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Arab Cold War
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{{About|the Cold War between Soviet-backed Arab republics and US-backed Arab monarchies|the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia|IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict|the conflict between Qatar and Saudi Arabia|QatarâSaudi Arabia diplomatic conflict}}{{short description|Period of political rivalry in the Arab world}}{{Multiple issues|{{Refimprove|date=October 2012}}{{Original research|date=May 2022}}{{copy edit|date=June 2023}}}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
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- Rise of Wahhabism, Salafi jihadism, and Islamism after the death of Nasser
- International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism in several countries financed with Saudi oil exports
- Creation of Gulf Cooperation Council
- Failed attempts of an Arab Union:
- Successful attempts of an Arab Union:
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1922â1953).svg|link=Republic of Egypt (1953â1958)}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1953â1958).svg|link=Republic of Egypt (1953â1958)}} Republic of Egypt (1953â1958)
- {{flag|United Arab Republic}} (1958â1961/1971)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1972â1984).svg|link=History of Egypt under Anwar SadatDomestic policy and the Infitah}} Arab Republic of Egypt (1971â1973)
- {{flagdeco|Iraqi Republic (1958â1968)|1958}}{{flag|Iraqi Republic (1958â1968)|1959|name=Iraqi Republic}} (1958â1968)
- {{flag|Ba'athist Iraq|1968}} (1968â1979)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Syria (1932â1958, 1961â1963).svg|link=Second Syrian Republic}}{{flag|Syria}} (1954â1958/1961, since 1963)
- {{flagicon|Libya|1969}}{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} Libya (after 1969)
- {{flag|Algeria}}
- {{flagdeco|Sudan}} Sudan (1969â1971)
- {{flag|South Yemen}}
- {{flag|North Yemen}} (1962â1970)
- {{flag|Mauritania|1959}} (until 1984)
- {{flagdeco|Palestine}} Palestine Liberation Organization / State of Palestine
- {{flagdeco|SADR}} Polisario Front / Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- {{flagdeco|Somalia}} Somalia (1969â1977)
- {{flagdeco|Palestine}} Arab Nationalist Movement
- {{flagdeco|Palestine}} Abu Nidal Organization
- {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} Ba'ath Party (until 1966)
- {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Dhofar Liberation Front.svg}} DLFWEB,weblink The Dhofar Rebellion, countrystudies.us, 5 May 2016, 9 April 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160409032203weblink">weblink live, (1963â1968)}}
- {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf.svg}} PFLOAG (1968â1974)}}
- {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} NDFLOAG (1969â1971)}}
- {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman.svg}} PFLO (1974â1976)}}
- {{Flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} HezbollahWEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090211103949weblink">weblink 11 February 2009, The Iranian Roots of Hizbullah, Dr. Nimrod Raphaeli, 11 February 2009, MEMRI, (from 1985)
{{flagdeco|Egypt|1972}} Federation of Arab Republics{{flagicon image|Drapeau_de_la_République_Arabe_Islamique_(Union_tuniso-libyenne).svg}} Arab Islamic Republic
{{flagdeco|United Arab Republic}} United Arab States (1958â1961)
- {{flag|United Arab Republic}}
- {{flag|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|name=Kingdom of Yemen}}
- {{flag|Soviet Union{edih} (until 1989)
- {{flag|People's Republic of China}} (until 1966)
- {{flag|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan}} (from 1978)
