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{{Short description|Sounds and pronunciation of Malay and Indonesian}}{{Selfref|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Malay or Indonesian for Wikipedia articles, see (Help:IPA/Malay).}}{{IPA notice}}This article explains the phonology of Malay and Indonesian based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language of Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia, and Indonesian, which is the official language of Indonesia and a working language in Timor Leste. There are two main standards for Malay pronunciation, the Johor-Riau standard, used in Brunei and Malaysia, and the (lit. 'standard' in Malay/Indonesian), used in Indonesia and Singapore.JOURNAL, Abu Bakar, Mukhlis, 2019-12-18, Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura,weblink Issues in Language Studies, 8, 2, 10.33736/ils.1521.2019, 2180-2726, free,

Consonants

The consonants of Standard MalayJOURNAL, Clynes, Adrian, Deterding, David, Standard Malay (Brunei), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, August 2011, 41, 2, 259–268, 10.1017/S002510031100017X, free,weblinkweblink 2021-08-16, BOOK, Karim, Nik Safiah,weblink Tatabahasa Dewan, M. Onn, Farid, Haji Musa, Hashim, Mahmood, Abdul Hamid, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2008, 978-983-62-9484-5, 3, Kuala Lumpur, 297–303, ms, (Malaysian and Bruneian) and also IndonesianJOURNAL, Soderberg, Craig D., Olson, Kenneth S., 2008, Indonesian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38, 2, 209–213, 10.1017/S0025100308003320, free, are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in parentheses. Some analyses list 19 "primary consonants" for Malay as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}}.Asmah Haji Omar (2008). Ensiklopedia Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, page 108.Yunus Maris, M. (1980). The Malay Sound System. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd, page 52.{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Malay and Indonesian! colspan="2" |! Labial! Dental! Denti-alv./Alveolar! Post-alv./Palatal! Velar!Uvular! Glottal! colspan="2" | Nasal

m}}|	n}}	ɲ}}	ŋ}}||

! rowspan="2" | Plosive/Affricate! {{small|voiceless}}

p}}|	t}}	t͡ʃ}}	k}}	q}})	ʔ}})

! {{small|voiced}}

b}}|	d}}	d͡ʒ}}	ɡ}}||

! rowspan="2" | Fricative! {{small|voiceless}}

f}})	θ}})	s}}	ʃ}})	x}})|	h}}

! {{small|voiced}}

v}})	ð}})	z}})|	ɣ}})||

! colspan="2" | Approximant||

l}}	j}}	w}}||

! colspan="2" | Trill||

r}}||||

Orthographic note:The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:

• {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is written {{angbr|ny}} before a vowel, {{angbr|n}} before {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|j}}
• {{IPAslink|Å‹}} is written {{angbr|ng}}
• the glottal stop {{IPA|[Ê”]}} is written as a final {{angbr|k}} or an apostrophe {{angbr|'}}
• {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is written {{angbr|c}}
• {{IPAslink|dÊ’}} is written {{angbr|j}}
• {{IPAslink|j}} is written {{angbr|y}}
• {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is written {{angbr|sy}}
• {{IPAslink|x}} is written {{angbr|kh}}
• {{IPAslink|É£}} is written {{angbr|gh}} (used in Standard Malay, replaced by {{angbr|g}} in Indonesian)
• {{IPAslink|q}} is written {{angbr|k}} or {{angbr|q}}
• {{IPAslink|ð}} is written {{angbr|z}} and transcribed into {{IPAslink|z}}. Before 1972, this sound was written as {{angbr|dh}} or {{angbr|dz}} in Standard Malay (but not Indonesian)
• {{IPAslink|θ}} is written {{angbr|s}} and transcribed into {{IPAslink|s}}. Before 1972, this sound was written as {{angbr|th}} in Standard Malay (but not Indonesian).

