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nautiloid
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{{Short description|Extant subclass of cephalopods}}{{Automatic taxobox| name = Nautiloids- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
495|0}}Late Cambrian â Recent| image = Nautilus-JB-01.jpg| image_caption = Nautilus pompilius| image2 = Cameroceras trentonese.jpg | Endocerida>endocerid Cameroceras, shown feeding on the Tarphycerida | Aphetoceras, while a quartet of Ellesmerocerida>ellesmerocerid Cyclostomiceras swim by.| taxon = Nautiloidea | Louis Agassiz>Agassiz, 1847| subdivision_ranks = Major subdivisions| subdivision = *â Plectronoceratoidea (paraphyletic)
Taxonomic relationshipsNautiloids are among the group of animals known as cephalopods, an advanced class of mollusks which also includes ammonoids, belemnites and modern coleoids such as octopus and squid. Other mollusks include gastropods, scaphopods and bivalves.Traditionally, the most common classification of the cephalopods has been a four-fold division (by Bather, 1888), into the orthoceratoids, nautiloids, ammonoids, and coleoids. This article is about nautiloids in that broad sense, sometimes called Nautiloidea sensu lato.Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic assemblage united by shared primitive (plesiomorphic) features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are a grade group that is thought to have given rise to orthoceratoids, ammonoids and coleoids, and are defined by the exclusion of those descendent groups. Both ammonoids and coleoids have traditionally been assumed to have descended from bactritids, which in turn arose from straight-shelled orthoceratoids. The ammonoids appeared early in the Devonian period (some 400 million years ago) and became abundant in the Mesozoic era, before their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.Some workers apply the name Nautiloidea to a more exclusive group, called Nautiloidea sensu stricto. This taxon consists only of those orders that are clearly related to the modern nautilus to the exclusion of other modern cephalopods. In this restricted definition, membership is somewhat variable between authors, but it usually includes Tarphycerida, Oncocerida, and Nautilida.ShellFile:Nautilus pompilius - Fernbank Museum of Natural History - DSC00294.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px|A cross-section of a Nautilus pompilius shell, showing the large body chamber, shrinking camerae, concave septa, and septal necks (partial siphuncle supports)]]All nautiloids have a large external shell, divided into a narrowing chambered region (the phragmocone) and a broad, open body chamber occupied by the animal in life. The outer wall of the shell, also known as the conch, defines its overall shape and texture. The chambers (camerae) of the phragmocone are separated from each other by thin curved walls (septa), which formed during growth spurts of the animal. During a growth spurt, the rear of the mantle secretes a new septum, adding another chamber to the series of shell chambers. At the same time, shell material is added around the shell opening (aperture), enlarging the body chamber and providing more room for the growing animal. Sutures (or suture lines) appear where each septum contacts the wall of the outer shell. In life, they are visible as a series of narrow wavy lines on the outer surface of the shell. Like their underlying septa, the sutures of the nautiloids are simple in shape, being either straight or slightly curved. This is different from the “zigzag” sutures of the goniatites and the highly complex sutures of the ammonites.The septa are perforated by the siphuncle, a fleshy tube which runs through each of the internal chambers of the shell. Surrounding the fleshy tube of the siphuncle are structures made of aragonite (a polymorph of calcium carbonate â which during fossilisation is often recrystallized to calcite, a more stable form of calcium carbonate [CaCO3]): septal necks and connecting rings. Some of the earlier nautiloids deposited calcium carbonate in the empty chambers (called cameral deposits) or within the siphuncle (endosiphuncular deposits), a process which may have been connected with controlling buoyancy. The nature of the siphuncle and its position within the shell are important in classifying nautiloids and can help distinguish them from ammonoids. The siphuncle is on the shell periphery in most ammonoids whereas it runs through the center of the chambers in some nautiloids, including living nautiluses.WEB,www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php, The Cephalopoda, The University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2014-05-11, The subclass Nautiloidea, in its broader definition, is distinguished from other cephalopods by two main characteristics: the septa are smoothly concave in the forward direction, producing external sutures which are generally simple and smooth. The siphuncle is supported by septal necks which point to the rear (i.e. retrosiphonate) throughout the ontogeny of the animal.Modern nautiluses have deeply coiled shells which are involute, meaning that the larger and more recent whorls overlap and obscure older whorls. The shells of fossil nautiloids may be either straight (i.e., orthoconic as in Orthoceras and Rayonnoceras), curved (as in Cyrtoceras) coiled (as in Cenoceras), or rarely a helical coil (as in Lorieroceras). Some species’ shellsâespecially in the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoicâare ornamented with spines and ribs, but most have a smooth shell. The shells are formed of aragonite, although the cameral deposits may consist of primary calcite.JOURNAL, Stehli FG, Shell Mineralogy in Paleozoic Invertebrates, Science, 123, 3206, 1031â1032, June 1956, 17800970, 10.1126/science.123.3206.1031, 1956Sci...123.1031S, 1750042, The coloration of the shell of the modern nautilus is quite prominent, and, although somewhat rarely, the shell coloration has been known to be preserved in fossil nautiloids. They often show color patterns only on the dorsal side, suggesting that the living animals swam horizontally.Modern nautiloidsmissing image!
