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Conquests in the forest region

Frontier kings and tribes

1. Samatata, located in the present-day Bengal.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}
2. Davaka, located in present-day Assam.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}
3. Kamarupa, located in present-day Assam.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}
4. Nepala, located in present-day Nepal.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}} According to one theory, Nepala here refers to the Licchavi kingdom, whose rulers may have been the maternal relatives of Samudragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=85}}
5. Karttripura, probably located in the present-day Uttarakhand: the inscription appears to name frontier kingdoms in geographical order proceeding from Bengal to Assam to Nepal; Uttarakhand would be next in the sequence.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}} A now-obsolete theory identified Karttripura with Kartarpur in present-day Punjab, but Kartarpur was established much later, in the 16th century, by Guru Arjan.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=118}}

1. Malavas: During Samudragupta's period, they were probably headquartered at Karkota-nagara (present-day Nagar Fort in Rajasthan), where several thousands of their coins have been discovered.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=119}}
2. Arjunayanas: Their coins have been found in the Mathura region.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=86}} According to numismatist John Allan, the Arjunayanas resided in the triangle connecting the present-day Delhi, Jaipur and Agra.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=119}}
3. Yaudheyas: They ruled the area between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers after the Kushans. They seem to have become Samudragupta's tributaries.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=120}}
4. Madrakas: They are generally placed between the Ravi and the Chenab rivers.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=120}}
5. Abhiras: Epigraphic and literary evidence suggests that they ruled in western India during Samudragupta's period.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=120–121}}
6. Sanakanikas: They appear to have ruled the region around Udayagiri in present-day Madhya Pradesh. An inscription found at Udayagiri refers to a Sanakanika chief as a feudatory of Chandragupta II: this chief and his two predecessors are described as "Maharajas", which suggests that Samudragupta allowed the Sanakanika chiefs to rule as his governors after conquering their territory.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=44}}
7. Kakas: They may have been the rulers of the area around the Sanchi hill, which has been mentioned as Kakanada in ancient inscriptions.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=44}}
8. Prarjunas They may be identified as the Prarjunakas mentioned in the Arthashastra, but their location is uncertain. Various theories place them in central India, including around the present-day Narsinghpur or Narsinghgarh in Madhya Pradesh.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=121}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=87–88}}
9. Kharaparikas: They may be same as the "Kharaparas" (literally "thief" or "rogue"{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=88}}) mentioned in a 14th-century stone inscription found at Batiyagarh (or Battisgarh) in Damoh district. These Kharaparas are variously identified as an indigenous tribe or freebooters of this region.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=121}}
   • Some later sources suggest that the Kharaparas were a foreign tribe (possibly Mongols), and the Dingal-language texts use the word "Kharapara" as a synonym for "Muslim", but such an identification is not applicable to Samudragupta's period.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=121}}
   • There is also some speculation about the Kharaparikas being same as the Gardabhilas mentioned in the Puranas, as the words "Khara" and "Gardabha" both mean "donkey" in Sanskrit. However, very little is known about the Gardabhilas from historical sources.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=121–122}}

Relations with other rulers

Daivaputra-Shahi-Shahanushahi

Shaka-Murundas

Simhala and other islands

According to the Chinese sources, Meghavarna, the king of Simhala (present-day Sri Lanka), sought to build a monastery at Bodh Gaya, for the convenience of the pilgrims from his kingdom. He sent rich presents for this purpose, and Samudragupta sanctioned his request to build the monastery. Using poetic exaggeration, Samudragupta's courtier Harishena appears to have described this act of diplomacy as an act of subservience.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=90}} Similarly, the 7th-century Chinese traveler Xuanzang, who visited this monastery, appears to have regarded the rich presents sent by Meghavarna as tribute: he states that Meghavarna "gave in tribute to the king of India all the jewels of his country".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=27}} The "other islands" may be the Indianized kingdoms of South-East Asia, but there is no evidence that their rulers were subordinate to Samudragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=90}} They probably sent embassies to the Gupta empire, and maintained friendly relations.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=27}} The sea ports of the Gupta Empire, such as Tamralipti, were probably connected to these kingdoms through the marine routes. The widespread use of Sanskrit in these kingdoms may have happened as a result of Gupta influence.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=124}}