Notes

• {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In syllable codas, they are usually unreleased, with final {{IPA|/k/}} generally being realised as a glottal stop in native words. There is generally no liaison, that is, no audible release even when followed by a vowel in another word, as in kulit ubi ('tapioca skins') {{IPA|[ˈkulitÌš ˈʔubi]}}, though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
• /{{IPA|t}}/ is dental [{{IPA|t̪}}] in many varieties of Malay and in Indonesian.
• The glottal stop {{IPA|/Ê”/}} may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as Al Qur'an. In some words like terulang "being repeated" /ˈtÉ™rÊ”ulaÅ‹/ that are derived from vowel-initial words with a prefix, the glottal stop is not reflected in writing.
• {{IPA|/h/}} is pronounced clearly between like vowels, as in Pahang. Elsewhere it is a very light sound, and is frequently silent, as in {{transl|ms|hutan}} ~ {{transl|ms|utan}} ('forest'), {{transl|ms|sahut}} ~ {{transl|ms|saut}} ('answer'), {{transl|ms|indah}} ~ {{transl|ms|inda}} ('beautiful'). The exception to this tendency is initial {{IPA|/h/}} from Arabic loans such as hakim ('judge').
• {{IPA|/r/}} varies significantly across dialects. In addition, its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: kertas ('paper') may be pronounced {{IPA|[krəˈtas]}} or {{IPA|[kÉ™rəˈtas]}}. The trill {{IPA|/r/}} is sometimes reduced to a single vibration when single, making it phonetically a flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, so that the pronunciation of a single {{IPA|/r/}} varies between trill {{IPA|[r]}}, flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}} and, in some instances, postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠]. The final {{IPA|/r/}} is silent in Johor-Riau (Piawai) Pronunciation, while audible as /r/ in Northern Peninsular Pronunciation and Baku Pronunciation.
• Voiced stops do not occur in final position in native words. In loanwords, {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are generally devoiced in final position (sebab ('cause') {{IPA|[səˈbapÌš]}}, masjid ('mosque') {{IPA|[ˈmäsdÊ’itÌš]}}) to conform with the native phonological structure. Some pronunciation guides consider this devoicing nonstandard and prescribe to pronounce final b and d as written, i.e. voiced.BOOK,weblink Panduan Berbahasa Indonesia dengan Baik dan Benar (Guidebook for Speaking Indonesian Well and Correct), Effendi, S., Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 2012, 978-6232212350, 228,
• {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPAslink|ð}}, {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|q}} only appear in loanwords. Some speakers pronounce {{IPA|/v/}} in loanwords as {{IPA|[v]}}, otherwise it is {{IPA|[f]}}. {{IPA|[z]}} can also be an allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} before voiced consonants. Since {{IPAslink|ð}} and {{IPAslink|z}} are written identically in Malay, as with {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|q}} and {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|ð}}, {{IPAslink|θ}} and {{IPAslink|q}} tend to only occur in speakers who speak the source languages the words are loaned from (e.g. Arabic and English) and are aware of the original pronunciations of the words.
• The affricates are variously described as {{IPAblink|tʃ}}/{{IPAblink|dÊ’}}, {{IPAblink|c͡ç}}/{{IPAblink|ɟ͡ʝ}},BOOK, Jiang Wu,weblink Malayic varieties of Kelantan and Terengganu, LOT Publications, 2023, 978-94-6093-436-0, Amsterdam, 42, or {{IPAblink|c}}/{{IPAblink|ÉŸ}}To Tap or Not To Tap: A Preliminary Acoustic Description of American English Alveolar Tap Productions by Indonesian Bilingual Adults in the literature.

Loans from Arabic:

• Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic, otherwise they tend to be substituted with native sounds.

{| class="wikitable"|+ Table of borrowed Arabic consonants! Distinct !! Assimilated !! Example

x}}	{{IPAslink	h}}	{{IPA	[ˈkabar]}} ('news')

ð}}	{{IPAslink	l}}	('good will')

/ðˤ/}}	{{IPAslink	z}}	('noon prayer')

θ}}	{{IPAslink

É£}}	{{IPAslink	r}}	('hidden')

q}}	{{IPAslink

Nasal assimilation

Important in the derivation of Malay verbs and nouns is the assimilation of the nasal consonant at the end of the derivational prefixes meng- {{IPA|/məŋ/}}, a verbal prefix, and peng- {{IPA|/pəŋ/}}, a nominal prefix.The nasal segment is dropped before sonorant consonants (nasals {{IPA|/m, n, ɲ, ŋ/}}, liquids {{IPA|/l, r/}}, and approximants {{IPA|/w, j/}}). It is retained before and assimilates to obstruent consonants: labial {{IPA|/m/}} before labial {{IPA|/p, b/}}, alveolar {{IPA|/n/}} before alveolar {{IPA|/t, d/}}, post-alveolar {{IPA|/ɲ/}} before {{IPA|/tʃ, dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}}, velar {{IPA|/ŋ/}} before other sounds (velar {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}}, glottal {{IPA|/h/}}, all vowels).This is the argument for the nasal being underlyingly {{IPA|/ŋ/}}: when there is no place for it to assimilate to, it surfaces as {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. Some treatments write it {{IPA|/N/}} to indicate that it has no place of articulation of its own, but this fails to explain its pronunciation before vowels.In addition, following voiceless obstruents, apart from {{IPA|/tʃ/}} (that is {{IPA|/p, t, s, k/}}), are dropped, except when before causative prefix {{wikt-lang|id|per-}} where the first consonant is kept. This phoneme loss rule was mnemonically named "KPST rule" in Indonesian.WEB,weblink KPST dan Kaidah Peluluhan Fonem (KPST and Phoneme Loss Rule), Kompas.id, 28 December 2019, 8 October 2021, {||{| class="wikitable"! root !! meaning !! meng- derivation !! meaning !! peng- derivation !! meaning

