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pit viper
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{{Short description|Subfamily of snakes}}{{More citations needed|date=June 2011}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Automatic taxobox- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Early Miocene|present}}| image = Timber Rattlesnake by Trisha.jpg| image_caption = Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), showing the characteristic infrared pit below and between the eye and nostril| taxon = Crotalinae | Nicolaus Michael Oppel>Oppel, 1811| synonyms = * Crotalini Oppel, 1811
EvolutionThe earliest known fossil pit viper remains are from the Early Miocene of Nebraska. As pit vipers are thought to have had an Asian origin before eventually colonizing the Americas, this suggests that they must have originated and diversified even earlier. During the Late Miocene, they reached as far west as eastern Europe, where they are no longer found; it is thought that they did not expand further into Europe.WEB, The first European pit viper from the Miocene of Ukraine - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app44-327.html, 2024-02-21, www.app.pan.pl,Geographic rangeThe subfamily Crotalinae is found from Central Asia eastward and southward to Japan, China, Indonesia, peninsular India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In the Americas, they range from southern Canada southward to Central America to southern South America.HabitatCrotalines are a versatile subfamily, with members found in habitats ranging from parched desert (e.g., the sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes) to rainforests (e.g., the bushmaster, Lachesis muta). They may be either arboreal or terrestrial, and at least one species (the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus) is semiaquatic. The altitude record is held jointly by Crotalus triseriatus in Mexico and Gloydius strauchi in China, both of which have been found above the treeline at over 4,000 m above sea level.BehaviorAlthough a few species of crotalines are highly active by day, such as Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, a bright green pit viper endemic to Sri Lanka, most are nocturnal, preferring to avoid high daytime temperatures and to hunt when their favored prey are also active. The snakes’ heat-sensitive pits are also thought to aid in locating cooler areas in which to rest.JOURNAL, Krochmal, Aaron R., Bakken, George S., Thermoregulation is the pits: use of thermal radiation for retreat site selection by rattlesnakes, Journal of Experimental Biology, 1 August 2003, 206, 15, 2539â2545, 10.1242/jeb.00471, 12819261, 18140029,journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/206/15/2539/20239/Thermoregulation-is-the-pits-use-of-thermal, 11 June 2022, As ambush predators, crotalines typically wait patiently somewhere for unsuspecting prey to wander by. At least one species, the arboreal Gloydius shedaoensis of China, is known to select a specific ambush site and return to it every year in time for the spring migration of birds. Studies have indicated these snakes learn to improve their strike accuracy over time.Shine R, Sun L, Kearney M, Fitzgerald M (2002). “Why do Juvenile Chinese Pit-Vipers (Gloydius shedoaensis) Select Arboreal Ambush Sites?” Ethology 108: 897â910. ISSN 0179-1613. PDF {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724094745www.bio.usyd.edu.au/Shinelab/old%20labbers/mark/349whydojuvenile.pdf |date=24 July 2008 }} at University of Sydney School of Biological Sciences. Accessed 26 October 2006.Many temperate species of pit vipers (e.g. most rattlesnakes) congregate in sheltered areas or “dens” to overwinter (brumate, see hibernation), the snakes benefiting from the combined heat. In cool temperatures and while pregnant, pit vipers also bask on sunny ledges. Some species do not mass together in this way, for example the copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, or the Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}Like most snakes, crotalines keep to themselves and strike only if cornered or threatened. Smaller snakes are less likely to stand their ground than larger specimens. Pollution and the destruction of rainforests have caused many pit viper populations to decline. Humans also threaten pit vipers, as many are hunted for their skins or killed by cars when they wander onto roads.