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{{Short description|King of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}{{redirect|Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|the Saudi governor of the same name|Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1931–2015)}}{{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|Al Saud}}

factoids

23 January 2015}}|reign-type = Reign|cor-type = Bay'ah|coronation = 2 August 2005Fahd of Saudi Arabia>FahdSalman of Saudi Arabia>Salman|succession1 = Regent of Saudi Arabia|regent1 = Fahd|reg-type1 = Monarch1 August 2005}}|succession2 = Crown Prince of Saudi ArabiaFirst Deputy Prime Minister1 August 2005}}{{labeldata|Monarch|Fahd}}{{labeldata|Prime Minister|King Fahd}}|predecessor2 = Fahd bin Abdulaziz|successor2 = Sultan bin AbdulazizSecond Deputy Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia}}13 June 1982}}{{labeldata|Monarch|Khalid}}{{labeldata|Prime Minister|King Khalid}}|predecessor3 = Fahd bin Abdulaziz|successor3 = Sultan bin AbdulazizSaudi Arabian National Guard>Commander of the National Guard|reign4 = 1963–2010{{labeldata|Monarch|{{Collapsible list|Saud|Faisal|Khalid|Fahd|Himself}}}}|successor4 = Mutaib bin Abdullah|predecessor4 = Saad bin SaudAl Anoud Al Fayez (1972–2003; divorced)Aida Fustuq (divorced)Munira bint Abdullah Al Al ShaykhHessa bint Trad Al Shaalan|(23 or more other wives)}}|issue-link = #Personal lifetitle={{noboldKhalid bin Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud>Faisal bin Abdullah>Abdulaziz bin Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud>Mishaal bin Abdullah Al Saud>Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud>Adila bint Abdullah Al Saud>Princess Abeer}}|full name = Abdullah bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul RahmanHouse of Saud>Al Saud|father = Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia|mother = Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim19241|df=y}}|birth_place = Riyadh, Sultanate of Nejd2015238df=y}}|death_place = Riyadh, Saudi Arabia|burial_date = 23 January 2015|burial_place = Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh}}Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( Ê¿Abd Allāh ibn Ê¿Abd al Ê¿AzÄ«z Ä€l SaÊ¿Å«d, Najdi Arabic pronunciation: {{IPA-ar|ʢæbˈdÉ‘É«.ɫɐ ben ˈʢæbdæl ʢæˈziːz ʔæːl sæˈʢuːd|}}; 1 August 1924 – 23 January 2015) was King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 1 August 2005 until his death in 2015. Prior to his ascension, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia since 13 June 1982. He was the tenth son of King Abdulaziz, the founder of Saudi Arabia.Abdullah was the son of King Abdulaziz and Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim. His mother was a member of the Al Rashid dynasty, historical rivals of the Al Saud dynasty. Abdullah held important political posts throughout most of his adult life. In 1961 he became mayor of Mecca, his first public office.NEWS, Who's who: Senior Saudis,weblinkwork=BBCSaudi Arabian National Guard, a post he was still holding when he became king. He also served as deputy defense minister and was named crown prince when his half-brother Fahd of Saudi Arabia>Fahd took the throne in 1982. After King Fahd suffered a serious stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia until ascending the throne a decade later.During his reign, Abdullah maintained close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom and bought billions of dollars worth of defense equipment from both states.US confirms $60bn Saudi arms deal Al Jazeera 20 October 2010.{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209101932weblink|date=9 December 2013}} He also gave women the right to vote for municipal councils and to compete in the Olympics.Saudi Arabia profile BBC {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527014010weblink|date=27 May 2018}} Abdullah maintained the status quo when there were waves of protest in the kingdom during the Arab Spring. Saudi Arabia: Fundamental change? Al Jazeera 19 October 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129051127weblink|date=29 January 2014}} According to a 2013 BBC report, Saudi Arabia could obtain nuclear weapons at will from Pakistan during Abdullah's reign due to the close relations between the two countries.Mark Urban. (6 November 2013).Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan BBC{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111181920weblink|date=11 January 2020}} Abdullah had a longstanding relationship with Pakistan, and brokered a compromise between General Pervez Musharraf and ousted prime minister Nawaz Sharif, whom he had requested to be exiled to Saudi Arabia for a 10-year exile following Sharif's ouster in the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état.WEB,weblink King Abdullah said Nawaz was his friend, had to let him go: Musharraf, Dunya News, 14 February 2008, 7 November 2016, NEWS, Zeeshan Haider, Saudi Arabia urges ex-Pakistani PM to stay in exile,weblink 2 December 2021, Reuters, 8 September 2007, The three crown princes during Abdullah's reign were among the full brothers of King Fahd. Upon becoming king in 2005, Abdullah appointed his half-brother Sultan bin Abdulaziz as crown prince. When Sultan died in 2011, Sultan's full brother Nayef was named heir to the throne, but Nayef himself died the next year. Abdullah then named Salman bin Abdulaziz as crown prince. According to various reports, Abdullah married up to 30 times and had more than 35 children. He was among the wealthiest royals in the world. Upon his death in 2015 at age 90, he was succeeded by his half-brother Salman.

Early life

Abdullah is said to have been born on 1 August 1924 in Riyadh.WEB,weblinkweblink>work=Saudi Embassyurl-status=deadtitle=King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, KING OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA>URL=HTTP://WWW.MOHE.GOV.SA/EN/STUDYINSIDE/ABOUTKSA/PAGES/KINGS-OF-SAUDI-ARABIA.ASPX, Ministry of Higher Education of Saudi Arabialocation=Saudi Arabiaurl-status=deadarchive-url=https://archive.today/20121224212028weblink However, some sources state that this date is incorrect, and that he was approximately eight years older.TOO MANY SAUDI PRINCES>PAGE=1WORK=THE NATIONAL INTERESTDATE=7 DECEMBER 2012journal=Contemporary Arab Affairsvolume=9, 3doi=10.1080/17550912.2016.1189108, NABIL MOULINE>TITLE=POWER AND GENERATIONAL TRANSITION IN SAUDI ARABIAJOURNAL=CRITIQUE INTERNATIONALEVOLUME=46URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=LH4BENPP_HEC&PG=PA193PAGE=193ISBN=978-0-88093-859-4Shammar tribe and was the daughter of former tribe chief Asi bin Shuraim Al Shammari>Asi bin Shuraim.HASSAN HANIZADEH>TITLE=SAUDI ARABIA WITHOUT KING ABDULLAHARCHIVE-DATE=6 DECEMBER 2010ACCESS-DATE=29 APRIL 2012ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20101206193346/HTTP://CRITICALPPP.COM/ARCHIVES/30509Newsweekvolume=153page=40author=Christopher Dickey, Abdullah had two younger full-sisters, Nouf bint Abdulaziz Al Saud and Seeta bint Abdulaziz>Seeta, and two maternal half-brothers, Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Rashid and Mishaal bin Saud Al Rashid>Mishaal, who were the children of his mother's first marriage to Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid.TALAL KAPOOR>TITLE=ANALYSIS: AL RASHID OPPOSITION GROUP (PART ONE)DATE=1 FEBRUARY 2007Madawi Al-Rasheed argues that Abdullah's maternal roots and his earlier experience of a speech impediment led to delay in his rise to higher status among the sons of King Abdulaziz.MADAWI AL RASHEEDJOURNAL=CONTEMPORARY ARAB AFFAIRSVOLUME=2PAGES=587–601, 10.1080/17550910903244976,

Commander of National Guard

File:King Abdullah, Commander of Saudi Arabian National Guard.jpg|thumb|Abdullah as commander of Saudi National Guard ]]In August 1963, Abdullah was made commander of Saudi National Guard replacing Saad bin Saud, a son of King Saud, in the post.THESIS, Alexander Blay Bligh, Succession to the throne in Saudi Arabia. Court Politics in the Twentieth Century, 1981location=Columbia Universitydegree=PhD303101806, }} This post allowed him to secure his position in the House of Saud. SANG, which had been based on the Ikhwan, became a modern armed force under his command. Beginning 1985, SANG also sponsored the Janadiriyah festival that institutionalized traditional folk dances, camel races and tribal heritage.

