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Clockwise from top: panorama of the Lublin Old Town>Old Town; Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland	tenements at the Market Square; Krakowskie Przedmieście Street; Lublin Castle>Royal Castle; and Krakowska Gate| image_flag = POL Lublin flag.svg| image_shield = POL Lublin COA 1.svg| image_blank_emblem = LOGO LUBLIN.svg| blank_emblem_type = Brandmark| pushpin_map = Poland| pushpin_relief = 1| pushpin_label_position = top	List of sovereign states>Country| subdivision_name = {{POL}}	Voivodeships of Poland>Voivodeship	Lublin Voivodeship|name=Lublin}}	List of counties in Poland>Powiat| subdivision_name2 = City County(Capital of Lublin County but not part of it)	Civic Platform>PO| leader_title = City mayor| leader_name = Krzysztof Żuk	Dzielnica>Districts| parts = 27 boroughs	Seat of local government>City Hall| seat = Lublin New Town Hall| established_title = Established| established_date = before 12th century| established_title3 = City rights| established_date3 = 1317| area_total_km2 = 147| population_as_of = 31 December 2021	List of cities and towns in Poland>9th)HTTPS://BDL.STAT.GOV.PL/BDL/DANE/TERYT/JEDNOSTKA >TITLE=LOCAL DATA BANK	PUBLISHER=STATISTICS POLAND, Data for territorial unit 0663000.| population_density_km2 = 2310| population_metro = 664,000	Central European Time>CET| utc_offset = +1	Central European Summer Time>CEST| utc_offset_DST = +2	51		22		region:PL|display=inline,title}}| postal_code_type = Postal code| postal_code = 20-001 to 20-999| area_code = +48 81	www.lublin.eu/en}}	Polish car number plates>Car plates| blank_info = LU| blank_name_sec2 = Primary airport| blank_info_sec2 = Lublin Airport	Highways in Poland>Highways	32px	32px	32px|link=Expressway S19 (Poland))	Fidelitatem et Constantinam (in Latin)Wiernością i Stałością (in Polish)INTERPELACJA W SPRAWIE MOZLIWOSCI I STANU REALIZACJI POSTULATOW	TYPE=PDF	DATE=AUGUST 19, 2013	ACCESS-DATE=SEPTEMBER 24, 2016	ARCHIVE-DATE=SEPTEMBER 16, 2016,
factoids

}}| blank_emblem_size = 120px}}Lublin{hide}efn|Pronunciation:

• English: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ÊŠ|b|l|ɪ|n{edih} {{respell|LUUB|lin}},ENCYCLOPEDIA,www.lexico.com/definition/Lublin,web.archive.org/web/20200803223646/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lublin, 2020-08-03, Lublin, Lexico UK English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|l|uː|b|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|LOO|blin}}ENCYCLOPEDIA,www.lexico.com/en/definition/Lublin,web.archive.org/web/20210825185913/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Lublin, 2021-08-25, Lublin, Lexico UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, WEB,www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lublin, Lublin, Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins, 3 August 2019,
• Polish: {{IPA|pl|ˈlublin||Pl-Lublin.ogg}}
• German: {{IPA|de|ˈlÊŠbliːn||De-Lublin.ogg}}.

.}} is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River, located {{convert|153|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the southeast of Warsaw.One of the events that greatly contributed to the city’s development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lublin witnessed the early stages of Reformation in the 16th century. A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of Arianism.WEB,www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/lublin/3,local-history/?action=view, Local history - Information about the town - Lublin - Virtual Shtetl, 20 March 2017,www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/lublin/3,local-history/?action=view," title="web.archive.org/web/20170320232615www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/lublin/3,local-history/?action=view,">web.archive.org/web/20170320232615www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/lublin/3,local-history/?action=view, 20 March 2017, Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century, Lublin was a royal city of the Crown Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the royal election. In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal, the highest appeal court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning.In 2011, the analytical Financial Times Group found Lublin to be one of the best cities for business in Poland.lublin.eu (21 February 2012): Lublin ahead of WrocÅ‚aw, GdaÅ„sk and Łódź (and behind Warsaw, Cracow, Katowice and PoznaÅ„).The Foreign Direct Investment ranking placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the cost-effectiveness category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high standard of living;WEB,lublin.eu/en/business/investors/lublin--investment-destination/standard-of-living-in-lublin/, Standard of living in Lublin / Lublin – investment destination / Investors / Business / Lublin City Office, UM, Lublin, 20 March 2017, the city has been selected as the 2023 European Youth Capital.WEB, Our European Youth Capital for 2023 is…. Lublin!,www.youthforum.org/our-european-youth-capital-2023-lublin, 2021-03-03, European Youth Forum, en, Its historical Old Town is one of Poland’s national monuments (Pomnik historii) tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.WEB,isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20070860574, Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych, Kancelaria Sejmu, RP,

History

{{see also|Timeline of Lublin}}File:Krakowska Gate (5613990184).jpg|thumb|left|190px|(:pl:Brama Krakowska w Lublinie|Krakowska Gate) in the Old Town is among the city’s most recognisable landmarks.]]Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today’s Lublin on Czwartek (“Thursday“) Hill.The period of the early Middle Ages was marked by an intensification of habitation, particularly in the areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of Lendians tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century.BOOK, Andrzej RozwaÅ‚ka, RafaÅ‚ Niedźwiadek, Marek Stasiak, ‘Origines Polonorum’: Lublin wczesnoÅ›redniowieczny, The medieval urban complex of Lublin. A study of its spatial development, TRIO / FNP, 2006, 199–203, hellostudio.eu/polonorum/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Lublin_summary.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20160225165050hellostudio.eu/polonorum/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Lublin_summary.pdf">Summary translated by Philip Earl Steele (PDF)., The castle became the seat of a castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols, Tatars, Ruthenians, and Lithuanians, which resulted in its destruction. It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302. Lublin was founded as a town by WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of the prince BolesÅ‚aw V the Chaste. Casimir III the Great, appreciating the site’s strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.WEB,www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf, Tourist Guide: Lublin, Lublin City Council, 2009, 2,www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150420082704www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150420082704www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_POPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf, 20 April 2015, From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day.

Jagiellonian Poland

{{multiple image| align = left| direction = vertical| width = 219| image1 = Lublin, Zamek; wzgórze zamkowe zieleniÄ…, drzewostanem, ulicami, alejkami i schodami 01.jpg| caption1 = Neogothic façade of Lublin Castle| image2 = Lublin Donżon i dziedziniec zamku.jpgLublin Castle>Castle courtyard with a fortified keep}}In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from the king WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II JagieÅ‚Å‚o. With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland.During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments (Sejm) of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania. Lublin as one of the most influential cities of the state enjoyed voting rights during the royal elections in Poland.Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Lesser Poland Province, was established in Lublin.Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland’s most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery, and education centre (kahal) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city’s life until the Holocaust, during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered.File:Lublin Union 1569.PNG|thumb|Union of Lublin, painting by Jan Matejko at the National Museum of Lublin ]]The yeshiva became a centre of learning of Talmud and Kabbalah, leading the city to be called “the Jewish Oxford”. In 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities.The city declined due to the disastrous Deluge, when it was invaded by Russo-Cossack forces in 1655, and Sweden in 1656.

