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Brooklyn Heights
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factoids
| map_alt = | map_caption = Location in New York City| image_skyline = Brooklyn Heights Townhouses.jpg| imagesize = 300| image_caption = Townhouses in Brooklyn Heights| image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = 40.696type:city_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}| coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = List of sovereign states>CountryUnited States}}U.S. state>StateNew York}}| subdivision_type2 = City| subdivision_name2 = New York CityBoroughs of New York City>Borough| subdivision_name3 = BrooklynCommunity boards of Brooklyn>Community DistrictBrooklyn Community Board 2>Brooklyn 2NYC PLANNING {{!, Community Profiles >url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/brooklyn/2 publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |access-date=March 18, 2019}}Demographics of Brooklyn>Languages“Census data {{Webarchivewww.neighborhoodscout.com/ny/brooklyn/brooklyn-heights/#demographics >date=March 8, 2021 }}#American English>English#Spanish language in the United States>Spanish#French language>French#Languages of the United States>Chinese#Languages of the United States>Korean#Languages of the United States>Hebrew#Languages of the United States>Hindi#Languages of the United States>Other| unit_pref = Imperial| area_footnotes = | area_total_sq_mi = 0.3202020 United States census>2020| population_footnotes = | population_total = 25,092| population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity| demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = White| demographics1_info1 = 75.2%| demographics1_title2 = Asian| demographics1_info2 = 8.8%| demographics1_title3 = Hispanic| demographics1_info3 = 7.3%| demographics1_title4 = Black| demographics1_info4 = 5.5%| demographics1_title5 = Others| demographics1_info5 = 3.1%| demographics_type2 = EconomicsCITY-DATA. CITY-DATA.COM>URL=HTTP://WWW.CITY-DATA.COM/NEIGHBORHOOD/BROOKLYN-HEIGHTS-BROOKLYN-NY.HTML, July 14, 2018, Median household income>Median income| demographics2_info1 = $119,999Eastern Time Zone>Eastern| utc_offset1 = −05:00Eastern Time Zone>EDT| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00| postal_code_type = ZIP Codes| postal_code = 11201Telephone numbering plan>Area codeArea codes 718, 347, and 929>718, 347, 929, and 917}}Brooklyn Heights is a residential neighborhood within the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Old Fulton Street near the Brooklyn Bridge on the north, Cadman Plaza West on the east, Atlantic Avenue on the south, and the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway or the East River on the west.Fletcher, Ellen. “Brooklyn Heights” in ENC-NYC2, , pp.177-178 Adjacent neighborhoods are Dumbo to the north, Downtown Brooklyn to the east, and Cobble Hill and Boerum Hill to the south.Originally referred to as Brooklyn Village, it has been a prominent area of Brooklyn since 1834. The neighborhood is noted for its low-rise architecture and its many brownstone rowhouses, most of them built prior to the Civil War. It also has an abundance of notable churches and other religious institutions. Brooklyn’s first art gallery, the Brooklyn Arts Gallery, was opened in Brooklyn Heights in 1958.Walton, Richard J. (January 22, 1958) “One Painting Leads to Birth of Gallery”. New York World-Telegram In 1965, a large part of Brooklyn Heights was protected from unchecked development by the creation of the Brooklyn Heights Historic District, the first such district in New York City. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.Directly across the East River from Manhattan and connected to it by subways and regular ferry service, Brooklyn Heights is also easily accessible from Downtown Brooklyn. Columbia Heights, an upscale six-block-long street next to the Brooklyn Heights Promenade,Weichselbaum, Simone.“It’s Brooklyn’s $10 million street: Brooklyn Heights strip boasts homes with eight-figure prices” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213055243www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-10-million-street-brooklyn-heights-strip-boasts-home-eight-figure-prices-article-1.1018132 |date=February 13, 2015 }}, New York Daily News (February 7, 2012) is sometimes considered to be its own neighborhood.Brooklyn Heights is part of Brooklyn Community District 2, and its primary ZIP Code is 11201. It is patrolled by the 84th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. The New York City Fire Department operates two fire stations near Brooklyn Heights: Engine Company 205/Ladder Company 118 at 74 Middagh Street, and Engine Company 224 at 274 Hicks Street.