Second in line

File:King Fahd 1946-83 2.jpg|thumb|Abdullah's two predecessors on the throne, King Khalid (left) and King FahdKing FahdKing Khalid appointed Abdullah as second deputy prime minister on 29 March 1975 just four days after his kingshipGULSHAN DHANANI>TITLE=THE KING IS DEAD, LONG LIVE THE KINGDATE=19 JUNE 1982ISSUE=25JSTOR=4371042, which was a reflection of his status as second in the line of succession to the Saudi throne.NADAV SAFRAN>TITLE=SAUDI ARABIA: THE CEASELESS QUEST FOR SECURITY,weblinkpublisher=Cornell University Presspage=218AUTHOR3=M. GRAEME BANNERMANTITLE=LEBANON IN CRISIS: PARTICIPANTS AND ISSUESURL-ACCESS=REGISTRATIONPAGE=118, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, However, his appointment caused friction in the House of Saud.SIMON HENDERSON>URL=HTTP://WWW.WASHINGTONINSTITUTE.ORG/UPLOADS/DOCUMENTS/PUBS/POLICYFOCUS96.PDF, After King Abdullahaccess-date=28 July 2012date=August 2009url-status=dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121021015030weblink">weblink Then-Crown Prince Fahd, together with his full-brothers, known as the Sudairi Seven, supported the appointment of their own full brother, Sultan. Abdullah was pressured to cede control of SANG in return for his appointment as second deputy prime minister. In August 1977, this generated a debate among hundreds of princes in Riyadh. Abdullah did not relinquish authority of SANG in that he feared that this would weaken his authority. In March 1979 when Crown Prince Fahd left Saudi Arabia and stayed in Europe for a long time Prince Abdullah presided over the council of ministers and held a much more active role in diplomatic affairs of Saudi Arabia.BOOK, Joseph A. Kéchichian, Joseph A. Kéchichian, Succession In Saudi Arabia, New York,weblinkpublisher=Springerpage=54, During the same period he was one of the members of the inner family council which was led by King Khalid and included Abdullah's half-brothers Prince Mohammed, Crown Prince Fahd, Prince Sultan and Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud as well as his uncles Prince Ahmed and Musaid bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud>Prince Musaid.GULSHAN DHAHANI>TITLE=POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN SAUDI ARABIAJOURNAL=INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, 19pages=59–69s2cid=153974203,

Crown Prince and Regent

File:Quayle desert storm.jpg|thumb|left|Abdullah with Dan QuayleDan QuayleOn 13 June 1982 King Khalid died, and Fahd bin Abdulaziz became King. Abdullah became Crown Prince the same day who also maintained his position as head of the National Guard. During his years as crown prince, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz was described as a supporter of accommodation.BOOK, Sherifa Zuhur, Saudi Arabia: Islamic Threat, Political Reform, and the Global War on Terror, DIANE Publishing,weblink 978-1-4289-1011-9, 17, 2005, He managed to group a large number of fringe and marginalized princes discontented with the prospect of the succession being passed among the Sudairi brothers one after the other. His control of the National Guard was also a key factor to his success in becoming crown prince.JOURNAL, Mai Yamani, Mai Yamani, From fragility to stability: A survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy, Contemporary Arab Affairsvolume=2pages=90–105"King Fahd ibn Abdel Aziz Al Saud: Obituary"{{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629142108weblink|date=29 June 2011}}, Times Online, 1 August 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2008. Crown Prince Abdullah acted as de facto regent of Saudi Arabia.On 4 June 2000, the Al Saud Family Council was established by Crown Prince Abdullah to discuss some private issues, including the business activities of House of Saud members and the marriages of princesses to nonroyals. In May 2001 he did not accept an invitation to visit Washington due to the US support for Israel in the Second Intifada. He also appeared more eager than King Fahd to cut government spending and open Saudi Arabia up economically. He pushed for Saudi membership of the World Trade Organization, surprising some.JOURNAL, Daniel L. Byman, The Implications of Leadership Change in the Arab World, 120journal=Political Science Quarterlyissue=1doi=10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00538.x, In August 2001, he ordered then Saudi Ambassador to the US, Bandar bin Sultan, to return to Washington from Aspen to deliver a message. This reportedly occurred after Crown Prince Abdullah witnessed brutality inflicted by an Israeli soldier upon a Palestinian woman. “This is it. Those bastards!" Abdullah yelled over the phone, according to an account that Bandar has given associates. “Even women they're stepping all over them."MAGAZINE, Elsa Walsh, The prince, 23 April 2012, The New Yorker,weblink 24 March 2003, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120126025250weblink">weblink 26 January 2012, Later, he also condemned Israel for attacking families of suspects.In 2002, he developed the Arab Peace Initiative, commonly referred to as the "Abdullah plan", to achieve a mutually agreed-on resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict.JOURNAL, Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, Arabs vs. the Abdullah Plan, The Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2010, 3–12,weblink The initiative was adopted at the Arab League's Beirut summit in March 2002. On the second anniversary of the September 11 attacks, Crown Prince Abdullah wrote a letter to US President George W. Bush, which ended with the following words:"God Almighty, in His wisdom, tests the faithful by allowing such calamities to happen. But He, in His mercy, also provides us with the will and determination, generated by faith, to enable us to transform such tragedies into great achievements, and crises that seem debilitating are transformed into opportunities for the advancement of humanity. I only hope that, with your cooperation and leadership, a new world will emerge out of the rubble of the World Trade Center: a world that is blessed by the virtues of freedom, peace, prosperity and harmony."WEB, Crown Prince sends message to America,weblink Saudi Embassylocation=Jeddahdate=10 September 2002, By late 2003, after the Saudi Arabian branch of al-Qaeda carried out a series of bombings that threatened to destabilize the country, Crown Prince Abdullah, together with other decision-making elites began to deal with political concerns. As Toby Jones wrote in Middle East Report: One of such moves was his project to promote more tolerance for religious diversity and rein in the forces of politico-religious extremism in the kingdom, leading to the establishment of National Dialogue. In the summer of 2003, Abdullah threw his considerable weight behind the creation of a national dialogue that brought leading religious figures together, including a highly publicized meeting attended by the kingdom's preeminent Shi'i scholar Hasan al-Saffar, as well as a group of Sunni clerics that had previously expressed their loathing for the Shi'i minority.JOURNAL, Toby Jones, Saudi Arabia's not so New Anti-Shi'ism, Middle East Report, 2007, 242, 242, 29–32, 25164776,

King of Saudi Arabia

(File:Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia.svg|thumb|Royal Standard of the King)Abdullah succeeded to the throne upon the death of his half-brother King Fahd. He was formally enthroned on 2 August 2005.

