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{{Short description|Town in Cornwall, England}}{{Other uses}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}

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| post_town = PENZANCE| postcode_area = TR| postcode_district = TR18| dial_code = 01736St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)>St Ives| civil_parish = PenzanceCornwall Council>Cornwall| lieutenancy_england = Cornwall| cornish_name = Pennsans| website = www.penzancetowncouncil.co.uk| static_image_2 = | static_image_2_caption = The council’s logo| type = Town}}Penzance ({{IPAc-en|p|É›|n|ˈ|z|æ|n|s}} {{respell|pen|ZANSS|’}}; )Official Maga Placenames list, November 2012 ; p. 520 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515091028www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page=520 |date=15 May 2013 }} is a town, civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is the most westerly major town in CornwallOrdnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 Land’s End {{ISBN|978-0-319-23148-7}} and is about {{convert|64|mi}} west-southwest of Plymouth and {{convert|255|mi}} west-southwest of London. Situated in the shelter of Mount’s Bay, the town faces south-east onto the English Channel, is bordered to the west by the fishing port of Newlyn, to the north by the civil parish of Madron and to the east by the civil parish of Ludgvan. The civil parish includes the town of Newlyn and the villages of Mousehole, Paul, Gulval, and Heamoor. Granted various royal charters from 1512 onwards and incorporated on 9 May 1614,BOOK, Millett, G.B.,books.google.com/books?id=nfUGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2, The Official Guide to Penzance, 1876, Beare and Son, Penzance, 2–3, 1 July 2017, it has a population of 21,200 (2011 census).“Town populations: Data from the 2011 Census (Office for National Statistics) built from Lower Layer Super Output Areas”. Cornwall Council. Retrieved 13 February 2013.Penzance’s former{{explain|date=July 2022}} main street Chapel Street has a number of interesting features, including the Egyptian House, The Admiral Benbow public house (home to a real life 1800s smuggling gang and allegedly the inspiration for Treasure Island{{’}}s “Admiral Benbow Inn“),NEWS, Gainey, Tom, Cornwall’s smuggling past - a look at six pubs at the heart of a ‘golden age’ of criminality,www.cornwalllive.com/news/history/cornwalls-smuggling-past-look-six-888128, The Cornishman, 10 December 2017, the Union Hotel (including a Georgian theatre which is no longer in use), and Branwell House, where the mother and aunt of the famous Brontë sisters once lived. Regency and Georgian terraces and houses are common in some parts of the town. The nearby sub-tropical Morrab Gardens has a large collection of tender trees and shrubs, many of which cannot be grown outdoors anywhere else in the UK. Also of interest is the seafront with its promenade and the open-air seawater Jubilee Pool (one of the oldest surviving Art Deco swimming baths in the country).Penzance is the base of the pirates in Gilbert and Sullivan’s comic opera The Pirates of Penzance. At the time the libretto was written, 1879, Penzance had become popular as a peaceful resort town, so the idea of it being overrun by pirates was amusing to contemporaries.(File:PENZANCE PANO NOVEMBER 2021editweb.jpg|thumb|Penzance panorama)

Toponymy

Penzance—Pennsans; “holy headland” in the Cornish languageBOOK, Mills, Anthony David, Dictionary of English Place-Names, 1991, Oxford University Press, 0192831313, 257, BOOK, Mills, Anthony David,books.google.com/books?id=tXucAQAAQBAJ&q=0192831313, A Dictionary of British Place Names, 20 October 2011, 9780199609086, 366, OUP Oxford, 14 October 2018, Google Books, —refers to the location of a chapel nowadays called St Anthony’s that is said{{by whom|date=December 2023}} to have stood over a thousand years ago on the headland to the west of what became Penzance Harbour. There are no early documents mentioning an actual dedication to St Anthony which seems to depend entirely on tradition and may be groundless.{{Rp|pages=13–15}} The only remaining object from this chapel is a carved figure, now largely eroded, known as “St Raffidy” which can be found in the churchyard of the parish church of St Mary’s near the original site of the chapel. Until the 1930s this history was also reflected in the choice of symbol for the town, the severed “holy head” of St John the Baptist. His head is shown on the civic regalia of the Mayor of PenzanceWEB,www.penzance-tc.gov.uk/coat-of-arms/, Coat of Arms, www.penzance-tc.gov.uk, 14 May 2024, and on the northern side of the Market House in the town.

History

Prehistory to Early Medieval period

File:St John’s Hall, Penzance, April 2021.jpg|thumb|left|The former public buildings, now known as St John’s Hall, which is located in the Alverton part of Penzance]]About 400 prehistoric stone axes, known as Group 1 axes and made from greenstone, have been found all over Britain, which from petrological analysis appear to come from west Cornwall.Markham, M. & Floyd, P. A. (1998) “Geochemical Fingerprinting of West Cornish Greenstones as an aid to Provenancing Neolithic Axes”. Read at the Annual Conference of the Ussher Society, January 1998 Although the quarry has not been identified, it has been suggested that the Gear, a rock now submerged half a mile from the shore at Penzance, may be the site. A significant amount of trade is indicated as many have been found elsewhere in Britain.Pool, Peter A S (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: The Corporation of Penzance. The earliest evidence of settlement in Penzance is from the Bronze Age. A number of bronze implements such as a palstave, a spear-head, a knife, and pins, along with much pottery and large quantities of charcoal were discovered when building a new housing estate, at Tredarvah, to the west of Alverton.“Excavation News, 1963–1964: Tredarvah, Penzance”. Cornish Archaeology. {{date}} p. 85 The defensive earthwork known as Lescudjack Castle is not excavated, but almost certainly belongs to the Iron Age.Weatherhill, Craig Cornovia: Ancient Sites of Cornwall & Scilly (Alison Hodge 1985; Halsgrove 1997, 2000) A single rampart encloses three acres of hilltop, and would have dominated the approach to the area from the east. There are no signs of the additional ramparts reported by William Hals in about 1730, and the site is now surrounded by housing with allotments. Excavations in 2008, {{convert|1|km}} to the west at Penwith College found an enclosure ditch and pottery indicating a settlement, and an evolving field system with ditches and interconnecting pits suggesting water management.BOOK, Gossip, James, Penwith College, Penzance Cornwall. Archaeological recording in advance of redevelopment: Archive report, Thorpe, Carl, Cornwall Council, 2010, Truro, There are traces of a rampart and ditch to the west of Penzance at Mount Misery, and an oval rampart and ditch at Lesingey above the St Just road, which together with Lescudjack, overlook the coast of Penzance and Newlyn.Russell, V. (1971) West Penwith Survey. Truro: Cornwall Archaeological SocietyUntil recently, there was little evidence for anything but an early and short Roman occupation of Cornwall, and there have so far been only three finds in Penzance. In August 1899 two coins of Vespasian (69–79 AD) were found in an ancient trench in Penzance Cemetery.WEB, Coin Roman Reign of Vespasian,www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1975.653, 14 October 2018, Penlee House: Gallery and Museum, Penzanace, WEB, Coin of The Reign of Vespasian,www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1975.652, 14 October 2018, Penlee House: Gallery and Museum, Penzance, The coins were eight feet below ground together with some cow bones, and are now in the Penlee House Museum. Another coin, found in 1934 in the Alverton area, depicts Sol, the Roman sun god.WEB, Roman Coin,www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1975.651, 14 October 2018, Penlee House: Gallery and Museum, Penzance, It is described as a ″coin of the reign of Constantine the Great″, and was also donated to the museum. A 30 mm (1 3/16 in) sestertius was found on a building site in or around Penzance about ten years previously, and was presented to the Royal Institution of Cornwall.BOOK, Penhallurick, Roger David, Ancient and Early Medieval Coins from Cornwall & Scilly, Royal Numismatic Society, 2009, 978-0-901405-49-4, Guest, Peter S W, Londo, Wells, Nicholas, Larger quantities of Roman coins have been found nearby, at Marazion Marsh and Kerris in Paul parish, but there is no evidence of any Roman settlement in the area, although nearby villages such as Chysauster were occupied at this time.WEB, Roman coin,www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1975.650, dead,web.archive.org/web/20181015002921/https://www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1975.650, 15 October 2018, 14 October 2018, Penlee House: Gallery and Museum, Penzance, Haverfield, F. & Taylor, M. V. (1934) “Romano-British Cornwall”; 38. In: Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance.The Hundred of Penwith had its ancient centre at Connerton, now buried beneath the sands of Gwithian Towans at Gwithian.WEB, Gwithian,www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/CON/Gwithian, 23 January 2019, GENUKI, The Manor of Alverton, with an area of 64 Cornish acres, gave its name to the second largest tithing in Penwith. The manor included Penzance as well as parts of Madron, Paul, St Buryan and Sancreed.Although Penzance is not mentioned in the survey document the Domesday Book, it is likely that the area would have been included. Domesday records that in 1066 the Manor of Alwarton was owned by Alward who was dispossessed by Robert, Count of Mortain, a half-brother of William the Conqueror.WEB, Domesday & other notes,west-penwith.org.uk/penzance.htm#domesday, 23 January 2019, West Penwith Resources, The name Alward and tun, a personal name combined with a town or settlement suffix, indicate Saxon land ownership. In Cornwall the tun indicates a manorial centre such as Helston or Connerton. The change of ownership in 1066 was a change from one alien landlord to another, and the name Alverton lives on as the western part of Penzance from St John’s Hall, to the housing estate on the west side of the River Laregan.

