| locmapin = | map_label =| area =| built = 1733| architect =| architecture =2008a}}| refnum = 80002673}}Bowling Green is a small, historic, public park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, at the southern end and address origin of Broadway. Located in the 17th century next to the site of the original Dutch fort of New Amsterdam, it served as a public gathering place and under the English was designated as a park in 1733. It is the oldest public park in New York City and is surrounded by its original 18th-century cast iron fence. The park included an actual bowling green and a monumental equestrian statue of King George III prior to the American Revolutionary War. Pulled down during the revolution, the 4000-pound statute is said to have been melted for ammunition to fight the British. Bowling Green is adjacent to another historic park, Battery Park, located to the southwest. It is surrounded by several buildings, including the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House (with the NYC office of the National Archives), the International Mercantile Marine Company Building, Bowling Green Offices Building, Cunard Building, 26 Broadway, and 2 Broadway. The Charging Bull sculpture is located on the northern end of the park. The park is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places under the name Bowling Green Fence and Park. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, an NRHP district created in 2007.

History

(File:William Walcutt statue George III.png|thumb|Pulling Down the Statue of King George III, N.Y.C., ({{circa|1854}}) by William Walcutt)File:Johannes Adam Simon Oertel Pulling Down the Statue of King George III, N.Y.C. ca. 1859.jpg|thumb|Pulling Down the Statue of King George III, N.Y.C., ({{circa|1859}}) A romanticized (Victorian era]] painting with historical inaccuracies: the sculpture is depicted in 1850s garb, and Native Americans, women and children are at the scene.)(File:George Washington by John Trumbull 1790.jpg|right|thumb|George Washington at Verplanks Point by John Trumbull 1790; the remains of the George III statue pedestal can be seen at the bottom between the horse’s legs.)(File:Battery and Bowling Green during the Revolution.jpeg|right|thumb|An 1859 engraving showing the remains of the George III statue pedestal in Bowling Green Park)File:The Custom House, New York, 1799-1815.jpg|thumb|right|Government House as the Custom House, 1799â€“1815; Bowling Green shown on the left]]File:Consuelo Kanaga (American, 1894-1978). Untitled (Bowling Green, NYC).jpg|thumb|right|Consuelo Kanaga, Untitled (Bowling Green, NYC) early 20th century, Brooklyn Museum Brooklyn Museum

Lenape site

Bowling Green was a significant cultural site before European colonization. There may have been a residence for the chief of a local Lenape Native American tribe at the southern end of the Wickquasgeck trail (modern-day Broadway).WEB, SHEIDLOWER, NOAH, 21 NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE SITES IN NYC,untappedcities.com/2017/04/11/the-top-10-secrets-of-bowling-green-the-oldest-public-park-in-nyc/10/, Untapped New York, April 11, 2017, 14 June 2022, There was also a large elm at the end of the trail, where the trail split. It is likely at Bowling Green that the Dutch Governor Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan for $24 worth of merchandise in 1626.WEB,www.baycrossings.com/archives/2002/04_May/new_york_harbor_history.htm, Bowling Green:The Birthplace of New York, Richard B. Marrin, 2011-06-07,www.baycrossings.com/archives/2002/04_May/new_york_harbor_history.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110607002428www.baycrossings.com/archives/2002/04_May/new_york_harbor_history.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110607002428www.baycrossings.com/archives/2002/04_May/new_york_harbor_history.htm, 2022-06-19, June 7, 2011,