Domestic affairs

Abdullah's administration attempted reforms in different fields.In 2005, Abdullah implemented a government scholarship program to send young Saudi men and women abroad for undergraduate and postgraduate studies in different universities around the world. The program offered funds for tuition and living expenses up to four years. It is estimated that more than 70,000 young Saudis studied abroad in more than 25 countries, with the United States, England, and Australia as top three destinations aimed for by the students. There are more than 22,000 Saudi students studying in the United States, exceeding pre-9/11 levels. Public health engagement included breast cancer awareness and CDC cooperation to set up an advanced epidemic screening network to protect 2010's three million Hajj pilgrims.WEB,weblink Saudi Arabia Sending Seventh Most Students to United States, Saudi Arabia, District of Columbia, PR Newswire, 16 November 2010, 23 October 2011, In 2005, Abdullah declared that the national day of the country, 23 September, would be a public holiday in an attempt to reduce the influence of religious figures and some social restrictions.JOURNAL, Eman Alhussein, Saudi First: How Hyper-Nationalism is Transforming Saudi Arabia,weblink European Council on Foreign Relations, June 2019, It was criticized by the religious figures who argued that such celebration was not part of Islam.Abdullah implemented many reform measures. He re-shuffled the ministry of education's leadership in February 2009 by bringing in his pro-reform son-in-law, Faisal bin Abdullah, as the new minister. He also appointed Nora Al Fayez, a U.S.-educated former teacher, as deputy education minister in charge of a new department for female students.NEWS, Julian Borgertitle=Woman Saudi Education Minister, The Guardianaccess-date=23 October 2011, London, Abdullah brought about a top-to-bottom restructuring of the country's courts to introduce, among other things, review of judicial decisions and more professional training for Shari'a judges. He developed a new investment promotion agency to overhaul the once-convoluted process of starting a business in Saudi Arabia and created a regulatory body for capital markets. He also promoted the construction of the King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (the country's new flagship and controversially co-ed institution for advanced scientific research). Abdullah invested in educating the workforce for future jobs. The Saudi government also encouraged the development of non-hydrocarbon sectors in which the Kingdom had a comparative advantage, including mining, solar energy, and religious tourism. The Kingdom's 2010 budget reflected these priorities—about 25 percent was devoted to education alone—and amounts to a significant economic stimulus package.URSULA LINDSEY>URL=HTTP://CHRONICLE.COM/ARTICLE/SAUDI-ARABIAS-EDUCATION/124771/NEWSPAPER=THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, October 2010, File:Vladimir Putin in Saudi Arabia 11-12 February 2007-1.jpg|thumb|left|King Abdullah with Vladimir PutinVladimir PutinThe Saudi government's response to homegrown terrorism was a series of crackdowns including raids by security forces, arrests, torture and public beheadings.Colin Brown. (31 October 2007). Shouts of 'murderers' and 'torturers' greet King Abdullah on Palace tour {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102060413weblink|date=2 November 2007}}, The Independent, Retrieved 17 May 2008. He vowed to fight terrorist ideologies within the country. He also made the protection of Saudi Arabia's critical infrastructure a top security priority.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} His strategy against terrorism was two-pronged: he attacked the roots of the extremism that fed Al-Qaida through education and judicial reforms to weaken the influence of the most reactionary elements of Saudi Arabia's religious establishment.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}In August 2010, Abdullah decreed that only officially approved religious scholars associated with the Senior Council of Ulema would be allowed to issue fatwas. Similar decrees since 2005 were previously seldom enforced. Individual fatwas relating to personal matters were exempt from the royal decree. The decree also instructed the Grand Mufti to identify eligible scholars.WEB, Christopher Boucek,weblink Saudi Fatwa Restrictions, Carnegie Endowment, 23 October 2010, 23 October 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110607175656weblink">weblink 7 June 2011, In light of the Arab Spring, Abdullah laid down a $37 billion (€32.8 billion) programme of new spending including new jobless benefits, education and housing subsidies, debt write-offs, and a new sports channel. There was also a pledge to spend a total of $400 billion by the end of 2014 to improve education, health care and the kingdom's infrastructure.NEWS, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, Londonurl-status=deadwork=The Daily Telegraphdate=24 February 2011archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227154445weblink However, Saudi police arrested 100 Shiite protesters who complained of government discrimination.JASON BENHAM>TITLE=SAUDI ARRESTS 100 SHI'ITE PROTESTERS – RIGHTS GROUP, Reutersaccess-date=16 January 20132011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests, in September 2011, the King announced Women's suffrage#Saudi Arabia>women's right to vote in the 2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections, a first significant reform step in the country since the protests. He also stated that women would become eligible to take part in the unelected Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia>shura.Asma Alsharif. (25 September 2011). "Saudi king gives women right to vote" {{Webarchiveweblink>date=17 October 2015}}, Reuters. Retrieved 25 September 2011.WOMEN IN SAUDI ARABIA 'TO VOTE AND RUN IN ELECTIONS'>URL=HTTPS://WWW.BBC.CO.UK/NEWS/WORLD-US-CANADA-15052030WORK=BBC NEWS, 25 September 2011, In January 2012, Abdullah dismissed the head of Saudi Arabia's powerful religious police, replacing him with a more moderate cleric, state news agency SPA reported, without giving reasons. Abdullatif Abdel Aziz al-Sheikh was named, in place of Sheikh Abdulaziz al Humain, to head the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice. Abdullah had appointed Humain in 2009 to head the "mutaween," which ensures the strict application of the country's ultra-conservative version of Islam, as a step towards reforming it. Humain hired consultants to restructure the organisation, met local human rights groups and consulted professional image-builders in a broad public relations campaign. Under his leadership the commission also investigated and punished some "out-of-control" officers for misbehaviour.NEWS,weblinkwork=Google Newsaccess-date=18 June 2012, File:KAUST laboratory buildings and town mosque.jpg|thumb|King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyIn July 2012, Saudi Arabia announced that it would allow its women athletes to compete in the Olympics for the first time and that the country's Olympic Committee would "oversee participation of women athletes who can qualify". The decision ended speculation that the entire Saudi team might have been disqualified on grounds of gender discrimination. The public participation of women in sport was still fiercely opposed by many Saudi religious conservatives. There had been almost no public tradition of women participating in sport in the country. Saudi officials said that, if successful in qualifying, female competitors would be dressed "to preserve their dignity".NEWS, Frank Gardner,weblink London 2012 Olympics: Saudis allow women to compete, BBC, 24 June 2012, 28 July 2012, On 11 January 2013, Abdullah appointed thirty women to the Consultative Assembly or Shura Council and modified the related law to mandate that no less than 20 percent of 150 members would be women.NEWS, Saudi Arabia's Timid Flirtation With Women's Rights,weblink 16 January 2013, The Atlantic, 16 January 2013, In August 2013, the Saudi cabinet, for the first time, approved a law making domestic violence a criminal offence. The law calls for a punishment of up to a year in prison and a fine of up to 50,000 riyals (€11,500/US$13,000).NEWS, BBCtitle=Saudi Arabia cabinet approves domestic abuse ban, Sebastian Usherdate=28 August 2013, The maximum punishments could be doubled for repeat offenders. The law criminalizes psychological, sexual abuse as well as physical abuse. It also includes a provision obliging employees to report instances of abuse in the workplace to their employer.LISA ANDERSON, Saudi Arabia passes historic domestic abuse legislationagency=Reutersaccess-date=31 August 2013archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118170657weblink dead, The move followed a Twitter campaign. The new laws were welcomed by Saudi women's rights activists, although some expressed concerns that the law could not be implemented successfully without new training for the judiciary, and that the tradition of male guardianship would remain an obstacle to prosecutions.

Interfaith dialogue

In November 2007, Abdullah visited Pope Benedict XVI in the Apostolic Palace, being first Saudi monarch to do so.NEWS,weblink Historic Saudi visit to Vatican, BBC News, 6 November 2007, 23 October 2011, JOURNAL, The 500 Most Influential Muslims, Center Muslim-Christian Understanding, 2009The King’s call for interfaith dialogue {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111142weblink|date=14 January 2009}}, Saudi Gazette.File:Kerry and Abdullah, 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Abdullah in a meeting with US secretary of state John KerryJohn KerryIn June 2008, Abdullah held a conference in Mecca to urge Muslim leaders to speak with one voice with Jewish and Christian leaders.Saudis launch Islamic unity drive BBC News, 4 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719091035weblink |date=19 July 2008}}. He discussed with, and obtained approval from, Saudi and non-Saudi Islamic scholars to hold the interfaith dialogue. In the same month, Saudi Arabia and Spain agreed to hold the interfaith dialogue in Spain.Inter-faith meet to be held in Spain {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111148weblinkSaudi Gazette. The historic conference finally took place in Madrid in July 2008, wherein religious leaders of different faiths participated,Let concord replace conflict – Abdullah {{webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114080011weblink|date=14 January 2009}}, Saudi Gazette. and which later led to the 2010 proclamation of World Interfaith Harmony Week.Abdullah had never previously made overtures for dialogue with eastern religious leaders, such as Hindus and Buddhists. The Mecca conference discussed a paper on dialogue with monotheists—highlighting the monotheistic religions of southeast Asia, including Sikhism—in the third axis of the fourth meeting, titled "With Whom We Talk," presented by Sheikh Badrul Hasan Al Qasimi. The session was chaired by Ezz Eddin Ibrahim, cultural adviser to the president of the United Arab Emirates. The session also discussed a paper presented on coordination among Islamic institutions on Dialogue by Abdullah bin Omar Nassif, Secretary General of the World Islamic Council for Preaching and Relief and a paper on dialogue with divine messages, presented by Professor Mohammed Sammak—Secretary General of the Islamic Spiritual Summit in Lebanon.In November 2008, Abdullah and his government arranged discussion at the United Nations General Assembly to "promote dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, as well as activities related to a culture of peace" and calling for "concrete action at the global, regional and subregional levels."Rebecca Tobias. (15 January 2014). When a King and a Pope Sit Down to Talk Religion {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123075123weblink|date=23 January 2015}} The Interfaith Observer Retrieved 22 January 2015. It brought together Muslim and non-Muslim nations to eradicate preconceptions as to Islam and terrorism, with world leaders—including former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, Israeli President Shimon Peres, US President George W. Bush and King Abdullah II of Jordan—attending.In 2011, an agreement for the establishment of the Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue in Vienna was signed between the governments of Austria, Spain, and Saudi Arabia.weblink" title="archive.today/20120730012516weblink">Speech of Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister Michael Spindelegger in the King Abdullah Center, Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs The official opening of the centre was in November 2012, with foreign minister Saud Al Faisal as its first general secretary and Austria's former federal justice minister Claudia Bandion-Ortner as the first deputy general secretary.JOURNAL, New centre for interreligious dialogue, International Vienna, 2013, 2,weblinkweblink" title="archive.today/20130714225019weblink">weblink dead, 14 July 2013, NEWS, KAICIID: Historic Day for International Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue,weblink 14 July 2013, PR Newswire Europe, 2 November 2012, 29 April 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140429080020weblink">weblink dead,