High and Late Middle Ages

(File:St Raffidy.jpg|thumb|The stone in the churchyard known as St Raffidy)The first mention of the name Pensans is in the Assize Roll of 1284,Gover, J. E. B. “Unpublished typescript on Cornish Place Names, RIC 614”. In: Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance. and the first mention of the actual church that gave Penzance its name is in a manuscript written by William Borlase in 1750:″The ancient chapel belonging to the town of Penzance may be seen in a fish cellar, near the key; it is small and as I remember had the image of the Virgin Mary in it.″Borlase, William (1750) “MS Parochial Memoranda (BM Egerton MSS 2657) (copy at RIC)”. In: Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance. The chapel was built of greenstone and about 30 ft in length and 15 ft in breadth of which only a fragment remained in situ. In around 1800 the chapel was converted to a fish cellar. A carving in “Ludgvan granite” thought to be of St Anthony was removed in about 1830 and was used in the wall of a pig sty, which was further vandalised in 1850 when “a stranger ... taking fancy to the stony countenance and rough hands, they were broken off and carried away as relics ...”. The remains of the vandalised relic were taken to St Mary’s Churchyard by a mason who told Mr Millett that he “popped St Raffidy into a wheelbarrow and trundle him off to the chapel yard.“Millett, G. B. (1880) PZPP II 7–13. In: Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance. The carving remains in St Mary’s Churchyard and has been dated by Prof Charles Thomas as early 12th century. There are no early documents mentioning the dedication to St Anthony; this seems to depend entirely on tradition and may be groundless. A licence for Divine Service in the Chapel of St Gabriel and St Raphael was granted in 1429, but nothing more is known of this chapel except, possibly, for the mason who mentioned ″St Raffidy″ in 1850. Adjoining the chapel is St Anthony’s Gardens, named in 1933 and containing an archway said to have been taken from the chapel site.Dominating the skyline above the harbour is the present church of St Mary’s. A St Mary’s Chapel is mentioned in a 1548 document which states that it was founded by Sir Henry Tyes, Knight, Lord of the Manor of Alverton, who gave a £4 stipend for a priest.Snell, L. S. (1953) “The Chantry Certificates for Cornwall”. In: Pool P. A. S. (1974) History of the Borough and Town of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance There is an earlier document from 1379, when Bishop Brantyngham licensed for services “the chapel of Blessed Mary of Pensande”.“Exeter Episcopal Registers (note 25) Brantyngham I 395”. In: Pool, P. A. S. (1974) History of the Borough and Town of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance At this date it was probably used as a chapel of ease, and not used for Sunday services, which would have affected the attendance at the Parish Church in Madron. Further evidence of historical settlement from this period is in the St Clare area of the town, where a chapel existed to St Clare or Cleer. The earliest reference is a lease of 1584: “...a certain chapel situate below the high road between Pensaunce and Madderne.“”Lease, Queen Elizabeth to Thomas Betts, 2 Dec 1584”. In: Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance. In the early part of the 19th century the foundations of a building, said to be the chapel, was discovered, and enough was exposed to show the shape of the building.Courtney, J. S. (1845) “Half a Century of Penzance (1825–1875), edited by Louise Courtney, 1878”. In: Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: Corporation of Penzance. An episcopal licence cannot be traced for this chapel. The name, St Clare, lives on in the town as “St Clare Street”, which is part of the road from Penzance to Madron, and the St Clare cricket ground at the top of the hill.

Medieval economy

Markets were held on a fixed day each week, and fairs on fixed date(s) each year. To obtain either, a manorial lord had to apply for a royal charter. The right to hold a market each Wednesday was granted by King Edward III to Alice de Lisle, sister of Lord Tyes and widow of Warin de Lisle, on 25 April 1332; a fair, lasting seven days at the Feast of St Peter ad Vincula on 1 August; and another fair of seven days on 24 August at Mousehole for the feast of St Bartholomew – later to be held in Penzance. The settlement was growing in importance as the weekly Wednesday market was confirmed by King Henry IV and three further fairs, each of two days, were granted on 8 April 1404. These were at the Feast of the Conception of Virgin Mary (8 December), St Peter in Cathedra (22 February) and the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (8 September).It is not known when a quay was built at Penzance as there is no grant or licence, but an Inquest as to the Manor of Alverton in 1322 records eight fishing boats each paying 2 shillings each, and an unspecified number at Mousehole each paying 12 shillings. There was also a payment of 8 shillings for the rent of logii (huts or sheds) of foreign fishermen, i.e. those outside the manor. At a second Inquest in 1327 the number had risen to 13 at Penzance; with 16 recorded at Mousehole and both now paying only 1 shilling each: the total rent for logii was 8s 6d (42{{frac|1|2}}p) with 17 tenants paying 6d (2{{frac|1|2}}p) each. Both Inquests record 29 burgesses at Penzance and 40 at Mousehole. A burgess paid his rent with money rather than with personal services, and this indicates that Penzance and Mousehole were considered to be towns.“Extent of the Property of Henry Tyes in the Manor of Alverton. Transcribed from the Latin by Paul Brand”. Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: The Corporation of Penzance. A comparison of the settlements in West Cornwall can be made with the annual payments, based on the number of fishing boats, made to the Duchy of Cornwall in 1337: Porthia (St Ives) £6; Mosehole (Mousehole) £5; Marcasion (Marazion) £3; Pensanns (Penzance) 12s (60p); Londeseynde (Land’s End), (Sennen Cove) 10s (50p); Nywelyn (Newlyn) 10s; and Portmynster (Porthminster, St Ives) 2s (10p). In 1425, 1432 and 1440 ships in Penzance were licensed to carry pilgrims to the shrine of St James of Compostella, in north-west Spain.48th Report Deputy Keeper of Public Record (1887) 236, 298, 335. In Pool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance. Penzance: The Corporation of Penzance.In medieval times and later, Penzance was subject to frequent raiding by “Turkish pirates”, in fact Barbary Corsairs.Canon Diggens Archive 1910 Throughout the period before Penzance gained borough status in 1614 the village and surrounding areas continued to be within the control of the Manor of Alverton and was subject to the taxation regime of that manor.