masak >		memasak >		pemasak >| cook (n)

nanti >		menanti >		|

layang >		melayang >		|

rampas >		merampas >		perampas >| confiscator

beli >		membeli >		pembeli >| buyer

dukung >		mendukung >		pendukung >| supporter

jawab >		menjawab >		penjawab >| answerer

gulung >		menggulung >		penggulung >| roller

hantar >		menghantar >		penghantar >| sender

ajar >		mengajar >		pengajar >| teacher

isi >		mengisi >		pengisi >| filler

pilih >		memilih >		pemilih >| chooser

tulis >		menulis >		penulis >| writer

cabut >		mencabut >		pencabut >| puller

kenal >		mengenal >		pengenal >| identifier

surat >		menyurat >		penyurat >| correspondent

Vowels

It is usually said that there are six vowels in Standard MalayAsmah Haji Omar (2008). Ensiklopedia Bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, page 97. (Malaysian and Brunei) and Indonesian. These six vowels are shown in the table below. However, other analyses set up a system with other vowels, particularly the open-mid vowels {{IPAslink|É›}} and {{IPAslink|É”}}.Yunus Maris, M. (1980). The Malay Sound System. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd, page 2.{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"|+ Vowel phonemes in Standard Malay and Indonesian!! Front! Central! Back! Close