History

Early settlement

(File:New York from Brooklyn Heights (NYPL b13075520-422198).jpg|left|thumb|The view of New York City from Brooklyn Heights, (1778 – {{circa| 1880}}))(File:Brooklyn heights drawing 1854.jpg|left|thumb|Brooklyn Heights in 1854)Brooklyn Heights occupies a plateau on a high bluff that rises sharply from the river’s edge and gradually recedes on the landward side. Before the Dutch settled on Long Island in the middle of the seventeenth century, this promontory was called Ihpetonga (“the high sandy bank“) by the native Lenape American Indians.Ferries across the East River were running as early as 1642, serving the farms in the area. The most significant of the ferries went between the current Fulton Street and Peck Slip in Manhattan, and was run by Cornelius Dirksen. The ferry service helped the lowland area to thrive, with both farms and some factories along the water, but the higher ground was sparsely used.The area was heavily fortified prior to the Battle of Long Island in the American Revolutionary War. After British troops landed on Long Island and advanced towards Continental Army lines, General George Washington withdrew his troops here after heavy losses, but was able to make a skillful retreat across the East River to Manhattan without the loss of any troops or his remaining supplies.After the war, the 160-acre tract of land belonging to John Rapeljie, who was a Loyalist, was confiscated and sold to the Sands brothers, who tried to develop the part of the land on the palisade as a community they called “Olympia”, but failed to make it come about, partly because of the difficulty of building there. They later sold part of their land to John Jackson, who created the Vinegar Hill community, much of which later became the Brooklyn Navy Yard.Manbeck (2008), pp.99–102

Development

Brooklyn Heights began to develop once Robert Fulton’s New York and Brooklyn Steam Ferry Boat Company began regularly scheduled steam ferry service in 1814, with the financial backing of Hezekiah Beers Pierrepont, one of the area’s major landowners.AIA5, 591-610, Pierrepont had accumulated 60 acres of land, including 800 feet which directly overlooked the harbor, all of which he planned to sub-divide. Since his intention was to sell to merchants and bankers who lived in Manhattan, he needed easy access between Brooklyn Heights and New York City, which Fulton’s company provided.Burroughs & Wallace (1999), pp.450-51 Pierrepont bought {{convert|60|acres|ha}} – part of the Livingston estate, plus the Benson, De Bevoise and Reemsen farmsRizzo, Joanna. “Pierrepont: Seeing great potential across the river in Brooklyn” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214033403therealdeal.com/issues_articles/seeing-great-potential-across-the-river/ |date=February 14, 2015}} The Real Deal (July 30, 2008) – on what was then called “Clover Hill”, now Brooklyn Heights, and built a mansion there. Pierrepont purchased and expanded Philip Livingston’s gin distillery on the East River at what is now Joralemon Street, where he produced Anchor Gin.(File:Brooklyn Heights.png|thumb|200px|A street in Brooklyn Heights on a fall afternoon)Wishing to sub-divide and develop his property, Pierrepont realized the need for regularly scheduled ferry service across the East River, and to this end he became a prominent investor in Robert Fulton’s New York and Brooklyn Steam Ferry Boat Company, using his influence on Fulton’s behalf; he eventually became a part owner and a director of the company.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Fulton’s ferry began running in 1814, and Brooklyn received a charter as a village from the state of New York in 1816, thanks to the influence of Pierrepont and other prominent landowners. The city then prepared for the establishment of a street grid, although there were competing plans for the size of the lots. John and Jacob Hicks, who also owned property on Brooklyn Heights, north of Pierrepont’s, favored smaller lots, as they were pitching their land to tradesman and artisans already living in Brooklyn, not attempting to lure merchants and bankers from Manhattan as Pierrepont was. To counter the Hickses’ proposal, Pierrepont hired a surveyor and submitted an alternative. In the end, the Hickses’ plan was adopted north of Clark Street, and Pierrepont’s, featuring 25-by-100 foot (8-by-30 meter) lots, south of it.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}Thanks to the influence of Pierrepont and other landowners, Brooklyn received a charter from the state as a village in 1816, which led to streets being laid out in a regular grid pattern, sidewalks being laid, water pumps being installed and the institution of a watch. After 1823, farms begin to be sub-divided into {{convert|25|by|100|ft|m|adj=on}} lots, which were advertised as suitable for a “country retreat” for Manhattanites, leading to a building boom that resulted in Brooklyn Heights becoming the “first commuter suburb”, since it was easier and faster to get to Manhattan by ferry than it was to commute from upper Manhattan by ground transportation. A resident of the Heights could leave the office at three o’clock, have dinner at home at four o’clock, and still have time for a “leisurely drive to the outskirts of town”, a “middle class paradise”.Burroughs & Wallace (1999), p.972 The community’s development was helped by the yellow fever epidemic of 1822, when many of the rich from the city abandoned it for an area that was advertised as “elevated and perfectly healthy at all seasons ... a select neighborhood and circle of society.“Where there had been only seven houses in the Heights in 1807, by 1860 there were over six hundred of them,Manbeck (2008), pp.95-99 and by 1890 the area was almost completely developed. The buildings were designed in a wide variety of styles; development started in the northern part, and moved southward, so the architecture general changes in that direction as the preferred style of the time changed over the decades. Throughout the 19th century, Brooklyn Heights remained an elegant neighborhood, and became Brooklyn’s cultural and financial center. Its development gave rise to offshoots such as Cobble Hill and, later, Carroll Gardens.Burroughs & Wallace (1999), p.933Prior to the Civil War, Brooklyn Heights was a locus of the Abolitionist movement, due to the speeches and activities of Henry Ward Beecher, the pastor of Plymouth Church, now the Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims. Beecher was a nationally known figure famous on the lecture circuit for his novel oratorical style, in which he employed humor, dialect, and slang. Under Beecher, so many slaves passed through Plymouth Church on their way to freedom in Canada that later generations have referred to the church as the “Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad”. To dramatize the plight of those held in captivity, Beecher once brought a female slave to the church and held an auction, with the highest bidder purchasing not the slave, but her freedom. Beecher also raised money to buy other slaves out of captivity, and shipped rifles to abolitionists in Kansas and Nebraska in crates labelled “Bibles”, which gave the rifles the nickname “Beecher’s Bibles”.BROOKNEIGHB, , pp.34–39