19th and early 20th century

After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then following the Austro-Polish War of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and then in 1815 it became part of the Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland.(File:Lublin kosciól dominikanów ul zÅ‚ota.jpg|thumb|19th-century drawing of the Lublin Old Town by Adam Lerue)At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877, a railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin’s population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-299-19464-2}}, Google Print, p. 16Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, Provisional People’s Government of the Republic of Poland - the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i LaÅ›kiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918.In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of the city’s population, Jews - 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish.BOOK, Sadkowski, Konrad, Church, nation and state in Poland: Catholicism and national identity formation in the Lublin region, 1918–1939, 1995, University of Michigan, 85–86, On July 20, 1931, {{ill|1931 Lublin tornado|lt=a violent tornado|simple}} carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the Fujita scale; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at {{convert|246|to|324|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, potentially ranking it as an F5.WEB, European Severe Storms Laboratory, 2022, December 8, 2022, European Severe Weather Database,essl.org/ESWD/,

World War II

(File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-013-0068-18A, Polen, Treffen deutscher und sowjetischer Soldaten.jpg|thumb|left|German and Soviet troops in Lublin during the invasion of Poland in September 1939)In early September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to Łuck,MAGAZINE, Wróbel, Janusz, 2002, Wojenne losy polskiego zÅ‚ota, Biuletyn Instytutu PamiÄ™ci Narodowej, pl, Institute of National Remembrance, IPN, 8-9 (19-20), 56, 1641-9561, before the city was occupied by Germany, and found itself in the newly formed General Government territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on intelligentsia and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, priests, lecturers of the local theological seminary, and lecturers and students of the Catholic University of Lublin,BOOK, WardzyÅ„ska, Maria, 2009, ByÅ‚ rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeÅ„stwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion, pl, Warszawa, Institute of National Remembrance, IPN, 247, which the occupiers closed down. Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to concentration camps.On 23–25 December 1939, the Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin.WardzyÅ„ska. ByÅ‚ rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeÅ„stwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 247–248 Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, starosts of Lublin and Lubartów counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region. In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 Capuchin friars and 43 Jesuit friars.WardzyÅ„ska. ByÅ‚ rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeÅ„stwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 248 Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the AB-Aktion. On 24 June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including BiaÅ‚a Podlaska, CheÅ‚m, PuÅ‚awy.WardzyÅ„ska. ByÅ‚ rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeÅ„stwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 264–265 Many of the prisoners were then deported to the Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in five large massacres carried out in the present-day district of Rury in 1940.WardzyÅ„ska. ByÅ‚ rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeÅ„stwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 265 Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, Polish resistance members, policemen, teachers and school and university students.File:Pomnik ofiar egzekucji w Rurach Jezuickich w Lublinie 01.jpg|thumb|Monument and cemetery in Rury where the Germans massacred around 500 Poles in 1940]]An attempt to “Germanise” the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche, increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called “reservation” for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the “Nisko or Lublin Plan”.BOOK, Diemut Majer, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Non-Germans” under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945,books.google.com/books?id=w-IQu7nWQwQC&pg=PA759, 19 February 2012, 2003, JHU Press, 978-0-8018-6493-3, 759, The Germans established and operated a Baudienst forced labour camp for Poles in Lublin.MAGAZINE, WardzyÅ„ska, Maria, 2009, Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich, Biuletyn Instytutu PamiÄ™ci Narodowej, 4, pl, IPN, 99, 29, 1641-9561, Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940.MAGAZINE, Pawelec, Marek, 2010, “Lista KatyÅ„ska” KUL, PrzeglÄ…d Uniwersytecki, 4, pl, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana PawÅ‚a II, 126, 8, 0866-9961, (File:Obóz na Majdanku 05 kjk.jpg|thumb|The site of the former Majdanek concentration camp, located on the outskirts of Lublin)The Jewish population was forced into the newly established Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze. The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt, the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin’s Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews “Å»egota”, established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city.BOOK, Datner, Szymon, 1968, Las sprawiedliwych, pl, Warszawa, Książka i Wiedza, 69, There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for sheltering and aiding Jews.BOOK, Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludnoÅ›ci żydowskiej w okresie II wojny Å›wiatowej, 2014, pl, Warszawa, IPN, 64, 250, 271, Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludnoÅ›ci żydowskiej w okresie II wojny Å›wiatowej, pp. 80, 255, 263After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries.BOOK,biblioteka.teatrnn.pl/dlibra/Content/20604/sciezki_pamieci_1.pdf, Åšcieżki PamiÄ™ci, Å»ydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy, Miejsca, Historia (Path of Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History), OÅ›rodek “Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN” & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie, Helena Ziemba née Herszenborn, Irena Gewerc-Gottlieb, 1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie, 2001, Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland, 24, 27, 29, 30, PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB, pl, In the first years of the occupation, many expelled Poles from GdaÅ„sk and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin,BOOK, Drywa, Danuta, Kostkiewicz, Janina, 2020, Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacjÄ… niemieckÄ… (1939–1945), pl, Kraków, Jagiellonian University, Uniwersytet JagielloÅ„ski, Biblioteka JagielloÅ„ska, 184, Germanizacja dzieci i mÅ‚odzieży polskiej na Pomorzu GdaÅ„skim z uwzglÄ™dnieniem roli obozu koncentracyjnego Stutthof, and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany.WEB,www.majdanek.eu/pl/pow/wysiedlency_z_zamojszczyzny_w_obozie_koncentracyjnym_na_majdanku/48, WysiedleÅ„cy z Zamojszczyzny w obozie koncentracyjny na Majdanku, Majdanku.eu, 11 September 2021, pl, In August 1943, thanks to efforts of the Polish Rada Główna OpiekuÅ„cza charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps. Many of the released people, including hundreds of kidnapped Polish children, were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals, which quickly became overcrowded. Many exhausted children died soon.BOOK, Gajderowicz, Magdalena, Skrzyniarz, Ryszard, Kostkiewicz, Janina, 2020, Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacjÄ… niemieckÄ… (1939–1945), pl, Kraków, Uniwersytet JagielloÅ„ski, Biblioteka JagielloÅ„ska, 144–145, Dzieci Zamojszczyzny w obozie na Majdanku (w wybranych aktach archiwalnych i relacjach), Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving the hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an epidemic typhus outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population.On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as the basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the Polish government-in-exile, WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Cholewa, and the commander of the regional branch of the Home Army, Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947.MAGAZINE, Grabowski, Waldemar, 2002, Na drodze do powstania, Biuletyn Instytutu PamiÄ™ci Narodowej, pl, IPN, 8-9 (19-20), 42, 1641-9561, The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.