Imperial extent

Samudragupta's empire included a core territory, located in northern India, which was directly controlled by the emperor. Besides, it comprised a number of monarchical and tribal tributary states.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=22}} Historian R. C. Majumdar theorizes that Samudragupta directly controlled an area extending from the Ravi River (Punjab) in the west to the Brahmaputra River (Bengal and Assam) in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Vindhya hills in the south. The south-western boundary of his territory roughly followed an imaginary line drawn from present-day Karnal to Bhilsa.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=23, 27}}In the south, Samudragupta's empire definitely included Eran in present-day Madhya Pradesh, where his inscription has been found.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=23}} The Allahabad Pillar inscription suggests that he advanced up to Kanchipuram in the south.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}} However, since the claims in the Allahabad Pillar inscription are from a royal eulogy, they must be treated with caution. The southern kings were not under his direct suzerainty: they only paid him tribute.{{sfn|K. Chakrabarti|1996|p=185}}According to historian Kunal Chakrabarti, Samudragupta's military campaigns weakened the tribal republics of present-day Punjab and Rajasthan, but even these kingdoms were not under his direct suzerainty: they only paid him tribute. Samudragupta's claim of control over other kings is questionable.{{sfn|K. Chakrabarti|1996|p=185}} Historian Ashvini Agrawal notes that a gold coin of the Gadahara tribe bears the legend Samudra, which suggests that Samudragupta's control extended up to the Chenab river in the Punjab region.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=128}}Some earlier scholars, such as J. F. Fleet believed that Samudragupta had also conquered a part of Maharashtra, based on the identification of Devarashtra with Maharashtra, and Erandapalla with Erandol, where some Gupta-era remains have been found.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=109, 112}} However, this theory is no longer considered correct.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=112}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=245}}

Coinage

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300| align = right| caption_align = center| direction =vertical| header=Imitation of Kushan coinage| image1 = Coin of VasudevaII.jpg| caption1 = Kushan coin of Vasudeva II, 275–300 CE.| image2 = Samudragupta_circa_335-380_CE.jpg| caption2 = Standard type of Samudragupta, 335/350-375 CEKushan Empire, adopting its weight standard, techniques and designs, following the conquests of Samudragupta in the northwest.MOOKERJI TITLE=THE GUPTA EMPIRE PUBLISHER=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBL. PAGES=30–31 LANGUAGE=EN, HIGHAM >FIRST1=CHARLES DATE=2014 ISBN=9781438109961 URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=H1C1UIEVH9GC&PG=PA82 TITLE=THE COINS OF INDIA PUBLISHER=ASIAN EDUCATIONAL SERVICES PAGE=41 LANGUAGE=EN, }}The coinage of the Gupta Empire was initially derived from the coinage of the Kushan Empire, adopting its weight standard, techniques and designs, following the conquests of Samudragupta in the northwest of the subcontinent."It was his conquests which brought to him the gold utilized in his coinage and also the knowledge of its technique acquired from his acquaintance with Kushan (eastern Punjab) coins. His earliest coins began as imitations of these Kushan coins, and of their foreign features which were gradually replaced by Indian features in his later coins." in BOOK, Mookerji, Radhakumud, The Gupta Empire, 1997, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 9788120804401, 30,weblink en, BOOK, Higham, Charles, Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations, 2014, Infobase Publishing, 9781438109961, 82,weblink en, The Guptas even adopted from the Kushans the name of Dinara for their coinage, which ultimately came from the Roman name Denarius aureus."Known by the term Dinars in early Gupta inscriptions, their gold coinage was based on the weight standard of the Kushans i.e. 8 gms/120 grains. It was replaced in the time of Skandagupta by a standard of 80 ratis or 144 grains" BOOK, Vanaja, R., Indian Coinage, 1983, National Museum,weblink en, BOOK, Mookerji, Radhakumud, The Gupta Empire, 1997, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 9788120804401, 31,weblink en, Gupta inscriptions using the term "Dinara" for money: No 5-9, 62, 64 in BOOK, Fleet, John Faithfull, Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors, 1960,weblink The standard coin type of Samudragupta is highly similar to the coinage of the later Kushan rulers, including the sacrificial scene over an altar, the depiction of a halo, while differences include the headdress of the ruler (a close-fitting cap instead of the Kushan pointed hat), the Garuda standard instead of the trident, and Samudragupta's jewelry, which is Indian.The following types of Samudragupta's coins, inscribed with Sanskrit language legends, have been discovered:BOOK, Allen, John, Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties, 1914, 1-20,weblink