Early modern period

Tudor period

In the summer of 1578 Penzance was visited by the plague. The burial registers of Madron (where all Penzance births, deaths and marriages were recorded) shows a massive increase in deaths for 1578, from 12 the previous year to 155. This is estimated to be about 10% of the population of the village at the time. The plague also returned in 1647 and the registers again show an increase of from 22 burials to 217 in one year.Notes on the Madron Parish Registers -Canon JenningsBeing at the far west of Cornwall, Penzance and the surrounding villages have been sacked many times by foreign fleets. On 23 July 1595,Trelease, G. M. A History of the Church in Paul Parish several years after the Spanish Armada of 1588, a Spanish force of four galleys transporting 400 arquebusiers under Don Carlos de Amesquita, which had been patrolling the Channel, landed troops in Cornwall. The local militias, which formed the cornerstone of their anti-invasion measures and numbered several hundred men, threw down their arms and fled in panic. Only Francis Godolphin, Deputy Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall and commander of the militias along with 12 of his soldiers stood to offer some kind of resistance. Amesquita’s force seized supplies, raided and burned Penzance and surrounding villages, held a mass, and sailed away to successfully engage and put to flee a Dutch squadron of 46 ships.WEB, 30 March 2003, West Penwith Resources – The Spanish Attack – 1595,west-penwith.org.uk/raid.htm, 21 September 2013, West-penwith.org.uk,

Penzance as a town since 1614

The reason for Penzance’s relative success probably stems from the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries when King Henry IV granted the town a royal market in 1404.Grant of Market to Thomas Lord Berkley 8 April 1404 Henry VIII in 1512 granted the right to charge harbour dues,BOOK, Michael Sagar-Fenton, Penzance in 50 Buildings, 2017, Amberley Publishing, 9781445665863, 7–8, WEB, Pool, Peter Aubrey Seymour, 1971, The Penzance Harbour Charter of 1512,peterpool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Penzance-Harbour-Charter-of-1512-RIC-Journal-1971.pdf, live,web.archive.org/web/20200929135420/https://peterpool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Penzance-Harbour-Charter-of-1512-RIC-Journal-1971.pdf, 29 September 2020, 27 June 2023, Royal Institution of Cornwall, Royal Institution of Cornwall Journal, peterpool.co.uk, and King James I granted the town the status of a Borough in 1614. The Charter defined the bounds of the town by an artificial line formed by a half-mile circle, measured from the market cross in the Greenmarket. The granting of Borough status made the town independent of the County Courts, a right held until County Councils came into being in 1888. Other privileges included owning land and property; imposing fines for breaking bylaws; holding a civil court with jurisdiction over cases not exceeding £50; and providing a prison. The Charter also confirmed the harbour rights given earlier in 1512 and granted two weekly markets to be held on Tuesdays and Thursday; which replaced a single market previously held on Wednesdays. Seven fairs were granted (or confirmed):

• Corpus Christi, the Sunday after Whitsun – still held
• The Thursday before St Andrew’s Day (30 November)
• St Peter’s Day (1 August); first granted in 1332
• St Bartholomew’s Day (24 August); originally granted to Mousehole but now obsolete probably due to the Spanish Raid of 1595
• St Mary the Virgin’s Day (8 September); granted in 1404
• The Conception of St Mary the Virgin’s Day (8 September); granted in 1404
• St Peter’s Day in Cathedra (22 February); granted in 1404

The Crown was paid a perpetual rent of five marks (£3 6s 8d / £3.33) in acknowledgment of the rights granted by the Charter, which was paid until 1832, but there was no grant of Parliamentary representation.The old arms of Penzance were the head of St John the Baptist on a charger, with the legend “Pensans anno Domini 1614”. The arms of the borough are Arg. a Paschal lamb proper in base a Maltese cross Az. on a chief embattled of the last between two keys in saltire wards upwards Or and a saltire couped Arg. a plate charged with a dagger point downwards Gu.BOOK, Pascoe, W. H., A Cornish Armory, Lodenek Press, 1979, 0-902899-76-7, Padstow, Cornwall, 134, Within a year the new Borough bought a “substantial degree of freedom” from the Manor of Alverton then known as Alverton and Penzance for £34 plus a perpetual annuity of £1 which was last paid in 1936. A market-house and Guildhall was built, and together with the rights bought in 1615, provided almost all the borough income for more than two centuries. The southern arm of the pier was built in 1766 and extended in 1785,BOOK, Kittridge, Alan, Cornwall’s Maritime Heritage, Twelveheads Press, 1989, 0-906294-15-0, Truro, to add to the first pier of which was built prior to 1512.BOOK, Guthrie, A., Cornwall in the Age of Steam, Tabb House, 1994, 1-873951-16-7, Padstow, During the English Civil War Penzance was sacked by the Parliamentarian forces of Sir Thomas Fairfax apparently for the kindness shown to Lord Goring and Lord Hopton’s troops during the conflict.Lewis, Samuel (1831) Topographical Dictionary of EnglandFurther Civic improvements included the construction in 1759 of a reservoir which supplied water to public pumps in the streets.BOOK, Bennett, Alan, Cornwall Through the Mid 19th Century, Kingfisher Railway Publications, 1987, 0-946184-26-7, Southampton, In 1768 a friendly society of Tradesmen was formed at Penzance with 101 members living within three miles of the town. The members met on the first Monday in each month at the King’s Head, kept by Richard Runnals. The benefits of the Society were: a member being sick, lame or infirm would receive seven shillings a week. [gout and rupture were common, and excepted from payment unless ‘needful’. Aged and infirm members were allowed 3/6p per week. Three pounds was given toward the funeral of a member and 10 pounds to the widow or children. All members were to attend the funeral or be fined a shilling. How long this association lasted is not known.The Eva Collection of the Royal Institution of Cornwall (RIC)Penzance has a long-standing association with the local parish of Madron. Madron Church was in fact the centre of most religious activity in the town until 1871,The online parish clerk when St Mary’s Church (until this period a chapel of ease) was granted parish status by church authorities though it had been registered since the new church was built in 1832.WEB, 3 January 2012, Penzance St Mary,www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/StMary/index.html#Cemeteries, dead,www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/StMary/index.html#Cemeteries," title="web.archive.org/web/20130908053357www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/StMary/index.html#Cemeteries,">web.archive.org/web/20130908053357www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/StMary/index.html#Cemeteries, 8 September 2013, 21 September 2013, GENUKI,

1755 seiche

On 1 November 1755 the Lisbon earthquake caused seiching, a form of standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water, along the Cornish coast, and particularly in Mount’s Bay, which is prone to seiching. At around 2:00 pm, the sea rose {{convert|8|ft|spell=in|1}} in Penzance, came in at great speed, and fell at the same rate. Little damage was recorded.weblink {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033857www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm/index.cfm?articleid=5772|date=30 September 2007}}

19th century

1801–1848

(File:Penzance, Egyptian house.jpg|thumb|Egyptian House)At the start of the 19th century (1801), the town had a population of 2,248. The census, which is taken every ten years, recorded a peak population in 1861 of 3,843, but it then declined, as in most of Cornwall, through the remainder of the century, being just 3,088 in 1901.WEB, Penzance,www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/index.html#Population, dead,www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/index.html#Population," title="web.archive.org/web/20130923052909www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/index.html#Population,">web.archive.org/web/20130923052909www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/Cornwall/Penzance/index.html#Population, 23 September 2013, 21 September 2013, GENUKI, By the time Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, Penzance had established itself as an important regional centre. The Royal Geological Society of Cornwall was founded in the town in 1814BOOK, Murray’s Handbook of Devon and Cornwall, John Murray, 1859, London, and about 1817 was responsible for introducing a miner’s safety tamping bar, which attracted the Prince Regent to become its patron.WEB, A Brief History of Penzance,www.picturepenzance.com/pages/Penzance-History/, 15 October 2018, Picture Penzance, The first lifeboat in Cornwall was bought by the people of Penzance in 1803 but it was sold in 1812 due to lack of funds to keep it in operation.BOOK, Leach, Nicholas, Cornwall’s Lifeboat Heritage, Twelveheads Press, 2006, 0-906294-43-6, Chacewater, 41, 2000, The pier had been extended again in 1812 and John Matthews opened a small dry dock in 1814, the first in the South West. In 1840 Nicholas Holman of St Just opened a branch of his foundry business on the quayside.JOURNAL, Carter, Clive, If it’s metal take it to Holman’s, Archive, Lightmoor Press, 3, 49–64, These facilities proved valuable in supporting the steamships that were soon calling at the harbour in increasing numbers.Gas lighting was introduced in 1830 and the old Market House was demolished in 1836. Its replacement, designed by W. Harris of Bristol, was completed at the top of Market Jew Street in 1838. (The name Market Jew comes from the Cornish language Marghas Yow, meaning Thursday Market, the name of a nearby village now absorbed into Marazion, to which Market Jew Street leads.BOOK, O.J. Padel, A Popular History of Cornish Place-Names, Alison Hodge, 1988, Oliver Padel, ) St Mary’s Church, another prominent feature of the Penzance skyline, was completed in 1836, while a Roman Catholic church was built in 1843. Another familiar building from this period is the eccentric Egyptian House in Chapel Street, built in 1830. The first part of the Promenade along the sea front dates from 1844.

