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{{Short description|Capital city of Oyo State, Nigeria}}{{Use Nigerian English|date=January 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}{{Distinguish|Abadan}}

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States of Nigeria>StateOyo State>Oyo| subdivision_type2 =| subdivision_name2 =| subdivision_type3 =| subdivision_name3 =| subdivision_type4 =| subdivision_name4 = | established_title = War camp| established_date = 1829| established_title2 = Ibadan District Council| established_date2 = 1961| established_title3 = Ibadan Municipal Government| established_date3 = 1989| area_magnitude =| unit_pref = metric | area_footnotes =| area_total_km2 = 1680| area_rank = 1st| area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 =| area_water_percent =| area_urban_km2 = 2102| area_metro_km2 =| area_blank1_title =| area_blank1_km2 =| elevation_ft =| elevation_m = 230| population_as_of = 2006 AUTHOR=POPULATION.DEACCESS-DATE=15 JULY 2016, | population_total = 2,559,853List of Nigerian cities by population>3rd| pop_est_as_of = 2021| population_est = 3,649,000| population_density_km2 = 985.13| population_density_sq_mi =| population_metro = 4,000,000 (estimated)| population_density_metro_km2 =| population_density_metro_sq_mi =DATE=JANUARY 2015URL=HTTP://WWW.DEMOGRAPHIA.COM/DB-WORLDUA.PDF, 2 March 2015, | population_density_urban_km2 = 464.71| population_density_urban_sq_mi =| population_blank1_title =| population_blank1 =| population_blank2_title =| population_blank2 =| population_density_blank1_km2 =| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 74730region:NG|display=inline,title}}West Africa Time>WAT| utc_offset = +01:00Köppen climate classification>ClimateTropical savanna climate (Tropical savanna climate>Aw)GDP>GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)| demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Year| demographics1_info1 = 2023| demographics1_title2 = Total TITLE=TELLUBASE—NIGERIA FACT SHEET (TELLUSANT PUBLIC SERVICE SERIES), 2024-01-11, | demographics1_title3 = Per capita| demographics1_info3 = $7,500| website =weblink| footnotes =| name = Ibadan}} Ibadan ({{IPAc-en|uk|ɪ|ˈ|b|æ|d|ən}}, {{IPAc-en|us|ɪ|ˈ|b|ɑː|d|ən}};LPD, 3, ) is the capital and most populous city of Oyo State, in Nigeria. It is the third-largest city by population in Nigeria after Lagos and Kano, with a total population of 2,649,000 as of 2021, and over 3 million people within its metropolitan area. It is one of the country's largest cities by geographical area. At the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country, and the second-most populous in Africa behind Cairo. Ibadan is ranked one of the fastest-growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the UN Human Settlements Program (2022).WEB,weblink Top 10 fastest growing cities in Africa 2022, 15 June 2022, It is also ranked third in West Africa in the tech startups index. Ibadan joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.(File:Oyo state Government house gate, Ibadan3.jpg|thumb|Oyo State Sectariat located in Ibadan)Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria, {{convert|128|km|mi}} inland northeast of Lagos and {{convert|530|km|mi}} southwest of Abuja, the federal capital. It is a prominent transit point between the coastal region and areas in the hinterland of the country. Ibadan had been the administrative centre of the old Western Region since the early days of British colonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yoruba people, as well as various communities (notably Igbo, Hausa, Edo, and Ibibio) from other parts of the country.

