.Fuller was the subject of two documentary films: The World of Buckminster Fuller (1971) and (Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud) (1996). Additionally, filmmaker Sam Green and the band Yo La Tengo collaborated on a 2012 "live documentary" about Fuller, The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller.The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller Retrieved May 21, 2012In June 2008, the Whitney Museum of American Art presented "Buckminster Fuller: Starting with the Universe", the most comprehensive retrospective to date of his work and ideas.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090819090507weblink">weblink dead, Buckminster Fuller: Starting with the Universe, August 19, 2009, March 15, 2023, The exhibition traveled to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago in 2009. It presented a combination of models, sketches, and other artifacts, representing six decades of the artist's integrated approach to housing, transportation, communication, and cartography. It also featured the extensive connections with Chicago from his years spent living, teaching, and working in the city.WEB,weblink Chicago's MCA to show Buckminster Fuller ~ Starting with the Universe, 2009, Art Knowledge News, August 8, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100407000421weblink">weblink April 7, 2010, In 2009, a number of US companies decided to repackage spherical magnets and sell them as toys. One company, Maxfield & Oberton, told The New York Times that they saw the product on YouTube and decided to repackage them as "Buckyballs", because the magnets could self-form and hold together in shapes reminiscent of the Fuller inspired buckyballs.NEWS,weblinkweblink January 1, 2022, limited, For Buckyballs Toys, Child Safety Is a Growing Issue, The New York Times, August 16, 2012, Andrew, Martin, {{cbignore}} The buckyball toy launched at New York International Gift Fair in 2009 and sold in the hundreds of thousands, but by 2010 began to experience problems with toy safety issues and the company was forced to recall the packages that were labelled as toys.Buckyballs® High Powered Magnets Sets Recalled by Maxfield and Oberton Due to Violation of Federal Toy Standard, Consumer Product Safety Commission, May 27, 2010.In 2012, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art hosted "The Utopian Impulse" – a show about Buckminster Fuller's influence in the Bay Area. Featured were concepts, inventions and designs for creating "free energy" from natural forces, and for sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. The show ran January through July."The Utopian Impulse" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604031515weblink |date=June 4, 2013 }}. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art press release, retrieved April 4, 2013

In popular culture

Fuller is quoted in "The Tower of Babble" from the musical Godspell: "Man is a complex of patterns and processes."WEB,weblink Godspell: Prologue / Tower of Babble Lyrics, allmusicals.com, 2016, January 11, 2016, Belgian rock band dEUS released the song The Architect, inspired by Fuller, on their 2008 album Vantage Point.WEB,weblink dEUS-frontman Tom Barman over Richard Buckminster Fuller: "Hij zag zichzelf niet als architect en wilde zo niet genoemd worden", 2021, September 18, 2022, Indie band Driftless Pony Club titled their 2011 album Buckminster after Fuller.WEB,weblink Driftless Pony Club, Apple, October 25, 2016, Each of the album's songs is based upon his life and works.The design podcast 99% Invisible (2010–present) takes its title from a Fuller quote: "Ninety-nine percent of who you are is invisible and untouchable."WEB, Belonax, Tim, January 8, 2013, 99% Invisible: Roman Mars,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140221222141weblink">weblink February 21, 2014, February 17, 2014, Design Envy, AIGA, en-US, Fuller is briefly mentioned in (X-Men: Days of Future Past) (2014) when Kitty Pryde is giving a lecture to a group of students regarding utopian architecture.WEB,weblink X-Men Movie: We Know the World Is Intact Because of Buckminster Fuller and Crystals., HuffPost, November 25, 2014, L. Steven, Sieden, Robert Kiyosaki's 2015 book Second ChanceKiyosaki, Robert. Second Chance: for Your Money, Your Life and Our World, Plata Publishing, LLC, 2015, {{ISBN|978-1612680460}} concerns Kiyosaki's interactions with Fuller as well as Fuller's unusual final book, Grunch of Giants.Fuller, R. Buckminster. Grunch of Giants, Design Science, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1607027591}}In The House of Tomorrow (2017), based on Peter Bognanni's 2010 novel of the same name, Ellen Burstyn's character is obsessed with Fuller and provides retro-futurist tours of her geodesic home that include videos of Fuller sailing and talking with Burstyn, who had in real life befriended Fuller.

