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{{Short description|Cultural region of the Yoruba people in West Africa}}

factoids

| image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | subdivision_type = Part of| subdivision_name = {{BEN}}{{NGR}}{{TOG}}Ife>Ifẹ̀ artefactEde languages>Edekiri speaking peoples| established_date = 500 BC| established_title1 = - Ifẹ Empire| established_date1 = 11th century| established_title2 = - Oyo Empire| established_date2 = 1300| established_title3 = - British Colony| established_date3 = 1862| established_date4 = 1872| established_title4 = - French Colony| established_title5 = - Dahomey (Now Benin)| established_date5 = 1904| established_title6 = - Nigeria| established_date6 = 1914| seat_type = Regional capitalIbadan>ÃŒbàdàn (Political)•IfeIlé-Ifẹ̀ (Cultural/Spiritual) •Lagos>Èkó (Economic)Oyo-Ile>Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé (Old capital of the Oyo Empire)| parts_type = Composed of| parts_style = coll| parts = | p1 = Osun State| p2 = Oyo State| p3 = Ogun State| p4 = Ondo State| p5 = Ekiti State| p6 = Lagos State| p7 = Kwara State| p8 = Kogi State| p9 = Ouémé Department>OuéméPlateau Department>PlateauCollines Department>CollinesDonga Department>DongaBorgou Department>BorguPlateaux Region, Togo>PlateauxCentrale Region, Togo>Centrale| government_footnotes = Monarchy>Monarchies• ‘’’Oba (ruler) (King)• Ogboni>Ã’gbóni (Legislature)• Oba (ruler) (Tribal chief>Chiefs)• Balógun (Generalissimo)• Baálẹ̀ (Village/Regional heads in Western Yorubaland)• Ọlọ́jà’’’ (Village/Regional heads in Eastern Yorubaland)| area_magnitude = | unit_pref = metric| area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 181,300| area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = (Idanre Inselberg Hills)| elevation_max_ft = 3461| elevation_max_m = 1055| elevation_min_ft = -0.7| elevation_min_m = -0.2| population_as_of = 2015 estimate| population_footnotes = | population_note = In Nigeria, Benin and Togo| population_total = ~ 55 million| population_density_km2 = 387 | population_density_sq_mi = | demographics_type1 = Demographics| demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = LanguageYoruba language>Yoruba, Yoruboid languages| demographics1_title2 = ReligionChristianity, Islam, Yoruba religion>Ìṣẹ̀ṣèWest Africa Time>WAT (Nigeria, Benin), GMT (Togo)| utc_offset = | coor_type = | website = | footnotes = }}

factoids

Yorubaland () is the homeland and cultural region of the Yoruba people in West Africa. It spans the modern-day countries of Nigeria, Togo and Benin, and covers a total land area of {{Convert|142114|km2|abbr=on}}. Of this land area, 106,016 km2 (74.6%) lies within Nigeria, 18.9% in Benin, and the remaining 6.5% is in Togo. Prior to European colonization, a portion of this area was known as Yoruba country. The geo-cultural space contains an estimated 55 million people, the majority of this population being ethnic Yoruba.

Geography

File:Ikogosi warm spring way.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Hill forest near Ikogosi ]]File:Watersided Hill of Ikole Town, Ekiti State.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A hill lake near Ikole, Ekiti ]] Geo-physically, Yorubaland spreads north from the Gulf of Guinea and west from the Niger River into Benin and Togo. In the northern section, Yorubaland begins in the suburbs just west of Lokoja and continues unbroken up to the Ogooué River tributary of the Mono River in Togo, a distance of around 610 km. In the south, it begins in an area just west of the Benin and Osse (Ovia) river occupied by the Ilaje Yorubas and continues uninterrupted up to Porto Novo, a total distance of about 280 km as the crow flies. West of Porto Novo Gbe speakers begin to predominate. The northern section is thus more expansive than the southern coastal section.(File:Idanre Ancient hill Ondo State (19).jpg|300px|thumb|The granite outcrops at Idanre, the tallest geographical feature in the western half of Nigeria)The land is characterized by mangrove forests, estuaries and coastal plains in the south, which rise steadily northwards into rolling hills and a jagged highland region in the interior, commonly known as the Yorubaland plateau or Western upland. The highlands are pronounced in the Ekiti area of the region, especially around the Effon ridge and the Okemesi fold belt, which have heights in excess of 732 m (2,400 ft) and are characterized by numerous waterfalls and springs such as Olumirin waterfall, Arinta waterfall, and Effon waterfall.WEB,olokuta.blogspot.ca/2012/10/taking-short-road-trip-through-oke-mesi.html, Taking a short road trip through Oke-Mesi Fold Belt (Part 1), olokuta.blogspot.ca, 5 October 2012, 13 April 2018, The highest elevation is found at the Idanre Inselberg Hills, which have heights in excess of {{Convert|1050|m|abbr=}}. In general, the landscape of the interior is made up of undulating terrain with occasional inselbergs jutting out dramatically from the surrounding expanse. Some include: Okeagbe hills: 790m, Olosunta in Ikere Ekiti: 690m, Saki and Igbeti hills.