Much of what is known about the extinct nautiloids is based on what we know about modern nautiluses, such as the chambered nautilus, which is found in the southwest Pacific Ocean from Samoa to the Philippines, and in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Australia. It is not usually found in waters less than {{convert|100|m|ft|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} deep and may be found as far down as {{convert|500|to|700|m|ft|-1|abbr=off|sp=us}}.Nautili are free swimming animals that possess a head with two simple lens-free eyes and arms (or tentacles). They have a smooth shell over a large body chamber, which is divided into subchambers filled with an inert gas (similar to the composition of atmospheric air, but with more nitrogen and less oxygen) making the animal neutrally buoyant in the water. As many as 90 tentacles are arranged in two circles around the mouth. The animal is predatory, and has jaws which are horny and beak-like, allowing it to feed on crustaceans.Empty nautilus shells may drift a considerable distance and have been reported from Japan, India and Africa. Undoubtedy the same applies to the shells of fossil nautiloids, the gas inside the shell keeping it buoyant for some time after the animal’s death, allowing the empty shell to be carried some distance from where the animal lived before finally sinking to the seafloor.Nautili propel themselves by jet propulsion, expelling water from an elongated funnel called the hyponome, which can be pointed in different directions to control their movement. Unlike the belemnites and other cephalopods, modern nautili do not have an ink sac, and there is no evidence to suggest that the extinct forms possessed one either. Furthermore, unlike the extinct ammonoids, the modern nautilus lacks an aptychus, a biomineralized plate which is proposed to act as an operculum which closes the shell to protect the body. However, aptychus-like plates are known from some extinct nautiloids, and they may be homologous to the fleshy hood of a modern nautilus.JOURNAL, Stridsberg S, 1984, Aptychopsid plates - jaw elements or protective operculum,onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb00670.x, Lethaia, en, 17, 1, 93â98, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb00670.x, 0024-1164, - Nautilus profile.jpg - Nautilus belauensis Fossil recordmissing image!
- Nautiloid trilacinoceras.jpg - Fossil nautiloid Trilacinoceras from the Ordovician of China. missing image!
- OrdNautiloidInternalMold.jpg - Fossil orthoconic nautiloid from the Ordovician of Kentucky; an internal mold showing siphuncle and half-filled camerae, both encrusted. missing image!