Colonial era

The park has long been a center of activity in the city, going back to colonial New Amsterdam, when it served as a cattle market between 1638 and 1647, and a parade ground. In 1675, the city’s Common Council designated the “plaine afore the forte” for an annual market of “graine, cattle and other produce of the country”. In 1677, the city’s first public well was dug in front of Fort Amsterdam at Bowling Green.WEB,www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.html, New York City’s Water Supply System: History, nyc.gov, dead,www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20061205063041www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.html,">web.archive.org/web/20061205063041www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/history.html, December 5, 2006, February 27, 2020, In 1733, the Common Council leased a portion of the parade grounds to three prominent neighboring landlords for a peppercorn a year, upon their promise to create a park that would be “the delight of the Inhabitants of the City” and add to its “Beauty and Ornament”; the improvements were to include a “bowling green” with “walks therein”.GOTHAM, The surrounding streets were not paved with cobblestones until 1744.On August 21, 1770, the British government erected a {{convert|4000|lb|kg|adj=on}} gilded lead equestrian statue of King George III in Bowling Green; the King was dressed in Roman garb in the style of the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. The statue had been commissioned in 1766, along with a statue of William Pitt, from the prominent London sculptor Joseph Wilton, as a celebration of victory after the Seven Years’ War. With the rapid deterioration of relations with the mother country after 1770, the statue became a magnet for the Bowling Green protests.On November 1, 1765, the Sons of Liberty, protesting the Stamp Act, had marched down Broadway carrying an effigy of the Royal Governor. They threw rocks and bricks at the adjacent Fort George, and at Bowling Green they burned the Governor’s effigy as well as his coach, which had fallen into their hands. In 1773, the city passed an anti-graffiti and anti-desecration law to counter vandalism against the monument, and a protective cast-iron fence was built along the perimeter of the park; the fence is still extant,NEWS,nymag.com/arts/books/features/robert-sullivan-my-american-revolution-2012-9/, Permanent Revolution, September 10, 2012, New York (magazine), New York Magazine, April 7, 2014, April 8, 2014,nymag.com/arts/books/features/robert-sullivan-my-american-revolution-2012-9/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140408213414nymag.com/arts/books/features/robert-sullivan-my-american-revolution-2012-9/,">web.archive.org/web/20140408213414nymag.com/arts/books/features/robert-sullivan-my-american-revolution-2012-9/, live, making it the city’s oldest fence.WEB,untappedcities.com/2018/07/24/bowling-green-park-has-the-oldest-fence-in-nyc-a-cast-iron-witness-to-the-american-revolution/, Bowling Green Park Has the Oldest Fence in NYC, A Cast Iron Witness to the American Revolution, Thurber, Dan, July 24, 2018, Untapped New York, February 3, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200203004241/https://untappedcities.com/2018/07/24/bowling-green-park-has-the-oldest-fence-in-nyc-a-cast-iron-witness-to-the-american-revolution/, February 3, 2020, live, On July 9, 1776, after the Declaration of Independence was read to Washington’s troops at the current site of City Hall, local Sons of Liberty rushed down Broadway to Bowling Green to topple the statue of King George III; in the process, finials on the tops of the fence depicting the royal symbol of a crown were sawed off. The event is one of the most enduring images in the city’s history. According to folklore, the