Rivers

(File:Sun sets at Ogun River.jpg|right|thumb|View of The Ogun River|300px)With coastal plains, southern lowlands, and interior highlands, Yorubaland has several large rivers and streams that crisscross the terrain. These rivers flow in two general directions within the Yoruba country; southwards into the lagoons, estuaries and creeks which empty into the Atlantic Ocean, and northwards into the Niger river. Some southward flowing rivers include; The Osun and Shasha rivers which empty into the Lekki Lagoon, the Ogun River and its major tributaries; the Oyan and Ofiki which empties into the Lagos Lagoon, the upper Mono River, Oba River, Erinle River, Yewa River which discharges into the Badagry creek, Okpara River which forms part of the Nigeria-Benin border before fully re-entering Benin to join the Ouémé River (Ofe in Yoruba) which drains into Lake Nokoué and the Porto-Novo creek. On the eastern flank, the Owena (Siluko), Ofosu and Ose rivers empty into the Benin river creek. Those which flow in a northerly direction into the Niger include the Moshi river, Oyun, Oshin, Awun, Asa, Ero and Oyi.Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Awun Basin and Its Environs Using Remote_Sensing_and_GIS_ Techniques Ayanniyi, Jimoh, Bilewu and Kolade, University of Ilorin, 2017

Subnational divisions

The Nigerian part of Yorubaland comprises today’s Ọyọ, Ọṣun, Ogun, Kwara, Ondo, Ekiti, Lagos as well as parts of Kogi.Defence Language Institute, Curriculum Development Division: Yoruba Culture Orientation, 2008 The Beninese portion consists of Ouémé Department, Plateau Department, Collines Department, Tchaourou commune of Borgou Department, Bassila commune of Donga Department, Ouinhi and Zogbodomey commune of Zou Department, and Kandi commune of Alibori Department. The Togolese portions are the Ogou, Anié and Est-Mono prefectures in Plateaux Region, and the Tchamba prefecture in Centrale Region.