Post-war period

In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-SkÅ‚odowska University. A large automotive factory, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSO), was built in the city.In 2023, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city of Lublin was honoured by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky who granted it the title of “City-Rescuer” in recognition of its humanitarian and financial assistance to Ukraine and the country’s war refugees.WEB,www.polskieradio.pl/395/9766/Artykul/3147673,polands-lublin-honoured-by-ukraines-zelensky-city-hall, Poland’s Lublin honoured by Ukraine’s Zelensky: City Hall, polskieradio.pl, 7 April 2023, 16 September 2023, WEB,lublin.eu/en/lublin-4-all/news/the-title-of-city-rescuer-for-lublin-from-president-of-ukraine,213,1413,1.html, The title of “City-Rescuer” for Lublin from President of Ukraine, lublin.eu, 6 April 2023, 16 September 2023,

Geography

(File:Lublin wrotkow zalew zemborzycki 2009.jpg|thumb|Zemborzyce Lake)Lublin lies in eastern Poland on the Lublin Upland. The {{ill|Bystrzyca (Wieprz tributary)|lt=Bystrzyca|pl|Bystrzyca (dopływ Wieprza)}} river, a tributary of the Wieprz river, passes through the city and divides it into two parts: western, with a more varied relief with loess gorges, and eastern, which is flat. In the southern part of the city there is an artificial Zemborzyce Lake created by damming Bystrzyca.The area of the city is 147 km2. The highest point lies at a height of {{Convert|235.0|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the lowest point at a height of {{Convert|163.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}.Lublin has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, damp winters and warm summers.{{Weather box| location = Lublin (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)| metric first = Y| single line = Y| Jan record high C = 12.0| Feb record high C = 16.9| Mar record high C = 23.2| Apr record high C = 29.3| May record high C = 31.6| Jun record high C = 34.1| Jul record high C = 35.1| Aug record high C = 35.3| Sep record high C = 33.8| Oct record high C = 26.6| Nov record high C = 19.6| Dec record high C = 14.8| year record high C = 35.3| Jan high C = -0.1| Feb high C = 1.6| Mar high C = 6.6| Apr high C = 13.8| May high C = 19.1| Jun high C = 22.4| Jul high C = 24.5| Aug high C = 24.3| Sep high C = 18.6| Oct high C = 12.5| Nov high C = 6.1| Dec high C = 1.2| year high C = 12.6| Jan mean C = -2.5| Feb mean C = -1.4| Mar mean C = 2.4| Apr mean C = 8.6| May mean C = 13.6| Jun mean C = 16.9| Jul mean C = 18.9| Aug mean C = 18.4| Sep mean C = 13.4| Oct mean C = 8.2| Nov mean C = 3.2| Dec mean C = -1.0| year mean C = 8.2| Jan low C = -4.9| Feb low C = -4.2| Mar low C = -1.1| Apr low C = 3.8| May low C = 8.4| Jun low C = 11.7| Jul low C = 13.6| Aug low C = 13.1| Sep low C = 9.0| Oct low C = 4.6| Nov low C = 0.8| Dec low C = -3.3| year low C = 4.3| Jan record low C = -33.7| Feb record low C = -30.6| Mar record low C = -24.2| Apr record low C = -7.3| May record low C = -4.1| Jun record low C = 0.2| Jul record low C = 4.1| Aug record low C = 0.8| Sep record low C = -3.8| Oct record low C = -7.7| Nov record low C = -20.6| Dec record low C = -24.5| year record low C = -33.7| precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation mm = 33.6| Feb precipitation mm = 31.5| Mar precipitation mm = 37.9| Apr precipitation mm = 42.3| May precipitation mm = 70.7| Jun precipitation mm = 66.8| Jul precipitation mm = 82.2| Aug precipitation mm = 54.9| Sep precipitation mm = 62.8| Oct precipitation mm = 47.4| Nov precipitation mm = 36.5| Dec precipitation mm = 34.5| year precipitation mm = 601.0| Jan snow depth cm = 9.2| Feb snow depth cm = 10.8| Mar snow depth cm = 8.1| Apr snow depth cm = 3.0| May snow depth cm = 0.0| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0| Oct snow depth cm = 0.8| Nov snow depth cm = 4.0| Dec snow depth cm = 6.2| year snow depth cm = | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm| Jan precipitation days = 17.10| Feb precipitation days = 15.01| Mar precipitation days = 14.83| Apr precipitation days = 12.50| May precipitation days = 13.43| Jun precipitation days = 13.17| Jul precipitation days = 14.07| Aug precipitation days = 10.93| Sep precipitation days = 11.97| Oct precipitation days = 13.07| Nov precipitation days = 14.47| Dec precipitation days = 16.33| year precipitation days = 166.88| unit snow days = 0 cm| Jan snow days = 18.8| Feb snow days = 17.8| Mar snow days = 9.6| Apr snow days = 1.5| May snow days = 0.0| Jun snow days = 0.0| Jul snow days = 0.0| Aug snow days = 0.0| Sep snow days = 0.0| Oct snow days = 0.6| Nov snow days = 4.8| Dec snow days = 14.4| year snow days = 67.5| Jan humidity = 87.9| Feb humidity = 85.5| Mar humidity = 78.7| Apr humidity = 70.5| May humidity = 72.9| Jun humidity = 74.5| Jul humidity = 74.4| Aug humidity = 73.4| Sep humidity = 80.1| Oct humidity = 84.5| Nov humidity = 89.0| Dec humidity = 89.5| year humidity = 80.1| Jan sun = 44.5| Feb sun = 70.3| Mar sun = 127.5| Apr sun = 187.7| May sun = 253.1| Jun sun = 262.8| Jul sun = 263.2| Aug sun = 246.4| Sep sun = 166.2| Oct sun = 116.5| Nov sun = 52.8| Dec sun = 30.3| year sun = 1821.3| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water ManagementWEB,web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE, 3 December 2021,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE, Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza, Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE, 15 January 2022,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE, Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza, Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE, 15 January 2022,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE, Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza, Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA, 9 January 2022,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA, Miesięczna suma opadu, Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01, 15 January 2022,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01, Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm, Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB, 15 January 2022,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB, Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej, Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0, 21 January 2022,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0, Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm, Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL, 15 January 2022,klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL, Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h), Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, pl, 20 January 2022, | source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)WEB,meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351220495&par=tmax&max_empty=3, Lublin-Radawiec Absolutna temperatura maksymalna, 6 April 2018, Meteomodel.pl, pl, 22 January 2022, WEB,meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351220495&par=tmin&max_empty=3, Lublin-Radawiec Absolutna temperatura minimalna, 6 April 2018, Meteomodel.pl, pl, 20 January 2022, WEB,meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=rh&max_empty=3, Katowice Średnia wilgotność, 6 April 2018, Meteomodel.pl, pl, 20 January 2022, }}