20th century

(File:Brooklyn_Heights_Promenade_NY1.jpg|thumb|300px|The Brooklyn Heights Promenade)The completion of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, the Brooklyn end of which was near Brooklyn Heights’ eastern boundary, began the process of making the neighborhood more accessible from places such as Manhattan. The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)’s Lexington Avenue subway line, which reached Brooklyn Heights in 1908, was an even more powerful catalyst in the neighborhood’s development. The resulting ease of transportation into the neighborhood and the perceived loss of the specialness and “quality” began to drive out the merchants and patricians who lived there; in time their mansions were divided to become apartment houses and boarding houses. Artists began to move into the neighborhood, as well as writers, and a number of large hotels – the St. George (1885), the Margaret (1889), the Bossert (1909), Leverich Towers (1928), and the Pierrepont (1928), among others – were constructed. By the beginning of the Great Depression, most of the middle class had left the area. Boarding houses had become rooming houses, and the neighborhood began to have the appearance of a slum.During the 1940s and 1950s, the building of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (BQE) badly affected the neighborhood, as it took away the neighborhood’s northwest corner, destroying whole rows of brownstones. At about the same time, plans began to be developed by New York’s “master builder”, Robert Moses, wielding the Housing Act of 1949, to replace brownstone rowhouses – which were the typical building form in the neighborhood – with large luxury apartment buildings. A prominent example of the intended outcome is the Cadman Plaza development of housing cooperatives in the northern part of the neighborhood, located on the site where the Brooklyn Bridge trolley terminal once stood. In 1959, the North Heights Community Group was formed to oppose destroying cheap low-rise housing in order to build the high-rise Cadman Plaza towers. Architect Percival Goodman presented an alternate plan to maintain all sound structures, which garnered 25,000 supporters. In early 1961, a compromise proposal came from City Hall calling for two 22-story towers with over 1,200 luxury and middle income units. The Brooklyn Heights Association fully supported the compromise plan despite strong opposition from the preservation community, including the North Heights Community Group. As a result, 1,200 residents were removed from their houses and apartments in late 1961 and early 1962 as construction began on the modified plan.Salzman, Lorna. “Brooklyn Heights Blows It,” Brooklyn Rail (July–August 2015), pp.28–29Osman, Suleiman. (2011) The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York New York: Oxford University Press. p.150 {{ISBN|0195387317}}One positive development came about when community groups – prominently the Brooklyn Heights Association, founded in 1910 – joined with Moses in the creation of the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, also called the Esplanade, which was cantilevered over the BQE. It became a favorite spot among locals, offering magnificent vistas of the Statue of Liberty, the Manhattan skyline across the East River, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, and spectacular fireworks displays over the East River. Moses originally proposed to build the BQE through the heart of Brooklyn Heights. Opposition to this plan led to the re-routing of the expressway to the side of the bluff, allowing creation of the Promenade.Krogius, Henrik. The Brooklyn Heights Promenade Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2011. {{ISBN|1609495292}}By the mid-1950s, a new generation of property owners had begun moving into the Heights, pioneering the “Brownstone Revival” by buying and renovating pre-Civil War period houses, which became part of the preservationist movement which culminated in the passage in 1965 of the Landmarks Preservation Law.See Schneider, Martin L. Battling for Brooklyn Heights: The Fight for New York’s First Historic District Brooklyn, New York: Brooklyn Heights Press, 2010; and Schneider, Martin L. and Junkersfeld, Karl. “Brooklyn Is My Neighborhood: The Story of New York’s First Historic District” (video) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708101101brooklynheightsblog.com/archives/17343 |date=July 8, 2011}} Brooklyn, New York: Brooklyn Heights Press, 2010 In 1965, community groups which later became the Brooklyn Heights Association, succeeded in having the neighborhood designated the Brooklyn Heights Historic District by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the first such district in the city. This was followed in the following decades by the further gentrification of the neighborhood into a firmly middle-class area, which became “one of New York City’s most pleasant and attractive neighborhoods.”