Arab common market

Abdullah called for the establishment of an Arab common market in January 2011. Saudi foreign minister, Saud bin Faisal, stated that the Arab Customs Union would be ready by 2015, and that by 2017 the common market would also be in place. There have been intensive efforts to link Arab countries with a railway system and an electricity power grid. Work on the power grid project has started in some Arab countries."No Politics for Ben Ali in Kingdom" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121172720weblink|date=21 January 2011}}, Arab News, 19 January 2011.

United States

(File:Bush-abdullah1.jpg|thumb|Abdullah visits the United States in April 2005.)Abdullah had long been pro-American and a longtime close ally of the United States. In October 1976, as Prince Abdullah was being trained for greater responsibility in Riyadh, he was sent to the United States to meet with President Gerald Ford. He again traveled to the United States as Crown Prince in October 1987, meeting Vice President George H. W. Bush. In September 1998, Crown Prince Abdullah made a state visit to the United States to meet in Washington with President Bill Clinton. In September 2000, he attended millennium celebrations at the United Nations in New York City. In April 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah made a state visit to the United States with President George W. Bush and he returned again in April 2005 with Bush. In April 2009, at a summit for world leaders President Barack Obama met with Abdullah, while in June 2009 he hosted President Obama in Saudi Arabia. In turn, Obama hosted the King at the White House in the same month.Abdullah showed great support for Obama's presidency. "Thank God for bringing Obama to the presidency", he said, adding that Obama's election created "great hope" in the Muslim world.WEB, Mike Vilensky, 23 October 2011, Nymag.comtitle=WikiLeaks: Saudi King Abdullah Encouraged U.S. to Attack Iran; Chinese Politburo Hacked into GoogleMichelle Obama on behalf of the United States, was worth $132,000.HTTP://WWW.NDTV.COM/ARTICLE/WORLD/SAUDI-KINGS-GIFTS-FOR-OBAMA-WORTH-300-000-80584WORK=NDTVACCESS-DATE=23 OCTOBER 2011, However, according to US federal law, gifts of such nature and value are accepted "on behalf of the United States" and are considered property of the US government.

Iraq

The Bush administration ignored advice from him and Saudi foreign minister Saud Al Faisal against invading Iraq.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} However, other sources said that many Arab governments were only nominally opposed to the Iraq invasion because of popular hostility.Bush belatedly tries good-will building over Iraq, Midea {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118170622weblink|date=18 January 2021}} Pittsburgh Post, 15 March 2003 Before becoming king, Prince Abdullah was thought to be completely against the US invasion of Iraq; this, however, was not the case. Riyadh provided essential support to the United States during the war and proved that "necessity does lead to some accommodations from time to time".WEB,weblink Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia... And does It Matter?, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 18 June 2012, The King expressed a complete lack of trust in Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Al Maliki and held out little hope for improved Saudi-Iraqi relations as long as Al Maliki remained in office.NEWS,weblinkweblink 11 January 2022, subscription, live, London, The Daily Telegraph, Andrew Hough, Wikileaks: King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia 'wanted Guantánamo Bay detainees microchipped', 29 November 2010, 4 April 2018, {{cbignore}} Abdullah told an Iraqi official about Al Maliki, "You and Iraq are in my heart, but that man is not."NEWS,weblink The New York Times, Scott Shane, Andrew W. Lehren, WikiLeaks Archive – Cables Uncloak U.S. Diplomacy, 28 November 2010, 23 February 2017, In September 2014, following the spread of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), he issued a statement, "From the cradle of revelation and the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, I call on leaders and scholars of the Islamic nation to carry out their duty towards God Almighty, and to stand in the face of those trying to hijack Islam and present it to the world as a religion of extremism, hatred, and terrorism, and to speak the word of truth, and not fear anybody. Our nation today is passing through a critical, historic stage, and history will be witness against those who have been the tool exploited by the enemies to disperse and tear the nation and tarnish the pure image of Islam".Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud’s statement to the Arab and Islamic Nations and the International Community {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904154031weblink|date=4 September 2014}} Saudi Embassy in Washington DC. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

Iran

File:ObamaKing Abdullah.jpg|thumb|right|Barack ObamaBarack ObamaIn 2006, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei had sent his adviser Ali Akbar Velayati with a letter asking for Abdullah's agreement to establish a formal back channel of communication between the two leaders. Abdullah said he had agreed, and the channel was established, with Velayati and Saud Al Faisal as the points of contact. In the ensuing years, the King noted, the channel had never been used.In April 2008, according to a leaked US diplomatic cable, Abdullah had told the US Ambassador to Iraq, Ryan Crocker, and General David Petraeus to "cut off the head of the snake". Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to Washington, Adel al-Jubeir, "recalled the King's frequent exhortations to the US to attack Iran" and to put an end to that country's nuclear program.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140202191033weblink">Saudi King urged US to attack Iran, 28 November 2010, Agence France-Presse, copy at Internet Archive Retrieved 23 October 2011. Abdullah asserted that Iran was trying to set up Hezbollah-like organizations in African countries, observing that the Iranians didn't think they were doing anything wrong and didn't recognize their mistakes. He said that the Iranians "launch missiles with the hope of putting fear in people and the world". The King described his conversation with Iranian foreign minister Mottaki as "a heated exchange, frankly discussing Iran's interference in Arab affairs". When challenged by the King on Iranian meddling in Hamas affairs, Mottaki apparently protested that "these are Muslims". "No, Arabs", countered the King. "You as Persians have no business meddling in Arab matters". Abdullah said he would favor Rafsanjani in an Iranian election.NEWS,weblink London, The Guardian, US embassy cables: Saudi king's advice for Barack Obama, 28 November 2010, 16 December 2016, He told General Jones that Iranian internal turmoil presented an opportunity to weaken the regime—which he encouraged—but he also urged that this be done covertly, stressing that public statements in support of the reformers were counterproductive. The King assessed that sanctions could help weaken the government, but only if they are strong and sustained.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Bahrain

Saudi Arabia, by the endorsement of the Gulf Cooperation Council, sent 1,200 troops to Bahrain to protect industrial facilities, resulting in strained relations with the United States. The military personnel were part of the Peninsula Shield Force, which is stationed in Saudi Arabia, but not affiliated to one country alone.NEWS, 15 March 2011title=Bahrain imposes state of emergency, Al Jazeera"UK Training Saudi Forces Used to Crush Arab Spring" {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129061916weblink|date=29 January 2017}} The Guardian