statue was chopped up and shipped to a Connecticut foundry under the direction of Oliver Wolcott to be made into 42,088 patriot bullets at 20 bullets per pound (2,104.4 pounds). The statue’s head was to have been paraded about town on pike-staffs but was recovered by Loyalists and sent to England. Eight pieces of the lead statue are preserved at the New-York Historical Society,WEB,www.nyhistory.org/exhibits/search?words=George%20III%20Statue, Museum Collections: George III Statue, nyhistory.org, live, February 27, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20180708224025/https://www.nyhistory.org/exhibits/search?words=George%2520III%2520Statue, July 8, 2018, one is in the Museum of the City of New York, and one is in Connecticut.WEB,www.museumofcthistory.org/funfacts.asp, 10 Museum of Connecticut History Fun Facts, Museumofcthistory.org, June 5, 2014, dead,www.museumofcthistory.org/funfacts.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20141015081149www.museumofcthistory.org/funfacts.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20141015081149www.museumofcthistory.org/funfacts.asp, October 15, 2014, (estimated total of 260â€“270 pounds);{{efn|Five other pieces are reported to have survived but have been missing since 1777, 1829, and 1864 (an 1867 account claims that this latter piece was destroyed).BOOK, Booth, M. L., History of the City of New York, W.R.C. Clark, v. 1, 1867,books.google.com/books?id=-HMUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA431, February 8, 2020, 431â€“432, 1894WEB, Find New Fragment of Lead Georfge III.; Bit of Equestrian Statue at Bowling Green Which Was Pulled Down in 1776. Bulk Cast Into Bullets But Tories Stole Some Pieces and Piously Buried Them â€“ One of These Turns Up at Wilton, Conn., The New York Times, August 31, 1908,www.nytimes.com/1908/08/31/archives/find-new-fragment-of-lead-george-iii-bit-of-equestrian-statue-at.html, February 8, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20180708221526/https://www.nytimes.com/1908/08/31/archives/find-new-fragment-of-lead-george-iii-bit-of-equestrian-statue-at.html, July 8, 2018, live, }} In 1991 the left hand and forearm of the statue was found in Wilton Connecticut; likewise 9 lead musket balls from the Monmouth Battlefield had the same lead content as the statueWEB,historydaily.org/king-george-iii-statue-beheading, History Daily King George III Statue Beheading, August 2, 2021, August 2, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210802021742/https://historydaily.org/king-george-iii-statue-beheading, live, The stone slab on which the statue rested was used as a gravestone before becoming part of the collection of the New-York Historical Society; the stone pedestal itself remained until it was torn down. The event has been depicted over the years in several works of art, including an 1854 painting by William Walcutt, and an 1859 painting by Johannes Adam Simon Oertel.On November 25, 1783, a U.S. soldier managed to rip down the British flag at Bowling Green and replace it with the Stars and Stripesâ€”an apparently difficult feat, since the British had greased the flagpole. As the defeated British military boarded ships back to England, then-General George Washington triumphantly led the Continental Army through Manhattan down to Bowling Green to witness the last British troops sailing away from Lower Manhattan.WEB,www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160210/financial-district/bowling-green-be-co-named-evacuation-day-plaza, Bowling Green To Be Co-Named ‘Evacuation Day Plaza’, Plagianos, Irene, February 10, 2016, DNAinfo New York, dead,web.archive.org/web/20170630180812/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160210/financial-district/bowling-green-be-co-named-evacuation-day-plaza, June 30, 2017, June 27, 2017,

