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1936 United States presidential election
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1936 United States presidential election
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{short description|38th quadrennial U.S. presidential election}}{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
---|---|
- FDR in 1933 (cropped).jpg>x200px| nominee1 = Franklin D. Roosevelt| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
Nominations
Democratic Party nomination
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"Republican Party nomination
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"- Alf Landon 984
- William Borah 19
Other nominations
Many people, most significantly Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley,Kane, Harnett; Huey Long's Louisiana Hayride, p. 126. {{ISBN|1455606111}} expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his "Share Our Wealth" program as his platform. Polls made during 1934 and 1935 suggested Long could have won between sixHair, William Ivy; The Kingfish and His Realm: The Life and Times of Huey P. Long; {{ISBN|080712124X}} and seven millionCarpenter, Ronald H.; Father Charles E. Coughlin: Surrogate Spokesman for the Disaffected; p. 62 {{ISBN|0-313-29040-7}} votes, or approximately fifteen percent of the actual number cast in the 1936 election.Popular support for Long's Share Our Wealth program raised the possibility of a 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt.Snyder (1975), p. 121.NEWS, Leuchtenburg, William E., Fall 1985, FDR And The Kingfish,weblink American Heritage, June 30, 2020,weblink June 26, 2020, When questioned by the press, Long gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936. While promising to support a progressive Republican like Sen. William Borah, Long claimed that he would only support a Share Our Wealth candidate.Snyder (1975), p. 122. At times, he even expressed the wish to retire: "I have less ambition to hold office than I ever had." However, in a later Senate speech, he admitted that he "might have a good parade to offer before I get through".Snyder (1975), p. 125. Long's son Russell B. Long believed that his father would have run on a third party ticket in 1936.Snyder (1975), pp. 126â127. This is evidenced by Long's writing of a speculative book, My First Days in the White House, which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election.NEWS, Brown, Francis, September 29, 1935, Huey Long as Hero and as Demagogue; My First Days in the White House. By Huey Pierce Long. 146 pp. Harrisburg, Pa.: The Telegraph Press.,weblink The New York Times, June 8, 2020,weblink June 8, 2020, Sanson (2006), p. 274.{{efn|group=note|The book was published posthumously in 1935.}}Long biographers T. Harry Williams and William Ivy Hair speculated that Long planned to challenge Roosevelt for the Democratic nomination in 1936, knowing he would lose the nomination but gain valuable publicity in the process. Then he would break from the Democrats and form a third party using the Share Our Wealth plan as its basis. He hoped to have the public support of Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality from Royal Oak, Michigan; Iowa agrarian radical Milo Reno; and other dissidents like Francis Townsend and the remnants of the End Poverty in California movement.Kennedy (2005) [1999], pp. 239â40. Diplomat Edward M. House warned Roosevelt "many people believe that he can do to your administration what Theodore Roosevelt did to the Taft administration in '12."In spring 1935, Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature.Hair (1996), p. 284. At a well attended Long rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press "There are 250,000 Long votes" in this city.Kennedy (2005) [1999], p. 240. Regarding Roosevelt, Long boasted to the New York Times' Arthur Krock: "He's scared of me. I can out promise him, and he knows it."Snyder (1975), p. 128. While addressing reporters in late summer of 1935, Long proclaimed:{{blockquote|"I'll tell you here and now that Franklin Roosevelt will not be the next President of the United States. If the Democrats nominate Roosevelt and the Republicans nominate Hoover, Huey Long will be your next President."WEB, FDR And The Kingfish,weblink }}As the 1936 election approached, the Roosevelt administration grew increasingly concerned by Long's popularity. Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley commissioned a secret poll in early 1935 "to find out if Huey's sales talks for his 'share the wealth' program were attracting many customers".Kennedy (2005) [1999], p. 239. Farley's poll revealed that if Long ran on a third-party ticket, he would win about 4 million votes (about 10% of the electorate).Kennedy (2005) [1999], p. 241. In a memo to Roosevelt, Farley wrote: "It was easy to conceive of a situation whereby Long by polling more than 3,000,000 votes, might have the balance of power in the 1936 election. For example, the poll indicated that he would command upwards of 100,000 votes in New York State, a pivotal state in any national election and a vote of that size could easily mean the difference between victory and defeat ... That number of votes would mostly come from our side and the result might spell disaster".In response, Roosevelt in a letter to his friend William E. Dodd, the US ambassador to Germany, wrote: "Long plans to be a candidate of the Hitler type for the presidency in 1936. He thinks he will have a hundred votes at the Democratic convention. Then he will set up as an independent with Southern and mid-western Progressives ... Thus he hopes to defeat the Democratic Party and put in a reactionary Republican. That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that Long thinks he would be made dictator. There are in fact some Southerners looking that way, and some Progressives drifting that way ... Thus it is an ominous situation".However, Long was assassinated in September 1935. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Idaho Senator William Borah, Montana Senator and running mate of Robert M. La Follette in 1924 Burton K. Wheeler, and Governor Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota FarmerâLabor Party. After Long's assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea, while Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. Gerald L. K. Smith, was eventually forced to run Representative William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly created "Union Party", with Thomas C. O'Brien, a lawyer and former District Attorney for Boston, as Lemke's running-mate. Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing two percent of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year.The Socialist Party again ran Norman Thomas who had been their candidate in 1928 and for Vice President George A. Nelson, a Wisconsin dairy farmer and writer on farming issues.The Communist Party (CPUSA) nominated Earl Browder and for vice president their 1932 candidate James W. Ford, who had been the first African American nominee.William Dudley Pelley, Chief of the Silver Shirts Legion, ran on the ballot for the Christian Party in Washington State, but won fewer than two thousand votes.Campaign
Pre-election polling
This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on ten million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.38 million were returned. The Literary Digest had correctly predicted the winner of the last five elections, and announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 57.08% of the vote (v Roosevelt) and 370 electoral votes.The cause of this mistake has often been attributed to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the Literary Digest than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt. Indeed, every other poll made at this time predicted Roosevelt would win, although most expected him to garner no more than 370 electoral votes.Derbyshire, Wyn; Dark Realities: America's Great Depression; p. 213 {{ISBN|1907444777}} However, a 1976 article in The American Statistician demonstrates that the actual reason for the error was that the Literary Digest relied on voluntary responses. As the article explains, the 2.38 million "respondents who returned their questionnaires represented only that subset of the population with a relatively intense interest in the subject at hand, and as such constitute in no sense a random sample ... it seems clear that the minority of anti-Roosevelt voters felt more strongly about the election than did the pro-Roosevelt majority."Bryson, Maurice C. 'The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth' The American Statistician, 30(4):November 1976 A more detailed study in 1988 showed that both the initial sample and non-response bias were contributing factors, and that the error due to the initial sample taken alone would not have been sufficient to predict the Landon victory.WEB, Squire, Peverill, 1988, Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed,weblink 2020-11-15, Public Opinion Quarterly, en, The magnitude of the error by the Literary Digest (39.08% for the popular vote margin for Landon v Roosevelt) destroyed the magazine's credibility, and it folded within 18 months of the election, while George Gallup, an advertising executive who had begun a scientific poll, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election, based on a quota sample of 50,000 people.His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and indeed for politicians. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations.Campaign
(File:Manchester Elm Street 1936 LOC fsa 8a02859.jpg|thumb|Election poster in Manchester, NH)Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely travelled. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. In the two months after his nomination, he made no campaign appearances. Columnist Westbrook Pegler lampooned, "Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas ... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee."Time, August 31, 1936Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted most of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency. Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption â that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution:The President spoke truly when he boasted ... 