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{{split|date=March 2024}}{{Short description|Genus of mammals}}{{About|the antelope species}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}{{Automatic taxobox| name = Gazella| fossil_range = Pliocene to recent| image = Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg| image_caption = Chinkara from Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India| taxon = Gazella! Genus !! Common and binomial names !! class=“unsortable“| Image !! Range| Cuvier’s gazelleG. cuvieri| Dorcas gazelleG. dorcas| Goitered gazelleG. subgutturosa| Arabian sand gazelleG. marica| Chinkara or Indian gazelleG. bennettii| Mountain gazelleG. gazella| Rhim gazelleG. leptoceros| Speke’s gazelleG. spekei| Erlanger’s gazelleG. erlangeri| | Arabian Peninsula| Red-fronted gazelleE. rufifrons| Red gazelleE. rufina| Thomson’s gazelleE. thomsonii| Grant’s gazelleN. granti| Soemmerring’s gazelleN. soemmerringii

Blainville]], 1816	Gazella dorcas>Capra dorcas{{MSW3|id=14200551}}	Carl Linnaeus>Linnaeus, 1758)| subdivision_ranks = Species| subdivision = Several, see text}}A gazelle is one of many antelope species in the genus Gazella {{IPAc-en|g|É™|ˈ|z|É›|l|É™}}.MERRIAM-WEBSTER, Gazella, There are also seven species included in two further genera; Eudorcas and Nanger, which were formerly considered subgenera of Gazella. A third former subgenus, Procapra, includes three living species of Asian gazelles.Gazelles are known as swift animals. Some can run at bursts as high as {{Convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|sigfig=1}} or run at a sustained speed of {{Convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|sigfig=1}}.“Gazelle”. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2007, Columbia University Press. Gazelles are found mostly in the deserts, grasslands, and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest and central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. They tend to live in herds, and eat fine, easily digestible plants and leaves.Gazelles are relatively small antelopes, most standing {{convert|2|-|3.5|ft|cm|abbr=on|order=flip|-1}} high at the shoulder, and are generally fawn-colored.The gazelle genera are Gazella, Eudorcas, and Nanger. The taxonomy of these genera is confused, and the classification of species and subspecies has been an unsettled issue. Currently, the genus Gazella is widely considered to contain about 10 species.{{Citation |title=The curious case of Gazella arabica | author=Eva Verena Bärmann|display-authors=etal | journal=Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde | year=2013 | volume=78 | issue=3 | pages=220–225 | doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2012.07.003}} One subspecies is extinct: the Queen of Sheba’s gazelle. Most surviving gazelle species are considered threatened to varying degrees. Closely related to the true gazelles are the Tibetan goa and Mongolian gazelles (species of the genus Procapra), the blackbuck of Asia, and the African springbok.One widely familiar gazelle is the African species Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii), sometimes referred to as a “tommie”. It is around {{Convert|60|to|70|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} in shoulder height and is coloured brown and white with a distinguishing black stripe. The males have long, often curved, horns. Like many other prey species, tommies exhibit a distinctive behaviour of stotting (running and jumping high before fleeing) when they are threatened by predators such as cheetahs, lions, African wild dogs, crocodiles, hyenas, and leopards. Etymology and their name missing image! - תמונה 1108.jpg - Byzantine-era mosaic of gazelle in Caesarea, Israel Gazelle is derived from French gazelle, Old French gazel, probably via Old Spanish gacel, probably from North African pronunciation of {{transl|ar|DIN|Ä¡azāl}},WEB, gazelle {{!, Etymology, origin and meaning of gazelle by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/gazelle |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}SKEAT, gazelle, 236, Maghrebi pronunciation {{transl|ar|DIN|Ä¡azÄ“l}}.WEB,www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/gazelle, gazelle, CNRTL, To Europe it first came to Old Spanish and Old French, and then around 1600 the word entered the English language.WEB, Definition of