1849–1900

After the passing of the Public Health Act (1848), Penzance was one of the first towns to petition to form a local board of health, doing so in September that year.WEB, To: The General Board of Health. From: Richard Pearce, Mayor, Penzance [Cornwall]. ...,discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14904483, 14 October 2018, National Archive, Following a report by a government inspector in February, the Board was established in 1849 which led to many facilities to enhance public health. The reportBOOK, Bennett, Alan, Cornwall Through the Mid Nineteenth Century, Kingfisher Railway Publications, 1987, 0-946184-26-7, Southampton, shows that most streets were macadamised or sometimes paved, and the town was lit by 121 gas lamps from October to March each year, although they were not lit when there was a full moon. Water was supplied from 6 public pumps, and there were a further 53 private wells. There were no sewage pipes at the time, waste being collected from the main streets by a refuse cart.

Railway station

Penzance railway station, the terminus of the West Cornwall Railway, opened on 11 March 1852BOOK, Langley, RC, The West Cornwall Railway, Jenkins, SC, Oakwood Press, 2002, 0-85361-589-6, Usk, on the eastern side of the harbour, although trains only ran to Redruth at first. From 25 August 1852 the line was extended to Truro, but the Cornwall Railway linking that place with Plymouth was not opened until 4 May 1859. Passengers and goods had to change trains at Truro as the West Cornwall had been built using the {{RailGauge|ussg}} standard gauge, but the Cornwall Railway was built to the {{RailGauge|7ft}} broad gauge. The West Cornwall Railway Act included a clause that it would be converted to broad gauge once it had been connected to another broad gauge line, but the company could not raise the funds to do so.The line was sold to the Great Western Railway and its “Associated Companies” (the Bristol and Exeter Railway and South Devon Railway) on 1 January 1866. The new owners quickly converted the line to mixed gauge using three rails so that both broad and “narrow” trains could operate. Broad gauge goods trains started running in November that year, with through passenger trains running to London Paddington from 1 March 1867.BOOK, MacDermot, ET, History of the Great Western Railway, Vol. 2 1863–1921, Great Western Railway, 1931, London, The last broad gauge train arrived at 8.49pm on 20 May 1892, having left London Paddington at 10.15am that morning. The two locomotives, numbers 1256 and 3557, took the carriages away to Swindon Works at 9.57pm, and all trains since have been standard gauge.JOURNAL, Sheppard, Geof, 2002, The Last Broad Gauge Train, Broadsheet, Broad Gauge Society, 47, 26–34, The ability of the railway to carry fresh produce to distant markets such as Bristol, London and Manchester enabled local farmers and fishermen to sell more produce and at better prices. The special “perishable” train soon became a feature of the railway, these being fast extra goods trains carrying potatoes, broccoli or fish depending on the season. In August 1861, 1,787 tons of potatoes, 867 tons of broccoli, and 1,063 tons of fish were dispatched from the station.BOOK, Bennett, Alan, The Great Western Railway in West Cornwall, Runpast Publishing, 1988, 1-870754-12-3, Cheltenham, Fruit and flowers were also carried; the mild climate around Penzance and on the Scilly Isles meant that they were ready for market earlier and could command high prices.The completion of the railway through Cornwall made it easier for tourists and invalids to enjoy the mild climate of Penzance. Bathing machines had been advertised for hire on the beach as early as 1823, and the town was already “noted for the pleasantness of its situation, the salubrity of its air, and the beauty of its natives”.BOOK, Stockdale, F. w. l., Excursions in the County of Cornwall, Simpkin and Marshall, 1824, London, (Reprinted by D. Bradford Barton, Truro, 1972) The town’s first official guide book was published in 1860, and the Queen’s Hotel opened on the seafront the following year. It was so successful that it was extended in 1871 and 1908.

Harbour

(File:Port de Penzance.JPG|thumb|left|Penzance Harbour.)(File:Penzance harbour light 466.jpg|thumb|upright|The pier head light, with a plaque marking the extension of the Old Pier in 1853.)At the same time as the railway was being built more improvements were being made to the harbour, with a second pier on the eastern side of the harbour, the Albert Pier, completed in 1853 to provide even better shelter for shipping. At the same time the Old Pier was also extended, and a lighthouse was built on it (replacing an earlier light), commissioned in 1855. The lighthouse (which was originally lit by an oil lamp within a fifth-order Fresnel lens) was built by Sandys & co. of Hayle and displayed a fixed red or green light, depending on the height of the tide.WEB, 1861, Lighthouse management: the report of the Royal Commissioners on Lights, Buoys, and Beacons, 1861, examined and refuted Vol. 2,archive.org/stream/lighthousemanage02blak#page/350/mode/1up, London, 350, It remains operational, displaying a flashing sector light, which is visible up to {{convert|17|nmi|abbr=on}} out to sea.WEB, Penzance South Pier lighthouse,www.lightphotos.net/photos/displayimage.php?pos=-22494, 4 June 2019, World of Lighthouses, The Scilly Isles Steam Navigation Company was founded in 1858 and placed in service the first steam ship on the route, SS Little Western. In 1870 the new West Cornwall Steam Ship Company joined the route, taking over the Scilly Isles Company the following year.BOOK, Duckworth, C. l. d., Railway and other Steamers, Langmuir, G. E., T. Stephenson, 1948, Preston, In 1853 the Royal National Lifeboat Institution stationed one of their boats in the town, the first since 1812, and maintained a station here until 1908 when the Watson Class Elizabeth Blanche was transferred to Newlyn as the first step towards setting up Penlee Lifeboat Station. The RNLI still use a boat house built on Jennings Street near the Promenade in 1884 to promote their activities.Penzance, with its dry dock and engineering facilities, was chosen as the western depot for Trinity House that serviced all the lighthouses and lightships from Start Point to Trevose Head. It was opened in October 1866BOOK, Carter, C, The Port of Penzance, Black Dwarf Publications, 1998, 0-9533028-0-6, Lydney, adjacent to the harbour and the Buoy Store became the Trinity House National Lighthouse Museum until 2005 when Trinity House closed the museum.

Improvements

(File:GWR SRM 45 Penzance.jpg|thumb|left|Inside the new railway station. taken circa 1915)In 1875 a local newspaper described the railway station as a large dog’s house of the nastiest and draughtiest kind but a series of works improved this part of the town during the 1880s. The original railway station was rebuilt with the present buildings and train shed over the platforms (1880). The lower end of Market Jew Street was widened and a new road was built to link the station with the harbour over the Ross Swing Bridge (1881) (named after Charles Campbell Ross),P. A. S. Pool’s History of the Borough and Town of Penzance, 1974 allowing the construction of proper sewers beneath. A larger dry dock replaced Matthews’ original facility (1880), and a floating harbour was made (1884) with lock gates to keep in the water at low tide.Around the headland, public baths were opened on the Promenade in 1887 and the Morrab Gardens with its sub-tropical plants was opened two years later. A bandstand was added to the gardens in 1897.{{clear left}}

