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Kosambi
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{For|the Indian district|Kaushambi district}}{{Other uses}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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History
(File:MET DP702288 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Woman riding two bulls (bronze), from Kausambi, {{Circa|2000-1750 BCE}})During the 2nd millennium BCE Ochre Coloured Pottery culture spread in the region.Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of Maurya Empire with occupation continuing until the Gupta Empire. As a small town, it was established in the late Vedic period,BOOK, The Wonder That Was India, A. L. Basham, Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Rupa and Co, 2002, 0-283-99257-3, 41, BOOK, The Strides of Vishnu,weblink limited, Ariel Glucklich, Oxford University Press, 2008, 978-0-19-531405-2, 46, by the rulers of Kuru Kingdom as their new capital. The initial Kuru capital Hastinapur was destroyed by floods, and the Kuru King transferred his entire capital with the subjects to a new capital that he built near the Ganga-Jamuna confluence, which was 56 km away from the southernmost part of the Kuru Kingdom, and is now known as Prayagraj, previously called Allahabad.NEWS,weblink
, The Ghositarama of Kaushambi
, Rohan L. Jayetilleke
, Daily News (Sri Lanka), Daily News
, 2007-12-05
, 2008-10-29
, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110604160714weblink">weblink
, 4 June 2011
, dmy-all
, {{BuddhasHolySites}}During the period prior the Maurya Empire, Kosambi was the capital of the independent kingdom of Vatsa,J.iv.28; vi.236 one of the Mahajanapadas. Kosambi was a very prosperous city by the time of Gautama Buddha, where a large number of wealthy merchants resided. It was an important entrepôt of goods and passengers from north-west and south. It figures very prominently in the accounts of the life of Buddha.File:MET DP252968.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Bronze Goddess with Weapons in Her Hair, from Northern India (possibly Kausambi), 2nd century BCE]]Historically, Kosambi remained a solid urban centre through the Mauryan period and during the Gupta period. Pillars of Ashoka are found both in Kosambi and in Prayagraj. The present location of the Kosambi pillar inside the ruins of the fort attests to the existence of Mauryan military presence in the region. The Allahabad pillar is an edict issued toward the Mahamattas of Kosambi, giving credence to the fact that it was originally located in Kosambi.BOOK
, The Ghositarama of Kaushambi
, Rohan L. Jayetilleke
, Daily News (Sri Lanka), Daily News
, 2007-12-05
, 2008-10-29
, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110604160714weblink">weblink
, 4 June 2011
, dmy-all
, AÅoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
, Romila Thapar
, Romila Thapar
, Oxford University Press, New Delhi
, 1997
, 0-19-564445-X
, 290â291
, JOURNAL, 25201233, Krishnaswamy, C.S., Ghosh, Amalananda, October 1935, A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of AÅoka, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 4, 4, 697â706, , Romila Thapar
, Romila Thapar
, Oxford University Press, New Delhi
, 1997
, 0-19-564445-X
, 290â291
, The Edicts of AÅoka
, Vincent Smith
, Vincent Arthur Smith
, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi
, 1992
, 37
, (File:Tribal Kosambi (Kaushambi) damaru coinage from the Ganges Valley.jpg|thumb|Two Damaru-shaped coins from the Gangetic Valley.)In the post-Mauryan period a tribal society at Kosambi (modern Prayagraj district) made cast copper coinage with and without punchmarks. Their coinage resemble the Damaru-drum. All such coinage has been attributed to the Kosambi. Many Indian museums, such as the National Museum, have these coins in their collections.BOOK, Sharma, Savita, Numismatic Digest,weblink 1981, Numismatic Society of Bombay., 5, 1â3, Damaru-shaped Coins from Kausambi, 150424986, It is possible that Pushyamitra Shunga may have shifted his capital from Pataliputra to Kaushambi. After his death, his empire was divided (perhaps amongst his sons), into several Mitra dynasties. The dynasty of Kaushambi also established hegemony over a wide area including Magadha, and possibly Kannauj as well.BOOK, K. D. Bajpai, Indian Numismatic Studies,weblink October 2004, Abhinav Publications, 978-81-7017-035-8, 37â39, 45, , Vincent Smith
, Vincent Arthur Smith
, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi
, 1992
, 37
, Recent Studies in Indian Archaeology
, K. Paddayya
, S. Kusumgar and M. G. YadavaMunshi Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi
, 2002
, 81-215-0929-7