Vegetation and climate

File:Badagry Slave Route, Journey to Unknown Destination 231547864.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Coastline near BadagryBadagry(File:Mountains in Nigeria 04.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Interior of central Yorubaland in the wet season)The climate of Yorubaland varies from north to south. The southern, central and eastern portions of the territory is tropical high forest, known as the Yoruba lowland forests ecoregion.WEB, Yoruba lowland forests,www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0123, World Wildlife Federation, en, 3 January 2022, The characteristic vegetation is verdant closed-canopy forests composed of many varieties of hardwood trees including Milicia excelsa which is more commonly known locally as iroko, Antiaris africana, Terminalia superba which is known locally as afara, Entandrophragma or sapele, Lophira alata, Triplochiton scleroxylon (or obeche), Khaya grandifoliola (or African mahogany), Symphonia globulifera, and numerous other species. Some non-native species such as Tectona grandis (teak) and Gmelina arborea (pulp wood) have been introduced into the ecosystem and are being extensively grown in several large forest plantations.The coastal section of this area features an area covered by swamp flats and dominated by such plants as mangroves and other stilt plants as well as palms, ferns and coconut trees on the beaches. This portion includes most of Ondo, Ekiti, Ogun, Osun, Lagos states and is characterised by generally high levels of precipitation defined by a double maxima (peak period); March–July and September–November. Annual rainfall in Ijebu Ode in the middle of Ogun state, for example, averages {{convert| 2020|mm|in|0|disp=or}}.WEB,en.climate-data.org/africa/nigeria/ogun/ijebu-ode-39231, Ijebu Ode climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Ijebu Ode weather averages – Climate-Data.org, en.climate-data.org, 2021-08-16, The area is the center of thriving cocoa, natural rubber, kola nut and oil palm production industry, as well as lucrative logging. Ondo, Ekiti and Osun states are the leading producers of cocoa in Nigeria,WEB, http:www.fao.org/3/a-at586e.pdf, ANALYSIS OF INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES FOR COCOA IN NIGERIA, Fao.org, 31 January 2022, WEB,www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Ondo_State.html, Ondo State of Nigeria:: Nigeria Information & Guide, Nigeriagalleria.com, 13 April 2018, while the southern portions of Ogun and Ondo states (Odigbo, Okitipupa and Irele) play host to large plantations of oil palm and rubber.The northern and western portions of the region is characterized by tropical woodland savanna climate (Aw), with a single rainfall maxima. This area covers the northern two-thirds of Oyo, northwestern Ogun, Kwara, Kogi, Collines (Benin), northern half of Plateau department (Benin) and central Togo. It is part of the Guinean forest–savanna mosaic ecoregion, a transitional zone between West Africa’s coastal forests and interior savannas.{{WWF ecoregion|name=Guinean forest-savanna mosaic|id=at0707}} Part of this region is derived savanna which was once covered in forest but has lost tree cover due to agricultural and other pressures on land. Annual rainfall here hovers between {{convert|1,100|and|1,500|mm|in|0}}. Annual precipitation in Ilorin for example is {{convert|1,220|mm|in|2|disp=or}}.WEB,en.climate-data.org/location/538/, Climate Ilorin: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Ilorin - Climate-Data.org, en.climate-data.org, 13 April 2018, Tree species here include the Blighia sapida more commonly known as ackee in English and ishin in Yoruba, and Parkia biglobosa which is the locust bean tree used in making iru or ogiri, a local cooking condiment.The monsoon (rainy period) in both climatic zones is followed by a drier season characterized by northwest trade winds that bring the harmattan (cold dust-laden windstorms) that blow from the Sahara. They normally affect all areas except a small portion of the southern coast. Nonetheless, it has been reported that the harmattan has reached as far as Lagos in some years.