Patents

(from the Table of Contents of Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) {{ISBN|0-312-43477-4}})

• 1927 {{US patent|1633702}} Stockade: building structure
• 1927 {{US patent|1634900}} Stockade: pneumatic forming process
• 1928 (Application Abandoned) 4D house
• 1937 {{US patent|2101057}} Dymaxion car
• 1940 {{US patent|2220482}} Dymaxion bathroom
• 1944 {{US patent|2343764}} Dymaxion deployment unit (sheet)
• 1944 {{US patent|2351419}} Dymaxion deployment unit (frame)
• 1946 {{US patent|2393676}} Dymaxion map
• 1946 (No Patent) Dymaxion house (Wichita)
• 1954 {{US patent|2682235}} Geodesic dome
• 1959 {{US patent|2881717}} Paperboard dome
• 1959 {{US patent|2905113}} Plydome
• 1959 {{US patent|2914074}} Catenary (geodesic tent)
• 1961 {{US patent|2986241}} Octet truss
• 1962 {{US patent|3063521}} Tensegrity
• 1963 {{US patent|3080583}} Submarisle (undersea island)
• 1964 {{US patent|3139957}} Aspension (suspension building)
• 1965 {{US patent|3197927}} Monohex (geodesic structures)
• 1965 {{US patent|3203144}} Laminar dome
• 1965 (Filed – No Patent) Octa spinner
• 1967 {{US patent|3354591}} Star tensegrity (octahedral truss)
• 1970 {{US patent|3524422}} Rowing needles (watercraft)
• 1974 {{US patent|3810336}} Geodesic hexa-pent
• 1975 {{US patent|3863455}} Floatable breakwater
• 1975 {{US patent|3866366}} Non-symmetrical tensegrity
• 1979 {{US patent|4136994}} Floating breakwater
• 1980 {{US patent|4207715}} Tensegrity truss
• 1983 {{US patent|4377114}} Hanging storage shelf unit

Bibliography

• 4d Timelock (1928)
• Nine Chains to the Moon (1938)
• Untitled Epic Poem on the History of Industrialization (1962)
• Ideas and Integrities, a Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure (1963) {{ISBN|0-13-449140-8}}
• No More Secondhand God and Other Writings (1963)
• Education Automation: Freeing the Scholar to Return (1963)
• What I Have Learned: A Collection of 20 Autobiographical Essays, Chapter "How Little I Know", (1968)
• Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968) {{ISBN|0-8093-2461-X}}
• Utopia or Oblivion (1969) {{ISBN|0-553-02883-9}}
• Approaching the Benign Environment (1970) {{ISBN|0-8173-6641-5}} (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
• I Seem to Be a Verb (1970) coauthors Jerome Agel, Quentin Fiore, {{ISBN|1-127-23153-7}}
• Intuition (1970)
• Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, {{ISBN|0-385-02979-9}}
• The Buckminster Fuller Reader (1972) editor James Meller, {{ISBN|978-0140214345}}
• The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973) coauthor Robert Marks, {{ISBN|0-385-01804-5}}
• Earth, Inc (1973) {{ISBN|0-385-01825-8}}
• Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, {{ISBN|0-02-541870-X}}
• Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, A Cosmic Fairy Tale (1975)
• And It Came to Pass â€” Not to Stay (1976) {{ISBN|0-02-541810-6}}
• R. Buckminster Fuller on Education (1979) {{ISBN|0-87023-276-2}}
• Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
• Buckminster Fuller – Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario (1980) page 54, R. Buckminster Fuller, documented and edited by Robert Snyder, St. Martin's Press, Inc., {{ISBN|0-312-10678-5}}
• Buckminster Fuller Sketchbook (1981)
• Critical Path (1981) {{ISBN|0-312-17488-8}}
• Grunch of Giants (1983) {{ISBN|0-312-35193-3}}
• Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) {{ISBN|0-312-43477-4}}
• Humans in Universe (1983) coauthor Anwar Dil, {{ISBN|0-89925-001-7}}
• Cosmography: A Posthumous Scenario for the Future of Humanity (1992) coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, {{ISBN|0-02-541850-5}}

Discography

• R. Buckminster Fuller Thinks Aloud (Part 1) (1966) Credo - credo 2
• Thinks Aloud (1967) Society Of Typographic Arts – 919S-7200
• R. Buckminster Fuller Speaks His Mind On Records (1967) Cook – COOK05025
• The Clock Is Stopping! (1976) Cook – 6061
• Dymaxion Ditties - The Greatest Hits Of Buckminster Fuller (1976) Not on Label - Cherry Tree Folk Club - Philadelphia, PA
• Tunings (1979) Tanam Press – 7902
• A Primer Conversation (1988) New Dimensions Productions – C010