- {{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria|name=Bulgaria}} (until 1989)
- {{flag|Cuba}} (since 1959)
- {{flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|name=Czechoslovakia}} (until 1989)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1975â1987).svg|link=Derg}}{{flag|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|name=Ethiopia}} (from 1974)
- {{flag|East Germany}}
- {{flag|Hungarian People's Republic|name=Hungary}} (until 1989)
- {{flag|India}} (limited)
- {{flag|Iran}} (since 1979; limited)
- {{flag|North Korea|1948}}
- {{flag|Polish People's Republic|name=Poland}} (until 1989)
- {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania|name=Romania}} (until 1989; limited)
- {{flag|Yugoslavia}} (limited)
- {{flag|Saudi Arabia{edih}
- {{flag|Kingdom of Iraq}} (until 1958)
- {{flag|Ba'athist Iraq|1968}} (1979â1990)
- {{flag|Jordan}}
- {{flag|Morocco}}
- {{flag|Kingdom of Egypt}} (until 1953)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1972â1984).svg|link=History of Egypt under Anwar SadatDomestic policy and the Infitah}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg|link=History of Egypt under Hosni MubarakPolitics}} Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1974)
- {{flagdeco|Syria|1932}} Syria (before 1954, 1961â1963)
- {{flag|Kingdom of Libya|name=Libya}} (until 1969)
- {{flagicon|South Arabia}} Federation of the Emirates of the South / Federation of South Arabia (until 1967)
- {{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Protectorate of South Arabia (until 1967)
- {{flag|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|name=Kingdom of Yemen}} (until 1970)
- {{flag|North Yemen}} (after 1970)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Oman (1954â1959).svg}} Muscat and Oman (until 1970)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Oman (1954â1959).svg}} Imamate of Oman (until 1959)
- {{flag|Oman|1970}} (since 1970)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Zanzibar Under British Rule.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg}} Zanzibar (until 1964)
- {{flag|Bahrain|1972}}
- {{flag|Kuwait}}
- {{flag|Qatar}}
- {{flagdeco|Somalia}} Somalia (since 1978)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan (1956â1970).svg|link=Republic of the Sudan (1956â1969)}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan.svg|link=Republic of the Sudan (1985â2019)}} Sudan (before 1969, since 1985)
- {{flag|Trucial States}} (until 1971)
- {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} (from 1971)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.png}} Muslim Brotherhood}}
{{flag|Arab Federation}} (1958)
- {{flag|Kingdom of Iraq|name=Iraq}}
- {{flag|Jordan}}
- {{flag|United States{edih}
- {{flag|United Kingdom}}
- {{flag|Republic of China}}WEB, Jonathan Chin, Lo Tien-pin and, Air force highlights secret North Yemen operations,weblink www.taipeitimes.com, 29 January 2019, Taipei Times, 21 July 2019, NEWS, Hoagl, Jim, Taiwanese Hired By North Yemen To Fly U.S. Jets,weblink 21 July 2019, The Washington Post, The Washington Post, May 28, 1979, WEB, Northrop F-5E/F in Service with Taiwan,weblink www.joebaugher.com, joebaugher.com, 21 July 2019,
- {{flag|People's Republic of China}} (from 1972; limited)
- {{flag|France}} (limited)
- {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Afghan interim government-in-exile (1988â1992).svg}} Afghanistan (Mujahideen)WEB,weblinkweblink live, 12 April 2019, apps.dtic.mil, 2018-12-18, DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990â1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS, (from 1979)
- {{flag|Canada}}
- {{flag|Ethiopian Empire|name=Ethiopia}} (until 1974)
- {{flag|West Germany}}
- {{flagicon image|State flag of Iran (1964â1980).svg|size=23px}} Iran (until 1979)