'We have built up new instruments of public power.' He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide 'shackles for the liberties of the people ... and ... enslavement for the public.' These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In other words, the concentration of power in the hands of the President was not a question of temporary emergency. It was a question of permanent national policy. In my opinion the emergency of 1933 was a mere excuse ... National economic planningâthe term used by this Administration to describe its policyâviolates the basic ideals of the American system ... The price of economic planning is the loss of economic freedom. And economic freedom and personal liberty go hand in hand.Time October 26, 1936Franklin Roosevelt's most notable speech in the 1936 campaign was an address he gave in Madison Square Garden in New York City on 31 October. Roosevelt offered a vigorous defense of the New Deal:{{blockquote|For twelve years this Nation was afflicted with hear-nothing, see-nothing, do-nothing Government. The Nation looked to Government but the Government looked away. Nine mocking years with the golden calf and three long years of the scourge! Nine crazy years at the ticker and three long years in the breadlines! Nine mad years of mirage and three long years of despair! Powerful influences strive today to restore that kind of government with its doctrine that that Government is best which is most indifferent.For nearly four years you have had an Administration which instead of twirling its thumbs has rolled up its sleeves. We will keep our sleeves rolled up.We had to struggle with the old enemies of peaceâbusiness and financial monopoly, speculation, reckless banking, class antagonism, sectionalism, war profiteering. They had begun to consider the Government of the United States as a mere appendage to their own affairs. We know now that Government by organized money is just as dangerous as Government by organized mob.Never before in all our history have these forces been so united against one candidate as they stand today. They are unanimous in their hate for meâand I welcome their hatred.WEB, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Madison Square Garden Speech (1936),weblinkweblink 2022-10-09, live, 7 July 2021, }}Results
missing image!
- PresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif -
Election results by county.{{legend|#1560BD|Franklin D. Roosevelt
|border=1px #AAAAAA solid}}{{legend|#E32636|border=1px #AAAAAA solid}}Roosevelt won in a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After Lyndon B. Johnson's 61.05% share of the popular vote in 1964, Roosevelt's 60.8% is the second-largest percentage in U.S. history (since 1824, when the vast majority of or all states have had a popular vote), and his 98.49% of the electoral vote is the highest in two-party competition.The Republican Party saw its total in the United States House of Representatives reduced to 88 seats and in the United States Senate to 16 seats in their respective elections and only won four governorships in the 1936 elections. Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, and has so far only been surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when seven more electoral votes were available to contest. Garner also won the highest percentage of the electoral vote of any vice president.Landon won only eight electoral votes, tying William Howard Taft's total in his unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912. As of 2023, this is the equal lowest electoral vote total for a major-party candidate; the lowest number since was Reagan's 1984 opponent, Walter Mondale, who won only thirteen electoral votes.Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities increased from 1,791,000 votes in the 1932 election to 3,479,000 votes which was the highest for any presidential candidate from 1920 to 1948. Philadelphia and Columbus, Ohio, which had voted for Hoover in the 1932 election, voted for Roosevelt in the 1936 election. Although the majority of black voters had been Republican in the 1932 election Roosevelt won two-thirds of black voters in the 1936 election.BOOK, Murphy, Paul, 1974, Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Norman Thomas, who had received 884,885 votes in the 1932 election saw his totals decrease to 187,910.Roosevelt also took 98.57% of the vote in South Carolina, the largest recorded vote percentage of any candidate in any one state with an opponent in any presidential election (this excludes Andrew Jackson in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and Missouri in 1832, who won 100% of the vote in these states as he was unopposed).TWEET, millenarian22, 1289238979783487490, July 31, 2020, #ElectionTwitter Map of which Party/Presidential Candidate got the highest % of the vote ever in each state, from 1868-2016. This isn't an average, but just the single highest % achieved by any candidate in each state. SC sets the record with 98.6% of the vote for FDR in 1936., This was the last Democratic landslide in the West, as Democrats won every state except Kansas (Landon's home state) by more than 10%. West of the Great Plains States, Roosevelt only lost eight counties. Since 1936, only Richard Nixon in 1972 (winning all but 19 counties){{citation needed|date=January 2021}} and Ronald Reagan in 1980 (winning all but twenty counties) have even approached such a disproportionate ratio.Of the 3,095 counties, parishes and independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85 