20th century

(File:Market Jew Street - geograph.org.uk - 308023.jpg|thumb|Market Jew Street, Penzance’s main street)In 1901 the town had a population of 3,088. The decennial census recorded a continuing decline in population until 1921, when just 2,616 people were recorded. The population then climbed to 4,888 (1931) then 5,545 (1951) – thus more than doubling in 30 years. It was now larger than at any time in the past. (The census boundaries changed in 1981 so these figures do not directly compare with those stated for the current population.)A proposed electric tramway along the Promenade to Newlyn, which would have continued as a light railway to St Just, failed to gain authorisation in 1898. Instead motor buses were put into service on 31 October 1903.BOOK, Kelley, Philip J., Road Vehicles of the Great Western Railway, Oxford Publishing, 1973, 0-902888-12-9, Headington, These linked Penzance with Marazion and were operated by the Great Western Railway, being introduced only 11 weeks after the railway’s pioneering service between Helston and the Lizard. They were considered a success, carrying 16,091 passengers by the end of the year, so were followed the next spring by further routes to Land’s End and St Just. These services developed into the First Kernow bus network that currently serves the area and is still centred on a terminus alongside Penzance railway station.In 1912, Penzance erected its first electric street lamps and the town’s first cinema opened.WEB, Penzance,www.localhistories.org/penzance.html, 15 October 2018, LocalHistories.org, The dry dock was sold on 25 August 1904 to N. Holman and Sons Limited, the engineering business that had been trading in Penzance since 1840. New workshops would be built during the 1930s, and the facility continued to be used by the Scilly ferries and other merchant ships, as well as Trinity House, the Royal Navy and Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service. In 1951 a new vessel for the King Harry Ferry on the River Fal was launched, built on the keel of an old landing craft. A steam tug, the Primrose, was built in 1963.Land was reclaimed beside the Albert Pier in the 1930s to allow the railway station to be enlarged at a cost of £134,000. The 1880 building was retained, but extra platforms and sidings were provided to handle more perishable goods, as well as the increasing numbers of tourists.In 1905 a new bandstand was built on the Promenade opposite the Queen’s Hotel, and the Pavilion Theatre opened nearby in 1911, complete with a roof garden and café. Travel to Penzance was easier than ever, with the Great Western Railway introducing the Cornish Riviera Express on 1 July 1904, which left London Paddington at 10:10{{nbsp}}am and arrived in Penzance just 7 hours later, two hours faster than the previous quickest service. (In 2018 it left Paddington at 10:03{{nbsp}}am and took 5 hours and 8 minutes.) The railway promoted local tourism with postcards that were sold at its railway stations, and an annual guide book, The Cornish Riviera, in which SPB Mais described the town as “a suburb of Covent Garden, and a great fishing centre ... there is always something going on in its harbour”.BOOK, Mais, S. p. b., The Cornish Riviera, Great Western Railway, 1928, London, 1923 saw a new road link the harbour area and the Promenade, and in 1933 the St. Anthony Gardens were built, followed two years later by the Jubilee Pool opposite. Tourists could now make full use of the whole seafront between Penzance and Newlyn harbours.In the early 1990s, a bypass was built around the town.WEB, Martin, Greg, 2017-12-13, See the abandoned sections of A30 nature is slowly reclaiming,www.cornwalllive.com/news/history/abandoned-sections-a30-nature-slowly-921649, 2023-04-11, CornwallLive, newly built Penzance bypass in the early nineties,

Transport

The A30 from London to Land’s End is a trunk road as far as the Chy-an-Mor roundabout, a mile (1.6 km) to the east of Penzance.WEB, Cornwall Council – Roadworks,www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4538, 21 September 2013, Cornwall.gov.uk, After bypassing Penzance to the north the road continues to Land’s End mainly as a rural A route. The A30 provides a fast connection to the M5 motorway at Exeter {{convert|111|mi|km}} to the northeast. The distance from Penzance to London is {{convert|275|mi|km}} or about 5 hours by car.Market Jew Street to Trafalgar Square, calculated using The AA Route Planner{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}Penzance railway station is at the eastern end of Market Jew Street and close to the harbour. It is the southernmost station on the UK mainland rail network. It is the western terminus of the Cornish Main Line which runs above the beach to Marazion, affording passengers good views of St. Michael’s Mount and Mount’s Bay. Most servicesWEB, National Rail Enquiries,www.livedepartureboards.co.uk/ldb/summary.aspx?T=PNZ, 21 September 2013, Live Departure Boards, are operated by Great Western Railway, both local services to St Erth, St Ives, Hayle, Camborne, Redruth and Truro, and direct trains linking Penzance with Plymouth, Exeter St Davids, Bristol Temple Meads, Reading and London Paddington. The Night Riviera train offers an overnight sleeping car service to and from Reading and London. Journey time to Plymouth is typically under 2 hours; to Bristol around 4 hours, and London less than 5{{frac|1|2}} hours.CrossCountry run a small number of services (departing in the morning, arriving in the evening) providing a service to destinations such as {{Stnlnk|Birmingham New Street}}, {{Stnlnk|Wolverhampton}}, {{Stnlnk|Derby}}, {{Stnlnk|Sheffield}}, {{Stnlnk|Manchester Piccadilly}}, {{Stnlnk|Leeds}}, {{Stnlnk|York}}, {{Stnlnk|Newcastle}} and Edinburgh. The company also operates a daily service from {{rws|Aberdeen}} to Penzance; with a journey time of over 13 hours, this is the longest direct rail service in the United Kingdom.The bus and coach station is next to the railway station from where National Express operates coach services to London Victoria Coach Station (taking around 9 hours) via Heathrow Airport. Local bus services run by First Kernow connect Penzance with most major settlements in Cornwall, including Truro, St Ives, St Just, St Buryan, Land’s End and also Plymouth in Devon. (File:Scillonian III Penzance 285.jpg|right|thumb|Scillonian III docked in Penzance Harbour)A ferry service operates between Penzance Harbour and the Isles of Scilly. The Scillonian III, carries both foot-passengers and cargo. Sailing time is about 2 hours and 40 minutes. From 1964 to 2012 and again since 2020, Penzance Heliport offers a helicopter route to the Isles of Scilly. Until 2012, the service was run by British International, but this ended on 1 November 2012 due to rising costs and falling passenger numbers.WEB, 1 August 2012, British International Final Press Release,www.islesofscillyhelicopter.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/BIH-FINAL-media-release-announcement.pdf, dead,www.islesofscillyhelicopter.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/BIH-FINAL-media-release-announcement.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121003092014www.islesofscillyhelicopter.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/BIH-FINAL-media-release-announcement.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121003092014www.islesofscillyhelicopter.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/BIH-FINAL-media-release-announcement.pdf, 3 October 2012, 21 September 2013, Islesofscillyhelicopter.com, The heliport was subsequently demolished and replaced by a supermarket. In 2020, a new heliport opened not far from the location of the previous one and offers again services to the islands of Tresco and St Mary’s (operated by Penzance Helicopters in conjunction with Sloane Helicopters).WEB, 23 March 2020, Penzance Helicopters launches new Isles of Scilly helicopter shuttle service,www.verticalmag.com/news/penzance-helicopters-isles-scilly-helicopter-shuttle-service/, 30 August 2020, verticalmag.com, A bus service run by the Skybus Airline Service connects with Land’s End Airport for fixed wing flights (15 minutes) to the Isles of Scilly. The buses leave from the railway station, near the taxi rank, rather than the bus station.Newquay Airport is 41 miles (66 km) away and offers flights to Gatwick, Heathrow, Dublin, Cork and many other places, including an increasing number of European destinations.WEB, Flying from Cornwall.,www.cornwallairportnewquay.com/flying-from-cornwall, 16 March 2020, Cornwall Airport Newquay,

Governance

File:Old Pzarms.gif|left|thumb|Common seal of the Borough of Penzance, used in lieu of a coat of arms 1614–1934 (now the Mayoral Seal)]]Penzance was an ancient borough, which became a municipal borough in 1835. Until 1934 the Municipal Borough of Penzance referred only to the town, but in 1934 the borough absorbed the nearby settlements of Newlyn, Paul and Mousehole (from Paul Urban District), Gulval (from West Penwith Rural District) and Heamoor (from Madron Urban District).In 1974 the Penzance Borough was abolished and replaced by Penwith District Council. Initially the area of the former borough was unparished and Charter Trustees were appointed, but in 1980 the civil parish of Penzance was reformed in the unparished area, and the new parish council elected to be called Penzance Town Council. Penwith District Council was abolished in 2009, and the principal local authority in the area is now Cornwall Council. For the purposes of election to Cornwall Council the civil parish of Penzance returns 6 members representing the Penzance East Division, Penzance Central Division, Penzance Promenade Division, Heamoor and Gulval and Newlyn and Mousehole Division.The Civil Parish of Penzance was further extended in 2004 under District of Penwith (Electoral Changes) Order 2002WEB, 4 July 2011, The District of Penwith (Electoral Changes) Order 2002,www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20022593.htm, 21 September 2013, Opsi.gov.uk, to include Eastern Green, formerly part of the Ludgvan civil parish area.Penzance Town Council does not have in place a system of political registration, so councillors do not form groups of any kind and technically act independently; however, the current political composition of the council (as of 4 May 2017) is as follows: Independent 10, Labour Party 5, Liberal Democrat 3, Green 1, Conservative 1.Penzance also elects a mayor every year in May from the members of Penzance town council. Although mayors can have a political affiliation, as chair of the council they seek to remain independent. Though much of their time is taken up with ceremonial duties, they work closely with the Town Clerk and Cornwall Council to deliver a wide range of services and amenities for the town.WEB, About the Council,www.penzancetowncouncil.co.uk/town-council, 26 November 2019, Penzance Town Council, The current mayor is Cllr. Nicole Broadhurst.WEB, Penzance Town Mayor,www.penzancetowncouncil.co.uk/councillors/penzance-town-mayor, 26 November 2019, Penzance Town Council,