Postcolonial era

The marble slab of the statue’s pedestal was first used as the tombstone of a Major John Smith of the Black Watch, who died in 1783. When Smith’s grave site was leveled in 1804, the slab became a stone step at two successive mansions; in 1880 the inscription was rediscovered, and the slab was transferred to the New-York Historical Society. The monument base can be seen in the background of the portrait of George Washington painted by John Trumbull in 1790, now sited in City Hall. The William Pitt statue is in the New-York Historical Society.BOOK, Wall, Alexander James,archive.org/details/equestrianstatue01wall, The Equestrian Statue of George III and The Pedestrian Statue of William Pitt Erected in the City of New York 1770, New-York Historical Society, 1920, February 25, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20161228090916/https://archive.org/details/equestrianstatue01wall, December 28, 2016, live, NEWS,allthingsliberty.com/2014/09/the-statue-of-george-iii, The Statute of George III Journal of the American revolution website, Journal of the American Revolution, September 8, 2014, February 12, 2022, February 13, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220213061434/https://allthingsliberty.com/2014/09/the-statue-of-george-iii/, live, Following the Revolution, the remains of Fort Amsterdam facing Bowling Green were demolished in 1790 and part of the rubble used to extend Battery Park to the west. In its place a grand Government House was built, suitable, it was hoped, for a president’s house, with a four-columned portico facing across Bowling Green and up Broadway. Governor John Jay later inhabited it. When the state capital was moved to Albany, the building served as a boarding house and then the custom house before being demolished in 1815.Eric Homberger, Mrs. Astor’s New York: Money and Social Power in a Gilded Age 2004{{rp|68}} Elegant townhouses were built around the park which remained largely the private domain of the residents, though now some of the Tory patricians of New York were replaced by Republican ones; leading New York merchants, led by Abraham Kennedy, in a mansion at 1 Broadway that had a {{convert|56|foot|m|adj=on}} facade under a central pediment{{efn|1=It is illustrated in a lithograph of Bowling Green.{{rp|pl. 14}}}} and a front towards the Battery Parade, as the new piece of open ground was called. The Hon. John Watts, whose summer place was Rose Hill; Chancellor Robert Livingston at number 5, Stephen Whitney at number 7, and John Stevens all constructed brick residences in Federal style facing Bowling Green. The Alexander Macomb House, the second Presidential Mansion, stood north of the park at 39â€“41 Broadway. President George Washington occupied it from February 23 to August 30, 1790, before the U.S. capital was moved to Philadelphia.In 1825, Bowling Green Park was “laid down in grass”. At the time, it was an ellipse with a diameter of {{Convert|210|ft||abbr=}} on the northâ€“south axis and {{Convert|140|ft||abbr=}} on the eastâ€“west axis.WEB,s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0548.pdf, Bowling Green Fence, July 14, 1970, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, live,s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0548.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20191004131050s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0548.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20191004131050s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0548.pdf, October 4, 2019, February 2, 2020, By 1850, with the opening of Lafayette Street and the subsequent completions of Washington Square Park and Fifth Avenue, the general northward migration of residences in Manhattan led to the conversion of the residences into shipping offices, resulting in full public access to the park.