See also

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}

• Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
• The Buckminster Fuller Challenge
• Bucky Ball
• Cloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)
• Design science revolution
• Drop City
• Emissions Reduction Currency System
• Kārlis Johansons, tensegrity innovator
• Kenneth Snelson, tensegrity sculptor
• Noosphere
• Old Man River's City project
• Space frame
• Spome
• Whole Earth Catalog
• Post-scarcity economy

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Applewhite, E. J., Cosmic Fishing: An account of writing Synergetics with Buckminster Fuller,weblink registration, 1977, Macmillan, 978-0-02-502710-7,
• BOOK, Applewhite, E. J., Synergetics Dictionary, The Mind Of Buckminster Fuller; in four volumes, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York and London, 1986, 978-0-8240-8729-6,
• JOURNAL, Chu, Hsiao-Yun, Fuller's Laboratory Notebook, Collections, 4, 4, Fall 2008, 295–306, 10.1177/155019060800400404, 189551410, free,
• BOOK, Chu, Hsiao-Yun, Roberto, Trujillo, New Views on R. Buckminster Fuller, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2009, 978-0-8047-6279-3,
• BOOK, Eastham, Scott, American Dreamer. Bucky Fuller and the Sacred Geometry of Nature, The Lutterworth Press, 2007, Cambridge, 978-0-7188-3031-1,
• BOOK, Edmondson, Amy, A Fuller Explanation, EmergentWorld LLC, 2007, 978-0-6151-8314-5,
• BOOK, Alden R. Hatch, Hatch, Alden, Buckminster Fuller At Home In The Universe,weblink registration, 1974, 978-0-440-04408-6, Crown Publishers, New York,
• ANB, Fuller, R. Buckminster, 8, 559–562, Hoogenboom, Olive, 1302560,
• BOOK, Gorman, Michael John, Buckminster Fuller: Designing for Mobility, Skira, 2005, 978-8876242656,weblink
• BOOK, Kenner, Hugh, Bucky: a guided tour of Buckminster Fuller, 1973, Morrow, 978-0-688-00141-4,weblink
• BOOK, Krausse, Joachim, Lichtenstein, Claude, Your Private Sky, R. Buckminster Fuller: The Art Of Design Science, Lars Mueller Publishers, 1999, 978-3-907044-88-9, registration,weblink
• BOOK, McHale, John, R. Buckminster Fuller, George Brazillier, Inc., New York, 1962,
• BOOK, Pawley, Martin, Buckminster Fuller, Taplinger Publishing Company, New York, 1991, 978-0-8008-1116-7,weblink
• BOOK, Potter, R. Robert, Buckminster Fuller, Pioneers in Change Series, Silver Burdett Publishers, 1990, 978-0-382-09972-4,
• BOOK, Robertson, Donald, Mind's Eye Of Buckminster Fuller, 1974, 978-0-533-01017-2, Vantage Press, Inc., New York,
• BOOK, Rovers, Eva, De rebelse held, 2019, 978-9-044-63882-0, Prometheus, Amsterdam,weblink January 24, 2021, January 31, 2021,weblink
• BOOK, Snyder, Robert, Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario,weblink registration, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1980, 978-0-312-24547-4,
• NEWS, Sterngold, James, The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller, The New York Times (Arts section), June 15, 2008,
• Ward, James, ed., The Artifacts Of R. Buckminster Fuller, A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings in Four Volumes: Volume One. The Dymaxion Experiment, 1926–1943; Volume Two. Dymaxion Deployment, 1927–1946; Volume Three. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 1, 1947–1959; Volume Four. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 2, 1960–1983: Edited with descriptions by James Ward. Garland Publishing, New York. 1984 ({{ISBN|0-8240-5082-7}} vol. 1, {{ISBN|0-8240-5083-5}} vol. 2, {{ISBN|0-8240-5084-3}} vol. 3, {{ISBN|0-8240-5085-1}} vol. 4)
• THESIS, Wong, Yunn Chii, The Geodesic Works of Richard Buckminster Fuller, 1948–1968 (The Universe as a Home of Man), PhD thesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 1999, 1721.1/9512,
• BOOK, Zung, Thomas T. K., Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for the New Millennium, St. Martin's Press, 2001, 978-0312266394,

External links

{{Commons category|Buckminster Fuller}}

• The Estate of R. Buckminster Fullerk
• Buckminster Fuller Institute

{{Buckminster Fuller|state=expanded}}{{Critique of work}}{{Cybernetics}}{{Whole Earth}}{{Authority control}}