Major cities/towns

{{Largest cities| country = YorubalandAUTHOR=LAGOS BUREAU OF STATISTICS WEBSITE=CITYPOPULATION.DE, 31 January 2022, | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region| div_link = Local government areas of Nigeria{{!}}Region| city_1 = Lagos{{!}}Èkó (Metropolis)| div_1 = Lagos Stategroup=lower-alphaBadagry, Epe, Lagos State>Epe, Ibeju-Lekki and Ikorodu}}|img_1 = Ikoyi and Beyond.jpg| city_2 = Ibadan{{!}}Ìbàdàn| div_2 = Oyo Stategroup=lower-alpha Ibadan#Local government areas>11 LGAs of Ibadan Metro}}|img_2 = View of Ibadan ontop of Mapo hall.jpg| city_3 = Ilorin{{!}}Ìlọrin| div_3 = Kwara Stategroup=lower-alphaIlorin East, Ilorin South & Ilorin West but has grown suburbs into parts of Asa, Kwara>Asa}}|img_3 = Ahmadu Bello Way, Ilorin2.jpg| city_4 = Ikorodu{{!}}Ìkòròdú| div_4 = Lagos Stategroup=lower-alpha|Ikorodu Local Government Area, 2018 LASG Estimate}}|img_4 = The Heart of Ikorodu City.jpg| city_5 = Osogbo {{!}} Òṣogbo (Conurbation)| div_5 = Osun Stategroup=lower-alpha Irepodun, Osun>Irepodun, Olorunda, Orolu and Egbedore LGAs}}| city_6 = Abeokuta{{!}}Abẹ́òkúta| div_6 = Ogun Stategroup=lower-alpha|Summateion of Abeokuta North, Abeokuta South and Odeda}}| city_7 = Ifo, Ogun State {{!}} Ifọ̀-Àkútè-Ìjòkó (Conurbation)| div_7 = Ogun Stategroup=lower-alpha Ifo, Ogun State>Ifo, including Akute, Ijoko and Ajuwon townships}}| city_8 = Ado-Odo/Ota{{!}}Ọ̀tà| div_8 = Ogun Stategroup=lower-alpha Ota, Ogun>Ota}}| city_9 = Ife{{!}}Ilé-Ifẹ̀| div_9 = Osun Stategroup=lower-alpha|Summation of Ife North, Ife East and Ife Central but excluding Ife South which is not within the Ife metropolitan area}}| city_10 = Akure{{!}}Àkúrẹ́| div_10 = Ondo Stategroup=lower-alpha | Summation of The Akure North and Akure South LGAs}}| city_11 = Oyo, Oyo{{!}}Ọ̀yọ́| div_11 = Oyo Stategroup=lower-alpha | Comprising Oyo East, Oyo West and Atiba LGAs}}| city_12 = Badagry{{!}}Gbágli| div_12 = Lagos Stategroup=lower-alpha | The Badagry Local Government Area}}| city_13 = Ado Ekiti{{!}}Adó Èkìtì| div_13 = Ekiti Stategroup=lower-alpha Ado Ekiti>Ado Local Government Area of Ekiti State}}| city_14 = Ogbomosho{{!}}Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́| div_14 = Oyo Stategroup=lower-alpha |Comprises Ogbomosho North and Ogbomosho South LGAs}}| city_15 = Ondo City{{!}}Òde Oǹdó| div_15 = Ondo Stategroup=lower-alpha | Ondo township is based on Ondo West Local Government Urban Area}}| city_16 = Ikire{{!}}Ìkirè-Apọ̀mù| div_16 = Osun Stategroup=lower-alpha | This is the summation of Irewole, and Isokan LGAs}}| city_17 = Shagamu{{!}}Ìṣàgámù| div_17 = Ogun Stategroup=lower-alpha |A large township whose population Center is based on Sagamu township but also urban sprawl spilling over from Ikorodu}}| city_18 = Ikirun{{!}}Ìkìrun-Ìrágbìjí| div_18 = Osun Stategroup=lower-alpha Boripe and Ifelodun, Osun State>Ifelodun LGAs}}| city_19 = Owo{{!}}Ọ̀ghọ̀| div_19 = Ondo Stategroup=lower-alpha | Based on the Owo, Local Government Area}}| city_20 = Ilesa{{!}}Iléṣà| div_20 = Osun Stategroup=lower-alpha |Encompassing Ilesa West, and Ilesa East LGAs}}}}

Administrative divisions

(File:Hill at Erin Ijesha.jpg|thumb|320px|A section of the Efon ridge, part of the Okemesi fold belt)(File:Asejire Reservoir.jpg|thumb|320px|Asejire reservoir on the Osun river)(File:Erin ijesha waterfall main view.jpg|thumb|Olumirin Waterfall at Erin-Ijesha){| class=“wikitable sortable” style="text-align: centre;margin: 1em auto;” ” style="background:#eee;”!class=“unsortable“| State!class=“unsortable“| Area (km2)!class=“unsortable“| Regional capital!class=“unsortable“| Largest city!class=“unsortable“| 2nd largest cityEkiti State 6,353Ado EkitiAdo EkitiIkere-EkitiKogi State 9,351LokojaKabbaIsanlu, EgbeKwara State 17,000IlorinIlorinOffaLagos State 3,345IkejaAlimoshoIkorodu Ogun State 16,762 Abeokuta Ota, Ogun-Ijoko-Ifo, Ogun State>Ifo Abeokuta Ondo State 15,500 AkureAkureOndo, okitipupa Osun State 9,251 OsogboOsogboIfe, Ilesa>Ilesha Oyo State 28,454 IbadanIbadanOyo, Ogbomoso“!class= style="text-align:left;” colspan=“5“| Area = 106,016 km2“!class= style="text-align:left;” colspan=“5“| Country | {{BEN}}!class=“unsortable“| Department!class=“unsortable“| Area (km2)!class=“unsortable“| Regional capital!class=“unsortable“| Largest city!class=“unsortable“| 2nd largest cityBorgou Department (Tchaourou>Shaworo) 5,000____ShaworoKpakpaninCollines 12,440Igbo IdaashaShabeIdaasha Donga (Bassila) 5,661 ____BassilaManigriPlateau 3,264SaketePobeKetu, SaketeWeme 500Porto NovoPorto NovoAdjarra“!class= style="text-align:left;” colspan=“5“| Area ≈ 26,865 km2!class= style="text-align:left;” colspan=“5“| Country | {{TOG}}!class=“unsortable“| Region!class=“unsortable“| Area (km2)!class=“unsortable“| Regional capital!class=“unsortable“| Largest city!class=“unsortable“| 2nd largest city Centrale Region, Togo (Tchamba Prefecture>Chamba) 2,900 ____ Kaboli Alejo, GoubiPlateaux 6,482AtakpameAtakpameAnié, Morita“!class= style="text-align:left;” colspan=“5“| Area ≈ 9,233 km2!class= style="text-align:left;” colspan=“5“| Yorubaland Area ≈ 142,114 km2