Guantánamo Bay

In December 2010, leaked diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks revealed that Abdullah wanted all released detainees from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be tracked using an implanted microchip, in a way similar to race horses. The King made the private suggestion during a meeting in Riyadh in March 2009 with White House counterterrorism adviser, John O. Brennan. Brennan replied that "horses don't have good lawyers" and that such a proposal would "face legal hurdles" in the United States.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

China

Since Abdullah's visit to Beijing in January 2006, Saudi-Chinese relations have focused predominantly on energy and trade. The king's visit was the first by a Saudi head of state to China since the two countries established diplomatic ties in 1990.HTTP://NEWS.XINHUANET.COM/ENGLISH/2009-02/10/CONTENT_10796711.HTM>NEWSPAPER=XINHUANETARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20090217065141/HTTP://NEWS.XINHUANET.COM/ENGLISH/2009-02/10/CONTENT_10796711.HTMARCHIVE-DATE=17 FEBRUARY 2009ACCESS-DATE=23 OCTOBER 2011, Bilateral trade with China has more than tripled, and China would soon be Saudi Arabia's largest importer. Saudi Arabia also committed significant investments in China, including the $8 billion Fujian refinery. Based on a WikiLeaks cable, the King told the Chinese that it was willing to effectively trade a guaranteed oil supply in return for Chinese pressure on Iran not to develop nuclear weapons.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}In late March 2011, Abdullah sent Bandar bin Sultan, Secretary General of the National Security Council, to China to gain its support regarding Saudi Arabia's attitude towards the Arab Spring. In turn, lucrative arms contracts were secretly offered to China by the Kingdom. Furthermore, Abdullah believed that China as well as India were the future markets for Saudi energy.JOURNAL, Bruce Riedel, Brezhnev in the Hejaz,weblink September–October 2011pages=27–32issue=115, 42896401,

Relations with other nations

File:Wizyta króla Arabii Saudyjskiej Abdullaha bin Abdulaziz Al Saud w Polsce 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Abdullah with Polish president Lech KaczyńskiLech KaczyńskiAbdullah visited Turkey in August 2006 being the first Saudi king who paid an official visit there.BOOK, Meliha Altunışıkeditor2=David Dumkeyear=2019isbn=9798612846444page=22chapter=Turkey's relations with Egypt and Saudi Arabia: From hopes of cooperation to the reality of conflict, In November 2009, Abdullah was received by Nicolas Sarkozy, who committed various diplomatic faux pas. The diplomatic relationship Jacques Chirac had with Saudi Arabia was not evident with Sarkozy.HTTPS://WWW.THEGUARDIAN.COM/WORLD/2010/NOV/30/WIKILEAKS-NICOLAS-SARKOZY-CARLA-BRUNI?CMP=TWT_GU>LOCATION=LONDONAUTHOR=ANGELIQUE CHRISAFISDATE=30 NOVEMBER 2010Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, under conditions of no further political involvement. According to leaked cables, Abdullah was more receptive than Crown Prince Sultan to former Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh>Saleh.HTTP://WWW.AL-AKHBAR.COM/NODE/10276>TITLE=YEMENI TRIBAL LEADER: FOR SALEH, SAUDI INVOLVEMENT IN SA'ADA COMES NOT A MOMENT TOO SOONDATE=28 DECEMBER 2009, 23 October 2011, Abdullah supported renewed diplomatic relations with the Syrian government and Bashar al-Assad. They met in Damascus on 7 October 2009.JOURNAL, Hilal Khashan, Saad Hariri's Moment of Truth, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2011, XVIIIpages=65–71archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125123245weblinkSyrian Civil War. In August 2011, Abdullah recalled the Saudi Ambassador from Damascus due to the political unrest in Syria and closed its embassy.SAUDI ARABIA RECALLS AMBASSADOR TO SYRIADATE=8 AUGUST 2011ACCESS-DATE=11 AUGUST 2013, In December 2011, Abdullah called on leaders of the Gulf Cooperation Council to strengthen their alliance into a united "single entity" as they confront threats to national security. "I ask you today to move from a stage of cooperation to a stage of union in a single entity", Abdullah said at the opening session of a GCC meeting in Riyadh in comments aired on Saudi state television. "No doubt, you all know we are targeted in our security and stability".NEWS, Glen Carey,weblink Saudi King Abdullah Calls for a Closer Arab Gulf Union, Bloomberg L.P., 19 December 2011, 18 June 2012,

Criticism as king

On 16 February 2003, Parade magazine's David Wallechinsky rated King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah as the second worst dictators in the world.WEB,weblink The World's 10 Worst Dictators: King Abdullah, Parade, 5 July 2013, 4 February 2008, Most of this criticism stems from the fact that most of Saudi citizens live under a strict Wahhabist interpretation of Sharia law, which mandates the amputation of hands as a punishment for theft and floggings for crimes like drunkenness.WEB,weblink Asia's 5 Worst Dictators, About, 3 October 2011, 4 November 2011, 16 October 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111016220734weblink">weblink dead, Execution by public beheading is common for murder, rape, drug trafficking and witchcraft, and Abdullah's policies towards the rights of women have also been criticized. In a slight rebuff to accusations of human rights violations, Saudi inmates of Najran Province sent the King well-wishes from jail and wished him a speedy recovery.NEWS,weblink Saudi inmates send king wishes from jail, France 24, 8 January 2011, 23 October 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111025200546weblink">weblink 25 October 2011, Abdullah has also been criticized for his policies on religious freedom and the Saudi government allegedly has arrested Shiite pilgrims on the Hajj. On 24 January 2007, Human Rights Watch sent an open letter to Abdullah asking him to cease religious persecution of the Ahmadi faith in Saudi Arabia. Two letters were sent in November 2006 and February 2007 asking him to remove the travel ban on critics of the Saudi government.WEB,weblink Letter to King Abdullah, HRW, 8 February 2007, 23 October 2011, Human Rights Watch has not yet indicated whether they have received any response to these letters.On 30 October 2007, during a state visit to the UK, Abdullah was accused by protestors of being a "murderer" and a "torturer". Concerns were raised about the treatment of women and homosexuals by the Saudi kingdom and over alleged bribes involving arms deals between Saudi Arabia and the UK.Saudi king's royal meet draws fire {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101061458weblink |date=1 November 2007}}, CNN, 31 October 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2008.

Succession to the throne

{{Further|Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne}} Abdullah's heir apparent was his half-brother Crown Prince Sultan until the latter's death on 22 October 2011. The title of Crown Prince then passed to Prince Sultan's full-brother, Nayef, until his death in Geneva, Switzerland, on 16 June 2012, while undergoing medical tests for an undisclosed ailment. His third heir apparent was his half-brother Salman, who was named as crown prince on 18 June 2012,NEIL MACFARQUHAR>TITLE=DEFENSE MINISTER NEW HEIR TO THRONE IN SAUDI ARABIADATE=18 JUNE 2012ACCESS-DATE=18 JUNE 2012, and would succeed him in 2015.In 2006, Abdullah set up the Allegiance Council, a body that is composed of the sons and grandsons of Saudi Arabia's founder, King Abdulaziz, to vote by a secret ballot to choose future kings and crown princes. The council's mandate was not to have started until after the reigns of both Abdullah and Prince Sultan were over. It was not clear what was to happen when Prince Sultan died before the end of Abdullah's reign, leaving a question as to whether the council would vote for a new crown prince, or whether Prince Nayef would automatically fill that position. Despite such concerns, Prince Nayef was appointed Crown Prince on 27 October 2011 after consultation with the Allegiance Council by Abdullah.Aged Saudi ruler to fly to US over blood clot AP 21 November 2010In November 2010, Prince Nayef chaired a cabinet meeting because of the deterioration of the King's health.WEB,weblinkdate=12 November 2010Mutaib bin Abdullah>Mutaib. Abdullah is credited with building up the once largely ceremonial unit into a modern 260,000-strong force that is a counterweight to the army. The Guard, which was Abdullah's original power base, protects the royal family. This was suggested as an apparent sign that the elderly monarch was beginning to lessen some of his duties.SAUDI KING TRANSFERS NATIONAL GUARD DUTIES TO SON>NEWSPAPER=GULF NEWS URL=HTTPS://GULFNEWS.COM/WORLD/GULF/SAUDI/SAUDI-KING-TRANSFERS-NATIONAL-GUARD-DUTIES-TO-SON-1.713927, 22 April 2024,

Various positions

Abdullah was Commander of the Saudi National Guard from 1963 to 2010. He was Chairman of the Saudi Supreme Economic Council until 2009.NEWS, Anne-Beatrice Clasmann, Discreetly, Saudis speculate about the throne succession, 29 April 2012, M&C News,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130921182612weblink">weblink 20 November 2009, 21 September 2013, dead, He also continued to be the President of the High Council for Petroleum and Minerals, President of the King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue, Chairman of the Council of Civil Service, and head of the Military Service Council until his death in 2015.