History

{{see also|Timeline of Ibadan}}Ibadan, coined from the phrase "Eba Odan",WEB,weblink Ibadan: How it was defined, Ibadan name, which literally means 'by the edge of the meadow', came into existence in 1829, during a period of turmoil that characterized Yorubaland at the time.Toyin Falola, Ann Genova, Matthew M. Heaton, Historical Dictionary of Nigeria, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 189 It was in this period that many old Yoruba cities such as old Oyo (Oyo ile), Ijaye and Owu disappeared, and newer ones such as Abeokuta, new Oyo (Oyo atiba) and Ibadan sprang up to replace them. According to local historians, Lagelu founded the city, and was initially intended to be a war camp for warriors coming from Oyo, Ife and Ijebu.NEWS,weblink Ibadan History, 2016-02-12, Litcaf, 2017-06-04, en-US, As a forest site containing several ranges of hills, varying in elevation from 160 to 275 metres, the location of the camp offered strategic defence opportunities. Moreover, its location at the fringe of the forest (from which the city got its name) promoted its emergence as a marketing centre for traders and goods from both the forest and grassland areas.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}File:Church and mission-house at Ibadan 1850'szleffezChurch and mission-house at Ibadan Seventeen years in the Yoruba country Memorials of Anna Hinderer pre colonial africa nigeria town city architecture history past.jpg|alt=|thumb|The church and mission in Ibadan, Yoruba countryYoruba countryIn 1852, the Church Missionary Society sent David and Anna Hinderer to found a mission. They decided to build the mission and a church in Ibadan when they arrived in 1853.Martin Lynn, 'Hinderer, Anna (1827–1870)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 18 March 2017Ibadan thus had initially begun as a military state and remained so until the last decade of the 19th century. The city-state also succeeded in building a large empire from the 1860s to the 1890s which extended over much of northern and eastern Yorubaland. It was appropriately nicknamed idi Ibon or "gun base", because of its unique military character.WEB,weblink Ibadan-FINAL_Anna2_XX.qxd, 2019-02-17, In Ibadan, unlike other Yoruba cities with traditional kingship institutions, the warrior class became the rulers of the city as well as the most important economic group.WEB, Ibadan {{!, Location, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ibadan |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban centre, such that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yoruba region militarily, politically and economically.{{cn|date=June 2023}} The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840, which eventually halted their progress. The colonial period reinforced the position of the city in the Yoruba urban network. After a small boom in rubber business (1901-1913), cocoa became the main produce of the region and attracted European and Levantine firms, as well as southern and northern traders from Lagos, Ijebu-Ode and Kano among others. The city became a major point of bulk trade.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Its central location and accessibility from the capital city of Lagos were major considerations in the choice of Ibadan as the headquarters of the Western Provinces (1939) which ranged from the northernmost areas of Oyo State to Ekeremor, Bomadi and Patani, which were regions transferred from the old Delta province in the Old Western region and later Mid-west to the old Rivers state and later Bayelsa, in the redistricting of Nigeria carried out by the Yakubu Gowon administration shortly before the Nigerian Civil War.WEB, Afe, Mayowa, 2022-10-23, Yakubu Gowon, 'Last Good Man Standing' At 88,weblink 2023-06-12, The Guardian (Nigeria), The Guardian,

Colonial Ibadan

In 1893, the Ibadan area became a British Protectorate after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan with the British acting Governor of Lagos Colony, George C. Denton on 15 August.BOOK,weblink Nigerian Chiefs: Traditional Power in Modern Politics, 1890s-1990s, Olufemi Vaughan, 2006, 9781580462495, By then, the population had swelled to 120,000.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading centre that it is today.

Geography

Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria in the southeastern part of Oyo State at about {{convert|119|km|abbr=off}} northeast of Lagos and {{convert|120|km|abbr=off}} east of the Nigerian international border with the Republic of Benin. It lies completely within the tropical forest zone but close to the boundary between the forest and the derived savanna. The city ranges in elevation from 150 m in the valley area, to 275 m above sea level on the major north–south ridge which crosses the central part of the city. The city covers a total area of {{convert|3080|km2}}, the largest in Nigeria after Bauchi.The city of Ibadan is naturally drained by four rivers with many tributaries: Ona River in the North and West; Ogbere River towards the East; Ogunpa River flowing through the city and Kudeti River in the Central part of the metropolis. Ogunpa River, a third-order stream with a channel length of 12.76 km and a catchment area of 54.92 km2. Lake Eleyele is located at the northwestern part of the city, while the Osun River and the Asejire Lake bounds the city to the east.