, 445â451
, Kosambi was a fortified town with an irregular oblong plan. Excavations of the ruins revealed the existence of gates on three sides-east, west and north. The location of the southern gate can not be precisely determined due to water erosion. Besides the bastions, gates and sub-gates, the city was encircled on three sides by a moat, which, though filled up at places, it still discernible on the northern side. At some points, however, there is evidence of more than one moat. The city extended to an area of approximately 6.5 km. The city shows a large extent of brickworks indicating the density of structures in the city.The Buddhist commentarial scriptures give two reasons for the name Kausambi/KosambÄ«. The more favouredE.g., UdA.248; SNA.300; MA.i.535. Epic tradition ascribes the foundation of KosambÄ« to a Cedi prince, while the origin of the Vatsa people is traced to a king of KÄsÄ«, see PHAI.83, 84 is that the city was so called because it was founded in or near the site of the hermitage once occupied by the sage Kusumba (v.l. Kusumbha). Another explanation ise.g., MA i.539; PsA.413 that large and stately neem trees or KosammarukkhÄ grew in great numbers in and around the city., K. Paddayya
, S. Kusumgar and M. G. YadavaMunshi Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi
, 2002
, 81-215-0929-7
, 445â451
Buddhist history of Kaushambi
In the time of the Buddha, its king was Parantapa, and after him reigned his son Udena (Pali. Sanskrit: Udayana).MA.ii.740f; DhA.i.164f KosambÄ« was evidently a city of great importance at the time of the Buddha for we find Ananda mentioning it as one of the places suitable for the Buddha's ParinibbÄna.D.ii.146,169 It was also the most important halt for traffic coming to Kosala and Magadha from the south and the west.See, e.g., Vin.i.277The city was thirty leagues by river from Benares (modern day Varanasi). (We are told that the fish which swallowed Bakkula travelled thirty leagues through the YamunÄ, from KosambÄ« to BanaresAA.i.170; PsA.491). The usual route from RÄjagaha to KosambÄ« was up the river (this was the route taken by Ananda when he went with five hundred others to inflict the higher punishment on Channa, Vin.ii.290), though there seems to have been a land route passing through Anupiya and KosambÄ« to RÄjagahaSee Vin.ii.184f). In the Sutta NipÄta (vv.1010-13) the whole route is given from Mahissati to RÄjagaha, passing through KosambÄ«, the halting-places mentioned being: Ujjeni, Gonaddha, Vedisa, Vanasavhya, KosambÄ«, SÄketa, Sravasthi/SÄvatthi, SetavyÄ, Kapilavasthu/Kapilavatthu, KusinÄrÄ, PÄvÄ, Bhoganagara and VesÄli.Near KosambÄ«, by the river, was Udayana/Udena's park, the Udakavana, where Ananda and Pindola Bharadvaja preached to the women of Udena's palace on two occasions.Vin.ii.290f; SNA.ii.514; J.iv.375 The Buddha is mentioned as having once stayed in the SimsapÄvana in KosambÄ«.S.v.437 MahÄ KaccÄna lived in a woodland near KosambÄ« after the holding of the First Buddhist Council.PvA.141(File:Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi.jpg|thumb|Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi dating back to 6th century BC)Buddhist monasteries in Kosambi
Already in the Buddha's time there were four establishments of the Order in KosambÄ« â the KukkutÄrÄma, the GhositÄrÄma, the PÄvÄrika-ambavana (these being given by three of the most eminent citizens of KosambÄ«, named respectively, Kukkuta, Ghosita, and PÄvÄrika), and the BadarikÄrÄma. The Buddha visited KosambÄ« on several occasions, stopping at one or other of these residences, and several discourses delivered during these visits are recorded in the books. (Thomas, op. cit., 115, n.2, doubts the authenticity of the stories connected with the Buddha's visits to KosambÄ«, holding that these stories are of later invention).The Buddha spent his ninth rainy season at KosambÄ«, and it was on his way there on this occasion that he made a detour to KammÄssadamma and was offered in marriage MÄgandiyÄ, daughter of the Brahmin MÄgandiya. The circumstances are narrated in connection with the MÄgandiya Sutta. MÄgandiyÄ took the Buddha's refusal as an insult to herself, and, after her marriage to King Udena (of Kosambi), tried in various ways to take revenge on the Buddha, and also on Udena's wife SÄmavatÄ«, who had been the Buddha's follower.DhA.i.199ff; iii.193ff; iv.1ff; Ud.vii.10The schism at Kaushambi