21st century

Starting in 2008, Brooklyn Bridge Park was built along the shoreline of the East River.NEWS, Brooklyn Bridge Park Construction Begins,www.nysun.com/new-york/brooklyn-bridge-park-construction-begins/70469/, The New York Sun, January 30, 2008, July 16, 2010, August 15, 2010,www.nysun.com/new-york/brooklyn-bridge-park-construction-begins/70469/," title="web.archive.org/web/20100815060316www.nysun.com/new-york/brooklyn-bridge-park-construction-begins/70469/,">web.archive.org/web/20100815060316www.nysun.com/new-york/brooklyn-bridge-park-construction-begins/70469/, dead, {{As of|2018}} the park was 90% complete,WEB,ny.curbed.com/2018/7/10/17550266/brooklyn-bridge-park-pier-3-open-photos, See Brooklyn Bridge Park’s lush lawn at Pier 3, Plitt, Amy, July 10, 2018, Curbed NY, July 12, 2018, and it is now completed.WEB, Home,www.brooklynbridgepark.org/, July 27, 2022, Brooklyn Bridge Park, en-US, The Squibb Park Bridge was constructed in 2013 to provide access between the park and the rest of Brooklyn Heights, but had to be demolished in 2019 due to various structural issues.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/nyregion/squibb-bridge-brooklyn.html, $7.5 Million ‘Down the Drain’: The Demise of the Bouncing Bridge, Barron, James, October 29, 2019, The New York Times, October 30, 2019, en-US, 0362-4331, A replacement bridge opened in 2020.WEB, De Vries, Susan, May 4, 2020, The Latest Version of Squibb Park Bridge Reopens to Cheers (Photos),www.brownstoner.com/development/squibb-park-bridge-opens-brooklyn-bridge-park-2020-photos/, August 27, 2020, Brownstoner, By the early 2020s, increasing numbers of celebrities were moving to the neighborhood.NEWS, Kurutz, Steven, October 12, 2022, Why So Many Celebrities Are Moving to Brooklyn Heights, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/style/brooklyn-heights-neighborhood.html, December 5, 2022, 0362-4331,

Architecture and places of interest

File:Brooklyn_Historical_Society_building.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=The Center for Brooklyn History on the corner of Pierrepont and Clinton streets|The Center for Brooklyn History (formerly the Brooklyn Historical Society), 128 Pierrepont Street on the corner of Clinton Street, founded by Henry Pierrepont in 1863 as the “Long Island Historical Society”. The building was constructed in 1878-81 and was designed by George B. PostGeorge B. PostBrooklyn Heights was the first neighborhood protected by the 1965 Landmarks Preservation Law of New York City. The neighborhood is largely composed of blocks of picturesque rowhouses and a few mansions. A great range of architectural styles is represented, including Greek Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Victorian Gothic, Romanesque, Neo-Grec, and Classical Revival, as well as a few 2/1/2-story late Federal houses from the early 19th century in the northern part of the neighborhood.NYCLAND, , pp.230-235 Some houses were constructed of brick, but the dominant building material was brownstone or “Jersey freestone”, a reddish-brown stone from Passaic County, New Jersey.A typical brownstone rowhouse was three or four stories tall, with the main floor above the street level and reached by stairs, referred to as a “stoop”, a word derived from Dutch. The basement is typically a half-flight down from the street, and was used as the work area for servants, including the kitchen. The first floor would be the location of the public rooms, bedrooms were on the second floor, and servants’ quarters were on the top floor. The rear of the lot would feature a private garden. Aside from rowhouses, a number of houses, particularly along Pierrepont Street and Pierrepont Place, are authentic mansions.The concentration of over 600 pre-Civil War houses, one of the largest ensembles of such housing in the nation, and the human scale of the three, four- and five-story buildings creates a neighborly atmosphere.Brooklyn Heights has very few high-rise buildings. Among these buildings are 75 Livingston Street, Hotel St. George, and the Concord Village co-op development on Adams Street. Additionally, Jehovah’s Witnesses had its world headquarters in the northern part of Brooklyn Heights at 25 Columbia Heights. The organization restored a number of historic buildings to house their staff, including the former Hotel Bossert, once the seasonal home of many Dodgers players, on Montague Street. In 2010, the organization announced plans to begin selling off its numerous properties in the Heights and nearby downtown Brooklyn, given that it plans to relocate itself in upstate New York.NEWS, Associated Press, Jehovah’s Witnesses could get $1 billion for NYC properties, New York Daily News, December 14, 2015,www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/jehovah-witnesses-1-billion-nyc-properties-article-1.2464957, January 10, 2016, The executive offices of the Brooklyn Dodgers were, for many years, located in the Heights, near the intersection of Montague and Court Streets. A plaque on the office building that replaced the Dodgers’ old headquarters at 215 Montague Street identifies it as the site where Jackie Robinson signed his major league contract.WEB, Jackie Robinson’s East Flatbush home sold for nearly $1 million, Brooklyn Eagle, March 29, 2017,brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/03/29/jackie-robinsons-east-flatbush-home-sold-for-nearly-1-million/, December 23, 2019, Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims and Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Catholic Cathedral are located in Brooklyn Heights, as are the First Unitarian Congregational Society, the Long Island Historical Society, Packer Collegiate Institute, and St. Ann’s and the Holy Trinity Church, among other historically notable buildings. A number of bank buildings are concentrated on Montague Street, including the Brooklyn Trust Company Building, the People’s Trust Building, and the National Title Guaranty Building.File:Plymouth Congregationalist Ch snow jeh.jpg|Plymouth Church (1849)File:Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights.jpg|Wooden homes on Middagh StreetFile:185–195 Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn.jpg|Atlantic AvenueFile:Townhouses on Grace Court in Brooklyn Heights.jpg|Townhouses on Grace CourtFile:Herman Behr Mansion.jpg|The Herman Behr Mansion (1888)File:Packer Collegiate Institute (48228029851).jpg|The steps of the Packer Collegiate Institute