Economy

(File:Penzance Aerial.jpg|left|thumb|Penzance Harbour and surrounding area as seen from the air)The economy of Penzance has, like those of many Cornish communities, suffered from the decline of the traditional industries of fishing, mining and agriculture. Penzance now has a mixed economy consisting of light industrial, tourism and retail businesses. However, like the rest of Cornwall, housing remains comparatively expensive, wages low and unemployment high. In 2007, house prices rose 274% from 10 years prior, the fastest rise in the UK.BBC article 27 October 2007, House price report The fishing port of Newlyn, which falls within the parish boundaries, provides some employment in the area, but has also been greatly affected by the decline in the fishing industry over the last 30 years. In the 2004 index of deprivation Penzance is listed as having 3 wards within the top 10% for employment deprivation, Penzance East (125th most deprived in England) Penzance West (200th most deprived in England), and Penzance Central (712th most deprived in England).2004 indices of deprivation – Employment deprivation index 18–31% of households in the parish are described as “poor households”.Bristol University regional poverty files – West Cornwall Penzance East also has one of the highest unemployment rates in Cornwall, stated as 15.4%.

Mining

Following Sir Humphry Davy’s contribution to the mining industry, the Miners’ Association began mining classes in Penzance. As mining in the area became more complex, the Penzance Mining and Science School was founded in 1890. The school continued to teach mining until 1910, when it was amalgamated with Camborne and Redruth Mining School forming the School of Metalliferous Mining in Camborne, which is now known as the Camborne School of Mines. This institution has now moved to the Combined Universities in Cornwall campus at Tremough, Falmouth. From 1663, PenzanceCoinage charter granted by Charles II 18 August 1663 was a coinage town, responsible for the collection of tin taxation on behalf of the Duchy of Cornwall; it held this status for 176 years.Pool, Peter Aubrey Seymour (1974) History of the Borough and Town of Penzance. Corporation of Penzance p. 74 {{ISBN|9780905375007}} According to William Pryce in his 1778 book Mineralogia Cornubiensis, Penzance coined more tin than the towns of Liskeard, Lostwithiel and Helston put together.Penzance also had its own submarine mine situated off the coast of the town next to the area known as Wherrytown. The mine, known as Wheal Wherry Mine, was worked from 1778 to 1798 and again from 1836 to 1840.Mines and Miners of Cornwall Vol 4. pages 17–21 Founded by “a poor 57 year old miner” named Thomas Curtis, the mine was said to be “very rich at depth” and was connected to the shore by a wooden bridge; the ore was transported by wherry boat. The mine suffered considerable damage in 1798 when an American ship broke anchor off nearby Newlyn and smashed into the bridge and head gear. Later attempts at mining were not as profitable.WEB, 3 December 2012, Wherry Mine, Penzance, Mount’s Bay District, Cornwall, England, UK,www.mindat.org/loc-1109.html, 21 September 2013, Mindat.org, During the 19th century and until 1912, Penzance had the largest tin smelting house in Cornwall, operated by the Bolitho family. The smelting works were situated at Chyandour. As a consequence of this concentration of mining wealth, Penzance became a centre for commercial banking. The Bolitho Bank (now part of Barclays Bank)Company History Barclays PLC Website and the Penzance Bank were two of the largest, although the latter collapsed in 1896.

Main sights

(File:Penzance church.jpg|thumb|St Mary’s Church, Chapel Street)File:Jubilee pool battery rocks penzance.jpg|thumb|left|Jubilee PoolJubilee Pool(File:HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg|right|thumb|Humphry Davy Statue and Penzance Market House)Large sections of Penzance are classified as ″conservation areas″ under the Penwith local planweblink {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213051www.penwith.gov.uk/local_plan_penwith/maps/i01c.htm|date=27 September 2007}} and are subject to special planning laws. The current conservation area forms most of the core of the town of Penzance and the historic harbour areas of Newlyn and Mousehole.WEB, List of Penwith conservation areas from Penwith Council website,www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/CONSERVATION_AREA_LIST.pdf, dead,www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/CONSERVATION_AREA_LIST.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20090327092003www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/CONSERVATION_AREA_LIST.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20090327092003www.penwith.gov.uk/media/adobe/m/c/CONSERVATION_AREA_LIST.pdf, 27 March 2009, 21 September 2013, Penwith.gov.uk, A number of Georgian and Regency buildings are present in the town. However, the majority of developments in the town centre itself are of mixed date, including several 20th-century buildings – one of which, the former Pearl Assurance building (now the Tremenheere Wetherspoon’s pub), was subject to comment by Sir John BetjemanPool, P. A. S. (1974) The History of the Town and Borough of Penzance; Review of Architecture who wrote, in 1963:“Penzance has done much to destroy its attractive character. The older houses in the narrow centre round the market hall have been pulled down and third-rate commercial ‘contemporary’, of which the Pearl Assurance building is a nasty example, are turning it into Slough”. The Market Building (1836–38) in Market Jew Street was designed by William Harris, District Surveyor for Bristol, in the Greek Revival style. It has a grand Ionic portico and is surmounted by a dome. Alterations for Lloyds Bank were carried out in 1922–25.Beacham, Peter & Pevsner, Nikolaus (2014) Cornwall. (The Buildings of England.) New Haven: Yale University Press; pp. 428–29Penzance’s former main{{explain|date=July 2022}} street Chapel Street has a number of interesting features, including the Egyptian House, the Union Hotel (including a Georgian theatre which is no longer in use) and Branwell House, where the mother and aunt of the famous Brontë sisters once lived. The Georgian theatre was built in c. 1787, closed in 1831, and is said to be where the first public announcement of Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar took place.WEB, The Old Penzance Theatre, Penzance,www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-69475-the-old-penzance-theatre-penzance-, 1 June 2013, British Listed Buildings, Regency, and Georgian terraces and houses (such as Regents Square and Clarence Street) are common in some parts of the town. The nearby sub-tropical Morrab Gardens, has a large collection of tender trees and shrubs, many of which cannot be grown outdoors anywhere else in the UK. Also of interest is the seafront with its promenade and the open-air seawater Jubilee Pool (one of the oldest surviving Art Deco swimming baths in the country), built during Penzance’s heyday as a fashionable seaside resort. The pool was designed by Captain F. Latham, the Penzance Borough Engineer, and opened in 1935, the year of King George V’s Silver Jubilee.Janet Smith Liquid Assets – the lidos and open air swimming pools of Britain {{ISBN|0-9547445-0-0}} The grade II listed pool is triangular with graceful curves and is considered the best surviving example of its type, with the exception of the Saltdean Lido in Brighton.WEB, Jubilee Pool, Penzance,www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-351301-jubilee-pool-penzance-, 1 June 2013, British Listed Buildings, In early 2018, work began to add a geothermal section to the pool, becoming the first of its kind in the United Kingdom to use this type of technology when it eventually opens.NEWS, Geothermal at Jubilee Pool {{!, |work=Jubilee Pool |url=https://www.jubileepool.co.uk/news/geothermal-at-jubilee-pool |access-date=2018-03-29}}Penzance promenade has been destroyed in parts several times by storms. The most recent example was on 7 March 1962, when large parts of the western end of the promenade, the nearby Bedford Bolitho Gardens (now a play park) and the village of Wherrytown suffered severe damage.Pool (1974) History of the Town and Borough of Penzance On the outskirts of town is Trereife House, a grade II listed Queen Anne style, manor house which now offers accommodation and hosts events.WEB, House and Garden Opening « Trereife House – Accommodation, Events, Weddings,www.trereifepark.co.uk/house/, 21 September 2013, Trereifepark.co.uk, WEB, British Listed Buildings,www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-394999-trereife-manor-penzance, 5 April 2011, Britishlistedbuildings.co.uk,

Geography

Penlee Quarry which is within the boundaries of the Penzance parish is a geological SSSI.