Population

{{Historical populations|1950|116629|1960|183400|1970|238500|1980|304424|1990|351353|2000|358933|2010|348450|2020|338586|footnote=source WEB,www.polskawliczbach.pl/Lublin, Lublin (Lubelskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia, }}(File:Lublin population pyramid.svg|thumb|Lublin population pyramid in 2021)The population of Lublin in 2020 was 338,586.File:Lublin UMCS Pomnik Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.jpg|thumb|Marie Curie Monument near the Maria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityMaria Curie-Skłodowska University

Economy and infrastructure

The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe. Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Åšwidnik for large-scale industrial investments.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}File:Piotr Kownacki, Elżbieta Kruk, PZL Åšwidnik, 24-03-2009.jpg|thumb|Polish MPs in the PZL-ÅšwidnikPZL-ÅšwidnikFile:Alians PL LublinStreetBernardynska Perla,2009 08 11,P8110003.jpg|thumb|PerÅ‚a – Browary LubelskieBrowary LubelskieLublin is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin,{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} due to reasons like quality of life, culture management, the environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}The large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSC) was acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo’s financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy.WEB, Daewoo Polish Truck Factory Bankrupt,apnews.com/article/6df0d8f83f7ac54eb0378ea12e57eb3a, 2022-02-01, AP NEWS, en, Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city’s economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University.The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds.WEB,www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863, SamorzÄ…d Miasta Lublin, Um.lublin.pl, 2009-05-05,www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863," title="web.archive.org/web/20110930152418www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863,">web.archive.org/web/20110930152418www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863, 2011-09-30, Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said:{{blockquote|In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post-development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country.WEB, internet ART; www.internetart.pl,www.paiz.gov.pl/nowosci/?id_news=1392&lang_id=1, PAIiIZ | News | Inwestycje w Polsce, Paiz.gov.pl, 2007-05-31, 2009-05-05, }}In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” — the European Economic Development area.WEB, Marcin Bielesz,miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html, Lublin fetuje specjalnÄ… strefÄ™ ekonomicznÄ…, Miasta.gazeta.pl, 2007-09-27, 2009-05-05, At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, Modern-Expo, and PerÅ‚a Browary Lubelskie.WEB,lublin.wyborcza.pl/lublin/7,35640,4527639.html?disableRedirects=true, Wyborcza.pl, Lublin.wyborcza.pl, 4 March 2022, WEB,ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona, Serwis regionalny Lublin, 18 August 2007, 4 March 2022,ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona," title="web.archive.org/web/20070818010437ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona,">web.archive.org/web/20070818010437ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona, 18 August 2007, At the same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland’s first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new underground gallery (“Alchemy“) between and beneath ÅšwiÄ™toduska and Lubartowska Streets.WEB, opracowali: tn, dil, msa, ms, jb, pr, wa,miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,36651,3823552.html, Taki byÅ‚ 2006 rok, Miasta.gazeta.pl, 2007-01-01, 2009-05-05,

Media

The local TVP station, TVP3 Lublin, broadcasts from a {{convert|104|m|ft|abbr=on}}-tall concrete television tower.WEB,emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L, PrzeglÄ…d obiektów z emisjami, Emi.emitel.pl, 2009-05-05,emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L," title="web.archive.org/web/20141102010428emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L,">web.archive.org/web/20141102010428emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L, 2014-11-02, The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info.The radio stations airing from Lublin include Radio ‘eR – 87.9 FM’, Radio ‘Eska Lublin’ – 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of the Polish Radio) – 102.2 FM, [ Radio Centrum (university radio station)] – 98.2 FM, Radio ‘Free’ (city station of the Polish Radio) – 89,9 FM, and Radio ‘ZÅ‚ote Przeboje’ (Golden Hits) Lublin – 95.6 FM.Local newspapers include Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza), [ Metro] (daily, free), and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free).File:20210625 TVP3 Lublin.jpg|TVP3 Lublin headquartersFile:Wieża nadajnika Radia “Lublin”.jpg|Radio Lublin transmitter tower

Transport

Airport

(File:Airport Lublin.jpg|thumb|Lublin Airport)The Lublin Airport (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ) is located about {{convert|10|km|1|abbr=in}} SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown.

Railways

From Lublin Główny railway station, ten trains depart each day to Warsaw, and three to Kraków, as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with Rzeszów, Szczecin, Gdynia, and other Polish cities and towns in the region as NaÅ‚Ä™czów, CheÅ‚m or Zamość. The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours.WEB,www.rozklad.mortin.pl/lublin.html, Lublin - RozkÅ‚ad jazdy pociÄ…gów PKP, autobusów PKS oraz komunikacji miejskiej dla miasta Lublin, Rozklad.mortin.pl, 2009-06-02, (File:WK15 Lublin (16) Lichen99.jpg|thumb|Lublin Główny railway station, the city’s main train station)There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains:

• {{ill|Lublin Ponikwoda railway station|pl|Lublin Ponikwoda}}
• {{ill|Lublin Północny railway station|pl|Lublin Północny}}
• {{ill|Lublin Zemborzyce railway station|pl|Lublin Zemborzyce}}
• {{ill|Lublin ZadÄ™bie railway station|pl|Lublin ZadÄ™bie}}
• {{ill|Lublin Zachodni railway station|pl|Lublin Zachodni}}
• {{ill|Stasin Polny railway station|pl|Stasin Polny}}
• {{ill|Rudnik Przystanek railway station|pl|Rudnik Przystanek}}

Roads

File:Solaris trolleybus, Plac Łokietka, Lublin, Poland 01.jpg|thumb|Lublin has one of three trolleybus systems in Poland.]]Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways S12, S17, and S19.Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of the planned expressway network around the city, that will be built in the coming years, consists of S12 to the east in the direction Chełm, S19 north towards Białystok, and S17 southeast towards Zamość. The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre.Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot, and Tychy).WEB,ztm.lublin.eu/?sid=34&lng=en, Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Lublinie, Ztm.lublin.eu, 4 March 2022,

Culture and tourism

Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians.