A great schism once arose among the monks in KosambÄ«. Some monks charged one of their colleagues with having committed the offence of leaving water in the dipper in the bathroom (which would let mosquitoes breed in it), but he refused to acknowledge the charge and, being himself learned in the Vinaya, argued his case and pleaded that the charge be dismissed. The rules were complicated; on the one hand, the monk had broken a rule and was treated as an offender, but on the other, he should not have been so treated if he could not see that he had done wrong. The monk was eventually excommunicated, and this brought about a great dissension. When the matter was reported to the Buddha, he admonished the partisans of both sides and urged them to give up their differences, but they paid no heed, and even blows were exchanged. The people of KosambÄ«, becoming angry at the monks' behaviour, the quarrel grew apace. The Buddha once more counselled concord, relating to the monks the story of King DÄ«ghiti of Kosala, but his efforts at reconciliation were of no avail, one of the monks actually asking him to leave them to settle their differences without his interference. In disgust, the Buddha left KosambÄ« and, journeying through BÄlakalonakÄragÄma and the PÄcÄ«navamsadaya, retired alone to keep retreat in the PÄrileyyaka forest. In the meantime the monks of both parties repented, partly owing to the pressure exerted by their lay followers in KosambÄ«, and, coming to the Buddha at SÄvatthi, they asked his pardon and settled their dispute.Vin.i.337-57; J.iii.486ff (cp.iii.211ff); DhA.i.44ff; SA.ii.222f. The story of the Buddha going into the forest is given in Ud.iv.5. and in S.iii.94, but the reason given in these texts is that he found KosambÄ« uncomfortable owing to the vast number of monks, lay people, and heretics. But see UdA.248f, and SA.ii.222f).Other legends and references in literature
Bakkula was the son of a banker in KosambÄ«.MA.ii.929; AA.i.170 In the Buddha's time there lived near the ferry at KosambÄ« a powerful NÄga-king, the reincarnation of a former ship's captain. The NÄga was converted by SÄgata, who thereby won great fame.AA.i.179; but see J.i.360, where the incident is given as happening at BhaddavatikÄ RujÄ was born in a banker's family in KosambÄ«.J.vi.237f Citta-pandita was also born there.J.iv.392 A king, by name Kosambaka, once ruled there.During the time of the Vajjian heresy, when the Vajjian monks of VesÄli wished to excommunicate Yasa KÄkandakaputta, he went by air to KosambÄ«, and from there sent messengers to the orthodox monks in the different centres (Vin.ii.298; Mhv.iv.17).It was at KosambÄ« that the Buddha promulgated a rule forbidding the use of intoxicants by monks (Vin.ii.307).KosambÄ« is mentioned in the Buddhist scripture Samyutta NikÄya.S.iv.179; but see AA.i.170; MA.ii.929; PsA.491, all of which indicate that the city was on the YamunÄ) as being "GangÄya nadiyÄ tÄ«re." This is either an error, or here the name GangÄ refers not to the Ganges but to the YamunÄ«.Kausambi Palace architecture
File:Mahabodhi Palace scene.jpg|thumb|an Indian palace depiction in Mahabodhi railing medallion, showing vaulted underground chambers called suranga, as described by Kautiliya in ArthashastraArthashastraThe archaeological excavation conducted by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) at Kausambi revealed a palace with its foundations going back to 8th century BCE until 2nd century CE and built in six phases. The last phase dated to 1st - 2nd century CE featured an extensive structure which was divided into three blocks and enclosed two galleries. There was a central hall in the central block and presumably used as an audience hall surrounded by rooms which served as a residential place for the ruler. The entire structure was constructed using bricks and stones and two layers of lime were plastered on it. The palace had a vast network of underground chambers and the superstructure and the galleries were made on the principle of true arch. The four-centered pointed arch was used to span narrow passageways and segmental arch for wider areas. The superstructure of central and eastern block was examined to have formed part of a dome that adorned the building. The entire galleries and superstructure were found collapsed under 5 cm thick layer of ash which indicates destruction of the palace through conflagration.BOOK, Indian Archaeology: A review 1961-62, Gosh, A., Archaeological survey of India, 1964, New Delhi, 50â52,Notes
{{Reflist}}References
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160513183352weblink">Official website of Kaushambi district
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070929124355weblink">Early history of Kausambi, IIT Delhi archive
- Entry on Kosambi in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
- Tripathi, Aruna; The Buddhist Art of Kausambi from 300 BC-AD 550, New Delhi, D.K. Printworld, 2003, {{ISBN|81-246-0226-3}}
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