Nautiloids are often found as fossils in early Palaeozoic rocks (less so in more recent strata).The rocks of the Ordovician period in the Baltic coast and parts of the United States contain a variety of nautiloid fossils, and specimens such as Discitoceras and Rayonnoceras may be found in the limestones of the Carboniferous period in Ireland. The marine rocks of the Jurassic period in Britain often yield specimens of Cenoceras, and nautiloids such as Eutrephoceras are also found in the Pierre Shale formation of the Cretaceous period in the north-central United States.Specimens of the Ordovician nautiloid Endoceras have been recorded measuring up to {{convert|5.7|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} in shell length, and there is a description of a specimen estimated to have reached {{convert|9.1|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, although that specimen is reported as destroyed.JOURNAL, Klug, Christian, De Baets, Kenneth, Kröger, Björn, Bell, Mark A., Korn, Dieter, Payne, Jonathan L., 2015, Normal giants? Temporal and latitudinal shifts of Palaeozoic marine invertebrate gigantism and global change,onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/let.12104, Lethaia, en, 48, 2, 267â288, 10.1111/let.12104, These large nautiloids would have been formidable predators of other marine animals at the time they lived.In some localities, such as Scandinavia and Morocco, the fossils of orthoconic nautiloids accumulated in such large numbers that they form limestones composed of nonspecific assemblages known as cephalopod beds, cephalopod limestones, nautiloid limestones, or Orthoceras limestones in the geological literature. Although the term Orthoceras now only refers to a Baltic coast Ordovician genus, in prior times it was employed as a general name given to all straight-shelled nautiloids that lived from the Ordovician to the Triassic periods (but were most common in the early Paleozoic era).- OrhtocerasNautiloid092313.jpg - Cross-section of an Orthoceras nautiloid from the Siluro-Devonian of Erfoud, Morocco. Evolutionary historyNautiloids are first known from the late Cambrian Fengshan Formation of northeastern China, where they seem to have been quite diverse (at the time this was a warm shallow sea rich in marine life). However, although four orders have been proposed from the 131 species named, there is no certainty that all of these are valid, and indeed it is likely that these taxa are seriously oversplit.File:Cyrtoceras NT small.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of Cyrtoceras sp]]File:Gyronaedyceras eryx.jpg|thumb|Gyronaedyceras eryx, an oncocerid from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin]]File:Acleistoceras whitfieldi.jpg|thumb|Acleistoceras whitfieldi, an oncocerid from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin]]File:A coiled cephalopods imprint from Dane county, Wisconsin.jpg|thumb|Trocholites, an tarphycerid from the Upper Ordovician of Wisconsin]]Most of these early forms died out, but a single family, the Ellesmeroceratidae, survived to the early Ordovician, where it ultimately gave rise to all subsequent cephalopods. In the Early and Middle Ordovician the nautiloids underwent an evolutionary radiation.JOURNAL, Kroeger B, Landing E, Geological Magazine, 145, Onset of the Ordovician cephalopod radiation â evidence from the Rochdale Formation (middle Early Ordovician, Stairsian) in eastern New York, 10.1017/S0016756808004585, 2008, 4, 490â520, 2008GeoM..145..490K, 129441156,edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/22517, JOURNAL, Kroeger B, Yun-Bai Z, Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 273, 1â2, 174â201, 2009, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.015, 2009PPP...273..174K, Some eight new orders appeared at this time, covering a great diversity of shell types and structure, and ecological lifestyles.Nautiloids remained at the height of their range of adaptations and variety of forms throughout the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian periods, with various straight, curved and coiled shell forms coexisting at the same time. Several of the early orders became extinct over that interval, but others rose to prominence.Nautiloids began to decline in the Devonian, perhaps due to competition with their descendants and relatives the Ammonoids and Coleoids, with only the Nautilida holding their own (and indeed increasing in diversity). Their shells became increasingly tightly coiled, while both numbers and variety of non-nautilid species continued to decrease throughout the Carboniferous and Permian.The massive extinctions at the end of the Permian were less damaging to nautiloids than to other taxa and a few groups survived into