Prehistory and oral tradition

{{Yoruba people}}

Settlement

Oduduwa is regarded as the legendary progenitor of the Yoruba, and almost every Yoruba settlement traces its origin to princes of Ile-Ife in Osun State, Nigeria. As such, Ife can be regarded as the cultural and spiritual homeland of the Yoruba nation, both within and outside Nigeria. According to an Oyo account, Oduduwa was a Yoruba emissary; said to have come from the east, sometimes understood by some sources as the “vicinity” true east on the cardinal points, but more likely signifying the region of the Ekiti and Okun sub-communities in Yorubaland, Nigeria.WEB,www.coastalnews.com/profile/120-nigeria-news/592-oduduwa-the-ancestor-of-the-crowned-yoruba-kings.html,www.coastalnews.com/profile/120-nigeria-news/592-oduduwa-the-ancestor-of-the-crowned-yoruba-kings.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110205083827www.coastalnews.com/profile/120-nigeria-news/592-oduduwa-the-ancestor-of-the-crowned-yoruba-kings.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110205083827www.coastalnews.com/profile/120-nigeria-news/592-oduduwa-the-ancestor-of-the-crowned-yoruba-kings.html, dead, Article: Oduduwa, The Ancestor Of The Crowned Yoruba Kings, 5 February 2011, 31 January 2022, On the other hand, linguistic evidence seems to corroborate the fact that the eastern half of Yorubaland was settled at an earlier time in history than the western regions, as the Northwest and Southwest Yoruba dialects show more linguistic innovations than their central and eastern counterparts.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

Pre-Civil War

Between 1100 and 1400, the Yoruba Kingdom of Ife experienced a golden age, part of which was a sort of artistic and ideological renaissance.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} It was then surpassed by the Oyo Empire as the dominant Yoruba military and political power between 1700 and 1900. Yoruba people generally feel a deep sense of culture and tradition that unifies and helps identify them.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} There are sixteen established kingdoms, states that are said to have been descendants of Oduduwa himself. The other sub-kingdoms and chiefdoms that exist are second order branches of the original sixteen kingdoms.{{cn|date=July 2022}}There are various groups and subgroups in Yorubaland based on the many distinct dialects of the Yoruba language, which although all mutually intelligible, have peculiar differences. The governments of these diverse people are quite intricate and each group and subgroup varies in their pattern of governance. In general, government begins at home with the immediate family. The next level is the extended family with its own head, an Olori-Ebi. A collection of distantly related extended families makes up a town. The individual chiefs that serve the towns as corporate entities, called Olóyès, are subject to the Baálès that rule over them. A collection of distantly related towns makes up a clan. A separate group of Oloyes are subject to the Oba that rules over an individual clan, and this Oba may himself be subject to another Oba, depending on the grade of the Obaship.{{cn|date=July 2022}}{{Block quote|In this, government begins at home. The father of the family is considered the “head” and his first wife is the mother of the house. If her husband chooses to marry another wife, that wife must show proper respect to the first wife even if the first wife is chronologically younger. Children are taught to have respect for all those who are older than they are. This includes their parents, aunts, uncles, elder siblings, and cousins who they deal with every day. ... Any adult presumably has as much authority over a child as the child’s parents do. All members of a particular clan live in the same compound and share family resources, rights, and possessions such as land|Bascum 1969William R. Bascom:The Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1969. page 42. {{ISBN|0-03-081249-6}}}}

