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| style="text-align:left;” colspan=2 |(File:Modern pentathlon_pictogram.svg|20px) Modern pentathlon|●●Rowing|●●Sailing||●●|||●Shooting|||||111|||||6Volleyball at the 1964 Summer Olympics>Volleyball|●●●●|●Weightlifting|11|1Wrestling|●8|●8||||||16!colspan=2|Daily medal events !! !! 1!! 4!! 3!!17 !! 19!! 12!! 12!! 13!! 17!!10 !! 15!! 14!! 24!! 2!! rowspan=2|163!colspan=2|Cumulative total !! !!1 !! 5!!8 !! 25!!44!! 56!! 68!! 81!! 98!! 108!! 123!! 137!! 161!! 163 !style=width:18%; colspan=2|October 1964!style=width:4%;|10thSat!style=width:4%;|11thSun!style=width:4%;|12thMon!style=width:4%;|13thTue!style=width:4%;|14thWed!style=width:4%;|15thThu!style=width:4%;|16thFri!style=width:4%;|17thSat!style=width:4%;|18thSun!style=width:4%;|19thMon!style=width:4%;|20thTue!style=width:4%;|21stWed!style=width:4%;|22ndThu!style=width:4%;|23rdFri!style=width:4%;|24thSat!rowspan=2|Total events

Venues

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}(File:Kokuritsu Yoyogi Kyōgijō 1.jpg|thumb|Yoyogi National Gymnasium, designed by Kenzo Tange)(File:Nippon Budokan 2010.jpg|thumb|Nippon Budokan)

• Asaka Nezu Park – Modern pentathlon (riding)
• Asaka Shooting Range – Modern pentathlon (shooting), Shooting (pistol/ rifle)
• Chofu City – Athletics (marathon, 50 kilometre walk)
• Enoshima – Sailing
• Fuchu City – Athletics (marathon, 50 kilometre walk)
• Hachioji City – Cycling (road)
• Hachioji Velodrome – Cycling (track)
• Karasuyama-machi – Athletics (marathon, 50 kilometre walk)
• Karuizawa – Equestrian
• Kemigawa – Modern pentathlon (running)
• Komazawa Gymnasium – Wrestling
• Komazawa Hockey Field – Field hockey
• Komazawa Stadium – Football preliminaries
• Komazawa Volleyball Courts – Volleyball preliminaries
• Korakuen Ice Palace – Boxing
• Lake Sagami – Canoeing
• Mitsuzawa Football Field – Football preliminaries
• Nagai Stadium – Football preliminaries
• Yoyogi National Gymnasium – Basketball (final), Diving, Modern pentathlon (swimming), Swimming
• National Stadium – Athletics, Equestrian (team jumping), Football (final)
• Nippon Budokan – Judo
• Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium – Football preliminaries
• ÅŒmiya Football Field – Football preliminaries
• Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field – Football preliminaries
• Sasazuka-machi – Athletics (marathon, 50 kilometre walk)
• Shibuya Public Hall – Weightlifting
• Shinjuku – Athletics (marathon, 50 kilometre walk)
• Toda Rowing Course – Rowing
• Tokorozawa Shooting Range – Shooting (trap)
• Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium – Gymnastics
• Tokyo Metropolitan Indoor Swimming Pool – Water polo
• Waseda Memorial Hall – Fencing, Modern pentathlon (fencing)
• Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium – Volleyball