the early Mesozoic, including pseudorthocerids, bactritids, nautilids and possibly orthocerids. The last straight-shelled forms were long thought to have disappeared at the end of the Triassic, but a possible orthocerid has been found in Cretaceous rocks. Apart from this exception, only a single nautiloid suborder, the Nautilina, continued throughout the Mesozoic, where they co-existed quite happily with their more specialised ammonoid cousins. Most of these forms differed only slightly from the modern nautilus. They had a brief resurgence in the early Tertiary (perhaps filling the niches vacated by the ammonoids in the end Cretaceous extinction), and maintained a worldwide distribution up until the middle of the Cenozoic Era. With the global cooling of the Miocene and Pliocene, their geographic distribution shrank and these hardy and long-lived animals declined in diversity again. Today there are only six living species, all belonging to two genera, Nautilus (the pearly nautilus), and Allonautilus.The recent decrease in the once worldwide distribution of nautiloids is now believed to have been caused by the spread of pinnipeds.WEB, 2022-10-15, How seals made Nautilus a ‘Living Fossil’,journalofbiogeographynews.org/2022/10/15/how-seals-made-nautilus-a-living-fossil/, live,web.archive.org/web/20221023145840/https://journalofbiogeographynews.org/2022/10/15/how-seals-made-nautilus-a-living-fossil/, 2022-10-23, 2023-03-29, Journal of Biogeography, en-US, From the Oligocene onward, the appearance of pinnipeds in the geological record of a region coincides with the disappearance of nautiloids from that region.JOURNAL, Kiel, Steffen, Goedert, James L., Tsai, ChengâHsiu, 2022-09-22, Seals, whales and the Cenozoic decline of nautiloid cephalopods, Journal of Biogeography, en, 49, 11, 1903â1910, 10.1111/jbi.14488, 252576418, 0305-0270, free, As a result, nautiloids are now limited to their current distribution in the tropical Indo-Pacific ocean, where pinnipeds are absent. The genus Aturia seem to have temporarily survive regions where pinnipeds were present through adaptations to fast and agile swimming, but eventually went extinct as well. Predation by short-snouted whales and the development of OMZs, preventing nautiloids from retreating into deeper water, are also cited as other potential causes of extinction.Timeline of ordersImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15pxPlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10pxPeriod = from:-542 till:-0TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:25 start:-542ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:5 start:-542TimeAxis = orientation:horAlignBars = justifyColors =
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from: -542 till: -251 color:paleozoic text:Paleozoic Era from: -251 till: -65.5 color:mesozoic text:Mesozoic Era from: -65.5 till: 0 color:cenozoic text:Cenozoic Classification{{See also|List of nautiloids}}Older classification systemsA consensus on nautiloid classification has traditionally been elusive and subject to change, as different workers emphasize different fundamental traits when reconstructing evolutionary events. The largest and most widely cited publication on nautiloid taxonomy is the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part K by Teichert et al. 1964, though new information has rendered this volume outdated and in need of revision. Treatise Part K was based on previous classification schemes by Flower & Kummel (1950) and the Russian Osnovy Paleontologii Vol. 5 (1962) textbook.Other comprehensive taxonomic schemes have been devised by Wade (1988), Teichert (1988), and Shevyrev (2006). Wade (1988) divided the subclass Nautiloidea (sensu lato) into 6 superorders, incorporating orders that are phylogenetically related. They are:
Early cladistic effortsCladistic approaches are rare in nautiloid systematics. Many nautiloid orders (not to mention the group as a whole) are not monophyletic clades, but rather paraphyletic grades. This means that they include some descendant taxa while excluding others. For example, the paraphyletic order Orthocerida includes numerous orthocerids stretching through the Paleozoic, but it excludes colloids, despite colloids having a well-established ancestry among the orthocerids. Interpretations by Engeser (1996-1998) suggests that nautiloids, and indeed cephalopods in general, should be split into two main clades: Palcephalopoda (including all the nautiloids except Orthocerida and Ascocerida) and Neocephalopoda (the rest of the cephalopods). Palcephalopoda is meant to correspond to groups which are closer to living nautilus, while Neocephalopoda is meant to correspond to groups closer to living coleoids. One issue which this scheme