20th and 21st centuries

(File:Bowling Green NYC 1918.jpg|thumb|Bowling Green in 1918)The park was described in 1926 as having “walks, benches, sumac trees and poorly-kept [sic] lawns”, as well as a fountain in the center used by local children to cool off in the summer.NEWS, New York City’s First Park,www.newspapers.com/clip/45172314/new_york_citys_first_park/, 19 February 2020, The Brooklyn Standard Union, 62, 266, 20, March 28, 1926, Newspapers.com,web.archive.org/web/20200219020651/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45172314/new_york_citys_first_park/, February 19, 2020, live, It suffered neglect after World War II. Starting in 1972, the city renovated Bowling Green to restore its 17th-century character.NEWS, McFadden, Robert D.,www.nytimes.com/1972/03/06/archives/bowling-green-park-to-get-dutch-flavor-back.html, Bowling Green Park to Get Dutch Flavor Back, March 6, 1972, The New York Times, February 24, 2020, en-US, 0362-4331,web.archive.org/web/20200224234530/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/06/archives/bowling-green-park-to-get-dutch-flavor-back.html, February 24, 2020, live, In conjunction with the park’s renovation, the Bowling Green subway station underneath the park was expanded, necessitating the temporary excavation of the park.NEWS, Dembart, Lee,www.nytimes.com/1977/02/18/archives/new-jersey-weekly-catch-the-subway-of-the-future.html, Catch the Subway of the Future, February 18, 1977, The New York Times, February 22, 2020, en-US, 0362-4331,web.archive.org/web/20200222222044/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/18/archives/new-jersey-weekly-catch-the-subway-of-the-future.html, February 22, 2020, live, The renovation faced a lack of funds during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisisNEWS, Horsley, Carter B.,www.nytimes.com/1975/10/06/archives/city-restoration-facing-cutbacks-private-funds-are-sought-for.html, City Restoration Facing Cutbacks, October 6, 1975, The New York Times, February 24, 2020, en-US, 0362-4331, February 24, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200224235800/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/06/archives/city-restoration-facing-cutbacks-private-funds-are-sought-for.html, live, but was completed in the late 1970s.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/1977/09/24/archives/front-page-1-no-title.html, Front Page 1 -- No Title, September 24, 1977, The New York Times, February 22, 2020, en-US, 0362-4331,web.archive.org/web/20200222222200/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/24/archives/front-page-1-no-title.html, February 22, 2020, live, The Bowling Green Fence and Park were listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1980. In 1982, the Irish Institute of New York installed a plaque in the park commemorating an important religious liberty challenge which occurred in colonial Manhattan in 1707, when Reverend Francis Makemie, the founder of American Presbyterianism, preached at a home near the park in defiance of the orders of Lord Cornbury, and was subsequently arrested, charged with preaching a “pernicious doctrine”, and later acquitted.WEB,www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=47313, Francis Makemie Historical Marker, hmdb.org, February 27, 2020, October 18, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201018205202/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=47313, live, WEB,www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bowling-green/monuments/967, Bowling Green Monuments, nycgovpafrks.org, live, February 27, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200224211447/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bowling-green/monuments/967, February 24, 2020, In 1989, the sculpture Charging Bull by Arturo Di Modica was installed at the northern tip of the park by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation after it had been confiscated by the police following its illegal installation on Wall Street. The sculpture has become one of the most popular and recognizable landmarks of the Financial District. In March 2017, Bowling Green was co-named Evacuation Day Plaza, which was marked by the erection of an illuminated street sign,WEB, Evacuation Day Plaza Honored with New Illuminated Street Sign, Downtown Alliance, March 20, 2017,www.downtownny.com/press-releases/evacuation-day-plaza-honored-with-new-illuminated-street-sign, June 27, 2017,www.downtownny.com/press-releases/evacuation-day-plaza-honored-with-new-illuminated-street-sign," title="web.archive.org/web/20170801075601www.downtownny.com/press-releases/evacuation-day-plaza-honored-with-new-illuminated-street-sign,">web.archive.org/web/20170801075601www.downtownny.com/press-releases/evacuation-day-plaza-honored-with-new-illuminated-street-sign, August 1, 2017, live, commemorating the location of a pivotal event in the American Revolutionary War that ended a seven-year occupation by British troops.

Description and surroundings

File:Wpdms 20020923b bowling green composite.jpg|thumb|Seen from the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House. From left to right: 1 Broadway, 11 Broadway, 25 Broadway, 37 Broadway, 26 Broadway, and 2 Broadway 2 BroadwayThe park is a teardrop-shaped plaza formed by the branching of Broadway as it nears Whitehall Street. It has a fenced-in grassy area with a large fountain in the center, surrounded by benches that are popular at lunchtime with workers from the nearby Financial District.The south end of the plaza is bounded by the front entrance of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House,WEB,tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1248&ResourceType=Building,tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1248&ResourceType=Building," title="web.archive.org/web/20110605233855tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1248&ResourceType=Building,">web.archive.org/web/20110605233855tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1248&ResourceType=Building, dead, June 5, 2011, United States Custom House (New York), September 13, 2007, National Historic Landmark summary listing, National Park Service, which houses the George Gustav Heye Center for the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American IndianWEB,www.ny.com/museums/national.museum.of.the.american.indian.html, National Museum of the American Indian, ny.com, April 26, 2011,www.ny.com/museums/national.museum.of.the.american.indian.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110705080654www.ny.com/museums/national.museum.of.the.american.indian.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110705080654www.ny.com/museums/national.museum.of.the.american.indian.html, July 5, 2011, live, and the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (Manhattan Division). Previously there was a public street along the south edge of the park, also called “Bowling Green”, but since this area was needed for a modern entrance to the park’s eponymous subway station, the road was eliminated and paved over with cobblestones. The New York City Subway station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, opened in 1905 and serving the {{NYCS trains|Joralemon}}, is located under the plaza. Entrances dating from both 1905 and more recent renovations are located in and near the plaza.WEB,www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Station:_Bowling_Green_(IRT_East_Side_Line), Station: Bowling Green (IRT East Side Line), www.nycsubway.org, June 5, 2014, dead,www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Station%3A_Bowling_Green_%28IRT_East_Side_Line%29," title="web.archive.org/web/20140606234359www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Station%3A_Bowling_Green_%28IRT_East_Side_Line%29,">web.archive.org/web/20140606234359www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Station%3A_Bowling_Green_%28IRT_East_Side_Line%29, June 6, 2014, The urban value of the space is created by the skyscrapers and other structures that surround it (listed clockwise from the south):

Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom HouseAIA5, {{rp|13â€“14}}
International Mercantile Marine Company Building, 1 Broadway (1882â€“1884, Edward H. Kendall; expanded 1921, Walter B. Chambers), the United States Lines-Panama Pacific Line Building{{rp|10}}
Bowling Green Offices Building, 11 Broadway (1895â€“1898, W. and G. Audsley, later serving the White Star Line){{rp|12}}
Cunard Building, 25 Broadway (1921, Benjamin Wistar Morris, with CarrÃ¨re and Hastings){{rp|12}}
26 Broadway, the Standard Oil Company Building, on the east side of Broadway, facing the Cunard Building (1922, CarrÃ¨re and Hastings with Shreve, Lamb & Blake){{rp|12}}
2 Broadway (1959â€“1960, Emery Roth & Sons, resurfaced in 1999 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill), a Modernist glass wall that replaced the distinguished Produce Exchange Building (1881â€“1884, George B. Post), as an “acceptable sacrifice“WEB,www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/LM017-2BROADWAY.htm, Nycarchiture.com : Two Broadway, August 30, 2008,www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/LM017-2BROADWAY.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110722194119www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/LM017-2BROADWAY.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110722194119www.nyc-architecture.com/LM/LM017-2BROADWAY.htm, July 22, 2011, live, intended to spur financial district rebuilding{{rp|13}}

Fence

{{multiple image| footer =| align = right| image1 = New York City 14.jpg| width1 = 110| caption1 = Plaque to commemorate the 1733 establishment of Bowling Green park| image2 = New York City, May 2014 - 046.JPG| width2 = 180| caption2 = Bowling Green fence landmark sign}}The fence surrounding Bowling Green Park was erected in 1773 to protect the equestrian statue of King George III. It still stands as the oldest fence in New York City.WEB,www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-oldest-fence-in-new-york, The Oldest Fence in New York, Atlas Obscura, February 15, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180215204117/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-oldest-fence-in-new-york, February 15, 2018, live, The fence was originally designed by Richard Sharpe, Peter T. Curtenius, Gilbert Forbes, and Andrew Lyall, and was erected at a cost of 843 New York pounds (Â£562 sterling). It is made of wrought iron on a stone base. Each fence post once had a finial at its top, which in turn was once adorned with lamps.The cast-iron finials on the fence were sawed off on July 9, 1776, the day that the United States Declaration of Independence reached New York.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=ZqY1AQAAMAAJ&pg=SL3-PA4, Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement, 1994, 3, February 3, 2020, April 12, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220412200706/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqY1AQAAMAAJ&pg=SL3-PA4, live, The finials were restored in 1786; the saw marks remain visible today. In 1791, the fence and stone base were raised by {{Convert|2|ft||abbr=}}. The fence was relocated to Central Park between 1914 and 1919 to make way for the construction of the Bowling Green subway station. It was repaired again during the park’s 1970s renovation. The fence was designated an official city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1970.