percent) while Landon carried 461 (15 percent); this was one of the few measures by which Landon's campaign was more successful than Hoover's had been four years prior, with Landon winning 87 more counties than Hoover did, albeit mostly in less populous parts of the country. Democrats also expanded their majorities in Congress, winning control of over three-quarters of the seats in each house.The election saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, high-income voters, businessmen and professionals, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the Civil War,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} and made major gains among the poor and other minorities. Roosevelt won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of the Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of Blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt also carried 102 of the nation's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more.BOOK, Mary E. Stuckey, Voting Deliberatively: FDR and the 1936 Presidential Campaign,weblink 2015, Penn State UP, 19, 9780271071923, Some political pundits predicted the Republicans, whom many voters blamed for the Great Depression, would soon become an extinct political party.Gould, Lewis L.; The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party. {{ISBN|0199936625}} However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections, and while they would remain a potent force in Congress, they were not able to regain control of the House or the Senate until 1946, and would not regain the Presidency until 1952.The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley - who had in fact declared during the campaign that Roosevelt would lose only these two states - to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of "As Maine goes, so goes the nation" into "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont." In fact, since then, the states of Vermont and Maine voted for the same candidate in every election except the 1968 presidential election. Additionally, a prankster posted a sign on Vermont's border with New Hampshire the day after the 1936 election, reading, "You are now leaving the United States."This was the last election in which Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota would vote Democratic until 1964. Of these states, only Indiana would vote Democratic again after 1964 (for Barack Obama in 2008), making this the penultimate time a Democrat won any of the Great Plains states.{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Franklin D. Roosevelt (incumbent)| party=Democratic| state=New York| pv=27,752,648| pv_pct=60.80%| ev=523| vp_name=John Nance Garner| vp_state=Texas}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Alf Landon| party=Republican| state=Kansas| pv=16,681,862| pv_pct=36.54%| ev=8| vp_name=Frank Knox| vp_state=Illinois}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=William Lemke| party=Union| state=North Dakota| pv=892,378| pv_pct=1.95%| ev=0| vp_name=Thomas C. O'Brien| vp_state=Massachusetts}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Norman Thomas| party=Socialist| state=New York| pv=187,910| pv_pct=0.41%| ev=0| vp_name=George A. Nelson| vp_state=Wisconsin}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Earl Browder| party=Communist| state=Kansas| pv=79,315| pv_pct=0.17%| ev=0| vp_name=James W. Ford| vp_state=New York}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=D. Leigh Colvin| party=Prohibition| state=New York| pv=37,646| pv_pct=0.08%| ev=0| vp_name=Claude A. Watson| vp_state=California}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=John W. Aiken| party=Socialist Labor| state=Connecticut| pv=12,799| pv_pct=0.03%| ev=0| vp_name=Emil F. Teichert| vp_state=New York}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=3,141| pv_pct=0.00%}}Source (Popular Vote): {{Leip PV source 2| year=1936| as of=July 31, 2005}}Source (Electoral Vote): {{National Archives EV source| year=1936| as of=July 31, 2005}}{{bar box|title=Popular vote|titlebar=#ddd|width=600px|barwidth=410px|bars={{bar percent|Roosevelt|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|60.80}}{{bar percent|Landon|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|36.54}}{{bar percent|Lemke|#ff9955|1.95}}{{bar percent|Thomas|#CD3700|0.41}}{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.30}}}}{{bar box|title=Electoral vote|titlebar=#ddd|width=600px|barwidth=410px|bars={{bar percent|Roosevelt|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|98.49}}{{bar percent|Landon|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|1.51}}}}- PresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif -
Election results by county.{{legend|#1560BD|Franklin D. Roosevelt
Geography of results
(File:1936 Electoral Map.png|650px|thumb|left)File:1936 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the voteCartographic gallery
File:PresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Presidential election results by countyFile:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Democratic presidential election results by countyFile:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Republican presidential election results by countyFile:OtherPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|"Other" presidential election results by countyFile:AmericanLaborPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|American Labor presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of "Other" presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramAmericanLaborPresidentialCounty1936Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram of American Labor presidential election results by countyResults by state
Source:WEB,weblink 1936 Presidential General Election Data - National, April 8, 2013, {|class="wikitable"States that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Close states
Margin of victory less than 5% (4 electoral votes):- New Hampshire, 1.75% (3,818 votes)
- Kansas, 7.72% (66,793 votes)
- Massachusetts, 9.46% (174,103 votes)
- Delaware, 9.77% (12,466 votes)
- Ohio, 20.56% (619,285 votes)
Statistics
WEB,weblink 1936 Presidential General Election Data - National, April 8, 2013, Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)- Issaquena County, Mississippi 100.00%
- Horry County, South Carolina 100.00%
- Lancaster County, South Carolina 100.00%
- Greensville County, Virginia 100.00%
- Edgefield County, South Carolina 99.92%
- Jackson County, Kentucky 89.05%
- Johnson County, Tennessee 84.39%
- Owsley County, Kentucky 83.02%
- Leslie County, Kentucky 81.39%
- Avery County, North Carolina 77.98%
- Burke County, North Dakota 31.63%
- Sheridan County, North Dakota 28.88%
- Hettinger County, North Dakota 28.25%
- Mountrail County, North Dakota 25.73%
- Steele County, North Dakota 24.30%
See also
- History of the United States (1918â1945)
- 1936 United States House of Representatives elections
- 1936 United States Senate elections
- Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
- Earl Browder
- Huey Long
Notes
{{reflist|group=note}}References
{{reflist|30em}}Works cited
- BOOK, Hair, William Ivy, The Kingfish and His Realm: The Life and Times of Huey P. Long,weblink registration, Louisiana State University Press, 1991, Baton Rouge, 9780807141069, Hair,
- JOURNAL, Sanson, Jerry P., Summer 2006, "What He Did and What He Promised to Do... ": Huey Long and the Horizons of Louisiana Politics, The Journal of Louisiana Historical, 47, 3, 261â276, Sanson, 4234200,
- JOURNAL, Snyder, Robert E., Spring 1975, Huey Long and the Presidential Election of 1936, The Journal of Louisiana Historical, 16, 2, 117â143, Synder, 4231456,
Further reading
- Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928â1936 (1979), statistical
- Brown, Courtney. "Mass dynamics of US presidential competitions, 1928â1936." American Political Science Review 82.4 (1988): 1153â1181. online
- Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)
- Campbell, James E. "Sources of the new deal realignment: The contributions of conversion and mobilization to partisan change." Western Political Quarterly 38.3 (1985): 357â376. online
- Fadely, James Philip. "Editors, Whistle Stops, and Elephants: the Presidential Campaign of 1936 in Indiana." Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85(2): 101â137. {{ISSN|0019-6673}}
- Harrell, James A. "Negro Leadership in the Election Year 1936." Journal of Southern History 34.4 (1968): 546â564. online
- Kennedy, Patrick D. "Chicago's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1944." Illinois Historical Journal 88.4 (1995): 263â278. online
- Leuchtenburg, William E. "Election of 1936", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., A History of American Presidential Elections vol 3 (1971), analysis and primary documents
- McCoy, Donald. Landon of Kansas (1968)
- Nicolaides, Becky M. "Radio Electioneering in the American Presidential Campaigns of 1932 and 1936", Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, June 1988, Vol. 8 Issue 2, pp. 115â138
- Pietrusza, David Roosevelt Sweeps Nation: FDRâs 1936 Landslide and the Triumph of the Liberal Ideal (2022).
- Savage, Sean J. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns", in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96â113 online
- Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Politics of Upheaval (1960)
- Sheppard, Si. The Buying of the Presidency? Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Election of 1936. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2014.
- Shover, John L. "The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924-1936." Journal of American History 60.4 (1974): 985â1002. online
- Spencer, Thomas T. "'Labor is with Roosevelt:' The Pennsylvania Labor Non-Partisan League and the Election of 1936." Pennsylvania History 46.1 (1979): 3â16. online
Primary sources
- Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; Public Opinion, 1935â1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA
- Gallup, George H. ed. The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935â1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll
- Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
- Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956
External links
- 1936 popular vote by counties
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304041853weblink">Election of 1936 in Counting the Votes
- University of Penn Math Department Case Study I: The 1936 Literary Digest Poll
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