Demographics

{{Historical populations|type=225482288725092}}Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Brooklyn Heights was 22,887, a change of 339 (1.5%) from the 22,548 counted in 2000. Covering an area of {{convert|235.86|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|97|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610175331www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 75.2% (17,210) White, 5.5% (1,259) African American, 0.2% (37) Native American, 8.8% (2,003) Asian, 0% (3) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (82) from other races, and 2.7% (618) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% (1,675) of the population.Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610170733www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.The entirety of Community Board 2, which comprises Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene, had 117,046 inhabitants as of NYC Health’s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 80.6 years.WEB,www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-bk2.pdf, Fort Greene and Brooklyn Heights (Including Boerum Hill, Brooklyn Heights, Clinton Hill, Downtown Brooklyn, DUMBO, Fort Greene and Vinegar Hill), 2018, nyc.gov, NYC Health, March 2, 2019, {{Rp|2, 20}} This is slightly lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.WEB,www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf, 2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020, 2016, government of New York City, nyc.gov, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, September 8, 2017, {{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}}WEB, New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives, New York Post, June 4, 2017,nypost.com/2017/06/04/new-yorkers-are-living-longer-happier-and-healthier-lives/, March 1, 2019, Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 15% are between the ages of 0–17, 44% between 25–44, and 20% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 12% respectively.{{Rp|2}}As of 2016, the median household income in Community Board 2 was $56,599.WEB,censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3604004-nyc-brooklyn-community-district-2-brooklyn-heights-fort-greene-puma-ny/, NYC-Brooklyn Community District 2--Brooklyn Heights & Fort Greene PUMA, NY, Census Reporter, July 17, 2018, In 2018, an estimated 22% of Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 39% in Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene, lower than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.{{Rp|7}}

Police and crime

Brooklyn Heights is patrolled by the 84th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 301 Gold Street.WEB,www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/84th-precinct.page, NYPD – 84th Precinct, www.nyc.gov, New York City Police Department, October 3, 2016, The 84th Precinct ranked 60th-safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. This was attributed to a high rate of property crimes in the neighborhood.WEB,www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/brooklyn/brooklyn-heights/, Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill & Dumbo – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report, www.dnainfo.com, October 6, 2016,web.archive.org/web/20170415054354/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/brooklyn/brooklyn-heights, April 15, 2017, dead, {{As of|2018}}, with a non-fatal assault rate of 40 per 100,000 people, Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene’s rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 401 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.{{Rp|8}}The 84th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.3% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 18 rapes, 147 robberies, 184 felony assaults, 126 burglaries, 650 grand larcenies, and 31 grand larcenies auto in 2018.WEB,www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-084pct.pdf, 84th Precinct CompStat Report, www.nyc.gov, New York City Police Department, July 22, 2018, (File:74 Middagh St BH Engine 205 H&L 118 jeh.jpg|thumb|267px|The firehouse for FDNY Engine Co. 205/Ladder Co. 118)