Climate

Ibadan has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), with a lengthy wet season and relatively constant temperatures throughout the year. Ibadan's wet season runs from March through October, though August sees somewhat of a lull in precipitation. This lull divides the wet season into two different wet seasons. November to February forms the city's dry season, during which Ibadan experiences the typical West African harmattan. The mean total rainfall for Ibadan is approximately {{convert|1230|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, falling over about 123 days. There are two peaks for rainfall, June and September. The mean daily temperature is {{convert|26.46|C|F|2|disp=or}}, the mean minimum {{convert|21.42|C|F|2|disp=or}}, and the relative humidity 74.55%.{{Weather box|width = auto|location = Ibadan|metric first = Y|single line = Y|Jan record high C = 37.2|Feb record high C = 38.9|Mar record high C = 38.3|Apr record high C = 37.2|May record high C = 35.0|Jun record high C = 33.3|Jul record high C = 31.7|Aug record high C = 31.7|Sep record high C = 35.6|Oct record high C = 33.3|Nov record high C = 33.9|Dec record high C = 35.6|year record high C = 38.9|Jan high C = 32.3|Feb high C = 34.0|Mar high C = 33.5|Apr high C = 32.3|May high C = 31.2|Jun high C = 29.6|Jul high C = 27.8|Aug high C = 27.2|Sep high C = 28.5|Oct high C = 29.7|Nov high C = 31.3|Dec high C = 31.9|year high C = 30.8|Jan mean C = 25.7|Feb mean C = 26.9|Mar mean C = 26.9|Apr mean C = 26.3|May mean C = 25.6|Jun mean C = 25.1|Jul mean C = 23.6|Aug mean C = 23.1|Sep mean C = 23.9|Oct mean C = 24.3|Nov mean C = 25.6|Dec mean C = 25.5|year mean C = 25.2|Jan low C = 20.9|Feb low C = 21.9|Mar low C = 22.5|Apr low C = 22.0|May low C = 21.7|Jun low C = 21.6|Jul low C = 21.2|Aug low C = 20.7|Sep low C = 21.8|Oct low C = 21.7|Nov low C = 21.6|Dec low C = 20.7|year low C = 21.5|Jan record low C = 10.0|Feb record low C = 11.1|Mar record low C = 15.0|Apr record low C = 18.3|May record low C = 17.8|Jun record low C = 17.8|Jul record low C = 16.1|Aug record low C = 15.6|Sep record low C = 17.2|Oct record low C = 17.8|Nov record low C = 15.6|Dec record low C = 11.1|year record low C = 10.0|rain colour = green|Jan rain mm = 10|Feb rain mm = 25|Mar rain mm = 91|Apr rain mm = 135|May rain mm = 152|Jun rain mm = 188|Jul rain mm = 155|Aug rain mm = 86|Sep rain mm = 175|Oct rain mm = 160|Nov rain mm = 46|Dec rain mm = 10|year rain mm = 1233|Jan humidity = 76|Feb humidity = 73|Mar humidity = 77|Apr humidity = 82|May humidity = 85|Jun humidity = 87|Jul humidity = 89|Aug humidity = 88|Sep humidity = 88|Oct humidity = 87|Nov humidity = 83|Dec humidity = 79|year humidity = 83|unit rain days = 0.3 mm|Jan rain days = 1|Feb rain days = 3|Mar rain days = 7|Apr rain days = 9|May rain days = 14|Jun rain days = 17|Jul rain days = 15|Aug rain days = 13|Sep rain days = 18|Oct rain days = 18|Nov rain days = 7|Dec rain days = 1|year rain days = 123|Jan sun = 198.4|Feb sun = 197.8|Mar sun = 186.0|Apr sun = 180.0|May sun = 195.3|Jun sun = 147.0|Jul sun = 86.8|Aug sun = 65.1|Sep sun = 93.0|Oct sun = 164.3|Nov sun = 207.0|Dec sun = 220.1|year sun = 1940.8|Jand sun = 6.4|Febd sun = 7.0|Mard sun = 6.0|Aprd sun = 6.0|Mayd sun = 6.3|Jund sun = 4.9|Juld sun = 2.8|Augd sun = 2.1|Sepd sun = 3.1|Octd sun = 5.3|Novd sun = 6.9|Decd sun = 7.1|yeard sun = 5.3|source 1 = Deutscher WetterdienstWEB,weblink Klimatafel von Ibadan / Nigeria, Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world, Deutscher Wetterdienst, de, 14 July 2016, |date=August 2010}}