Architecture

Lublin’s Old Town shares several traditions with Lesser Poland, mostly the dialect and historic architecture that brings a unique ambience comparable with Kraków. It is, however, a distinct experience, which benefits from artistic renovation, that progressed somehow slower and more modestly focusing more on quality and less on commercialization. Historic buildings, including ruined townhouses that await for new owners, create a unique atmosphere of the renaissance city. Lublin’s Old Town has cobbled, narrow streets and mostly medieval layout and design. Many venues around Old Town enjoy an architecture applicable for restaurants, art hotels, pubs galleries, and clubs. Apart from entertainment, the area houses small businesses and prestigious offices.There are several historic churches in the Old Town, including the Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin Castle with the frescos, that are a mixture of Roman Catholic motifs with eastern Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the west with the east. Other important churches are the Late Gothic Virgin Mary Victorious Church, Renaissance Dominican Basilica and Bernardine church as well as Baroque St. John the Baptist Cathedral.Monuments of the 20th-century architecture include the Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva and its synagogue, socialist-realist (:pl:Plac Zamkowy w Lublinie|Zamkowy Square) and brutalist (:pl:Osiedle SÅ‚owackiego (Lublin)|SÅ‚owacki housing estate) by Oskar Hansen.File:Lublin zamek 2009.jpg|Courtyard of the Lublin Castle with the 13th-century keep and the 14th-century Holy Trinity ChapelFile:Kaplica Trójcy ÅšwiÄ™tej w Lublinie, wnÄ™trze 2.jpg|Frescoes inside the Holy Trinity ChapelFile:Lublin, Brama Grodzka2.JPG|Grodzka GateFile:Lublin TrybunaÅ‚ Koronny.jpg|Crown Tribunal at the Market SquareFile:Kamienice na rynku Starego Miasta w Lublinie, 18-04-2009.JPG|Historic tenement houses at the Market SquareFile:PL Lublin Katedra1.jpg|Lublin CathedralFile:W lubelskiej Archikatedrze.jpg|Interior of the CathedralFile:KoÅ›ciół Matki Bożej ZwyciÄ™skiej w Lublinie.jpg|Late Gothic Virgin Mary Victorious ChurchFile:Lublin Dominikanie.jpg|Dominican ChurchFile:PaÅ‚ac Lubomirskich w Lublinie.jpg|Lubomirski PalaceFile:Lublin. Grand Hotel “Lublinianka” (3).jpg|Eclectic Grand Hotel LubliniankaFile:Lublin, Lubartowska 85; Synagoga, Hotel Ilan.jpg|Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva and its synagogueFile:Lublin plac Zamkowy.jpg|Zamkowy Square

The arts

Museum

(File:Interior of the Lublin Museum.jpg|thumb|National Museum in Lublin)The premier museum in the city is the National Museum of Lublin, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland. It is located in the Lublin castle and contains some castle’s interiors, like the Holy Trinity Chapel with its frescoes in the Byzantine style. The museum permanent collection include also many Polish and foreign painting from the 17th to 20th century, as well as the gallery of paintings by Tamara de Lempicka.Other museums include also the Museum of the History of the City of Lublin, the Museum of the Eastern Territories of the Old Polish Republic, the Józef Czechowicz Museum, the Under the clock Martyrdom Museum and the Museum of Housing Estates on the SÅ‚owacki Housing Estate.Important museum is also the Majdanek State Museum in the former Majdanek Nazi concentration and extermination camp. In 2011 it was visited by 121,404 visitors.WEB,www.majdanek.com.pl/obozy/majdanek/pmm_statystyki.html, Statystyki, PaÅ„stwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, Frekwencja zwiedzajÄ…cych, 2011, 2013-04-28,

Cinema

Lublin is a city with a proactive approach towards filmmaking industry. The city is featured in some notable films, and that include Oscar-winning The Reader which was partially filmed at the Nazi Majdanek concentration camp.WEB,www.imdb.com/title/tt0976051/trivia, The Reader, 30 January 2009, IMDb.com, In 2008, Lublin collaborated with Ukrainian Lviv, to film and distribute promotional materials which painted both cities as attractive to the filmmaking industry. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at Cannes Festival.WEB,www.film.lublin.eu, Lublin, Lwów | miasto filmowe - Aktualności, Film.lublin.eu, 2008-04-08, 2009-07-08, This was sponsored by the European Union. There are numerous movie theatres in Lublin including a few multiplexes, i.e. Cinema City and Multikino chains, also smaller venues like Cinema Bajka, Cinema Chatka Żaka, Cinema Perla, Cinema Grazyna and Cinema Medyk.The Lublin Film Fund has been active since 2009, actively caring for cultivation of cinematographic talents in Lublin and promoting the city by provision of financial and organizational support. Numerous feature films have been partially financed by the fund, including Kamienie na Szaniec, Panie Dulskie, Volta and award-winning Carte Blanche.WEB, Lublin filmowy / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin,lublin.eu/lublin/lubelski-fundusz-filmowy/lublin-filmowy/, 2021-07-26, Lublin.eu,

Theatres

(File:Lublin, Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy - fotopolska.eu (214424).jpg|thumb|Juliusz Osterwa Theatre)(File:Centrum Spotkania Kultur, Plac Teatralny, Lublin 2018-08-30.jpg|thumb|The Centre for the Meeting of Cultures and Teatralny Square, view from the Lublin Conference Center)There are many cultural organizations in Lublin, either municipal, governmental and/or non-governmental. Among the popular venues are municipal theatres and playhouses such as:

• Musical Theatre in Lublin – Teatr Muzyczny w Lublinie, opera, operetta, musical, ballet
• Henryk Wieniawski Lublin Philharmonic – Filharmonia Lubelska
• Juliusz Osterwa Theatre
• Hans Christian Andersen Theatre – with puppet programmes for children

Fringe theatres:

• Centrum Kultury w Lublinie
• OÅ›rodek Praktyk Teatralnych – Gardzienice
• OÅ›rodek “Brama Grodzka – Theatre NN”
• Centrum Projekt Pracovnia Maat

Galleries

There are numerous art galleries in Lublin; some are run by private owners, and some are municipal, government, NGO, or associations’ venues. The Labyrinth Gallery (formerly “BWA“) is the Artistic Exhibitions Office – Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych.