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}ReproductionWith few exceptions, crotalines are ovoviviparous, meaning that the embryos develop within eggs that remain inside the mother’s body until the offspring are ready to hatch, when the hatchlings emerge as functionally free-living young. In such species, the eggshells are reduced to soft membranes that the young shed, either within the reproductive tract, or immediately after emerging.Among the oviparous (egg-laying) pit vipers are Lachesis, Calloselasma, and some Trimeresurus species. All egg-laying crotalines are believed to guard their eggs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}Brood sizes range from two for very small species, to as many as 86 for the fer-de-lance, Bothrops atrox, which is among the most prolific of all live-bearing snakes.Many young crotalines have brightly coloured tails that contrast dramatically with the rest of their bodies. These tails are known to be used by a number of species in a behavior known as caudal luring; the young snakes make worm-like movements with their tails to lure unsuspecting prey within striking distance. JOURNAL, Heatwole, H., Elizabeth, Davison, 1976, A Review of Caudal Luring in Snakes with Notes on Its Occurrence in the Saharan Sand Viper, Cerastes vipera, Herpetologica, 32, 3, 332â336 | access-date=2021-08-24,www.jstor.org/stable/3891463, TaxonomyIn the past, the pit vipers were usually classed as a separate family: the Crotalidae. Today, however, the monophyly of the viperines and the crotalines as a whole is undisputed, which is why they are treated here as a subfamily of the Viperidae.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}Genera{|class“wikitable”! Genus{{ITIS |id=634394 |taxon=Crotalinae |access-date=26 October 2006}}! Taxon author! Species! Common name! Geographic rangeMcDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists’ League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume). | |||
Moccasins | North America from the northeastern and central USA southward through peninsular Florida and southwestern Texas. In Central America on the Atlantic versant from Tamaulipas and Nuevo León southward to the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize and Guatemala. Along the Pacific coastal plain and lower foothills from Sonora south through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua to northwestern Costa Rica. | ||||
Bothriechis | Wilhelm Peters>Peters, 1859 | Oaxaca and the northern highlands of Chiapas), through Central America to northern South America (Colombia, western Venezuela, Ecuador and northern Peru | |||
Ronald L. Gutberlet Jr.>Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001 | Bothrops | Johann Georg Wagler>Wagler, 1824 | Argentina; Saint Lucia and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles; Ilha da Queimada Grande off the coast of Brazil | ||
Edward Drinker Cope>Cope, 1860 | Thailand to northern Malaysia and Java, Indonesia | ||||
Guerrero and southeastern Oaxaca), southward through the highlands of Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, northern Nicaragua, Costa Rica) to western Panama | |||||
Heinrich Kuhl> Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822 | Pit viper | India to Thailand to northern Malaysia and Indonesia | |||
Crotalus{{sup>T}} | Carl Linnaeus>Linnaeus, 1758 | Deinagkistrodon | Howard K. Gloyd>Gloyd, 1979 | Garthius|Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 | Borneo |
Ural Mountains through Siberia, Iran, the Himalayas from Pakistan, India, Nepal and China, Korea, Japan and the Ryukyu Islands | |||||
Leopold Fitzinger>Fitzinger, 1843 | Sri Lanka and India | ||||
Lachesis (genus)>Lachesis | François Marie Daudin>Daudin, 1803 | Metlapilcoatlus|Campbell, Frost, & Castoe, 2019 | Panama. On the Pacific versant, they occur in isolated populations in east-central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama. | ||
Ophryacus | Edward Drinker Cope>Cope, 1887 | Ovophis|Burger, 1981 | Seven Sister States>Seven Sisters (Assam) of India eastward through Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, West Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan (Okinawa) and Indonesia (Sumatra) | ||
Edward Drinker Cope>Cope, 1871 | Colima, Oaxaca and Chiapas on the Pacific side, the Yucatán Peninsula on the Atlantic side) southward through Central America to northern South America (Ecuador in the Pacific lowlands, northern Venezuela in the Atlantic lowlands) | ||||
Sistrurus | Samuel Garman>Garman, 1883 | Trimeresurus | Bernard Germain de Lacépède>Lacépède, 1804 | Malay Archipelago to Timor | |
Johann Georg Wagler>Wagler, 1830 | Type genus.{{Reflist|group=ref}}See alsoReferences{{Reflist|2}}Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Crotalinae}}{{Wikispecies|Crotalinae}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q595983}}{{Authority control}}- content above as imported from Wikipedia
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