- {{flag|Israel}} (limited)
- {{flag|Italy}}
- {{flag|Japan|1870}}
- {{flag|South Korea|1949}}
- {{flag|Pakistan}}
- {{flag|Turkey}}
- {{flagicon image|Flag of CENTO.svg}} CENTO (until 1979)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1922â1953).svg|link=Republic of Egypt (1953â1958)}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1953â1958).svg|link=Republic of Egypt (1953â1958)}} Mohamed Naguib
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1922â1953).svg|link=Republic of Egypt (1953â1958)}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1953â1958).svg|link=Republic of Egypt (1953â1958)}}{{flagicon|United Arab Republic}} Gamal Abdel Nasser
- {{flagicon|United Arab Republic}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1972â1984).svg|link=History of Egypt under Anwar SadatDomestic policy and the Infitah}} Anwar Sadat (1970â1973)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1924â1959).svg|link=Iraqi Republic (1958â1968)}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1959â1963).svg|link=Iraqi Republic (1958â1968)}} Abd al-Karim Qasim
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1963â1991).svg|link=Ba'athist Iraq}} Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
- {{flagicon|Libya|1969}}{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} Muammar Gaddafi
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg|link=Palestine Liberation Organization}} Yasser Arafat
- {{flagicon|Syria}} Hafez al-Assad
- {{flagicon|Algeria}} Houari Boumédiène
- {{flagdeco|Somalia}} Siad Barre (1969â1977)
- {{flagicon|South Yemen}} Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi
- {{flagicon|South Yemen}} Abdul Fattah Ismail
- {{flagicon|South Yemen}} Ali Nasir Muhammad
- {{flagicon|South Yemen}} Ali Salem al Beidh}}
- {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia{edih} King Faisal
- {{flagicon|Jordan}} King Hussein
- {{flagicon|Kuwait}} Emir Jaber
- {{flagicon|Oman|1970}} Sultan Qaboos
- {{flagicon|Morocco}} King Hassan
- {{flagicon|Bahrain|1972}} Emir Isa bin Salman
- {{flagicon|Qatar}} Emir Khalifa bin Hamad
- {{flagicon|Kingdom of Egypt}} King Farouk
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1972â1984).svg|link=History of Egypt under Anwar SadatDomestic policy and the Infitah}} Anwar Sadat (1974â1981)
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1972â1984).svg|link=History of Egypt under Hosni MubarakPolitics}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg|link=History of Egypt under Hosni MubarakPolitics}} Hosni Mubarak
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1924â1959).svg |link=Kingdom of Iraq}} King Faisal II
- {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1963â1991).svg|link=Ba'athist Iraq}} Saddam Hussein
- {{flagicon|Kingdom of Libya}} King Idris
- {{flagicon|North Yemen}} Ali Abdullah Saleh
- {{flagdeco|Somalia}} Siad Barre (since 1978)}}
- The Arab Cold War, 1958â1964: A Study of Ideology in Politics. London: Chattam House Series, Oxford University Press, 1965.
- The Arab Cold War, 1958â1967: A Study of Ideology in Politics, 1967
- The Arab Cold War: Gamal 'Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958â1970, 3rd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1971. Despite its name, the Arab Cold War was not a conflict between capitalist and communist economic systems. In fact, all Arab governments, with the exception of the Marxist government of South Yemen, explicitly rejected communism and banned the activities of communist activists within their territories. Moreover, the Arab states did not seek membership of either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, as the vast majority of them belonged to the Non-Aligned Movement.