Personal life

File:King Abdullah in his youth.jpg|thumb|upright|Abdullah was a falconer in his youth.]]Abdullah mostly married women who had tribal backgrounds.THESIS, Rayed Khalid Krymli, The political economy of rentier states: A case study of Saudi Arabia in the oil era, 1950-1990,weblink The George Washington University, 125, PhD, 1993, {{ProQuest, 304080655, }} He had 36 children with about 30 different spouses. His wives, grandchildren, and great grandchildren have been subject to travel bans since 2017.NEWS, David Ignatius, Saudi Arabia's crown prince uses travel restrictions to consolidate power,weblink 10 October 2020, The Washington Post, 19 June 2020,

Wives

Abdullah married the daughters of the Al-Fayez of Bani Sakher, the Al Shaalan of Anizah, and Al Jarbah of the Iraqi branch of the Shammar tribe. He had about 30 wives,NEWS,weblink King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz Al Saud - Obituary, The Daily Telegraph,weblink 11 January 2022, subscription, live, 22 January 2015, 24 January 2015, {{cbignore}}NEWS,weblink King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia Obituary, The Guardian, 22 January 2015, Madawi Al Rasheed, 24 January 2015, HTTP://ASIANHISTORY.ABOUT.COM/OD/PROFILESOFASIANLEADERS/P/ABDULLAHPROFILE.HTM>TITLE=KING ABDULLAH OF SAUDI ARABIA, Asian Historyweblink>url-status=deadarchive-date=5 October 2011, 1 August 2005, and fathered 36 children.Munira bint Abdullah Al Sheikh was the mother of King Abdullah's eldest living son, Prince Khaled.WEB, 13 February 2010title=A Princely Rivalry: Clash of The Titans?, 24 May 2014Aida Fustuq, was the sister of Rifaat al-Assad's wife. Abdullah had two children with Aida: Adila bint Abdullah Al Saud>Adila and Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al Saud.2012TITLE=REGIME STABILITY IN SAUDI ARABIA: THE CHALLENGE OF SUCCESSIONAUTHOR=STIG STENSLIEVOLUME=1DOI=10.1080/21534764.2011.576050AUTHOR=STIG STENSLIEDATE=27 MARCH 2007WORK=THE DAILY STAR, Another wife, Sultana bint Abdulaziz bin Ahmed, was from the Al Sudairi clan.السدارى>URL=HTTPS://WWW.MAREFA.ORG/السدارىACCESS-DATE=2 JULY 2021ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210702103236/HTTPS://WWW.MAREFA.ORG/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89publisher=Croom Helmurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA138YEAR=2001LOCATION=NEW DELHIURL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=51BB8IX7XW8C&PG=PA105, Tathi bint Mishan Al Faisal Al Jarba gave birth to another six of his children, including Prince Mishaal, Prince Turki, and Princess Oraib.{{citation neededSultan bin Abdullah Al Saud>Prince Sultan.YOUNG ENTREPRENEUR PRINCE SULTAN BIN ABDULLAH BIN ABDULAZIZ AL SAUD IS LOOKING TO ESTABLISH PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST>URL=HTTPS://WWW.PRNEWSWIRE.COM/NEWS-RELEASES/YOUNG-ENTREPRENEUR-PRINCE-SULTAN-BIN-ABDUALLAH-BIN-ABDEL-AZIZ-AL-SAUD-IS-LOOKING-TO-ESTABLISH-PEACE-IN-THE-MIDDLE-EAST-300478004.HTMLWORK=PR NEWSWIREHessa bint Trad Al Shaalan, is the mother of Prince Faisal and Princess Abeer among others.SAUDI EMBASSY HOSTS RECEPTION AND PHOTO EXHIBIT FOR BREAST CANCER AWARENESSACCESS-DATE=6 SEPTEMBER 2020DATE=18 NOVEMBER 2011,

Sons

Abdullah had thirty-six children, sixteen of whom are male. His eldest son, Mutaib, died at a young age.NEWS, تعرّف على أبناء وبنات الملك عبد الله الـ36,weblink 11 September 2020, Al Sharq, 23 January 2015, His second eldest son, Prince Khalid, was deputy commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard West until 1992. His third son, Prince Mutaib, is former commander and former minister of the National Guard. Prince Mishaal was governor of the Makkah Province between 2013 and 2015."King Abdullah Arrives in Morocco" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123222722weblink |date=23 January 2011}}, Arab News, 22 January 2011. Prince Abdulaziz was the King's former Syria adviserSimon Henderson. (14 April 2011). "Outraged in Riyadh" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013064506weblink|date=13 October 2012}}, Foreign Policy. and was deputy foreign affairs minister from 2011 to 2015. Prince Faisal was the head of the Saudi Arabian Red Crescent Society. Abdullah's seventh son, Prince Turki, was a pilot in the Royal Saudi Air Force and served as governor of the Riyadh Province from 2014 to 2015).NEWS, Khaled appointed Riyadh governor, Turki his deputy,weblink 15 February 2013, Arab News, 15 February 2013, Jeddah, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130215044414weblink">weblink 15 February 2013, His youngest son, Prince Bandar, was born in 1999, when Abdullah was about 75 years old.NEWS, Jafar Al Bakl, الفحولة وآل سعود... والشرف المراق على جوانبه الدم,weblink 12 September 2020, Al Akhbar, 16 December 2014, ar, In October 2015, King Abdullah's son Prince Majid was arrested in Los Angeles on suspicion of "forcing oral copulation",NEWS, Saudi prince avoids felony charges in sex assault case near Beverly Hills,weblink Los Angeles Times, 20 October 2015, 5 January 2020, NEWS, Cheri Mossburg, Saudi prince arrested, faces sex charge in Los Angeles,weblink CNN, 5 January 2020, amid allegations that he had been unlawfully imprisoning, threatening, sexually harassing, and assaulting employees while under the influence of cocaine and alcohol.SHEHAB KHAN>TITLE=SAUDI PRINCE ACCUSED OVER DRUG-TAKING, DRINKING AND ESCORTS AT LA MANSION, 24 October 2015archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024161851weblinkurl-status=livedate=24 October 2015URL=HTTPS://WWW.THETIMES.CO.UK/ARTICLE/POLICE-DROP-SEXUAL-ASSAULT-CASE-AGAINST-SAUDI-PRINCE-ZXWLLS9T5LPDATE=21 OCTOBER 2015ACCESS-DATE=5 JANUARY 2020, MICHAEL MARTINEZ>AUTHOR2=CHERI MOSSBURGACCESS-DATE=5 JANUARY 2020WORK=CNN, He was released on bail,L.A. POLICE ARREST SAUDI PRINCE ON SEX CHARGE>URL=HTTPS://WWW.CBSNEWS.COM/NEWS/SAUDI-PRINCE-MAJED-ABDULAZIZ-AL-SAUD-FORCED-ORAL-SEX-BEVERLY-GLEN-CALIFORNIA/ACCESS-DATE=5 JANUARY 2020, SAUDI PRINCE ACCUSED OF SEX-CRIME ARRESTED AT BEVERLY GLEN COMPOUND>URL=HTTPS://LOSANGELES.CBSLOCAL.COM/2015/09/24/SAUDI-PRINCE-ACCUSED-OF-SEX-CRIME-ARRESTED-AT-BEVERLY-GLEN-MANSION/DATE=24 SEPTEMBER 2015WORK=LOS ANGELES TIMESACCESS-DATE=5 JANUARY 2020, Another son, Mohammed, is married to Nouf bint Nayef, a daughter of Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz and Maha bint Mohammed Al Sudairi.BRANDI BUCHMAN>TITLE=NANNY TO SAUDI ROYALS CLAIMS THEY FORCED HER INTO SLAVERYACCESS-DATE=6 SEPTEMBER 2020DATE=27 FEBRUARY 2018WORK=COHEN MILSTEINDATE=27 SEPTEMBER 2018ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210118170634/HTTPS://WWW.COHENMILSTEIN.COM/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/COMPLAINT%20TEKLE%20V%20AL%20SAUD%2009272018.PDF, dead,