History

File:HistoYoruba.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|Ile Oòdua ]]

Government

Ife was surpassed by the Oyo Empire as the dominant Yoruba military and political power between the year 1600 and 1800. The nearby kingdom of Benin was also a powerful force between 1300 and 1850. Most of the city states were controlled by Obas, priestly monarchs, and councils made up of Oloyes, recognised leaders of royal, noble and, often, even common descent, who joined them in ruling over the kingdoms through a series of guilds and sects. Different states saw differing ratios of power between the kingship and the chiefs’ council. Some, such as Oyo, had powerful, autocratic monarchs with almost total control, while in others such as the Ijebu city-states, the senatorial councils were supreme and the Ọba served as something of a figurehead. In all cases, however, Yoruba monarchs were subject to the continuing approval of their constituents as a matter of policy, and could be easily compelled to abdicate for demonstrating dictatorial tendencies or incompetence. The order to vacate the throne was usually communicated through an aroko or symbolic message, which usually took the form of parrot eggs delivered in a covered calabash bowl by the Basorun the head of Oyomesi (the lawmakers) after Judgements from the Ogbonis which were in the judiciary wing. In most cases, the message would compel the Oba to take his own life, which he was bound by oath to do.

Civil War

Following a jihad (known as the Fulani War) led by Uthman Dan Fodio (1754–1817) and a rapid consolidation of the Hausa city-states of contemporary northern Nigeria, the Fulani Sokoto Caliphate annexed the buffer Nupe Kingdom and began to press southwards towards the Oyo Empire. Shortly after, they overran the Yoruba city of Ilorin and then sacked Ọyọ-Ile, the capital city of the Oyo Empire. Further attempts by the Sokoto Caliphate to expand southwards were checked by the Yoruba who had rallied to resist under the military leadership of the city-state of Ibadan, which rose from the old Oyo Empire, and of the Ijebu city-states.However, the Oyo hegemony had been dealt a mortal blow. The other Yoruba city-states broke free of Oyo dominance, and subsequently became embroiled in a series of internecine wars, a period when millions of individuals were forcibly transported to the Americas and the Caribbean, eventually ending up in such countries as the Bahamas, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Haiti and Venezuela, the United States, among others.

British colonization of Yorubaland

During the 19th century, the British Empire gradually colonized Yorubaland. In 1892, the British declared war on the Ijebu Kingdom in response to its barriers on trade. The British emerged victorious in the conflict and occupied the Ijebu capital.WEB,litcaf.com/ijebu-history/, Ijebu History, LitCaf Encyclopedia, 17 January 2016, After British colonization, the capital served as an administrative center for colonial officials as the kingdom was annexed to the colony of Southern Nigeria. The colony was gradually expanded by protectorate treaties. These treaties proved decisive in the eventual annexation of the rest of Yorubaland and, eventually, of southern Nigeria and the Cameroons.{{fact|date=March 2022}}In 1960, greater Yorubaland was subsumed into the Federal Republic of Nigeria.Gat, Azar. “War in human civilization”, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 275According to Yoruba historians, by the time the British came to colonize and subjugate Yorubaland first to itself and later to the Fulani of Northern Nigeria, the Yoruba were getting ready to recover from what is popularly known as the Yoruba Civil War. One of the lessons of the internecine Yoruba wars was the opening of Yorubaland to Fulani hegemony whose major interest was the imposition of sultanistic despotism on Old Oyo Ile and present-day Ilorin. The most visible consequence of this was the adding of almost one-fifth of Yorubaland from Offa to Old Oyo to Kabba to the then-Northern Nigeria of Lord Frederick Lugard and the subsequent subjugation of this portion of Yorubaland under the control of Fulani feudalism.Ishokan Yoruba Magazine, Volume III No. I, Page 7, 1996/1997

See also

• Yoruba country of precolonial West Africa

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}WEB, 2024-03-18, 8 Interesting Facts About The Yoruba People - Mp3xclusive,mp3xclusive.ng/interesting-facts-about-the-yoruba-people/, 2024-03-18, en-US,

External links

{{Yoruba topics}}{{Regions of Africa}}{{coord missing|Nigeria}}