Administration

There are 11 Local Governments in the Ibadan metropolitan area, consisting of five urban local governments in the city and six semi-urban local governments. Local governments at present are institutions created by the military government but recognised by the 1999 constitution, and they are the third tier of government in Nigeria. Local government councils consist of the Executive Arm made up of the Executive Chairman, the Vice Chairman, the Secretary and the Supervisory Councillors.WEB

Local government areas

Ibadan Urban – LGA Chairman

• Ibadan North – Adebayo Adegoke
• Ibadan North-East – Lekan Afuye
• Ibadan North-West – Mojeed Bosun Ajuwon
• Ibadan South-East – Abimbola Omiyale
• Ibadan South-West – Adeleke Taoreed Bolaji

Ibadan Semi-Urban – LGA Chairman

• Akinyele – Taoreed Jimoh Adedigba
• Egbeda – Akeem Akintunde
• Ido – Sheriff Aderemi Adeojo
• Lagelu – Oyesanmi Toriola
• Ona Ara – Ogundele Biliaminu
• Oluyole A yodeji Abass Aleshinloye

(File:Iwo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State.jpg|thumb|upright|Iwo Road1, Ibadan, Oyo State)

Local Council Development Areas

The former Executive Governor of Oyo State, Senator Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi, created some Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) out of some of the existing local government areas in Oyo State. From the Ibadan Urban Local Government areas, the following LCDAs were created. Out of Ibadan North Local Government area, Aare Latosa LCDA and Irepodun LCDA were created.Out of Ibadan North East Local Government area, Ibadan East LCDA was created.Out of Ibadan North West Local Government area, Oke'Badan North LCDA was created. Out of Ibadan South East Local Government area, Ibadan South LCDA was created. Out of Ibadan South West Local Government area, Ibadan West LCDA was created.WEB, Oyo State Government – Official Website of Oyo State Government,weblink en-US, 2020-05-24, From the Ibadan Semi-urban Local Government areas, the following LCDAs were created. Out of Akinyele Local Government area, Akinyele South LCDA and Akinyele East LCDA were created.

Demographics

Until 1970, Ibadan was the largest city in Sub-Saharan Africa by surface area.BOOK, Lyold, P.C, etal, The City of Ibadan, Cambridge University Press, 1967, 978-0-521-11217-8, In 1952, it was estimated that the total area of the city was approximately 103.8 km2Areola, O. "The Spatial Growth of Ibadan City and its impact on the rural Hinterland" in M.O. Filani, F.O. Akintola and C.O. Ikporukpo edited Ibadan Region, RexCharles Publication, Ibadan, 1994 page 99. However, only 36.2 km2 was built up. This meant that the remaining 67 km2 were devoted to non-urban uses, such as farmlands, river floodplains, forest reserves and water bodies. These "non-urban land uses" disappeared in the 1960s: an aerial photograph in 1973 revealed that the urban landscape had completely spread over about 100 km2. The land area increased from 136 km2 in 1981 to 210–240 km2 in 1988-89 (Areola, 1994: 101). By 2000, it is estimated that Ibadan covered 400 km2.Onibokun, P. and Faniran A., Urban research in Nigeria. IFRA and CASSAD, Ibadan, 1995 The growth of the built-up area during the second half of the 20th century (from 40 km2 in the 1950s to 250 km2 in the 1990s) shows clearly that there has been an underestimate of the total growth of the city. In the 1980s, the Ibadan-Lagos expressway generated the greatest urban sprawl (east and north of the city), followed by the Eleiyele expressway (west of the city). Since then, Ibadan city has spread further into the neighbouring local government areas of Akinyele and Egbeda in particular.