Sculptures

{{multiple image| footer =| align = right| image1 = | width1 = 120| caption1 = Fearless Girl [The statue in March 2017 (original location)]| image2 = | width2 = 210| caption2 = Charging Bull}}Charging Bull, a {{convert|7100|lb|adj=on}} bronze sculpture in Bowling Green, designed by Arturo Di Modica and installed in 1989, stands {{convert|11|ft|m}} tallNEWS, Dunlap, David W.,www.nytimes.com/2004/12/21/nyregion/the-bronze-bull-is-for-sale-but-there-are-a-few-conditions.html, The Bronze Bull Is for Sale, but There Are a Few Conditions, 2004-12-21, The New York Times, 2020-04-11, en-US, 0362-4331,web.archive.org/web/20181112232724/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/21/nyregion/the-bronze-bull-is-for-sale-but-there-are-a-few-conditions.html, November 12, 2018, live, and measures {{convert|16|ft|m}} long.NEWS, McFadden, Robert D.,www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/nyregion/soho-gift-to-wall-st-a-3-1-2-ton-bronze-bull.html, SoHo Gift to Wall St.: A 3 1/2-Ton Bronze Bull, 1989-12-16, The New York Times, 2020-04-11, en-US, 0362-4331,www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/nyregion/soho-gift-to-wall-st-a-3-1-2-ton-bronze-bull.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090331094801www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/nyregion/soho-gift-to-wall-st-a-3-1-2-ton-bronze-bull.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090331094801www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/nyregion/soho-gift-to-wall-st-a-3-1-2-ton-bronze-bull.html, March 31, 2009, live, The oversize sculpture depicts a bull, the symbol of aggressive financial optimism and prosperity, leaning back on its haunches with its head lowered as if ready to charge. The sculpture is a popular tourist destination drawing thousands of people a day, as well as “one of the most iconic images of New York”,Pinto Nick, “Bull!” {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201021625www.tribecatrib.com/archives/newssept07/Bull.htm |date=December 1, 2008 }}, article, September 1, 2007, The Tribeca Trib, retrieved June 13, 2009 and a “Wall Street icon”.BOOK, Greenfield, Beth, Reid, Robert, Otis, Ginger Adams, New York City, Lonely Planet, City Guides, 2006, 978-1-74059-798-2,books.google.com/books?id=fbp_c-JIY-4C&pg=PA120, April 11, 2020, 120, April 12, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220412200705/https://books.google.com/books?id=fbp_c-JIY-4C&pg=PA120, live, In 2017, another bronze sculpture, Fearless Girl, was installed across from the bull. Designed by sculptor Kristen Visbal, the work was hailed for its feminist message.NEWS, Stack, Liam,www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/nyregion/fearless-girl-statue-de-blasio.html, ‘Fearless Girl’ Statue to Stay in Financial District (for Now), 2017-03-27, The New York Times, 2020-04-11, en-US, 0362-4331, live,web.archive.org/web/20191023095059/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/nyregion/fearless-girl-statue-de-blasio.html, October 23, 2019, The Fearless Girl statue, commissioned by State Street Global Advisors as a way to call attention to the gender pay gap and a lack of women on corporate financial sector boards, was installed on March 7, 2017.WEB,adage.com/article/agency-news/things-fearless-girl/308863/, Eight Things You Don’t Know About ‘Fearless Girl’, May 3, 2017, Stein, Lindsay, Advertising Age, June 26, 2017,adage.com/article/agency-news/things-fearless-girl/308863/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170623105434adage.com/article/agency-news/things-fearless-girl/308863/,">web.archive.org/web/20170623105434adage.com/article/agency-news/things-fearless-girl/308863/, June 23, 2017, live, WEB,www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/urinating-sketchy-dog-statue-appears-next-fearless-girl-n766071, Urinating ‘Sketchy Dog’ Statue Appears Next to ‘Fearless Girl’, Rosenblatt, Kalhan, Abdelkader, Rima, May 30, 2017, nbcnews.com, February 27, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20190822110506/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/urinating-sketchy-dog-statue-appears-next-fearless-girl-n766071, August 