Standard type

• Obverse legend: Samara-shata-vitata-vijayo-jita-ripurajito-divam-jayati. Translation: "The unconquered one who has conquered his enemies [and] has continuously attained victories in a hundred battles, wins heaven";{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=92}} Alternative translation: "The conqueror of the unconquered fortresses of his enemies, whose victory was spread in hundreds of battles, conquers heaven".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
• Reverse legend: Prakramah{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

Archer type

• Depicts Samudragupta standing fully dressed with a bow on his left hand and an arrow on his right hand.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
• Obverse legend: Apratiratha vijitya kshitim sucharitair (or avnipatir) divam Jayati. Translation: "Unopposed by hostile chariots, conquering the earth, he conquers heaven by his good deeds".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
• Reverse legend: Apratirathah{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

Battle-axe type

• Obverse legend: Kritanta-parshur-jayatyajitarajajetaji-tah. Translation: "Wielding the axe of Kritanta (the god of death), the unconquered conqueror of unconquered kings is victorious"{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
• Reverse legend: Kritanta-parashuh{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

Tiger-slayer type

• Depicts the king wearing turban and waist-cloth, and trampling a tiger{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
• Legend: Vaghra-prakramah. Translation: "Having the prowess of a tiger".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

Lyrist type

• Depicts Samudragupta wearing waist-cloth and seated cross-legged on a couch, playing a veena that lies on his knees.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}
• Legend: the king's name{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

Ashvamedha type

• Obverse legend: Rajadhirajah prithvim avitva divam jayatyahritavaji-medhah ("the overlord of kings, who has performed the horse-sacrifice, having protected the earth, conquers the heaven") on the reverse.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}
  • Some coins have an alternative legend: Rajadhirajah prithvim avitva divam jayatya-prativarya-viryah ("the overlord of kings, of irresistible valour, having protected the earth, wins heaven").{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}
• Reverse legend: Ashvamedha-prakramah ("possessing the valour to perform the horse-sacrifice")

Various scholars, including numismatist John Allan, consider that the gold coins bearing the portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi were issued by Samudragupta to commemorate his parents,BOOK, Mookerji, Radhakumud, The Gupta Empire, 1997, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 9788120804401, 30,weblink en, BOOK, Higham, Charles, Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations, 2014, Infobase Publishing, 9781438109961, 82,weblink en, while others have attributed the issue of these coins to Chandragupta himself.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=11}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=91-92}}Samudragupta circa 335-380 CE.jpg | A gold coin of SamudraguptaChandragupta I or Samudragupta. Circa 320-335 or 335-380 AD.jpg|Commemorative type of Chandragupta I: this coin is in the name of Chandragupta I, but since no other coin types of Chandragupta are known, this is thought to be a commemorative issue minted by his son Samudragupta.BOOK, Higham, Charles, Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations, 2014, Infobase Publishing, 9781438109961, 82,weblink en, BOOK, Brown, C. J., The Coins of India, 1987, Asian Educational Services, 9788120603455, 41,weblink en, Samudragupta circa 335-380 CE Ashvameda type.jpg | Ashvamedha type coinSamudragupta Circa 335-380 CE Lyrist type.jpg | Lyrist type coin

Inscriptions

File:Ashoka Pillar, Allahabad, 1870.jpg|thumb| Samudragupta inscriptions on Allahabad pillar.]]Two inscriptions from Samudragupta's reign have been discovered:{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=67}}

• Allahabad Pillar inscription
• Eran stone inscription

Fleet theorized that the Allahabad Pillar inscription was posthumous, and was issued during the reign of Chandragupta II, but modern scholars disagree with this theory.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=69}}Two other records are attributed to Samudragupta's reign, but the genuineness of these records is disputed:{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=70}}

• Nalanda inscription, dated to the regnal year 5
• Gaya inscription, dated to the regnal year 9

Both these inscriptions state that they were written at the order of the Gupta officer Gopaswamin. Like the Mathura stone inscription of Chandragupta II, these records describe Samudragupta as the "restorer of the Ashvamedha sacrifice". It seems suspicious that records issued so early in Samudragupta's reign mention this claim, which does not appear in the later Allahabad Pillar inscription. One possibility is that these records were issued during Samudragupta's reign, and were damaged after some time, because of which they were restored during the reign of Chandragupta II.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=70}}