Daughters

Abdullah had twenty daughters. Princess Adila married Faisal bin Abdullah, who served as minister of education.WEB,weblink Saudi Arabia's King Changes the Guard, Saudiwave, 29 November 2011, 18 June 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160125051844weblink">weblink 25 January 2016, dead, She is one of the few Saudi princesses with a semi-public role, and is a known advocate of a woman's right to drive.WEB,weblink Saudi Arabia Changes Course, Slowly, Washington Institute, 18 February 2009, 18 June 2012, She was also known as "her father's public face". On 6 June 2011, Abdullah's daughter Princess Sahab (born 1993) married Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa, son of Bahraini King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.NEWS,weblink Shaikh Khalid bin Hamad marries daughter of Saudi Monarch, Bahrain News Agency, 16 June 2011, 28 July 2012, WEB, Simon Henderson, All the King's Women,weblink Foreign Policy, 26 September 2011, 13 April 2012, Another daughter, Abeer, is the wife of Fahd bin Turki Al Saud.NEWS, David Hearst, Saudi purge: Why Mohammed bin Salman can never rest, 11 September 2020Middle East Eye>url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-purges-why-mohammed-bin-salman-can-never-restTurki bin Talal and they had one son, Abdulaziz bin Turki bin Talal Al Saud>Abdulaziz. She later married Fahd bin Badr, with whom she has five children.One of Abdullah's daughters, Noura, died in 1990 in a car accident near Riyadh airport.MAGAZINE, Bradley Hope, Justin Scheck, "This Plane is not Going to Land in Cairo": Saudi Prince Sultan Boarded a Flight in Paris. Then, He Disappeared,weblink 1 September 2020, Vanity Fair, 25 August 2020, She was married to Sultan bin Turki Al Saud. Abdullah's daughter Fayza is the mother of Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud, who was accused of murdering his servant Bandar Abdulaziz in London in 2010.HTTPS://WWW.TELEGRAPH.CO.UK/NEWS/UKNEWS/CRIME/8043460/GAY-SAUDI-PRINCE-MURDERED-SERVANT-IN-FEROCIOUS-ATTACK.HTML>ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://GHOSTARCHIVE.ORG/ARCHIVE/20220111/HTTPS://WWW.TELEGRAPH.CO.UK/NEWS/UKNEWS/CRIME/8043460/GAY-SAUDI-PRINCE-MURDERED-SERVANT-IN-FEROCIOUS-ATTACK.HTMLURL-ACCESS=SUBSCRIPTIONTITLE=GAY SAUDI PRINCE 'MURDERED SERVANT IN FEROCIOUS ATTACK'DATE=5 OCTOBER 2010ACCESS-DATE=14 MARCH 2015, {{cbignore}} His daughter Hayfa was featured on the cover of Vogue Arabia magazine's June 2018 issue.PICTURE OF SAUDI PRINCESS ON MAGAZINE COVER SPARKS CONTROVERSY>URL=HTTPS://ECONOMICTIMES.INDIATIMES.COM/MAGAZINES/PANACHE/PICTURE-OF-SAUDI-PRINCESS-ON-MAGAZINE-COVER-SPARKS-CONTROVERSY/ARTICLESHOW/64417823.CMS?FROM=MDRWORK=THE ECONOMIC TIMESSalman bin Abdulaziz bin Salman Al Saud>Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Salman, a member of the Al Kabir branch of Al Saud, is married to a daughter of King Abdullah,THE CASE OF A SAUDI PRINCE ILLUSTRATES A PATTERN OF ARBITRARY DETENTION>URL=HTTPS://EGYPTINDEPENDENT.COM/THE-CASE-OF-A-SAUDI-PRINCE-ILLUSTRATES-A-PATTERN-OF-ARBITRARY-DETENTION/WORK=EGYPT INDEPENDENTDATE=17 APRIL 2019, Oraib, who is the full sister of Turki bin Abdullah.NEWS, هكذا يعبر مئات الأمراء من آل سعود عن رفضهم لابن سلمانurl=https://arabi21.com/Story/1295556date=25 August 2020Thamir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.رسالة من ابناء واحفاد الملك عبدالله رحمه اللهACCESS-DATE=1 NOVEMBER 2020DATE=3 FEBRUARY 2015, ar, From his marriage to Al Anoud Al Fayez (arranged when she was 15 without her having ever met him), whom he later divorced, Abdullah had four daughters: Sahar, Maha, Hala and Jawahir.Fatima Manji. (19 March 2014).'They are hanging to life' - Saudi king's ex-wife speaks out {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319075501weblink|date=19 March 2014}}, Channel 4 They have been under house arrest for several years, and are not allowed to leave the country. After media releases in March 2014, Sahar and Jawahir received no food or clean water for 25 days, lost 10 kg each and their mother carried out weekly protests in front of the Saudi Arabian embassy in London."Ex-wife of Saudi King Pleads for Her Daughters." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904140402weblinkAl Akhbar. 11 April 2014 They spoke and released a video while under house arrest, pleading for help from the international community.AN INTERVIEW WITH THE IMPRISONED DAUGHTER OF SAUDI ARABIA'S KING ABDULLAHDATE=1 APRIL 2016ARCHIVE-DATE=1 APRIL 2016, FATIMA MANJI>TITLE=NEW FOOTAGE EMERGES OF 'TRAPPED' SAUDI PRINCESSES, Channel 4 Newsaccess-date=5 January 2020, After 2014, media reports of their condition dried up.ISHAAN THAROOR>TITLE=KING ABDULLAH DEAD: THE LATE SAUDI MONARCH'S 'JAILED' PRINCESSESWORK=THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALDACCESS-DATE=5 JANUARY 2020, Princess Hala died on 30 September 2021 at age 47,REPORT>URL=HTTPS://SPCOMMREPORTS.OHCHR.ORG/TMSEARCH/SUMMARYPRINT?ID=18110ACCESS-DATE=1 OCTOBER 2021, and there was no mention about the cause of her death. Funeral prayer for her was performed after evening prayers at the Grand Mosque in Mecca.الديوان الملكي ينعي الأميرة هلا بنت عبدالله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود>URL=HTTPS://SABQ.ORG/XVGLYJ, 1 October 2021date=30 September 2020, ar,