Places of worship

Among the places of worship, there are Christian churches and temples: Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church of Nigeria (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Nigerian Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Living Faith Church Worldwide, Redeemed Christian Church of God, HarvestHouse Christian Centre, The Covenant Nation, Assemblies of God, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ibadan (Catholic Church), Ensign Church of Nations, some Pentecostal churches, and Muslim mosques.J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2107

Architecture

The best method to move about the city is to use reference points and notable landmarks{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}.(File:Front view of Mapo Hall, Ibadan.jpg|thumb|Front view of Mapo Hall, Ibadan)Dugbe district is the commercial nerve centre of Ibadan. This is where many banks have one or more branches. The south west regional office of the Central Bank of Nigeria is at Dugbe. Also at Dugbe is the Cocoa House,WEB,weblink Ibadan travel guide, World66.com, 2014-02-18,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090204123849weblink">weblink 4 February 2009, dead, Nigeria's first skyscraper.(File:Cocoa House, Ibadan.JPG|thumb|upright|Cocoa House, Ibadan)It is one of the few skyscrapers in the city and is at the hub of Ibadan's commercial centre. The Cocoa house is the headquarters for the Oodua Investment Company co-owned by all south-western states.WEB,weblink Odua Investment Company: Governance structure, Oyo Osun Ogun Ekiti Ondo, 29 March 2018, Other tall buildings around Dugbe axis include Femi Johnson glass house, CBN building, United Bank for Africa, Oxford building, Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria's Building, among others.There is a museum in the building of the Institute of African Studies, which exhibits several remarkable pre-historic bronze carvings and statues. The city has several well stocked libraries, and is home to the first television station in Africa. The city has two zoological gardens, one located within the University of Ibadan and another at Agodi Gardens which also contains a botanical garden, swimming pool and leisure spots.(File:Bower Memorial Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|Bower Memorial Tower)The Bower's Tower, built in 1936, is to the east on Oke Aàre (Aare's Hill) ("Aare" in Yoruba means commander-in-chief or generalissimo), which can be seen from practically any point in the city; it also provides an excellent view of the whole city from the top. It is named after Robert Lister Bower, and is sometimes called "Láyípo"- a testament to the spiral staircase in the monument.WEB, The Bower Memorial Tower on wikimapia,weblink 2014-02-18, Wikimapia.org, Other attractions include Mapo HallWEB,weblink Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!, 26 June 2016, – the colonial style city hall – perched on top of a hill, "Oke Mapo", Mapo Hill ("oke" is hill in Yoruba), the Trans-Wonderland amusement park, the cultural centre Mokola and the Obafemi Awolowo Stadium (formerly Liberty Stadium). The first citadel of higher learning, University of Ibadan (formerly the University College of Ibadan), the Obafemi Awolowo Hall in the University of Ibadan is said to be one of the tallest and largest hostelWEB,weblink Hall of Residence: University of Ibadan, University of Ibadan, in West Africa. The first teaching hospital in Nigeria, University College Hospital, were both built in this ancient city. Ibadan is also home to the Shooting Stars FC – a professional Football Club also known as 3SC.There are some good golf courses: the Ibadan Golf Club is a large 18-hole challenge and the Barracks course has just been extended to 18 holes. The most challengingWEB,weblink Welcome to IDA2, ibadanland.com, 2020-01-22, and exclusive is the 9-hole IITA Golf Club based on the 1,000 hectare premises of IITA.