Climate

Penzance has an oceanic climate (Cfb) according to Köppen and a humid subtropical climate (Cf) according to Trewartha. weblink

Education

(File:Polwithen House, Penzance.jpg|thumb|Polwithen House (former Bolitho School))Penzance has two comprehensive schools, Mounts Bay Academy and Humphry Davy School. Post 16 education is catered for by Penwith College, founded in 1981 from the sixth form departments of the former Penzance Girls’ Grammar School and the Humphry Davy Grammar School.WEB, 11 June 2009, West Penwith Resources – Schools,west-penwith.org.uk/schools.htm, 21 September 2013, West-penwith.org.uk, In the Penzance parish there are 8 primary schools, including the newly created Pensans Primary School which was formed in 2006 from the former Penzance Junior School and the Lescudjack Infants School. There is also a special educational needs school within the parish boundary named Nancealverne.Various other schools have existed in past times, including St Erbyn’s School, West Cornwall School for Girls and Bolitho School at Polwithen House. The Polwithen site was originally home to Penzance Church of England Girls’ High School and later the School of St Clare (a Woodard school) whose pupils included author Rosamund Pilcher and Ethiopian Princess Aida Desta.West Penwith Resources; Schools Bolitho School closed in 2017 because too few pupils were available. The building is now being developed as a care home, named the Frances Bolitho Care Home.WEB, Bolitho School in Penzance is to close for good after it failed to attract enough pupils,www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/bolitho-school-penzance-close-good-363762, 15 October 2018, CornwallLive, 22 August 2017,

Culture

Every June since 1991 the Golowan Festival (which includes Mazey Day) has been held in the town. The name comes from the Cornish gool (meaning feast) and Jowan (a Cornish name equivalent to the English John) - loosely translating to ‘Feast of St John’ and marking the midsummer-eve as the vigil of John the Baptist.WEB, History of Golowan,www.golowanfestival.org/history-of-golowan/, 2022-07-12, Golowan Festival, Before the 1930s Penzance was the scene of large May Day celebrations, which saw local children making and using tin ‘May horns’ and ‘May whistles’; a small revival of these traditions took place on 4 May 2008. The feast day of Corpus Christi was also celebrated in Penzance. The Corpus Christi fair has been a long-standing event in the town, and is currently undergoing attempts to revive it in a more traditional format.File:Golowan4.JPG|thumb|left|Mayor and Mock MayorMock MayorThe summer solstice was, in 1882, described as a very old custom and celebrated with all the rude revelry of heathendom. Bonfires were lit in the town centre and lines of tar barrels were swung along the streets by males and females. It was also accompanied by dancing of the roughest kind, uncouth dress and semi-disguise, sky and hand rockets, and all sorts of fireworks.NEWS, 29 June 1882, The Summer Solstice, 207, 4, The Cornishman, 197, Allantide, a Cornish version of Halloween, was also a popular activity in the town. Many of these customs were recorded by local antiquarian M. A. Courtney and have influenced historical views of traditional Cornish cultural activities.In October 2010 the first full festival of music and the arts – the Penzance Proms – was held (23–31 October).Every December Penzance holds the Montol Festival a community arts event reviving many of the Cornish customs of Christmas, including traditional costumes, masks and guise dancing.

Music and theatre

Penzance is the home of the pirates in Gilbert and Sullivan’s comic opera, The Pirates of Penzance. At the time the libretto was written, 1879, Penzance had become popular as a peaceful resort town, so the idea of it being overrun by pirates was amusing to contemporaries.The Acorn Arts Centre, sited within a former Methodist chapel in Parade Street, provides a mixture of theatre, film, dance music and cabaret and is partially public funded. The Savoy is an independent cinema in Causewayhead which opened in 1912 and was originally named the Victoria Hall Music Hall. The Savoy is one of the locations of performances sponsored by the Penwith Film Society (an arts cinema society based in the Penwith area), it is reputedly the oldest continuously used cinema in Britain. Prior to the Second World War, Penzance was also home to a further three cinemas and at least two theatres, one of which, the Pavilion Theatre, is now home to an amusement arcade.The 2016 pop single by indie group The Hit Parade “From Paddington to Penzance”, takes as its subject a relationship that was formed on the railway line from London to Cornwall that terminates in Penzance.The Hit Parade (2014), From Paddington to Penzance, Cornish Pop Songs, JSH Records, retrieved 30 June 2021

Art galleries

Penzance is home to the new Newlyn Art Gallery establishment “The Exchange” which opened in 2007. Penlee House, an art gallery and museum notable for its collection of paintings by members of the Newlyn School. It was one of the former homes of the Branwell family. Within Penzance town centre there are a growing number of commercial art galleries.

Religion

As in other Cornish towns and villages Methodism was historically the predominant Christian denomination. Prior to the 1980s Penzance had six Methodist churches, but this number has now been reduced to two, Chapel Street and High Street. There are Methodist churches in most of the surrounding villages including Newlyn’s Trinity Methodist which operates The Centre, a busy multi-use church and community facility. Penzance is also home to a The Salvation Army citadel, a Roman Catholic church, two Church of England parish churches (formerly three), a Christadelphian meeting hall,WEB, Find your Local Christadelphians: Penzance,www.ukchristadelphians.org.uk/info.asp?act=ecc&id=207, 14 February 2007, Ukchristadelphians.org.uk, two Evangelical independent churches, the Penwith pagan moot, an independent Baptist church and a Buddhist meditation group.(File:Penzance - Vicarage.jpg|thumb|St John’s Vicarage)St Mary’s Church was built in 1832–35, St Paul’s (now closed) in 1843 and St John’s in 1881. Penzance was formerly in the parish of Madron but St Mary’s parish was established in 1871 and St Paul’s in 1869. Two medieval chapels (see above, History) are known to have existed before the Reformation. St Mary’s chapel was consecrated in 1680 but was in existence three hundred years earlier and the licensing of it in 1379 is recorded. The chaplain’s stipend was £4 p.a. from the manor of Alverton. In 1549 its endowments were seized by the Crown though the burgesses made representations that they should not be. Thomas Lamplugh Bishop of Exeter by much cajolery induced the mayor and burgesses to consent to consecration of the chapel in 1680. The curate then had a stipend of £5 p.a.Cornish Church Guide (1925) Truro: Blackford; pp. 177–178Arthur Langdon (1896) described a Cornish cross in front of the Market House. This cross stood in the Green Market until 1829 when it was removed to a house in North Street (Causewayhead) close to its original position. About 1868 it was moved again to the western end of the Market House. It is ornamented on the front and the sides. On the back there is said to be an inscription: PCMBUNT/QUICUMQ/VENIENCOP/PIO/UMO/+/X (described in 1850).Langdon, A. G. (1896) Old Cornish Crosses. Truro: Joseph Pollard; pp. 308–10 It is now at Penlee House.