Illness and death

The King had curtailed his activities from June 2010 with no clear explanation. Diplomats said there had been uncertainty about the extent of his health problems since Abdullah canceled a visit to France.{{When|date=September 2012}} In a television appearance in which he was seen to use a cane, Abdullah said he was in good health but had something "bothering" him. In a visit by US diplomats to Saudi Arabia in April 2014, he was seen connected to breathing tubes during talks, indicating increasing health problems.From 2010 to 2012 Abdullah had four back surgeries.NEWS, Saudi King Abdullah has back surgery described as successful,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121117203654weblink">weblink 17 November 2012, 17 November 2012, The Washington Post, 17 November 2012, AP, Riyadh, dead, The first two surgeries were in New York, one in 2010 for a slipped disk and a blood clot pressing on nerves in his back and a second to stabilize vertebrae in 2011. The third surgery was in Riyadh in 2011, and the last one was also in Riyadh on 17 November 2012.In November 2010, Abdullah's back problems came to light in the media. He had an "accumulation of blood" around the spinal cord. He suffered from a herniated disc and was told to rest by doctors. To maintain the Kingdom's stability, Crown Prince Sultan returned from Morocco during the King's absence.NEWS, Saudi prince returns as king readies for US treatment,weblink 18 August 2013, BBC, 22 November 2010, The King was admitted to NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital after a blood clot complicated a slipped disc and underwent successful back surgery. The lead surgeon was Muhammad Zaka, who probably removed the herniated disk and performed a lumbar fusion.NEWS, Saudi king has back surgery in New Yorkwork=CNNaccess-date=24 November 2010, PETER S. GREEN>URL=HTTPS://WWW.BLOOMBERG.COM/NEWS/2010-11-24/SAUDI-ARABIA-KING-ABDULLAH-S-NY-BACK-SURGERY-SUCCESSFUL-ROYAL-COURT-SAYS.HTMLWORK=BLOOMBERG L.P.ACCESS-DATE=23 OCTOBER 2011, SAUDI KING ABDULLAH HAS 'SUCCESSFUL OPERATION'>WORK=BBC NEWSURL=HTTPS://WWW.BBC.CO.UK/NEWS/WORLD-MIDDLE-EAST-11833572Plaza Hotel>The Plaza in New York City.HTTP://WWW.WASHINGTONINSTITUTE.ORG/TEMPLATEC05.PHP?CID=3289>TITLE=SAUDI ARABIA'S OIL POLICY VACANCIESDATE=7 JANUARY 2011"Saudi King Arrives in Morocco After Treatment in US" {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722034148weblink New York Times, 22 January 2011 and returned to the Kingdom on 23 February 2011.21 JUNE 2018WORK=BBC NEWSDATE=23 FEBRUARY 2011, Abdullah left Saudi Arabia on "special leave" on 27 August 2012.NEWS, SPA News, 27 August 2012, Saudi Press Agencyaccess-date=3 September 2012weblink>archive-date=15 June 2013Al-Quds (newspaper)>Al Quds reported that he had an operation at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, on or before 4 September 2012, following a heart attack.{{cnaccess-date=27 September 2012agency=AFPACCESS-DATE=1 FEBRUARY 2013DATE=28 NOVEMBER 2012, and left hospital on 13 December 2012.SAUDI KING ABDULLAH LEAVES HOSPITAL>URL=HTTPS://WWW.REUTERS.COM/ARTICLE/US-SAUDI-KING-HEALTH-IDUSBRE8BC0UX20121213WORK=REUTERSAUTHOR=AMENA BAKR, On 2 January 2015, Abdullah was hospitalized in Riyadh for pneumoniaSaudi King, 90, Hospitalized; Pneumonia Is Diagnosed {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173130weblink|date=18 August 2017}} The New York Times. 3 January 2015. and died on 23 January at the age of 90.NEWS, Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies,weblink BBC, 23 January 2015, 23 January 2015, NEWS, Douglas Martin, Ben Hubbard, King Abdullah, Who Nudged Saudi Arabia Forward, Dies at 90,weblink The New York Times, 23 January 2015, 22 January 2015, In accordance with Islamic tradition, his funeral was held the same day, a public ceremony at the Grand Mosque of Riyadh before burial in an unmarked grave at the Al Oud cemetery.NEWS, Lubna Hussain, F. Brinley Bruton, Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah Given Simple Muslim Burial,weblink 23 January 2015, NBC News, 23 January 2015, Three days of national mourning were declared, in which flags would fly at half-mast. Flags were also flown half-mast at Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey in London.ANDREW SPARROW>TITLE=WHITEHALL'S KING ABDULLAH HALF-MAST FLAG TRIBUTE CRITICISED BY MPSWORK=THE GUARDIANDATE=23 JANUARY 2015,

Influence

In 2012, Abdullah was named as the most influential Muslim among 500 Muslims for the previous four years.NEWS, Sohail Choudhury, The philanthropist Saudi King,weblink 9 June 2012, Blitz, 9 June 2012, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120616052309weblink">weblink 16 June 2012, WEB, The Muslims 500: The World's Most Influential Muslimsaccess-date=9 February 2012, In December 2012, Forbes named him as the seventh-most-powerful figure in its list of the "World's Most Powerful People" for 2012, being the sole Arab in the top ten.SAUDI KING ABDULLAH NAMED 7TH MOST POWERFUL FIGURE IN THE WORLD>URL=HTTP://ENGLISH.ALARABIYA.NET/ARTICLES/2012/12/07/253856.HTMLARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20121207230811/HTTP://ENGLISH.ALARABIYA.NET/ARTICLES/2012/12/07/253856.HTMLURL-STATUS=DEADDATE=7 DECEMBER 2012,

Wealth

In 2011, the financial magazine Forbes estimated the documentable wealth of King Abdullah and his immediate family at US${{Format price|21E+9}}, making him one of the world's richest monarchs.NEWS, No. 3: King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, 11 March 2011, Forbes,weblinkList of royalty by net worth>third-wealthiest head of state in the world.ANITA SINGH>URL=HTTPS://WWW.TELEGRAPH.CO.UK/NEWS/WORLDNEWS/2598278/THE-WORLDS-RICHEST-ROYALS.HTMLARCHIVE-DATE=11 JANUARY 2022URL-STATUS=LIVENEWSPAPER=THE TELEGRAPHACCESS-DATE=16 OCTOBER 2012, King Abdullah was an expert equestrian in his youth. His stables were considered the largest in Saudi Arabia, with over 1,000 horses spread throughout five divisions led by his son Prince Mutaib.NEWS, The stables of the King Abdullahaccess-date=16 February 2013year=2013, Riyadh, The King also owned Janadria Farm, a large complex located in the suburbs of Riyadh.For holidays, the King maintained a large palace complex with several residential compounds in Casablanca, Morocco.HTTP://WWW.THENATIONALHERALD.COM/4534/>TITLE=METROPOLITAN EMMANUEL IN CASABLANCADATE=20 SEPTEMBER 2012, 8 September 2013, It is equipped with two heliports and is surrounded by large mansions on 133 acres of vegetation.While still Crown Prince, Abdullah paid for the separation surgery of a pair of Polish conjoined twins, which took place at the King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh on 3 January 2005.MOHAMMED RASOOLDEEN>TITLE=THANK YOU, CROWN PRINCEACCESS-DATE=29 JULY 2012, Arab News, 5 January 2005, He donated $50 million in cash and $10 million worth of relief materials for the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China.HTTP://NEWS.XINHUANET.COM/ENGLISH/2008-05/15/CONTENT_8176512.HTM>TITLE=MORE COUNTRIES OFFER AID TO QUAKE-HIT CHINADATE=15 MAY 2008ARCHIVE-URL= HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20080517103017/HTTP://NEWS.XINHUANET.COM/ENGLISH/2008-05/15/CONTENT_8176512.HTM URL-STATUS=DEAD, He donated $10 billion to the endowment fund of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in May 2008.HTTP://WWW.FTCHINESE.COM/STORY/001019440/EN>TITLE=SAUDI'S KING ABDULLAH GRANTS $10 BN FOR NEW UNIVERSITY FUNDDATE=19 MAY 2008, 1 September 2013,

Honours and awards

factoids

Abdullah received a number of international high orders. Most notably, he was an honored knight of the strictly Roman Catholic Order of the Golden Fleece (the Spanish branch), which caused some controversy.WEB, Tradition in Actiontitle=King Juan Carlos of Spain dishonors the Order of the Golden FleeceAre Spanish media betting on King Juan Carlos again? {{Webarchive>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207063435weblink|date=7 February 2015}}, The Corner. 1 February 2015In April 2012, he was awarded by the United Nations a gold medal for his contributions to intercultural understanding and peace initiatives.WEB, King Abdullah receives UNESCO Gold Medal,weblink Royal Embassyweblink>archive-date=31 August 2013date=25 April 2012, dead,

Foreign honours

• Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (1982)WEB, 16 June 2016

title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1982weblink>url-status=dead, 31 July 2020,

• Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (2003)WEB, 15 June 2016, 19 July 2019,weblink Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190719195551weblink">weblink dead,

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Abdullah of Saudi Arabia}}

• {{NYTtopic|people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud|Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia}}
• Saudi king details succession law, BBC News, 9 October 2007.
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150127015359weblink">Shifting Sands: On the power transition in Abdullah's death Midwest Diplomacy, 17 November 2013.

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