i}}|	u}}

! Mid

eÌž|e}}	É™}}	oÌž|o}}

! Open|

ä|a}}|

Notes

• One source of variation in Malay is whether final {{IPA|/a/}} in open final syllables of root morphemes (for example saya 'I') is pronounced as {{IPA|[a]}} or as {{IPA|[É™]}}. So called 'a varieties', such as Indonesian or the varieties of Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei and Kedah pronounce it as {{IPA|[a]}}, while 'schwa varieties' such as some Peninsular Malaysian varieties (e.g.Terengganu Malay and the prevalent Kuala Lumpur/Selangor accent) and the varieties of Singapore and Sumatra pronounce it as {{IPA|[É™]}}.Asmah Haji Omar. (1977). The phonological diversity of the Malay dialects. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. In schwa varieties, {{IPA|/a/}} of the penultimate syllable is also modified if it is followed by {{IPA|/h/}}, as in usaha {{IPA|[usÉ™hÉ™]}}. {{IPA|/a/}} does not change to {{IPA|[É™]}} in singing. There are also some Malay varieties where the open final /a/ is pronounced as neither such as Kelantan-Pattani Malay where it is pronounced as an open back unrounded [{{IPA|É‘}}] instead.
• {{IPA|[É‘]}} is an occasional allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} after emphatic consonants, and including {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/É£/}}, and {{IPA|/q/}} from Arabic words. Example: qari {{IPA|[qÉ‘ri]}}.
• In closed final syllables of root morphemes, the front vowel {{IPA|/i/}} and back vowel {{IPA|/u/}} can have mid or even open realisations in Malay so and can be pronounced {{IPA|[gilɪŋ ~ gileÅ‹ ~ gilɛŋ]}} and {{IPA|[burÊŠÅ‹ ~ buroÅ‹ ~ burÉ’Å‹]}}, respectively. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} on the other hand never have close realisations so 'shake' can be pronounced as {{IPA|[geleÅ‹ ~ gelɛŋ]}} but never {{IPA|[gelɪŋ]}} and similarly, 'buy in bulk' is never {{IPA|[borÊŠÅ‹]}}. In Indonesian, closed final syllable {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} often only get realised as {{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ÊŠ]}}. There is also a [ɪ] in Indonesian, but is an allophone of [i] as the second vowel in a hiatus such as air ('water') [a.ɪr], but see below.
• The vowels of [{{IPA link|e}}], [{{IPA link|É›}}], and [{{IPA link|É™}}] are commonly written without diacritics as ⟨e⟩. The vowel [{{IPA link|É›}}] is allophone of [{{IPA link|e}}], while [{{IPA link|É™}}] is not. The diacritics are only used to indicate the correct pronunciation, for example, in dictionaries. In Indonesian, the vowels are marked with diacritics as [{{IPA link|e}}] ⟨é⟩, [{{IPA link|É›}}] ⟨è⟩ and [{{IPA link|É™}}] ⟨ê⟩ from 2015 to 2022 and as [{{IPA link|e}}], [{{IPA link|É›}}] ⟨e⟩ and [{{IPA link|É™}}] ⟨ê⟩ since 2022.BOOK,weblink Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, 2015, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, WEB, EYD V,weblink 2022-08-22, ejaan.kemdikbud.go.id, A different system represents [{{IPA link|e}}], [{{IPA link|É›}}], and [{{IPA link|É™}}] as ⟨e⟩, ⟨é⟩, and ⟨ě⟩ respectively. In Malay, [{{IPA link|eÌž|e}}] and [{{IPA link|É™}}] are represented by ⟨é⟩ and ⟨e⟩, otherwise respectively known as and . Indonesian also uses the vowel [{{IPA link|ɘ}}] (spelled eu) in some loanwords from Sundanese and Acehnese, e. g. eurih, seudati, sadeu.
• The above allophony notwithstanding, the vowels {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} must be accorded phonemic status, as they occur in native words in all Malay dialects and in Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, English, Dutch, and Javanese loan words, and in foreign names. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} may vary between different speakers as they are popularly pronounced as mid in Malaysian and close-mid in Indonesian. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} are pronounced the same in Brunei and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak).
• Word-final [e] and [o] are rare in Malay, except for loanwords, like teko (teapot, from Hokkien tê-kó͘), toko (small shop, from Hokkien thó͘-khò͘), semberono/sembrono (careless, from Javanese sembrana), gede (Javanese of big), konde (from Javanese kondhe, bulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the head), kare (Indonesian term for curry, variation of kari, from Tamil ka{{IPA|ṟ}}i), mestizo (from Spanish), kredo (creed, from Latin credo), risiko (risk, from Dutch risico), and non-Malay Indonesian names, like Manado and Suharto.
• Some words borrowed from European languages have several note.
  • Some words borrowed from European languages have the vowels {{IPA|[É›]}} and {{IPA|[É”]}}, such as pek {{IPA|[pÉ›k]}} ('pack') and kos {{IPA|[kÉ”s]}} ('cost'). Words borrowed earlier have a more nativized pronunciation, such as pesta ('fest'), which is pronounced {{IPA|[pestÉ™]}}. Some systems represent {{IPA|[É”]}} as ⟨ó⟩.
  • Some words borrowed from European languages reflect the language origin, generally Dutch (for Indonesian) and English (for Standard Malay), specifically as vowels of [{{IPA link|e}}], [{{IPA link|É›}}], and [{{IPA link|É™}}] are commonly written without diacritics as ⟨e⟩. For example, the word presiden ('president') is pronounced as /prɛˈsidÉ›n/ in Indonesian and /prɛˈsidÉ™n/ in Standard Malay which reflect on /prezi'dÉ›nt/ in Dutch and /ˈpɹɛzɪdÉ™nt/ in English.{| class="wikitable" |+Comparison of several standard pronunciations of Malay

!! style=text-align:center | Example! style=text-align:center | Johor-Riau (Piawai)Pronunciation! style=text-align:center | Northern PeninsularPronunciation! style=text-align:center| Baku & IndonesianPronunciation|⟨a⟩ in final open syllable

⟨kereta⟩	/ə/	/a/	/a/

|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩

⟨salin⟩	/e/	/i/	/i/

|⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants

⟨itik⟩	/e/	/e/	/i/

|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩

⟨agung⟩	/o/	/u/	/u/

|⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants

⟨lumpur⟩	/o/	/o/	/u/

Diphthongs

Some analyses claim that Malay has three native diphthong phonemes only in open syllables; they are:

• {{IPA|/ai̯/}}: kedai ('shop'), pandai ('clever')
• {{IPA|/au̯/}}: kerbau ('buffalo')
• {{IPA|/oi̯/}}: dodoi, amboi

Others assume that these "diphthongs" are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant, so {{angbr|ai}} represents {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{angbr|au}} represents {{IPA|/aw/}}, and {{angbr|oi}} represents {{IPA|/oj/}}. On this basis, there are no phonological diphthongs in Malay.JOURNAL, Clynes, Adrian, 1997, On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs", Oceanic Linguistics, 36, 2, 347–362, 10.2307/3622989, 3622989, Words borrowed from English with {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, such as Mei ('May') and esei ('essay') are pronounced with {{IPA|/e/}} as this feature also happens to English {{IPA|/oʊ/}} which becomes {{IPA|/o/}}. However, Indonesian introduced forth diphthong of {{IPA|/ei̯/}} since 2015, such as in ⟨Méi⟩ ('May') /mei̯/.Diphthongs are differentiated from two vowels in two syllables, such as:

• {{IPA|/a.i/}}: e.g. rai ('celebrate') {{IPA|[ra.i]}}, air ('water') {{IPA|[a.er]}} ~ {{IPA|[a.ɪr]}}
• {{IPA|/a.u/}}: bau ('smell') {{IPA|[ba.u]}}, laut ('sea') {{IPA|[la.ot]}} ~ {{IPA|[la.ÊŠt]}}

Two vowels that could form a diphthong are actually pronounced separately:

• when the two vowels belong to a closed syllable, i.e. a syllable that ends with a consonant. E.g. a + i in air (water) are pronounced separately [a.ɪr], because the syllable ends with an "r" consonant — and thus is a closed syllable.

• when the word would be only one-syllable long if pronounced with a diphthong. E.g. a + u in mau (to want) are pronounced separately [ma.u], because a diphthong would result into a single-syllable word.

• when the two syllables belong to two different morphemes. E.g. a + i in gulai (to sweeten) are pronounced separately [gu.la.i], because the word is made out of two morphemes: gula (sugar) + -i (verb-forming suffix).

Even if it is not differentiated in modern Latin spelling, diphthongs and two vowels are differentiated in the spelling in Jawi, where a vowel hiatus is indicated by the symbol hamzah {{angbr|ء}}, for example: لا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}وت laut ('sea').

Stress

Malay has light stress that falls on either the final or penultimate syllable, depending on regional variations as well as the presence of the schwa ({{IPA|/É™/}}) in a word. It is generally the penultimate syllable that is stressed, unless its vowel is a schwa {{IPA|/É™/}}. If the penult has a schwa, then stress moves to the ante-penultimate syllable if there is one, even if that syllable has a schwa as well; if the word is disyllabic, the stress is final. In disyllabic words with a closed penultimate syllable, such as tinggal ('stay') and rantai ('chain'), stress falls on the penult.However, there is some disagreement among linguists over whether stress is phonemic (unpredictable), with some analyses suggesting that there is no underlying stress in Malay.Zuraidah Mohd Don, Knowles, G., & Yong, J. (2008). How words can be misleading: A study of syllable timing and "stress" in Malay. The Linguistics Journal 3(2). See hereWEB,weblink A Typology of Stress, And Where Malay/Indonesian Fits In (abstract only), Gil, David, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120225063313weblink">weblink 2012-02-25, 2012-03-25,

Rhythm

The classification of languages based on rhythm can be problematic.Roach, P. (1982). On the distinction between 'stress-timed' and 'syllable-timed' languages. In D. Crystal (Ed.), Linguistic Controversies (pp.73–79). London: Edward Arnold. Nevertheless, acoustic measurements suggest that Malay has more syllable-based rhythm than British English,Deterding, D. (2011). Measurements of the rhythm of Malay. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, pp. 576–579. On-line Version even though doubts remain about whether the syllable is the appropriate unit for the study of Malay prosody.

Syllable structure

Most of the native lexicon is based on disyllabic root morphemes, with a small percentage of monosyllabic and trisyllabic roots.BOOK,weblink Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology, Adelaar, K.A., Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1992, Canberra, 10.15144/pl-c119, However, with the widespread occurrence of prefixes and suffixes, many words of five or more syllables are found.Syllables are basically consonant–vowel–consonant (CVC), where the V is a monophthong and the final C may be an approximant, either {{IPA|/w/}} or {{IPA|/j/}}. (See the discussion of diphthongs above.)

Baku pronunciation in Malaysia and Singapore

The ' standard started being implemented in Malaysia in the year 1988, but this ceased in 2000. The Malaysian Minister of Education had been quoted saying that the ' standard "is different from the pronunciation commonly used by the people of this country". Singapore started using the ' standard for official purposes in 1990. Ever since then, there have been various protests from Malay Singaporeans, calling for the return of the Johor-Riau standard as the official standard for Malay pronunciation. One prominent critic of the use of the ' standard is Berita Harian editor, Guntor Sadali, who noted that "members of the Malay community generally find that ( Pronunciation) is very awkward".

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Indirawati Haji Zahid, Mardian Shah Omar, Fonetik dan fonologi, 2006, PTS Professional, 983-3585-63-9,weblink 24 December 2009,
• BOOK, Abdullah bin Hassan, Linguistik am, 2007, PTS Professional, 978-983-3376-18-6,weblink 6,weblink 24 December 2009,