Eran inscription

(File:Eran inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Eran inscription of Samudragupta.)At Eran, an inscription by Samudragupta seems to succeed that of a local Saka ruler named Sridharavarman, already known from the Kanakerha inscription at Sanchi and another inscription in Eran. Samudragupta may therefore have ousted Sridharavarman in his campaigns to the West."During the course of this expedition, he is believed to have attacked and defeated the Saka Chief Shridhar Varman, ruling over Eran-Vidisha region. He then annexed the area and erected a monument at Eran (modern Sagar District) "for the sake cf augmenting his fame"." in BOOK, Pradesh (India), Madhya, Krishnan, V. S., Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers, 1982, Government Central Press, 28,weblink en, The Eran Inscription of Samudragupta is presently stored in Kolkata Indian Museum. The inscription, in red sandstone, was found not far to the west of the ruined temple of the boar. It reads:{{blockquote|(Lines 1 to 6, containing the whole of the first verse and the first half of the second, are entirely broken away and lost.) (Line 7.)— ....................................in giving gold ...................................... [by whom] Prithu and Râghava and other kings [were outshone.] (L. 9.)— . . . . . . . . . there was Samudragupta, equal to (the gods) Dhanada and Antaka in (respectively) pleasure and anger; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by policy; (and) [by whom] the whole tribe of kings upon the earth was [overthrown] and reduced to the loss of the wealth of their sovereignty;— (L. 13.)— [Who], by . . . . . . . . . satisfied by devotion and policy and valour,—by the glories, consisting of the consecration by besprinkling, &c., that belong to the title of'king,'— (and) by . . . . . . . . . . . combined with supreme satisfaction, — .................. (was) a king whose vigour could not be resisted;— (L. 17.)— [By whom] there was married a virtuous and faithful wife, whose dower was provided by (his) manliness and prowess; who was possessed of an abundance of [elephants] and horses and money and grain; who delighted in the houses of .............; (and) who went about in the company of many sons and sons' sons;— (L. 21.)— Whose deeds in battle (are) kindled with prowess; (whose) . . . . . . very mighty fame is always circling round about; and whose enemies are terrified, when they think,even in the intervals of dreaming, of (his). . . . . . . that are vigorous in war; — (L. 25.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a place in Airikina (Eran), the city of his own enjoyment. . . . . . . . . . . . . has been set up, for the sake of augmenting his own fame. (L. 27.) — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . when the king said . . . . . . . (The rest of the inscription is entirely broken away and lost.)|Eran inscription of SamudraguptaFleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, pp20-21}}

Religion

Samudragputa's Eran inscription records the installation of a Vishnu idol in a temple.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} The Nalanda and Gaya inscriptions attributed to Samudragupta explicitly call him a devotee of Vishnu (parama-Bhagavata){{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}} He was also tolerant towards Buddhism, and permitted the construction of a Buddhist monastery commissioned by the Anuradhapura king Meghavarna at Bodh Gaya in his territory.{{sfn|Lallanji Gopal|1969|pp=56–57, 74}}The Allahabad Pillar inscription states that Samudragupta was engaged in the performance of the Brahmanical ceremonies of Sattra (Soma sacrifices) and Diksha. It describes him as "the giver of many hundreds of thousands of cows".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91}} The Mathura stone inscription of his son Chandragupta II also describes him as the giver of "millions of cows and gold".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} It appears that Samudragupta donated these cows to the Brahmins who officiated his Sattra and Diksha ceremonies.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91}} The Eran inscription states that Samudragupta surpassed Prithu, Raghava and other legendary kings in giving gold.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=67}}The Allahabad Pillar inscription alludes to his divine kingship, comparing him to the Parama Purusha (supreme being), and also with deities such as Dhanada (Kubera), Varuna, Indra, and Antaka (Yama).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91}} The Eran inscription states that he was equal to Kubera and Yama in pleasure and anger respectively.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=67}} The Mathura stone inscription similarly describes him as equal to the deities Kubera, Varuna, Indra, and Yama.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}}