GAZELLE,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gazelle, 2023-02-23, www.merriam-webster.com, en, The Arab people traditionally hunted the gazelle. Later appreciated for its grace, however, it became a symbol most commonly associated in Arabic literature with human female beauty.BOOK, Beauty in Arabic culture, Doris, Behrens-billAbouseif, Illustrated, Markus Wiener Publishers, 1999, 9781558761995,books.google.com/books?id=GQ2aFwUR3mgC&pg=PA53, 53, Jokha Alharthi (PhD), (Sultan Qaboos University, College of Arts and Social Sciences - Arabic Department) www.researchgate.net/publication/288181275_The_Representation_of_the_Beloved’s_Body_in_classical_Arabic_Poetry Note in particular pages 7 and 8 of this (linked-to) paper published at a conference in 2015. In many countries in Northwestern Sub-Saharan Africa, the gazelle is commonly referred to as “dangelo”, meaning “swift deer”.WEB, live,ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/roJ97b4t-dE, 2021-12-05,www.youtube.com/watch?v=roJ97b4t-dE&feature=youtu.be, Dangelo (swift deer), YouTube, {{cbignore}} Symbolism or totemism in African families The gazelle, like the antelope to which it is related, is the totem of many African families. Some examples include the Joof family of the Senegambia region,Faye, Louis Diène, Mort et naissance: le monde Sereer, Nouvelles Éditions africaines (1983), p. 74, {{ISBN|9782723608688}}BOOK, Gastellu, Jean-Marc,books.google.com/books?id=cc0xdPE35ngC, L’égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal, 1981, IRD Editions, 978-2-7099-0591-6, fr, 130, the Bagananoa of Botswana in Southern Africa (said to be descended from the BaHurutshe),BOOK, Chidester, David,books.google.com/books?id=RlHs4yC0eP0C&pg=PA341, African Traditional Religion in South Africa: An Annotated Bibliography: An Annotated Bibliography, Kwenda, Chirevo, Petty, Robert, Tobler, Judy, Wratten, Darrel, 1997-08-07, ABC-CLIO, 978-0-313-03225-7, en, 341, and the Eraraka (or Erarak) clan of Uganda.Roscoe, John, The Northern Bantu: An Account of Some Central African Tribes of the Uganda Protectorate, The University Press (1915), p. 262 As is common in many African societies, it is forbidden for the Joof or Eraraka to kill or touch the family totem. Poetry One of the traditional themes of Arabic love poetry involves comparing the gazelle with the beloved, and linguists theorize ghazal, the word for love poetry in Arabic, is related to the word for gazelle.BOOK, Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Gülru, NecipoÄŸlu, Gülru NecipoÄŸlu, Illustrated, BRILL, 1997, 9789004108721,books.google.com/books?id=s6MN2T9cXNEC&pg=PA15, It is related that the Caliph Abd al-Malik (646–705) freed a gazelle that he had captured because of her resemblance to his beloved:{{center|O likeness of Layla, never fear!For I am your friend, today, O wild gazelle!Then I say, after freeing her from her fetters:You are free for the sake of Layla, for ever!}}The theme is found in the ancient Hebrew Song of Songs. (8:14){{center|Come away, my beloved,and be like a gazelleor like a young stagon the spice-laden mountains.}} Species {{Hatnote|For gazelle species by population, see List of even-toed ungulates by population}}The gazelles are divided into three genera and numerous species.WEB, Antilopinae,www.ultimateungulate.com/Cetartiodactyla/Antilopinae.html, 2008-07-01, {| class=“wikitable sortable”
Gazella| Arabian gazelleG. arabica	120px)| Arabian Peninsula
120px)| Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia
120px)	Africa, Sinai Peninsula>Sinai and Southern Israel
120px)	Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia (country)>Georgia, part of Iran, parts of Iraq and southwestern Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Gobi Desert
120px)| Syrian Desert, southeastern Turkey, and Arabian Desert
120px)| Iran, Pakistan and India
120px)| Israel, the Golan Heights, the West Bank, Dubai and Turkey
120px)| Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan
120px)| Horn of Africa
Eudorcas| Mongalla gazelleE. albonotata	120px)	Sudanian Savanna>savanna of South Sudan
120px)| The Sahel region of central Africa
120px)| Mountain areas of North Africa
120px)| East Africa
Nanger| Dama gazelleN. dama	120px)| Sahara desert and the Sahel
120px)| Northern Tanzania to South Sudan and Ethiopia, and from the Kenyan coast to Lake Victoria
120px)| Horn of Africa