Sport

Penzance is the home of Cornwall’s most successful rugby teams, the Cornish Pirates (Penzance & Newlyn RFC). The Championship side moved to Truro in 2005 and was renamed the Cornish Pirates in a bid to improve attendances and reach the Premiership. In 2006 the side moved again, this time to the home ground of Camborne Rugby Club, before returning to Penzance in 2010 to play, once more, at the Mennaye Field. The club has twice reached the play-off final for promotion to the top tier of English rugby in seasons 2010–11 and 2011–12. Penzance was the home of Mounts Bay RFC, founded in 1999, originally as a team for local players who could not play for the professional Cornish Pirates. They won promotion seven times in eight seasons to reach the third tier of English rugby before folding in 2009 due to financial problems. The Pirates Amateurs are part of the Cornish Pirates and play in the lower levels of the league system. They ended their first season in second place in the Tribute Cornwall One and won promotion to Tribute Cornwall/Devon for 2011–12 season, where they continue to play. They also won the Cornwall Clubs Cup in 2010–11.Penzance A.F.C. were relegated from the South West Peninsula League Premier Division following the 2012–13 season and now play in Division One West. The club was one of the founding members of the Cornwall County Football Association and the first winners of the Cornwall Senior Cup in 1892–93. Penzance have won the Senior Cup on ten occasions, the last in the 1980–81 campaign.Former England and Surrey cricketer Jack Richards (born Clifton James Richards) was born in Penzance. He played eight test matches and was the wicket keeper during England’s 1986 Ashes win in Australia. He learnt his cricket with the Humphry Davy Grammar School and Penzance Cricket Club. The cricket club was founded in 1829 and are Cornwall’s most successful club having been champions on 23 occasions and have had more players play for Cornwall than any other club. The club currently plays in the top tier of the Cornwall Cricket League.Richards, B. (2004) ‘’Penzance Cricket Club. 1829–2004 The First 175 Years. Penzance: Brian Richards.WEB, Cornwall Cricket League,www.cornwallcricket.co.uk/, 24 January 2016, Cornwallcricket.co.uk, Penzance Wheelers, Britain’s most south-westerly cycling club was founded in the 1930s. Their most famous member is Tom Southam who represented Great Britain in five World Championships.WEB, Penzance Wheelers,www.pzwheelers.co.uk/, 29 July 2016, Pzweheeelers.co.uk, Penzance Wheelers predecessors was the Penzance Bicycle Club who were in existence in 1880 and, for example, on 30 April had a run to St Just, returning via Trewellard and Pendeen.NEWS, 29 April 1880, Church & Chapel Services and other Announcements, 4, The Cornishman, 94, Mount’s Bay Harriers, a triathlon and running club founded in 2005 are based at Mount’s Bay School, Heamoor. Athletes from the club participate at most road races and triathlons in Cornwall as well as many further afield.WEB, Triathlon and Running Club,www.mountsbayharriers.co.uk/, 21 September 2013, Mounts Bay Harriers, Other sporting clubs and organisations include Penzance Hockey Club, with male and female teams, based at the Penzance Astro Park, Penzance Tennis Club at Penlee Park and lawn bowling at Penzance Bowling Club and Penlee (Newlyn) Bowling Club.WEB, Penzance Hockey Club,www.penzancehockeyclub.com/, 1 June 2013, Penzancehockeyclub.com, WEB, Penzance Bowling Club,www.penzancebowlingclub.co.uk/, 1 June 2013, Penzancebowlingclub.co.uk, WEB, Penlee (Newlyn) Bowling Club,www.penleebowls.org.uk/, 1 June 2013, Penleebowls.org.uk, The Mini Transat 6.50 (now the Transit 6.50) transatlantic yacht race started from Penzance (hosted by Penzance Sailing Club) from its conception in 1977 to the fourth edition of the race in 1983.

Cornish wrestling

Penzance has been a major centre for Cornish wrestling for centuries.Royal Cornwall Gazette, 17 June 1809. Places where tournaments were held include:the Western Green,the Pentreath & Co’s Brewery,West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, 8 July 1842. the Folly,The Cornish Telegraph, 27 April 1870. Penzance football club, St Just Road, Alverton,The Cornish Telegraph, 27 July 1904.the field at Treneere Manor,Cornishman, 24 September 1885.the field behind the Golden Lion inn in the Market-place,Tom Gundry, Cornishman, 1 November 1888, p3.St Clare Sports Ground,Cornishman, 7 September 1921.St Johyn’s Hall,Western Morning News, 5 September 1932. Mennaye Rugby Field,Cornish Guardian, 12 July 1956.PonsandaneCornishman, 21 June 1945. andTrereife House.The Falmouth Packet, 31 May 2013.The oldest Cornish wrestling champion we know of was Stanton, who became the Cornish wrestling champion of Cornwall at a tournament in Penzance, in the fifteenth century.Stanton, Western Daily Press, 19 February 1875, p1. It is said that the wrestler was named this after chants at the tournament of “Stand-to-un, boy!”Stanton for Stroud, Western Daily Press, 16 February 1875, p1.W Sampson, originally from Penzance, was Cornish wrestling champion of Toronto in 1907.Penzance Notes News, Cornishman, 8 August 1907, p5.Earnest Small, from Penzance, was West of England champion in 1906.Cornish wrestling revived, The Sportsman, 20 August 1906, p8.Links with sport, Cornishman, 4 October 1922, p4. He was Cornish champion in 1906 defeating Sidney and Reuben Chapman.Cornish wrestling revived, Cornishman, 23 August 1906, p8.Royal Cornwall Gazette, 23 August 1906 He defeated Ahmed Madrali.

Media

The local newspaper is The Cornishman, published weekly. Outback, a lesbian newsletter, was self-published in Penzance between 1996 and 2008.WEB, Outback Newsletter, 1997-2008.: A Lesbian Lifeline – Queer Kernow,queerkernow.co.uk/1397-2/, live,web.archive.org/web/20230618225744/https://queerkernow.co.uk/1397-2/, 2023-06-18, 2023-12-13, Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South West and ITV West Country.The local radio stations are BBC Radio Cornwall on 103.9 MHz FM and Coast FM (formerly Penwith Radio), a community radio station which is based in the town, and broadcasts on 96.5 and 97.2 MHz FM.NEWS, Penwith gets it’s [sic] very own FM radio station, PenwithRadioNews.com,penwithradionews.com/penwith-gets-its-very-own-fm-radio-station, dead, 21 October 2016,penwithradionews.com/penwith-gets-its-very-own-fm-radio-station," title="archive.today/20120714163916penwithradionews.com/penwith-gets-its-very-own-fm-radio-station,">archive.today/20120714163916penwithradionews.com/penwith-gets-its-very-own-fm-radio-station, 14 July 2012, There are two ILR stations for Cornwall: Pirate FM can be received in Penzance on 102.8 MHz FM, and Heart West on 107.0 MHz FM.

Folklore

When the area between Marazion and Penzance was mainly marsh, people tended to avoid the Eastern Green because of the “White Lady”. She would jump onto a horse (already with rider) and ride pillion as far as the Red River, Chyandour (not the Red River at Marazion). Her identity and reasons for haunting are unknown. Mr William Richards of Chapel Street is reputed to be the last person to have seen her.Courtney. (1882) Ghosts and Witchcraft. Trans Penzance Nat Hist Soc. p164-5

Cornish language

Passengers using the station are greeted with a bilingual sign in both Cornish and English.File:Penzance 43133.jpg|thumb|Cornish Language at Penzance railway station, installed by British RailBritish Rail

Notable residents past and present

{{see also|List of residents of Penzance}}(File:Sir Humphry Davy, Bt by Thomas Phillips.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The celebrated scientist Sir Humphry Davy)Penzance has been home to numerous persons of note, including actress Thandiwe Newton, model Jean Shrimpton and cricketer Jack Richards. Penzance was the birthplace of Maria Branwell, mother of three famous novelists – Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë and Anne Brontë.

Sir Humphry Davy

Penzance was the birthplace of the chemist Sir Humphry Davy. He was President of the Royal Society; inventor of the process of electrolysis; the first person to isolate sodium; the first to discover nitrous oxide; and joint discoverer, with Michael Faraday, that diamonds are made of pure carbon. Today he is possibly best known as the inventor of the Miner’s Safety Lamp, or Davy lamp. There is a statue of Davy at the top of Market Jew Street, near the house in which he was born. One of Penzance’s secondary schools is also named after the scientist, and runs as a music and maths community college. Robert Dunkin, a Penzance saddler and maker of scientific instruments, taught Davy the fundamental principles of practical science.

Twinning

Penzance is twinned with the following towns:WEB, Twinning Promoting international friendship and understanding,www.penzance-tc.gov.uk/twinning/, Penzance Town Council, 30 June 2021,

• {{flagdeco|France}} Concarneau, Brittany, France
• {{flagdeco|Australia}} Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
• {{flagdeco|United States}} Nevada City, California, United States
• {{flagdeco|Germany}} Cuxhaven, Germany. From 1967 to 1974 Penzance was twinned with Cuxhaven, though between 1974 and 2009 this twinning arrangement was passed to the now defunct Penwith District Council. As of April 2009, the arrangement was reinstated.

Freedom of the Town

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Penzance. {{Incomplete list|date=June 2019}}

Individuals

• 25 April 1958: Sir Edward Bolitho, Lord-lieutenant of Cornwall 1936–1962.WEB, Programme from the 25.4.1958 Honorary Freedom of the Town of Penzance awards,www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1991.682, Penlee House, 30 June 2021,www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1991.682," title="web.archive.org/web/20170820035108www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1991.682,">web.archive.org/web/20170820035108www.penleehouse.org.uk/collections/item/PEZPH:1991.682, 20 August 2017,

See also

• HMS Penzance
• The Pirates of Penzance
• Listed buildings in Penzance

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Penzance}}

• {{wikivoyage inline|Penzance}}

• Penzance Town Council
• crocat.cornwall.gov.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&dsqSearch=((text)=’penzance’)" title="web.archive.org/web/20151018121312crocat.cornwall.gov.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&dsqSearch=((text)=’penzance’)">Cornwall Record Office Online Catalogue for Penzance

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