Transportation and communications

These games were the first to be telecast internationally. The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3,MAGAZINE,www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876272,00.html, For Gold, Silver & Bronze, 16 October 1964, TIME, 5 January 2010,www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876272,00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080621141102www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876272,00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080621141102www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876272,00.html, 21 June 2008, dead, the first geostationary communication satellite, and from there to Europe using Relay 1, an older satellite which allowed only 15–20 minutes of broadcast during each of its orbits.BOOK, Martin, Donald H., Communications Satellites, The Aerospace Press, El Segundo, CA, 2000, fourth, 8–9, 1-884989-09-8,books.google.com/books?id=_azf94TByF8C&q=Relay+1, 31 October 2009,books.google.com/books?id=_azf94TByF8C&dq=%E2%80%9CCommunications+Satellites%E2%80%9D&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=FmAl0E1Lhw&sig=VJJDtAkVOiuNPN859rsm3o69tNU&hl=en&ei=UczsSojPHYbwMdGzgIQM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Relay%201&f=false," title="web.archive.org/web/20111213010311books.google.com/books?id=_azf94TByF8C&dq=%E2%80%9CCommunications+Satellites%E2%80%9D&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=FmAl0E1Lhw&sig=VJJDtAkVOiuNPN859rsm3o69tNU&hl=en&ei=UczsSojPHYbwMdGzgIQM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Relay%201&f=false,">web.archive.org/web/20111213010311books.google.com/books?id=_azf94TByF8C&dq=%E2%80%9CCommunications+Satellites%E2%80%9D&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=FmAl0E1Lhw&sig=VJJDtAkVOiuNPN859rsm3o69tNU&hl=en&ei=UczsSojPHYbwMdGzgIQM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Relay%201&f=false, 13 December 2011, live, WEB,ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf, Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958–1964, 1966, NASA-SP-93, NASA, 30–32, 31 October 2009,ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20100514083032ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20100514083032ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660009169_1966009169.pdf, 14 May 2010, live, Total broadcast time of programs delivered via satellite was 5 hours 41 minutes in the United States, 12 hours 27 minutes in Europe, and 14 hours 18 minutes in Canada. Pictures were received via satellite in the United States, Canada, and 21 countries in Europe.{{Harvnb|Organizing Committee|1964|pp=381–400}} Several broadcasters recorded some sports from Japan and flown over to their countries. While the agreement to use satellite to transmit the games live to the United States was a proud achievement for the American government and Hughes Corporation which developed the satellites, NBC the rights holder had little interest in the project.{{Harvnb|Espy|1981|p=92}} NBC’s participation was due to pressure from the Under-Secretary of State for Political Affairs Averell Harriman, and NBC intended to record the live transmissions for later use in sponsored shows. NBC broadcast the opening ceremonies live on the East coast of the United States, but delayed the broadcast on the West coast to 1:00 a.m. so Johnny Carson’s Tonight Show would not be interrupted. When pressed on the issue NBC announced there would be no more live telecasts which angered the American State Department which saw the broadcasts as a matter of national prestige, and also the Hughes Aircraft Company who won the bid to build the satellite system over RCA which owned NBC.{{Harvnb|Espy|1981|p=93}}TRANSPAC-1, the first trans-Pacific communications cable from Japan to Hawaii was also finished in June 1964 in time for these games. Before this, most communications from Japan to other countries were via shortwave.The start of operations for the first Japanese bullet train (the Tokaido Shinkansen) between Tokyo Station and Shin-ÅŒsaka Station was scheduled to coincide with the Olympic games. The first regularly scheduled train ran on 1 October 1964, just nine days before the opening of the games, transporting passengers {{convert|515|km|mi|sp=us}} in about four hours, and connecting the three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka.Some already-planned upgrades to both highways and commuter rail lines were rescheduled for completion in time for these games. Of the eight main expressways approved by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 1959, No. 1, No. 4 and a portion of No. 2 and No. 3 were completed for the games. Two subway lines totaling {{convert|22|km|mi|sp=us}} were also completed in time for the games, and the port of Tokyo facilities were expanded to handle the anticipated traffic.{{Harvnb|Organizing Committee|1964|pp=47–49}}As a visual aid for foreign visitors to the Games, this Olympics was the first to use pictograms, created by Masasa Katzumie, to represent each event visually. This became a standard visual component of the modern Olympics ever since.WEB, Pictograms,www.olympic-museum.de/pictograms/olympic-games-pictograms-1964.php, Olympic Games Museum, 10 August 2021,

Cost

The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics at {{US$}}282 million in 2015-dollars.BOOK, 2804554, The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games, Flyvbjerg, Bent, Stewart, Allison, Budzier, Alexander, Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford), 2016, Oxford, 9–13, This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Tokyo 1964 compares with costs of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. Average cost for Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