Background
{{further|ArabâIsraeli conflict}}During this period, the history of the Arab states were very different. In 1956, only Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Sudan were republics. All of these Arab states subscribed to some degree to Arab nationalist ideology. Jordan and Iraq were both ruled by Hashemite monarchies. Morocco, Libya, Saudi Arabia and North Yemen had independent dynasties. Algeria, South Yemen, Oman and the Trucial States were either under French colonial rule or British occupation. In 1960, Iraq, Tunisia, Algeria and North Yemen had republican governments or Arab nationalist insurgencies. Meanwhile, Lebanon was experiencing a near-civil war between US-allied government factions and Soviet- and Egyptian-allied Arab nationalist factions.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}The dates of the conflicts in this period vary from source to source. Jordanian sources date the beginning of the Arab Cold War to April 1957,Water Resources in Jordan: Evolving Policies for Development, the Environment, and Conflict Resolution, p.250 while Palestinian sources identify the period from 1962 to 1967 as the most significant for them, but within the wider Arab context.Bahgat Korany, The Arab States in the Regional and International System: II. Rise of New Governing Elite and the Militarization of the Political System (Evolution) at Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International AffairsHistory
{{Expand section|date=March 2015}}{{further|History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser|IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict|IsraelâSaudi Arabia relations|Pan-Arabism|Six-Day War|War of Attrition}}The Free Officers Movement overthrew King Farouk during the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Free Officers implemented a program to transform Egypt by reducing feudalism, ending British influence and abolishing the monarchy and aristocracy. In 1953 they established Egypt as a republic.Aburish, Said K. (2004), Nasser, the Last Arab, New York City: St. Martin's Press, {{ISBN|978-0-312-28683-5}}, p.35â39 On 26 July 1956, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal after Britain and the United States withdrew their offer to finance the construction of the Aswan Dam in response to Egypt's new relationship with the Soviet Union. Britain and France then made a secret pact with Israel to invade Egypt together, but were forced to back down in what became known as the Suez Crisis. Nasser emerged from the war with great prestige as the "unchallenged leader of Arab nationalism".BOOK, Gold, Dore, Hatred's Kingdom, 2003, Regnery, Washington, DC, 75, Nasser used various political tools to increase his visibility in the Arab world. These included radio programs such as Voice of the Arabs and the use of politically active Egyptian professionals, often teachers.{| class="wikitable"Islamic revival
{{further|International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|Petro-Islam|Salafi movement|Grand Mosque seizure}}Although the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had a smaller population than Egypt, it had oil wealth and prestige as the country of Mecca and Medina, Islam's two holiest cities. In 1962, Saudi Arabia sponsored an international Islamic conference in Mecca to use Islam as a counterweight to Nasser's Arab socialism. This led to the creation of the Muslim World League, dedicated to spreading Islam and promoting Islamic solidarity. The League was effective in promoting conservative Wahhabi Islam and combating radical foreign ideologies, such as Arab socialism, in the Muslim world.BOOK, Gold, Dore, Hatred's Kingdom, 2003, Regnery, Washington, DC, 75â76, File:Oil revenues by oil exporting country.jpg|thumb|300px|Petroleum products revenue in billions of dollars per annum for five major Arab petroleum exporting countries. Saudi Arabian production Years were chosen to show payment for before (1973) and after (1974) the October 1973 War, after the Iranian Revolution (1978-1979), and during the market turnaround in 1986.source: Ian Skeet, OPEC: Twenty-Five Years of Prices and Politics (Cambridge: University Press, 1988) Iran and Iraq are excluded because their revenue fluctuated due to the revolution and the war between them.