Pubs and restaurants

In the Old Town and the immediate surrounding, over 100 unique restaurants, fine-dining venues, cafes, pubs, clubs and other catering outlets are located. In the latter half of the 2010s, the robust international community gathered around Lublin’s Medical University has impacted the growth of restaurants offering various world cuisines.Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub sceneWEB,www.lsi.lublin.pl/de/deptak1.htm, Lublin-Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny-lublin, Lsi.lublin.pl, 2009-05-05, Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.WEB,www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl/, Teatr Lubelski, 18 August 2007, 4 March 2022,www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl/," title="web.archive.org/web/20070818090846www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl/,">web.archive.org/web/20070818090846www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl/, 18 August 2007, WEB,www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm, Teatr Stary W Lublinie - the Old Theatre in Lublin, 2016-07-04,www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20071108014338www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20071108014338www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm, 2007-11-08, WEB,filharmonialubelska.pl/, Filharmonia im. H. Wieniawskiego w Lublinie, filharmonia lubelska, filharmonia w Lublinie, orkiestra symfoniczna, koncerty, muzyka kameralna, zespoÅ‚y :: Strona główna, Filkarmonialubelska.pl, WEB,zamek-lublin.pl/index.php?l=pl&r=1, Muzeum Lubelskie w Lublinie, 2006-02-10,zamek-lublin.pl/index.php?l=pl&r=1," title="web.archive.org/web/20060223134649zamek-lublin.pl/index.php?l=pl&r=1,">web.archive.org/web/20060223134649zamek-lublin.pl/index.php?l=pl&r=1, 2006-02-23,

City of festivals

(File:Plac Litewski w Lublinie (SZ-2017-07-09) 04.jpg|thumb|Litewski Square)(File:Krakowskie Przemieście.JPG|thumb|Krakowskie Przedmieście, one of the main streets of the historic city center)(File:Lublin, Rynek Kiermasz 2008-02-08.jpg|thumb|A street fair in the Old Town)File:Krakowskie Przedmieście w Lublinie, obchody 440-lecia Unii Lubelskiej.jpg|thumb|440th anniversary of the Union of LublinUnion of LublinLublin aims to be known as the Polish Capital of Festivals. Most years, Lublin increases the number of festivals held in the city. The most significant of them include:

• Carnaval Sztukmistrzów – held in last days of July, is the largest new circus festival in Poland. Name of the Carnival is inspired by the character of The Magician of Lublin, from a novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer.WEB,sztukmistrze.eu/, Carnaval Sztukmistrzów 2021 &124;22-25 lipca, Lublin, Sztukmistrze.eu, 4 March 2022,
• Urban Highline Festival – held in last days of JulyWEB,urbanhighline.pl/home/, Strona Główna, Urbanhighline.pl, 4 March 2022,
• Night of Culture (Noc Kultury) – usually held on the first Saturday night of June. Consisting of hundreds of events spanning the city, it is a cultural manifestation of Lublin’s potential. Admission to all events is free.WEB,nockultury.pl/pl/, Strona główna, Nockultury.pl, 4 March 2022,
• OpenCity Festival – outdoor performances festival. International artists and performers create art installations in public places in Lublin.WEB,opencity.pl/, Otwarte Miasto, Opencity.pl, 4 March 2022,
• Night of Museums – Lublin’s culture institutions become open to visitors at night.
• The Jagiellonian Fair (Jarmark JagielloÅ„ski) – held in late August, is a chance to meet numerous artists, artisans, and craftspeople from Central and Eastern Europe.
• St Nicolas Day International Festival of Folk Music (MikoÅ‚ajki Folkowe)WEB,www.mikolaje.lublin.pl/index.php?strona=wstep&wiecej=t&jezyk=en, The Saint Nicholas Orchestra - main, Mikolaje.lublin.pl, 2020-02-15, – the oldest folk music festival in Poland, held in the first decade of DecemberWEB,www.mikolajki.folk.pl/, XXXI MiÄ™dzynarodowy Festiwal Muzyki Ludowej MikoÅ‚ajki Folkowe, Marcin, Stelmaszczuk, Mikolajki.folk.pl, 4 March 2022,
• East Of Culture – Different Sounds Art’n’Music Festival (Wschód Kultury – Inne Brzmienia Art’n’Music Festival), held in late June, is a meeting of world-class artists that represent various nationalities and practise diverse music styles.WEB,en.innebrzmienia.eu/about/, About Festival &124; Different Sounds, En.innebrzmienia.eu, 4 March 2022,
• Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej – Lublin’s Days of Student Culture – an annual students’ holiday. Usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June. Due to the city’s large student population, the festival in Lublin is the longest in Poland.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
• Lublin. Miasto Poezji – Poetry Festival organised by OÅ›rodek ”Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN” and Polish Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin.
• Noc z Czechowiczem – A Night with Czechowicz – a walking tour, inspired by the “Poem on the City of Lublin” written by Józef Czechowicz. It is held on the first full moon in July, and is organised by OÅ›rodek “Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN”.
• Najstarsze PieÅ›ni Europy – The oldest songs of Europe – Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation
• Future Shorts – World Short Film Label
• International Lublin Dance Festival – MiÄ™dzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów TaÅ„ca – one of the leading dance art festivals in EuropeWEB,mstt.pl/en/home/, IDTF – International Dance Theatres Festival, Mstt.pl, 4 March 2022,
• International Theatre Festival “Confrontations” – MiÄ™dzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny “Konfrontacje“WEB,konfrontacje.pl/, Homepage, Konfrontacje.pl, 4 March 2022,
• Ukraine in the Center of Lublin – Ukraina w Centrum LublinaWEB,www.lublin.eu/kultura/wydarzenia/ukraina-w-centrum-lublina,52211,0,w.html, Wydarzenia / Kultura / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin, Lublin.eu, 2020-03-13, – held in November since 2008, is a showcase of contemporary Ukrainian culture and a space for Polish-Ukrainian intercultural dialogue.
• “Falkon” – Fantasy and Science Fiction Festival – Ogólnopolski Festiwal Fantastyki Falkon – held in November, is one of the biggest fantasy conventions in Poland.WEB,lublin.eu/kultura/wydarzenia/festiwal-fantastyki-falkon,51777,0,w.html, Wydarzenia / Kultura / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin, Lublin.eu, 2020-03-13,
• Polish Students’ Theatre Festival – Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje
• International Folk Dance Festival – MiÄ™dzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka
• Scena MÅ‚odych – Youth Scene, music festival
• ZwierciadÅ‚a – Mirrors – High School Theatres Revision
• Zaduszki Jazzowe – Jazz Souls’ Day – which take place in Dominican Order Monastery

European Capital of Culture

In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture. Lublin was shortlisted, but ultimately Wrocław was chosen. Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.