Fire safety

Brooklyn Heights is served by two New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations.FDNY LOCATIONS, Engine Co. 205/Ladder Co. 118 is located at 74 Middagh Street, serving the northern part of the neighborhood,WEB, FDNYtrucks.com, Engine Company 205/Ladder Company 118,www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/brooklyn/e205.htm, March 2, 2019, while Engine Co. 224 is located at 274 Hicks Street, serving the southern part of the neighborhood.WEB, FDNYtrucks.com, Engine Company 224,www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/brooklyn/e224.htm, March 2, 2019, A third fire station, Engine Co. 207/Ladder Co. 110/Satellite 6/Battalion 31/Division 11, is located at 172 Tillary Street in nearby Fort Greene.WEB, FDNYtrucks.com, Engine Company 207/Ladder Company 110,www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/brooklyn/e207.htm, March 2, 2019,

Health

{{As of|2018}}, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene than in other places citywide. In Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene, there were 74 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 11.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).{{Rp|11}} Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene have a relatively low population of residents who are uninsured, or who receive healthcare through Medicaid.New York City Health Provider Partnership Brooklyn Community Needs Assessment: Final Report {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064434www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/redesign/dsrip/pps_applications/docs/maimonides_medical_center/3.8_maimonides_cna.pdf |date=July 23, 2018 }}, New York Academy of Medicine (October 3, 2014). In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 4%, which is lower than the citywide rate of 12%. However, this estimate was based on a small sample size.{{Rp|14}}The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene is {{convert|0.0088|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, lower than the citywide and boroughwide averages.{{Rp|9}} Eleven percent of Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene residents are smokers, which is slightly lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.{{Rp|13}} In Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene, 24% of residents are obese, 6% are diabetic, and 25% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.{{Rp|16}} In addition, 14% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.{{Rp|12}}Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly higher than the city’s average of 87%. In 2018, 86% of residents described their health as “good”, “very good”, or “excellent”, more than the city’s average of 78%.{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene, there are 12 bodegas.{{Rp|10}}

Post offices and ZIP Code

Brooklyn Heights is covered by ZIP Code 11201.WEB, NYC Neighborhood ZIP Code Definitions, New York State Department of Health, November 7, 2014,www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/appendix/neighborhoods.htm, March 5, 2019, March 27, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190327233549/https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/appendix/neighborhoods.htm, dead, The United States Post Office operates two locations nearby: the Cadman Plaza Station at 271 Cadman Plaza East,WEB, CADMAN PLAZA — Post Office,tools.usps.com/find-location.htm?location=1433796, January 29, 2024, USPS.com, and the DUMBO Automated Postal Center at 84 Front Street.WEB, DUMBO APC — Post Office,tools.usps.com/find-location.htm?location=1450638, January 29, 2024, USPS.com,

Education

Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene generally have a higher ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city {{as of|2018|lc=y}}. The majority of residents (64%) have a college education or higher, while 11% have less than a high school education and 25% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher.{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene students excelling in math rose from 27 percent in 2000 to 50 percent in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 34% to 41% during the same time period.WEB,furmancenter.org/files/sotc/BK_02_11.pdf, Fort Greene / Brooklyn Heights – BK 02, 2011, Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, October 5, 2016, Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene’s rate of elementary school student absenteeism is about equal to the rest of New York City. In Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene, 20% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, the same as the citywide average.{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 75% of high school students in Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene graduate on time, equal to the citywide average.{{Rp|6}}

Schools

St. Ann’s School, a K–12 school, is located in the neighborhood, with the main campus at 129 Pierrepont Street. Packer Collegiate Institute, a K–12 school, has also been located in the neighborhood, at 170 Joralemon Street, since its 1845 founding.St. Francis College is located on Remsen Street and occupies half a city block. It was founded as St. Francis Academy in 1859 by the Franciscan Brothers and was originally located on Baltic Street. St. Francis College was the first private school in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn. {{As of|2010}}, 2,000 full-time students and more than 400 part-time students from 80 countries attend the College. St. Francis College has been ranked by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges in the United States.NEWS, Colleges of Many Colors,www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/education/data.html, The New York Times, November 5, 2006, August 15, 2007, The college has also been ranked by both Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report as one of the top baccalaureate colleges in the north.MAGAZINE,www.forbes.com/lists/2009/94/colleges-09_St-Francis-College_94363.html, America’s Best Colleges List, Forbes.com, July 8, 2010, August 5, 2009, MAGAZINE,colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/brooklyn-heights-ny/st.-francis-college-2820, Baccalaureate Colleges (North) Rankings, U.S. News & World Report, July 8, 2010, 2009, Brooklyn Heights is also the location of Brooklyn Law School, founded in 1901.File:Brooklyn Heights BPL jeh.jpg|thumb|267px|The former Brooklyn Public LibraryBrooklyn Public Library