(#GKJTPI2002|Kepel, Jihad, 2002]]: p.75)The Islamic revival strengthened throughout the Arab world, especially after the Six-day War. After Nasser's death in 1970, his successor Anwar Sadat shifted the focus to religion and economic liberalization, away from Arab nationalism and socialism. Egypt's military slogan "Land, Sea and Air" was replaced by the Islamic battle cry of Allahu Akbar in the perceived "shattering" defeat in the Yom Kippur War.Murphy, Caryle, Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience, (Simon and Schuster, 2002, p.31)BOOK, Wright, Robin, Robin Wright (author), 1985, 2001, Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam,weblink New York City, New York, Simon & Schuster, 64â67, 0-7432-3342-5, Although the October 1973 war was launched by Egypt and Syria to recover land captured by Israel in 1967, according to French political scientist Gilles Kepel, the "real victors" of the war were the Arab "oil-exporting countries". Their embargo on Israel's Western allies helped the US to pressure Israel to limit its counter-offensive.BOOK, Kepel, Gilles, Gilles Kepel, 2003, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, New York City, New York, I.B. Tauris, 69,weblink 9781845112578, The war of October 1973 was started by Egypt with the aim of avenging the humiliation of 1967 and restoring the lost legitimacy of the two states' ... [Egypt and Syria] emerged with a symbolic victory ... [but] the real victors in this war were the oil-exporting countries, above all Saudi Arabia. In addition to the embargo's political success, it reduced the world oil supply and sent the price per barrel soaring. In the aftermath of the war, the oil states abruptly found themselves with revenues gigantic enough to assure them a clear position of dominance within the Muslim world., The political success of the embargo enhanced the prestige of those who imposed it. In addition, the reduction in global oil supply caused the price of oil to rise from US$3 to almost $12 a barrel,NEWS, The price of oil â in context,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070609145246weblink">weblink June 9, 2007, May 29, 2007, CBC News, increasing the revenues of oil exporters. This gave the Arab oil-exporting states a dominant position within the Muslim world, with Saudi Arabia by far the largest exporter (see bar chart above).In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, which was supported by Saudi Arabia and had been suppressed by the Egyptian government, was allowed to publish a monthly magazine and its political prisoners were gradually released.Kepel, Gilles. Muslim Extremism in Egypt; the Prophet and Pharoh, Gilles Kepel, p.103â04 The Islamists gained control of the universities,particularly al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya forcing left-wing and pan-Arab (anti-Sadat) student organizations underground.Kepel, Gilles. Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharoh, Gilles Kepel, 1985, p.129 By the end of the 1970s, Sadat described himself as 'The Believer President'. He banned most alcohol sales and ordered Egyptian state television to interrupt programs in order to broadcast the salat (Islamic call to prayer) five times a day and to increase religious programming.Murphy, Caryle, Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: The Egyptian Experience, Simon and Schuster, 2002, p.36Conflicts of the Arab Cold War
{{div col}}1950s
- Egyptian revolution (1952)
- Iraqi Intifada (1952)
- Syrian coup d'état (1954)
- Jebel Akhdar War (1954â1959)
- Algerian revolution (1954â1962)
- Alleged Jordanian military coup attempt (1957)
- Syrian Crisis (1957)
- 14 July Revolution (1958)
- Lebanon crisis (1958)
- Mosul uprising (1959)
1960s
- Operation Vantage (1961)
- Bizerte crisis (1961)
- Syrian coup d'état (1961)
- North Yemen Civil War (1962â1970)
- Ramadan Revolution (1963)
- Syrian coup d'état (1963)
- Dhofar Rebellion (1963â1976)
- Sand War (1963)
- Aden Emergency (1963â1967)
- Syrian coup d'état (1966)
- Six-Day War (1967)
- Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon (1968â1982)
- Corrective Move (1969)
- Sudanese coup d'état (1969)
- Libyan coup d'état (1969)
- Al-Wadiah War (1969)
1970s
- Black September (1970â1971)
- Corrective Movement (1970)
- Sudanese coup d'état (1971)
- Yemeni War (1972)
- Lebanese Civil War (1975â1990)
- Western Sahara War (1975â1991)
- Islamist uprising in Syria (1976â1982)
- EgyptianâLibyan War (1977)
- EthiopianâSomali War (1977â1978)
- ChadianâLibyan War (1978â1987)
- NDF Rebellion (1978â1982)
- Yemeni War (1979)
- Khuzestan insurgency (1979)
1980s
- IranâIraq War (1980â1988)
- EthiopianâSomali Border War (1982)
- Sudanese coup d'état (1985)
- South Yemen Civil War (1986)
- Damascus bombings (1986)
1990s
- Yemeni unification (1990)
- Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (1990)
- Gulf War (1990â1991)
- Iraqi uprisings (1991)
- Algerian Civil War (1991â2002)
- Yemeni Civil War (1994)
See also
{{div col}}- Arab Spring
- Arab Winter
- Cold War in Asia
- Gulf War
- IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
- IranâIraq War
- IranâIsrael proxy conflict
- Middle Eastern Cold War (disambiguation)
- SovietâAfghan War
- The Cold War
- QatarâSaudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
Notes
{{Noteslist}}References
{{Reflist}}{{Arab nationalism}}{{Cold War}}{{Middle East conflicts}}- content above as imported from Wikipedia
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