Sports{| class“wikitable sortable” style@font-size:95%”

|+ Professional sports teams!Club!Sport!League!TrophiesKM Cross Lublin (speedway team)>Speed Car Motor LublinMotorcycle speedway>SpeedwayEkstraliga (speedway)>Ekstraliga|2 Polish Championships (2022, 2023)|Start Lublin|Basketball (men’s)|Polish Basketball League|0|MKS LublinHandball in Poland>Handball (women’s)Polish Women’s Superliga (women’s handball)>Polish Women’s Superliga|22 Polish Championships11 Polish Cups1 Women’s EHF Cup (2001)|AZS UMCS Lublin|Basketball (women’s)|Basket Liga Kobiet|1 Polish Championship (2023)1 Polish Cup (2016)|Budowlani Lublin|Rugby unionEkstraliga (rugby union)>Ekstraliga|1 Polish Cup (2002)LKPS Lublin>LUK Lublin|Volleyball (men’s)|PlusLiga|0|Motor LublinAssociation football>Football (men’s)|I liga|0|AZS UMCS Lublin|Futsal (men’s)|I liga|0File:Arena Lublin podczas XI Lubelskiego Festiwalu Nauki 10.jpg|thumb|Arena LublinArena LublinOther notable clubs:

• AZS UMCS Lublin – multi-sports club, one of the top athletics clubs in Poland.
• Lublinianka – men’s football team competing in the Polish 4th Division ({{As of|2023|lc=y}}), city’s oldest football club.
• Unia Lublin – women’s football team competing in the II liga (3rd tier) ({{As of|2023|lc=y}}).
• LSKT – Lublin’s Taekwon-do sport club.
• Tytani Lublin – semi-professional American football team.

International events

• 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup
• An annual motocross race

Education

(File:Biotechnologia KUL.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Biotechnology, KUL)(File:Informatyka UMCS.jpg|thumb|Faculty of Information Technology, UMCS)There are five public schools of higher education:

• Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS)
• John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL)
• Medical University of Lublin
• University of Life Sciences in Lublin
• Politechnika Lubelska

Lublin is home to private higher education establishments.

• University of Economics and Innovation in Lublin
• Lubelska SzkoÅ‚a Biznesu
• Wyższa SzkoÅ‚a Nauk SpoÅ‚ecznych z siedzibÄ… w Lublinie
• Wyższa SzkoÅ‚a PrzedsiÄ™biorczoÅ›ci i Administracji
• Vincent Pol University in Lublin

It is home to one of the oldest still-functioning schools in Poland, (:pl:I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Stanisława Staszica w Lublinie|The Staszic School), which was established in 1586. The school has many notable alumni, such as Bolesław Prus, one of the most influential Polish writers and novelists, and (:pl:Lesław Paga|Lesław Paga), the co-founder of the Warsaw Stock Exchange.

Politics and local government

Lublin is the capital of the province called Lublin Voivodeship, a province (voivodeship) created in 1999. The city is a separate urban gmina and city county (powiat).

Municipal government

(File:Lublin Nowy Ratusz.jpg|thumb|Lublin City Hall)Lublin is governed by the municipal legislature known as the city council (Rada Miasta) and the city’s mayor (Prezydent Miasta). The city council is made up of 31 councillors directly elected by the city’s inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including the development of local infrastructure, transport, and planning permission. The city’s current mayor is Krzysztof Å»uk, who has served in this position since 2010.WEB,lublin.eu/en/prezydent/, Mayor of Lublin City / Lublin City Office, Lublin.eu, 2020-02-18,

Symbols

Lublin has an official flag, a 5:8 rectangle divided into three horizontal stripes: white (top), green (narrow, middle), and red (bottom). In the central part, there is the coat of arms of Lublin. It is also allowed to hang the flag in the form of a vertical ribbon: then white should be on the left side or near the spar.(File:Lublin dzielnice.svg|thumb|Districts of Lublin)

Districts

Lublin is divided into 27 administrative divisions (dzielnica):WEB,lublin.eu/lublin/o-miescie/dzielnice-lublina/, Dzielnice Lublina / O mieście / Lublin / lublin.eu - oficjalny portal miasta Lublin, Lublin.eu, 2020-02-18, Abramowice, Bronowice, Czechów Południowy, Czechów Północny, Czuby Południowe, Czuby Północne, Dziesiąta, Felin, Głusk, Hajdów-Zadębie, Kalinowszczyzna, Konstantynów, Kośminek, Ponikwoda, Rury, Sławin, Sławinek, Stare Miasto, Szerokie, Śródmieście, Tatary, Węglin Południowy, Węglin Północny, Wieniawa, Wrotków, Za Cukrownią, and Zemborzyce.

International relations

Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme.WEB,www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/lublin_en.asp, Intercultural city: Lublin, Poland, Council of Europe, coe.int, 2011, 22 May 2011, In 2017, Lublin was awarded the Europe Prize by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.WEB,lublin.wyborcza.pl/lublin/7,48724,21746398,lublin-z-prestizowa-nagroda-od-rady-europy-za-promocje-idei.html?disableRedirects=true, Wyborcza.pl, lublin.wyborcza.pl, 2019-12-05, In 2023, Lublin was selected as the European Youth CapitalWEB, Our European Youth Capital for 2023 is…. Lublin!,www.youthforum.org/our-european-youth-capital-2023-lublin, 2021-02-27, European Youth Forum, en, by international jury of the European Youth Forum. Lublin is a signatory of the European charter for equality of women and men in local life.WEB, Poland: 16 pioneering cities commit to going above and beyond for local equality,ccre.org/en/actualites/view/4225, 2021-11-16, ccre.org, Two settlements outside of Poland were created that were named Lublin. Lublin, Wisconsin, is a village in Taylor County in the United States, while Lublin, Moldova, was a Jewish agricultural colony founded during the Russian Empire in what is now the village of Niemirówka in 1842.

Twin towns — sister cities

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}File:Medal miasto-ratownik.jpg|thumb|upright|“City Rescuer” honorary badge awarded by the Ukrainian President Volodymyr ZelenskyyVolodymyr ZelenskyyLublin is twinned with:WEB,lublin.eu/en/lublin/international-relations/lublins-partner-cities/, Lublin’s Partner and Friend Cities, Lublin.eu, pl, Lublin’s Partner and Friend Cities, live,web.archive.org/web/20190524213846/https://lublin.eu/en/lublin/international-relations/lublins-partner-cities/, 2019-05-24, 2018-12-05, {| class=“wikitable” valign=“top“|

• {{flagicon|ESP}} Alcalá de Henares, Spain
• {{flagicon|HUN}} Debrecen, Hungary
• {{flagicon|GER}} Delmenhorst, Germany
• {{flagicon|USA}} Erie, Pennsylvania, United States
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Ivano-Frankivsk, UkraineWEB,www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/, uk:Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська, mvk.if.ua, uk, 7 March 2010,
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Kharkiv, UkraineWEB, Signing ceremony of the partnership agreement between Lublin and Kharkiv (online) / Lublin City Office,lublin.eu/en/lublin-4-all/news/signing-ceremony-of-the-partnership-agreement-between-lublin-and-kharkiv-online,181,1413,1.html, 2023-03-17, lublin.eu,
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Kryvyi Rih, UkraineWEB, The Lublin City Council adopted a resolution on signing a twinning agreement with Kryvyi Rih,decentralization.gov.ua/en/admin/articles/16075.html, 2023-03-17, decentralization.gov.ua,
• {{flagicon|UK}} Lancaster, United Kingdom
• {{flagicon|USA}} Lublin, Wisconsin, United States
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Luhansk, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Lutsk, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|UKR}} L’viv, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|GER}} Münster, GermanyWEB,www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html, Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte, 2013-08-07, Stadt Münster,www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130509134659www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130509134659www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html, 2013-05-09,
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Nancy, France
• {{flagicon|DEN}} Nykøbing Falster, Denmark
• {{flagicon|LTU}} Panevėžys, Lithuania