Libraries

The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL)’s Brooklyn Heights branch is located at 286 Cadman Plaza West.WEB,www.bklynlibrary.org/locations/brooklyn-heights, Brooklyn Heights Library, August 19, 2011, Brooklyn Public Library, February 21, 2019, The branch was formerly located at 280 Cadman Plaza West, which was shared with the Business & Career Library, but that site was sold to a developer and demolished.WEB,ny.curbed.com/2019/1/8/18173096/brooklyn-heights-library-condos-for-sale, In Brooklyn Heights, condos on former library site launch sales from $1.088M, Plitt, Amy, January 8, 2019, Curbed NY, February 21, 2019, Brooklyn Heights’ first library was founded in 1857 by the Mercantile Library Association of the City of Brooklyn. The first BPL branch in the neighborhood, the Montague Street branch, was opened in 1903. The Brooklyn Heights branch building at 280 Cadman Plaza West opened in 1962 and originally contained an auditorium and children’s room. It was renovated and expanded from 1990 to 1993, and upon the completion of the renovation, the Brooklyn Heights branch shared the site with the Business & Career Library.WEB,www.bklynlibrary.org/locations/brooklyn-heights/history, History, January 18, 2017, Brooklyn Public Library, February 21, 2019, In 2013, BPL announced its intent to sell 280 Cadman Plaza West, and as part of this announcement, the Business and Career Library’s functions were relocated to BPL’s Central Branch.WEB,brooklyneagle.com/articles/2013/01/15/brooklyn-business-library-to-abandon-downtown-future-of-brooklyn-heights-and-carnegie-branches-in-doubt/, Brooklyn business library to abandon Downtown; future of Brooklyn Heights and Carnegie branches in doubt, January 15, 2013, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 21, 2019, BPL then sold the Brooklyn Heights branch to developer Hudson Companies.WEB,ny.curbed.com/2017/3/7/14838086/brooklyn-heights-library-redevelopment-demolition, Brooklyn Heights Library demolition is approved by the city, Walker, Ameena, March 7, 2017, Curbed NY, February 21, 2019, WEB,brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/03/06/nyc-approves-demolition-of-brooklyn-heights-library-paving-way-for-luxury-tower/, NYC approves demolition of Brooklyn Heights Library, paving way for luxury tower, March 6, 2017, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 21, 2019, Hudson Companies then demolished the structure and replaced it with a 34-story condominium, which now contains the smaller library at its base. In the interim, the BPL branch moved to the temporary 109 Remsen Street location,WEB,www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160726/brooklyn-heights/temporary-brooklyn-heights-library-opens-new-home, Temporary Brooklyn Heights Library Opens in New Home, Leon, Alexandra, July 26, 2016, DNAinfo New York, February 21, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190222152029/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20160726/brooklyn-heights/temporary-brooklyn-heights-library-opens-new-home/, February 22, 2019, dead, until the new location was completed in 2022.WEB,www.archpaper.com/2022/06/brooklyn-public-library-opens-its-new-gensler-designed-brooklyn-heights-branch-location/, Brooklyn Public Library opens its new Gensler-designed Brooklyn Heights branch location, Hickman, Matt, June 8, 2022, The Architect’s Newspaper, November 21, 2023,

Transportation

Brooklyn Heights is serviced by numerous subway services, specifically the {{NYCS trains|Eighth Cranberry}} at High Street; the {{NYCS trains|MetroTech}} at Jay Street–MetroTech; the {{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh Brooklyn}} at Clark Street; and the {{NYCS trains|Court-Borough}} at Borough Hall/Court Street.{{NYCS const|map}}Although no bus routes actually stop in Brooklyn Heights, many MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes are located nearby in Downtown Brooklyn. The {{NYC bus link|B25}} also stops in Dumbo/Fulton Ferry, while the {{NYC bus link|B61|B63|prose=y}} serve Cobble Hill.NYC BUS MAP, B, In June 2017, NYC Ferry’s South Brooklyn route started stopping at Brooklyn Bridge Park Piers 1 and 6 in Brooklyn Heights.WEB,www.ferry.nyc/routes-and-schedules/route/south-brooklyn/, Routes and Schedules: South Brooklyn, NYC Ferry, NEWS,www.amny.com/transit/nyc-ferry-s-south-brooklyn-route-launches-thursday-1.13694844, NYC Ferry launches South Brooklyn route, Barone, Vin, June 1, 2017, am New York, August 28, 2017, en,