Prehistoric extinctions

Fossils of genus Gazella are found in Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of Eurasia and Africa. The tiny Gazella borbonica is one of the earliest European gazelles, characterized by its small size and short legs. Gazelles disappeared from Europe at the start of the Ice Age, but they survived in Africa and the Middle East.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

• Genus Gazella
  • Gazella borbonica - Pleistocene Europe
  • Gazella capricornis - Miocene AsiaJOURNAL, Solounias, N., Moelleken, S.M.C., Plavcan, J.M., 1995, Predicting the diet of extinct bovids using masseteric morphology, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 4, 195–805, 10.1080/02724634.1995.10011262,
  • Gazella harmonae - Pliocene of Ethiopia, unusual spiral hornsJOURNAL, Geraads, D., 2012, Pliocene Bovidae (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation of Hadar and Ledi-Geraru, Lower Awash, Ethiopia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32, 1, 180–197, 10.1080/02724634.2012.632046, etal, Ledi-Geraru, 86230742,
  • Gazella praethomsoni - Pliocene Africa
  • Gazella negevensis - Early Miocene AsiaJOURNAL, Tchernov, E., Ginsburg, L., etal, 1987, Miocene mammals of the Negev (Israel), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 7, 3, 284–310, 10.1080/02724634.1987.10011661,
  • Gazella thomasi - Thomas’s gazelleJOURNAL, Geraads, D., Raynal, J., Sbihi-Alaoui, F., February 2010, Mammalian faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Casablanca (Morocco), Historical Biology, 22, 1–3, 275–285, 10.1080/08912960903458011, 128756698,