Legacy

The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo celebrated Japan’s progress and reemergence on the world stage. The new Japan was no longer a wartime enemy, but a peaceful country that threatened no one, and this transformation was accomplished in fewer than 20 years.WEB,aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/japans_rebirth_at_the_1964_tokyo_summer, Japan’s Rebirth at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics, Droubie, Paul, 31 July 2008, aboutjapan.japansociety.org, About Japan: A Teacher’s Resource, 10 January 2010,aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/japans_rebirth_at_the_1964_tokyo_summer," title="web.archive.org/web/20100115040409aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/japans_rebirth_at_the_1964_tokyo_summer,">web.archive.org/web/20100115040409aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/japans_rebirth_at_the_1964_tokyo_summer, 15 January 2010, dead, To host such a major event, Tokyo’s infrastructure needed to be modernized in time for large numbers of expected tourists. Enormous energy and expense was devoted to upgrading the city’s physical infrastructure, including new buildings, highways, stadiums, hotels, airports and trains. There was a new satellite to facilitate live international broadcast. Multiple train and subway lines, a large highway building project, and the Tokaido Shinkansen, the fastest train in the world, were completed. Tokyo International Airport and the Port of Tokyo were modernized. International satellite broadcasting was initiated, and Japan was now connected to the world with a new undersea communications cable. The YS-11, a commercial turboprop plane developed in Japan, was used to transport the Olympic Flame within Japan.{{Harvnb|Organizing Committee|1964|pp=245–269}} For swimming, a new timing system started the clock by the sound of the starter gun and stopped it with touchpads. The photo finish using a photograph with lines on it was introduced to determine the results of sprints. All of this demonstrated that Japan was now part of the first world and a technological leader, and at the same time demonstrated how other countries might modernize. In preparation for the games, 200,000 stray cats and dogs were rounded up and killed.NEWS, Whiting, Robert, Robert Whiting, Negative impact of 1964 Olympics profound,www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/10/24/olympics/negative-impact-1964-olympics-profound/, 14, 8 August 2021, The Japan Times, 24 October 2014,www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/10/24/olympics/negative-impact-1964-olympics-profound/#.VGNHKY0cR9A," title="web.archive.org/web/20141028011659www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/10/24/olympics/negative-impact-1964-olympics-profound/#.VGNHKY0cR9A,">web.archive.org/web/20141028011659www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2014/10/24/olympics/negative-impact-1964-olympics-profound/#.VGNHKY0cR9A, 2014-10-28, However, the construction projects resulted in environmental damage, forced relocations for residents, and loss of industry. In addition, corruption by politicians and construction companies resulted in cost overruns and shoddy work.Although public opinion about the Olympics in Japan had initially been split, by the time the games started almost everyone was behind them. The broadcast of the opening ceremony was watched by over 70% of the viewing public, and the women’s volleyball team’s gold medal match was watched by over 80%.As with many other Olympics, observers later stated that 1964 Olympic preparation and construction projects had had a negative effect on the environment and lower income people.The Cary Grant film Walk, Don’t Run was filmed during the Tokyo Olympics, and set in Tokyo during the Olympics. A message at the beginning of the film thanks the Japanese Government and Tokyo Police for putting up with them filming in crowded Tokyo.The Studio Ghibli film From Up on Poppy Hill takes place one year before the Tokyo Olympics and refers to the upcoming games. The official poster can be seen several times in the film.Tokyo attempted to bring the Olympic Games back to the city, having unsuccessfully bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo was chosen to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics games, making it the first Asian city to host the games twice.WEB, Japan’s Capital Tokyo to host 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games,news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/japans-capital-tokyo-to-host-2020-olympic-and-paralympic-games/, 8 September 2013,news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/japans-capital-tokyo-to-host-2020-olympic-and-paralympic-games/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130910024939news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/japans-capital-tokyo-to-host-2020-olympic-and-paralympic-games/,">web.archive.org/web/20130910024939news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/japans-capital-tokyo-to-host-2020-olympic-and-paralympic-games/, 10 September 2013, live, The worldwide coronavirus pandemic, however, forced the organizers to postpone the games to summer 2021, the first time that an Olympic Games was cancelled or rescheduled during peacetime.The Japan Society Fall 2019 exhibition, Made in Tokyo: Architecture and Living, 1964/2020, is an architectural exhibition that examines the social, cultural, economic, and political impacts of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics on the modernization of the Tokyo landscape (Homes, Offices, Retail Businesses, Athletic Stadiums, Hotels, and Transportation Stations). The exhibition was curated by the Japanese architectural firm Atelier Bow-Wow.WEB,www.japansociety.org/page/programs/gallery/made-in-tokyo, Made in Tokyo: Architecture and Living, 1964/2020, The Japan Society, live,web.archive.org/web/20190915084956/https://www.japansociety.org/page/programs/gallery/made-in-tokyo, 15 September 2019, The majority of Japanese castles were smashed and destroyed in the late 19th century in the Meiji restoration by the Japanese people and government in order to modernize and westernize Japan and break from their past feudal era of the Daimyo and Shoguns. It was only due to the 1964 Olympics in Japan that cheap concrete replicas of those castles were built in preparation for tourists.WEB,www.tengulife.com/2017/05/the-rise-of-concrete-castle.html, The Rise of the Concrete Castle, May 2, 2017, TenguLife: The curious guide to Japan, WEB,blog.gaijinpot.com/a-race-across-japan-to-see-its-last-original-castles/, A Race Across Japan to See its Last Original Castles, Foo, Audrey, January 17, 2019, GaijinPot, WEB,www.japan-guide.com/e/e2296.html, Japanese castles History of Castles, September 4, 2021, Japan Guide, The vast majority of castles in Japan today are new replicas made out of concrete.WEB,www.lonelyplanet.com/japan/kansai/himeji/attractions/himeji-jo/a/poi-sig/1097570/356690, Himeji-jō, Lonely Planet, AV MEDIA, April 6, 2020, Japan’s Modern Castles Episode One: Himeji Castle (姫路城),www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddVbPRgO_50, Japan’s Modern Castles, WEB,pursuitist.com/japanese-concrete-castle/, Japanese Concrete Castle, Carter, Alex, 22 May 2010, In 1959 a concrete keep was built for Nagoya castle.NEWS, Baseel, Casey, March 27, 2017, Nagoya Castle’s concrete keep to be demolished and replaced with traditional wooden structure,japantoday.com/category/national/nagoya-castles-concrete-keep-to-be-demolished-and-replaced-with-traditional-wooden-structure, RocketNews24,