• {{flagicon|BUL}} Pernik, Bulgaria
• {{flagicon|TUR}} Nilüfer, Turkey
• {{flagicon|ISR}} Rishon LeZion, IsraelWEB,www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896, The Municipality of Lublin City, Um.lublin.eu, 1992-10-01, 2009-05-05,www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896," title="web.archive.org/web/20090423004815www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896,">web.archive.org/web/20090423004815www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896, 2009-04-23,
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Starobilsk, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Sumy, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|NLD}} Tilburg, Netherlands
• {{flagicon|POR}} Viseu, Portugal
• {{flagicon|CAN}} Windsor, CanadaWEB,www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909, Lublin’s Partner and Friend Cities, The Municipality of Lublin City, 2 July 2009,www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909," title="web.archive.org/web/20110720165658www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909,">web.archive.org/web/20110720165658www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909, 20 July 2011,

Former twin towns:

• {{flagicon|BLR}} Brest, Belarus (terminated on 3 March 2022 as a response to the Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine)WEB,radio.lublin.pl/2022/03/lublin-zrywa-wspolprace-z-brzesciem/, pl, Lublin zrywa współpracÄ™ z BrzeÅ›ciem, 3 March 2022, 6 March 2022,

Notable residents

File:Jan Kochanowski.png|thumb|160px|Jan KochanowskiJan KochanowskiFile:Grassi Stanisław Kostka Potocki.jpg|thumb|160px|Stanisław Kostka PotockiStanisław Kostka PotockiFile:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski.PNG|thumb|160px|Józef Ignacy KraszewskiJózef Ignacy KraszewskiFile:Henryk Wieniawski three quarters length (cropped).jpg|thumb|160px|Henryk WieniawskiHenryk Wieniawski

• Biernat z Lublina (~1465-~1529), Polish poet, fabulist, translator and physician
• Franciszka Arnsztajnowa (1865–1942), née Meyerson, poet, playwright and translator
• Jacek BÄ…k, Polish footballer and captain of Poland during World Cup 2006
• Józef Czechowicz, (1903–1939), poet, writer and editor
• Katarzyna Dolinska, contestant on Cycle 10 of America’s Next Top Model. She came in 5th place.
• Rabbi Jacob ben Ephraim (unknown–1648), “The Gaon Rabbi Jacob of Lublin”
• Rabbi Joshua Falk (1555–1614), also known as Joshua ben Alexander HaCohen Falk
• Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin (1830–1902), “The Toras Chessed”
• Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi Frumer (1884–1943), “The Kozhiglover Rav”, Holocaust victim
• RafaÅ‚ Gan-Ganowicz (1932–2002), mercenary, journalist and activist
• Jacob Glatstein (1896–1971), literary critic
• Alter Mojze Goldman (1909–1988), resistance fighter
• Rabbi Zadok HaKohen Rabinowitz (1823–1900)
• Kitty Hart-Moxon (born 1926), Holocaust survivor
• Julia Hartwig (1921–2017), poet, writer and translator
• PaweÅ‚ Holc (born 1971), footballer
• Rabbi Moses Isserles (1520–1572), “Rema”
• Jann (born 1999), singer-songwriter
• Sebastian Klonowic (1545–1602), Polish poet and composer
• Jan Kochanowski (1530–1584), Polish Renaissance poet
• Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887), Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, political activist, painter and author
• Anna Langfus (1920–1966), née Anna Szternfinkiel, writer, Prix de Goncourt winner in 1966
• Felix Lembersky (1913–1970), artist and painter
• Janusz Lewandowski (1951–), MEP, former minister of privatisation
• Rabbi Solomon Luria (1510–1573), “The Maharshal”
• Aleksandra MirosÅ‚aw (born 1994), speed climber
• Marcin Narwojsz (born 1976), retired footballer
• Wincenty Pol (1807–1872), poet and geographer
• Rabbi Jacob Pollak (1460–1541)
• StanisÅ‚aw Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), Polish nobleman, politician and writer
• Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1781–1855), “Sar Sholom”, the first Belzer Rebbe
• Yitzhak Sadeh (born Isaac Landsberg; 1890–1952), a founder of the Israel Defense Forces
• Mateusz Sawrymowicz (born 1987), swimmer
• Rabbi Shalom Shachna (unknown–1558)
• Rabbi Meir Shapiro (1887–1933), “The Lubliner Rav”
• Rabbi Joel Sirkis (1561–1640), also known as Joel ben Samuel Sirkis
• Bartosz Staszewski (1990–), activist and filmmaker
• Patryk Szysz (1998–), Polish professional footballer
• Dominik TarczyÅ„ski (born 1979), Member of European Parliament
• BronisÅ‚awa Wajs (1908–1987), Polish-Romani poet and singer
• Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880), violinist, born in Lublin
• Tomasz Wójtowicz (1953–2022), volleyball player, Olympic champion
• Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (1745–1815), “The Seer of Lublin”
• Rabbi Mordecai Yoffe (1530–1612), “The Levush”
• Wladyslaw Zmuda (born 1954), Polish former professional footballer, four-time World Cup participant
• Johann Hermann Zukertort (1842–1888), chess grand master
• Henio Zytomirski (1933–1942), Holocaust victim

See also

• Lublin Triangle
• Lublin Holocaust Memorial
• Lublin Department (Polish: Departament Lubelski): a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland’s Duchy of Warsaw, 1806–15
• Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin
• Tourism in Poland
• Union of Lublin (painting)
• Missionary Church and Monastery, Lublin
• Urban Highline Festival Lublin

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Lublin}}{{Wikivoyage}}

• Lublin official website (in Polish) (in English)
• Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy, (2020), The Former Reformati Order’s Monasteries Route (Lublin, p. 30-33), ISBN 978-83-949345-3-8
• Official site Lublin the City of Inspiration (English version)
• Lublin Municipality official website (in Polish) www.um.lublin.pl/en/index.php" title="web.archive.org/web/20051216025909www.um.lublin.pl/en/index.php">(in English)
• {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|514340|Lublin, Poland}}
• EB1911, Lublin (town), Lublin, a town of Russian Poland, x,

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