• Gazella vanhoepeni - Pliocene Africa JOURNAL, Sponheimer, M., Reed, K.E., Lee-Thorp, J.A., June 1999, Combining isotopic and ecomorphological data to refine bovid paleodietary reconstruction: a case study from the Makapansgat Limeworks hominin locality, Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 6, 705–718, 10.1006/jhev.1999.0300, 10330334,
• Subgenus Vetagazella
  • Gazella altidens JOURNAL, Khan, A., 2009, Mammalian new remains from chinji, The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 19, 4, 224–229,d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33212748/mammalian_new_remains_from_chinji-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1660471800&Signature=Og2UZssgp24JywvPzLzdQ8eU0XGuHDKA9-PB6pepxz-6ZqCuo8DvmePuPh2U1tgcDAA0LcKqn31JMrZ0bGvjCL1BGoTDofDtLbDbISm-SURj5d~jQvvttEQVajNgih2sHUkCAIPwQxlsZgeLCr4lcNtPUeaiYSzkAIPXmwXdP0ijiUdbmiKInS~vvNCWv0y-8m95EtZ8xOiqu62IjLtYUfO36mM1EQcj3rnalalXczsOLqg~f-R0lupIszg80FsMiXKMW8R4O02LNv03mgG3UQoKYiLw6lSi4k~fmiUd~bNH6MK6am-zesXJKPTEMHJky-ylhrovQG9VA0JmGzMyQw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA, 14 August 2022,
  • Gazella blacki - Pliocene AsiaJOURNAL, Chen, G., 1997, Gazella blacki Teilhard and Young, 1931 (Bovicae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Pliocene of Hefeng, Jingle District, Shanxi Province,www.vertpala.ac.cn/EN/Y1997/V35/I03/189, Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 35, 3, 189–200, 14 August 2022,
  • Gazella deperdita - Late Miocene EuropeJOURNAL, Merceron, G., de Bonis, L., etal, February 2005, Dental microwear of fossil bovids from northern Greece: paleoenvironmental conditions in the eastern Mediterranean during the Messinian, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 217, 3–4, 173–185, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.11.019, 2005PPP...217..173M,doc.rero.ch/record/13425/files/PAL_E235.pdf,
  • Gazella dorcadoides - Middle Miocene Asia
  • Gazella pilgrimi - Late Miocene EuropeJOURNAL, Bouvrain, G., 1996, The gazelles from the late Miocene of Macedonia, Greece, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 199, 1, 111–32, 10.1127/njgpa/199/1996/111,
  • Gazella gaudryi - Middle Miocene EurasiaJOURNAL, Khan, M.A., Asim, M., etal, August 2021, New remains of Gazella (Bovidae) from Middle Miocene, Pakistan, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 17, 1703, 10.1007/s12517-021-07885-8, 236948573,
  • Gazella kueitensis - Pliocene AsiaJOURNAL, Meng, X., Zhu, D., etal, September 2010, Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and paleomagnetic chronology of the Zanda Basin, Tibet, and records of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Acta Geologica Sinica, 82, 1, 63–72, 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00325.x, 128749824,
  • Gazella lydekkeri - Mid to Late Miocene Asia
  • Gazella paotehensis - Middle Miocene Asia
  • Gazella paragutturosa - Pleistocene AsiaJOURNAL, Leslie, D.M., July 2010, Procapra picticaudata (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), Mammalian Species, 42, 861, 138–148, 10.1644/861.1, 20998647, free,
  • Gazella parasinensis - Pliocene AsiaJOURNAL, Vislobokova, I., 2005, On Pliocene faunas with Proboscideans in the territory of the former Soviet Union, Quaternary International, 126-128, 93–105, 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.017, 2005QuInt.126...93V,
  • Gazella praegaudryi - Pleistocene Africa
  • Gazella sinensis - Pliocene AsiaJOURNAL, Vislobokova, I., Dmitrieva, E., Kalmykov, N., 1995, Artiodactyls From the Late Pliocene of Udunga, Western Trans-Baikal, Russia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 1, 146–159, 10.1080/02724634.1995.10011214,
  • Gazella brianus - Pliocene Asia
• Subgenus Gazella
  • Gazella janenschi - Pliocene AfricaJOURNAL, Fillion, E.N., Harrison, T., Kwekason, A., June 2022, A nonanalog Pliocene ungulate community at Laetoli with implications for the paleoecology of Australopithecus afarensis, Journal of Human Evolution, 167, 103182, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103182, 35428490, 248141011, free,
• Subgenus Trachelocele
  • Gazella atlantica - Pleistocene Africa
  • Gazella tingitana - Pleistocene Africa
• Subgenus Deprezia
  • Gazella psolea - Pliocene Africa

Gallery

File:Grants Gazelle Gazella granti in Tanzania 2645 Nevit.jpg|Grant’s gazelle (male)File:Gazella dama mhorr 2.jpg|Mhorr gazelleFile:Cuvier’s Gazelle.jpg|Cuvier’s gazelle (female)File:Gazella thomsonii - Disney’s Animal Kingdom Lodge, Orlando, Florida, USA - 20100916.jpg|Thomson’s gazelle (male)File:Gazella spekei (Speke’s Gazelle).jpg|Speke’s gazelle (female)File:Group of Gazella subgutturosa.JPG|Goitered gazelle (females and young)File:Chinkara.jpg|Chinkara (female)File:Gazella-dorcas.jpg|Dorcas gazelle (female)File:Gazella rufifrons AB.jpg|Red-fronted gazelleFile:Gazella gazella.jpg|Mountain gazelle (male)File:GazellaSoemmerringiWolf.jpg|Soemmerring’s gazelle (females)File:Slender-horned gazelle (Cincinnati Zoo).jpg|Slender-horned gazelle (male)File:Granada Alhambra gazelle Poterie 9019.JPG|Gazelles on one of the vases made for the Alhambra palace

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{Commons category|Gazella}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.5}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q190858}}{{Authority control}}