is the necessity of establishing a firm ancestry for nautilus, to contextualize which cephalopods are closer to which of the two living end members. On the basis of morphological traits, Nautilida is most similar to coiled early nautiloids such as the Tarphycerida and Oncocerida. However, these orders diverged from coleoid ancestors in the early Ordovician at the latest, while genetic divergence estimates suggest that Nautilida diverged in the Silurian or Devonian.A more recent phylogenetic study by Lindgren et al. (2004), which supports the monophyly of cephalopods, does not bear on the Palcephalopod/Neocephalopod question, since the only cephalopods included were Nautilus and coleoids.JOURNAL, Lindgren AR, Giribet G, Nishiguchi MK, A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca), Cladistics, 20, 5, 454â486, October 2004, 34892953, 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x,faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/InvertZool/Cephalopod%20phylogeny.pdf, 2014-12-02, dead, 85975284, 10.1.1.693.2026,faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/InvertZool/Cephalopod%20phylogeny.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304022922faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/InvertZool/Cephalopod%20phylogeny.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160304022922faculty.uml.edu/rhochberg/hochberglab/Courses/InvertZool/Cephalopod%20phylogeny.pdf, 2016-03-04,Recent revisionsFor an in-process revision of Treatise Part K, King & Evans (2019) reclassified nautiloids sensu lato into five subclasses. Major groups were primarily defined by variation in their muscle attachment types. Other traits referenced during this reclassification include protoconch morphology, connecting ring structure, and the extent of cameral and endosiphuncular deposits. While most previous studies referred to subclasses with the suffix ‘-oidea’, these authors instead opted for the suffix ‘-ia’, to prevent confusion between group levels. For example, Nautiloidea sensu stricto was renamed to Nautilia, to differentiate it from the informal broader definition of “nautiloid”. In addition, they used the unsimplified names for orders, with the suffix ‘-atida’ rather than the common simplified form, ‘-ida’.JOURNAL, King AH, Evans DH, 2019, High-level classification of the nautiloid cephalopods: a proposal for the revision of the Treatise Part K, Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, en, 138, 1, 65â85, 10.1007/s13358-019-00186-4, 133647555, 1664-2384, free,
|1=Plectronocerida
{edih}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|2={{clade |1=Yanhecerida |2={{clade |1=Ellesmerocerida (paraphyletic to Endoceratoidea, Multiceratoidea, and Orthoceratoidea) |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Endoceratoidea |1={{clade |1=Endocerida |2=Bisonocerida {edih} |label2=Multiceratoidea |2={{clade |1=Cyrtocerinida |2={{clade |1=Tarphycerida (possibly paraphyletic to Nautilida) |2={{clade |1=Oncocerida (paraphyletic to Ascocerida and Discosorida) |2={{clade |1=Ascocerida |2=Discosorida }}}}}}}}}} |label2=Orthoceratoidea |2={hide}clade |1=Riocerida (possibly paraphyletic to later orthoceratoids) |2={{clade |1=Dissidocerida (paraphyletic to later orthoceratoids) |2={{clade |1=Lituitida |2={{clade |1=Actinocerida |2={{clade |1=Pseudorthocerida |2=Orthocerida (paraphyletic to Bactritida, Ammonoidea, and Coleoidea) GalleryFile:Nautilus pompilius 3.jpg|The Nautilus, one of only two surviving nautiloid generaFile:Allonautilus scrobiculatus.jpg|Allonautilus, the other surviving nautliod genusFile:Endoceras_sp.png|Endoceras was one of the largest nautiloids to have ever livedFile:Alaskoceras sewardi.jpg|Alaskoceras was a member of the Tarphycerida, the first cephalopods to evolve coiled shellsFile:Plectronoceras.png|Plectronoceras was one of the earliest known nautiloids, existing in the late CambrianFile:Diorama of a Devonian seafloor - Goldringia nautiloid cephalopod eating a trilobite (45654169671).jpg|Goldringia was a Rutoceratid nautiloid from the middle Devonian of the United StatesFile:Lorieroceras lorieri.jpg|Lorieroceras was a bizarre oncocerid nautiloid from the Devonian that possessed a helically coiled shellFile:Cenoceras NT.jpg|A reconstruction of the Mesozoic nautiloid CenocerasFile:Hoko River Nautilids.jpg|Two nautiloids from the Eocene aged Hoko River Formation, Nautilus cookanum and Aturia alabamensisFile:Diorama of a Permian seafloor - coiled cephalopod, sponges, brachiopods (43887749560).jpg|Cooperoceras was a Tainoceratid nautiloid from the Late Permian that possessed hollow recurved spines running along its shellSee alsoReferences{{Reflist}}Further reading
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