Boycotting countries

(File:1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo) boycotting countries (red).png|thumb|upright=1.1|Countries that boycotted the 1964 Summer Olympics (shown in red on map))North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963.NEWS,www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/7822/, ja:東京オリンピックで北朝鮮が金メダルを狙える競技とは？, KoreaWorldTimes, 10 September 2020, ja, 19 September 2020, China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues.

See also

{{IOC seealso|games=1964 Summer Olympics}}

• Tokyo Olympiad, a documentary film about the 1964 Games.

References

{{Reflist}}

Works cited

• BOOK, Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, THE GAMES OF THE XVIII OLYMPIAD TOKYO 1964: The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, 1964, CITEREFOrganizing Committee1964,
  • www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/or1964v1pt1.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20100707162648www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/or1964v1pt1.pdf">Volume 1 part 1 retrieved on 10 October 2009
  • Volume 1 part 2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206000501la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/or1964v1pt2.pdf |date=6 February 2009 }} retrieved on 10 October 2009
  • Volume 2 part 1 retrieved on 10 October 2009
  • Volume 2 part 2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615232920la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/or1964v2pt2.pdf |date=15 June 2010 }} retrieved on 10 October 2009
• BOOK, The politics of the Olympic Games, with an epilogue, 1976-1980, Espy, Richard, University Press, Berkeley, USA, 1981,archive.org/details/bub_gb_JEA_Ss_2wK0C, registration, 978-0-520-04395-4,

External links

{{commons category}}{{external media|video1={{YouTube|WHt0eAdCCns|Tokyo 1964 Olympics Film}}}}

• {{IOC games|games=1964 Summer Olympics }}
• JOC – 東京オリンピック 1964 Japan Olympic Committee official Web site.
• summer olympic 1964 / gettyimages

{{Olympic Games}}{{Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics}}{{EventsAt1964SummerOlympics}}{{1964 Summer Olympic venues}}{{Authority control}}