Street names

Many of the streets in Brooklyn Heights are named after people who figured prominently in the neighborhood’s history.File:Grace Court Alley No.19 & No.21.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Grace Court Alley, a mewsmewsFile:Brooklyn - Heights Casino pano 01 (9423259630).jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Heights Casino at 75 Montague Street, built in 1905 and designed by Boring & Tilton. Next to it, where the club’s former outdoor tennis courts stood, is the Casino Mansion Apartments (1910, William A. BoringWilliam A. Boring
  • Adams StreetJohn Adams, second President of the United States; originally named “Congress Street”
  • Aitken Place – Monsignor Ambrose Aitken of St. Charles Borromeo Roman Catholic Church
  • Cadman Plaza – Samuel Parkes Cadman, pastor of the Central Congregational Church
  • Clark Street – William Clark, ship’s captain
  • Clinton StreetDeWitt Clinton, mayor of New York City, governor of New York state, three time Presidential candidate
  • College Place – named after the Brooklyn Collegiate Institute for Young Ladies (1829–1842); the building became the Mansion House Hotel in 1875
  • Court Street – renamed from “George Street” in 1835, even though there were no courts nearby
  • Doughty Street – Charles Doughty, 18th century lawyer, helped create the Village of Brooklyn
  • Elizabeth Place – Elizabeth Cornell, built the first Pierrepont mansion
  • Fulton Street, Old Fulton StreetRobert Fulton, introduced steam ferry service between Brooklyn Heights and Manhattan; Old Fulton Street was originally to have been named “Kings Highway”, and Fulton Street was “Main Street”
  • Furman Street – William Furman, state legislator
  • Garden Place – originally part of Philip Livingston’s garden
  • Grace Court, Grace Court Alley – named after Grace Church
  • Henry Street – Dr. Thomas Henry, president of the Kings County Medical Society
  • Hicks Street – John and Jacob Hicks, 17th century ferry operators
  • Hunts Lane – John Hunt, early purchaser of land from Hezekiah Pierrepont
  • Joralemon Street – Teunis Joralemon, saddle maker
  • Livingston StreetPhilip Livingston, the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who was from Brooklyn
  • Middagh Street – the Middaghs, a pre-Revolutionary War family
  • Monroe PlaceJames Monroe, fifth President of the United States; the widest street in Brooklyn Heights
  • Montague StreetLady Mary Wortley Montagu, English feminist and activist for smallpox inoculation, a member of the Pierrepont family; originally named “Constable Street” after Anna Marie Constable Pierrepoint
  • Pierrepont Street, Pierrepont PlaceHezekiah Pierrepont, the “founder” of Brooklyn Heights
  • Remsen Street – Henry Remsen, son of Ram Jensen Vanderbeeck, a 17th-century blacksmith
  • Schermerhorn Street – Peter and Andrew Schermerhorn, merchants and landowners
  • Sidney PlaceSir Philip Sidney; originally “Monroe Place” until 1853
  • Tillary Street – James Tillary, who worked on finding a cure for yellow fever
Concerning the “fruit streets” in Brooklyn Heights – Cranberry, Orange and Pineapple Streets – the WPA Guide to New York City reports that before the Civil War, these streets, along with Poplar and Willow Streets, were named after prominent families, but that a member of the Middagh family expressed her dislike of these families by replacing the street signs with botanical names. The city would restore the proper names, and Middagh would put back her own signs. Several iterations of this game ended when Middagh’s new names were given official status by a resolution of the alderman. In Historically Speaking, Brooklyn borough historian John B. Manbeck says only that these street names “have questionable origins”, as does Love Lane, which reputedly gets its name from the meetings that took place there between a pretty girl who lived nearby and her suitors.

Notable people

{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2018}}There have been many noted residents of Brooklyn Heights. The dates listed are their respective birth and death dates. Famous residents include:{{div col|colwidth=30em}} {{div col end}}

In popular culture

See also

References

Notes{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography
  • GOTHAM,
  • BROOKLYN,
Further reading
  • Applegate, Debby. The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. Doubleday, 2006.
  • Capote, Truman. A House On the Heights, with a new introduction by George Plimpton. Little Bookroom, 2002.
  • Lancaster, Clay. Old Brooklyn Heights: New York’s First Suburb. Dover Books, 1979.
  • Tippins, Sherill. February House: The Story of W.H. Auden, Carson McCullers, Jane and Paul Bowles, Benjamin Britten, and Gypsy Rose Lee, Under One Roof in Wartime America. Houghton Mifflin, 2005.

External links

{{Commons category|Brooklyn Heights}} {{Geographic location| Northwest = Brooklyn Bridge ParkFulton Ferry, Brooklyn>Fulton FerryDumbo, Brooklyn>DUMBO, Vinegar Hill| West = Brooklyn Bridge Park, Brooklyn Heights Promenade| Center = Brooklyn HeightsDowntown Brooklyn, Pacific Park, Brooklyn>Pacific Park| Southwest = Columbia Street Waterfront DistrictCobble Hill, Brooklyn>Cobble Hill| Southeast = Boerum Hill}}{{Brooklyn|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}

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