22, 2019, live, The statue depicts a defiant little girlNEWS, A $2.5 trillion asset manager just put a statue of a defiant girl in front of the Wall Street bull,www.businessinsider.com/statue-defiant-girl-faces-wall-street-charging-bull-state-street-global-national-womens-day-2017-3, March 7, 2017, Business Insider, March 7, 2017, Emma, Fierberg, Rachael, Levy,www.businessinsider.com/statue-defiant-girl-faces-wall-street-charging-bull-state-street-global-national-womens-day-2017-3," title="web.archive.org/web/20170308022434www.businessinsider.com/statue-defiant-girl-faces-wall-street-charging-bull-state-street-global-national-womens-day-2017-3,">web.archive.org/web/20170308022434www.businessinsider.com/statue-defiant-girl-faces-wall-street-charging-bull-state-street-global-national-womens-day-2017-3, March 8, 2017, live, posing as an affront to and staring down Charging Bull. The statue was initially scheduled to be removed April 2, 2017, but was later allowed to remain in place through February 2018.WEB, ‘Fearless Girl’ statue will stay through early next year,money.cnn.com/2017/03/27/news/fearless-girl-statue-2018/, March 27, 2017, CNN Money, March 27, 2017, Wiener-Bronner, Danielle,web.archive.org/web/20170327154244/https://money.cnn.com/2017/03/27/news/fearless-girl-statue-2018/, March 27, 2017, live, WEB, Silva, Daniella, ‘Fearless Girl’ statue will face off Wall Street bull for another year,www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fearless-girl-statue-will-face-wall-street-bull-another-year-n738991, NBC News, March 27, 2017, en, March 27, 2017,www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fearless-girl-statue-will-face-wall-street-bull-another-year-n738991," title="web.archive.org/web/20170327185537www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fearless-girl-statue-will-face-wall-street-bull-another-year-n738991,">web.archive.org/web/20170327185537www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/fearless-girl-statue-will-face-wall-street-bull-another-year-n738991, March 27, 2017, live, The statue was removed in November 2018 and relocated to a site facing the New York Stock Exchange Building.NEWS, Moyer, Liz,www.cnbc.com/2018/11/28/fearless-girl-on-the-move-but-leaves-footprints-for-visitors.html, ‘Fearless Girl’ on the move, but leaves footprints for visitors to stand in her place, CNBC, November 28, 2018, November 28, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181128201428/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/28/fearless-girl-on-the-move-but-leaves-footprints-for-visitors.html, November 28, 2018, live, On May 29, 2017, artist Alex Gardega added a statue of a small dog, titled Pissing Pug (alternatively Peeing PugWEB,money.cnn.com/2017/05/30/news/fearless-girl-urinating-dog/, ‘Fearless Girl’ joined briefly by ‘Peeing Pug’ statue, May 30, 2017, Wiener-Bronner, Danielle, CNNMoney, June 24, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180624040047/https://money.cnn.com/2017/05/30/news/fearless-girl-urinating-dog/, June 24, 2018, live, or Sketchy Dog), but he removed it after approximately three hours. He described the Fearless Girl statue as “corporate nonsense” and “disrespect to the artist that made the bull”.NEWS,nypost.com/2017/05/29/pissed-off-artist-adds-statue-of-urinating-dog-next-to-fearless-girl/, Pissed-off artist adds statue of urinating dog next to ‘Fearless Girl’, Fugallo, Nick, Jaeger, Max, May 30, 2017, New York Post, December 15, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171223135930/https://nypost.com/2017/05/29/pissed-off-artist-adds-statue-of-urinating-dog-next-to-fearless-girl/, December 23, 2017, live,

References

Notes{{Notelist}}Citations{{Reflist}}

External links

www.baycrossings.com/archives/2002/04_May/new_york_harbor_history.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20110607002428www.baycrossings.com/archives/2002/04_May/new_york_harbor_history.htm">Richard B. Marrin, “Harbor History: Bowling Green: The Birthplace of New York”

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