Ashvamedha

Samudragupta performed the Ashvamedha ritual, which was used by the ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty, and issued gold coins (see Coinage section) to mark this performance.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=125–126}} The copper-plate inscriptions of Samudragupta's granddaughter Prabhavati-Gupta, who was a Vakataka queen, describe him as the performer of multiple horse sacrifices. According to one theory, Samudragupta indeed performed more than one horse sacrifices, as attested by the presence of two different legends on his Ashvamedha coins. Another theory dismisses the claim on Prabhavati-Gupta's inscriptions as an exaggeration or a scribal error since this claim does not appear on the inscriptions of Samudragupta or his successors.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}The Mathura stone inscription of Chandragupta II describes Samudragupta as "the restorer of the Ashvamedha sacrifice that had been long in abeyance" (Smith's translation). This claim also appears in the inscriptions of the subsequent Gupta kings,{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=68}} as well as the spurious Gaya and Nalanda inscriptions attributed to Samudragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}} However, several kings including those from Bharashiva, Vakataka, Shalankayana, and Pallava dynasties had had performed Ashvamedha in the preceding years.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=126}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=93}} Different scholars have attempted to explain this anomaly in different ways: H. C. Raychaudhuri suggests that the Gupta court poet did not know about these kings.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=127}} According to R. C. Majumdar, Samudragupta was the first king several centuries to perform the sacrifice in the Magadha region.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}} Majumdar also theorizes that the Ashvamedha ceremony performed by Bharashiva, Vakataka, and other near-contemporary kings was "more of a religious nature", while Samudragupta's ceremony actually involved proving his imperial sovereignty.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=33}} Similarly, scholars such as S. K. Aiyangar and D. R. Bhandarkar, theorize that unlike the other kings, Samudragupta performed a "full-fledged" Ashvamedha ceremony. Others, such as V. S. Pathak and Jagannath Agrawal, interpret the verse to mean that Samudragupta performed the horse-ritual that lasted for a long-time.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=127}}The surviving verses of Samudragupta's own Allahabad Pillar inscription do not mention the Ashvamedha ceremony. According to one theory, this inscription was put up to mark the beginning of the ceremony, as the panegyrics of the sacrificer were an essential part of the Ashvamedha ceremony.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=127}} It is possible that its first four lines, which are now lost, contained a reference to the ceremony. {{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=32}}

Personality

Samudragupta's coins depict him as a man of tall stature and muscular physique.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=95}} The Allahabad Pillar inscription presents him as a compassionate ruler, stating that his "mind was engaged in providing relief to the low, the poor, the helpless, and the afflicted".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=91, 94}} It also mentions that he reinstated many royal families which had lost their kingdoms, including the kings defeated by him.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}} At the same time, it states that he maintained strict administration ("Prachanda shasana").{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}The inscription states that Samudragupta became famous among the learned people because of his poetical works, and earned the epithet "king of poets".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}} This suggests that he composed some poetical works, but none of these works now survive.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}}The inscription also boasts that Samudragupta put to shame the celestial musician Tumburu and Narada by his lovely performances of music. {{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}} Samudragupta's musical talents are also corroborated by his gold coins which depict him playing a veena. {{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}}The inscription praises Samudragupta's wisdom and intellect,{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=31}} stating that he put to shame the preceptor of the Lord of the Gods (that is, Brihaspati) by his sharp intellect.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=94}}

Succession

The official records of the Gupta dynasty state that Samudragupta was succeeded by Chandragupta II, who was his son from Dattadevi.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=46}} Based on a reconstruction of the partially-lost Sanskrit play Devichandraguptam, a section of modern historians believe that Samudragupta was initially succeeded by Ramagupta (presumably the eldest son), who was then dethroned by Chandragupta II.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=48}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=95–96}}

References

{{reflist|22em}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Ajay Mitra Shastri, Ajay Mitra Shastri, Inscriptions of the ÅšarabhapurÄ«yas, Pāṇḍuvaṁśins and Somavaṁśins,weblink 1995, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-0637-5,
• BOOK, Ashvini Agrawal, Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas,weblink 1989, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-0592-7,
• BOOK, K. Chakrabarti, Origin and political history of the Guptas, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750,weblink 1996, UNESCO, 978-92-3-103211-0,
• BOOK, Lallanji Gopal, Samudragupta,weblink 1969, National Book Trust, 583078075,
• BOOK, R. C. Majumdar, R. C. Majumdar, A Comprehensive History of India, 3, Part I: A.D. 300–985,weblink 1981, Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House, 34008529,
• BOOK, Shankar Goyal, Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions,weblink 2001, Book Enclave, 978-81-87036-66-1,
• BOOK, Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century,weblink 2008, Pearson Education India, 978-81-317-1120-0,
• BOOK, Tej Ram Sharma, Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions,weblink 258, 1978, Concept, 249004782,
• BOOK, Tej Ram Sharma, A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta,weblink 1989, Concept, 978-81-7022-251-4,
• BOOK, Upinder Singh, Upinder Singh, Political Violence in Ancient India,weblink 2017, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-98128-7,

Further reading

• BOOK, Dilip Kumar Ganguly, The Imperial Guptas and Their Times,weblink 1987, Abhinav, 978-81-7017-222-2,

External links

• Catalogue of Coins of Samudragupta

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