Education

File:Trenchard Hall, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|right|University of IbadanUniversity of IbadanIbadan is host to Nigeria's premier higher institution of learning, The University of Ibadan. Established as a college of the University of London in 1948, and later converted into an autonomous university in 1962. Other higher educational institutions in the city include; The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Lead City University, First Technical University, Kola Daisi University, Federal college of Animal health and Production Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Highland College of Technology, Samonda, Federal School of Statistics, Federal Cooperative College, Tower Polytechnic, Ibadan, Ibadan City Polytechnic, Citigate Polytechnic, NIIT University among others.There are also numerous public and private primary and secondary schools located in the city and its suburbs. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include The University College Hospital, Ibadan (UCH), which is the first teaching hospital in Nigeria; the internationally acclaimed International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) headquartered in the city. Established in 1967, it focuses on the agricultural and developmental needs of tropical countries, with several research stations spread across Africa. The Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), The Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, The National Root Crops Research Institute, and The Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), The Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, the Nigerian Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), all under the auspices of The Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria.WEB,weblink National Agricultural Research Institutes, ARCH, 10 August 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100621235638weblink">weblink 21 June 2010, dead, dmy-all, In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, Reverend David and Anna Hinderer, started Ibadan's first Western schools.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} They built churches and Anna taught at the new school. They built the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to attend an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide Olunloyo (female) and Akinyele Olunloyo (male) – the two children of an Ibadan high chief.

Economy

Ibadan is the capital city of Oyo State, the fourth largest state economy in Nigeria,WEB,weblink oyo - Services Portal, 26 June 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160616211229weblink">weblink 16 June 2016, dead, and the second largest non-oil state economy in Nigeria after Lagos state. With its strategic location on the railway line connecting Lagos to Kano,NEWS,weblink Can Nigeria's renovated railway unite north and south?, BBC News, 13 February 2013, 26 June 2016, the city is a major centre for trade in cassava, cocoa, cotton, timber, rubber, and palm oil. The city and its environs is home to several industries such as Agro allied, Textile, Food processing, Health Care and Cosmetic, Tobacco processing and Cigarette manufacturing, Leatherworks and furniture making Etc. There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine in the city environs, and there are several cattle ranches, a dairy farm as well as a commercial abattoir in Ibadan. There are dozens of banks and Insurance firms spread out across the cityscape that service the city's millions of inhabitants.The main economic activities engaged in by the Ibadan populace include Agriculture, Trade, Public service employment, Factory work, Service sector/Tertiary production, Etc. The headquarters of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) have extensive grounds for crop and agricultural research into key tropical crops such as bananas, plantains, maize, cassava, soybean, cowpea and yam.WEB, IITA,weblink International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), / Cgiar, 2014-02-18, According to a report, Ibadan is the 3rd cheapest Nigerian city to live in.WEB, IbadanGists,weblink Ibadan is the 3rd Cheapest Nigerian City to Live in, / IbadanGists, 2014-11-17,

Entertainment and recreation

Ibadan is a busy city but also accommodates an adequate amount of entertainment and relaxation. There are numerous bars, lounges and night clubs to enjoy, including the Lebanese owned "KOKO Dome" which is the oldest night club in the city dating back to the mid 90s.

Shopping, Cinema and Parks

The Heritage Mall and Cocoa Mall houses several local and international retail stores. The two malls were built to interlink with each other and located in the same compound as Cocoa House at Dugbe. The 2 malls contain a South African retail shop; Shoprite, Pep Store (kids wears and boutique) several cafés, restaurants, electronic outlets, Mr. Price, Cash n Carry.There is also the Palms Mall at Ring Road which houses one of the largest Shoprite store in Nigeria. There is another mall which opened not too far from the Central Business District called the Jericho Mall Kudeti Avenue, Onireke GRA. The top cinema chain in Nigeria, Filmhouse has 2 cinemas at the Heritage Mall Dugbe and another of its branch operate at the Ventura Mall, Samonda.

Sports and recreation

There are various sport centres and facilities within the city limits of Ibadan. The Ibadan recreational club established 1902 in the Sabo area of the city is one of the oldest of such clubs in the country.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} It offers a swimming pool, tennis courts, basketball courts, snooker, squash courts, darts corner, and a relaxation bar. The city is also host to dozens of football academies where soccer talents are groomed. The Agodi Gardens of Oyo State has been completely refurbished to contain a Botanical Garden, Zoo, Swimming pool, Guest house, Bar and Restaurants. In addition, there are the Ibadan Polo Club at Eleyele and the Ibadan Golf ClubWEB,weblink Home, 26 June 2016, in the Onireke reservation Area.The city has the first standard Nigerian stadium, The Obafemi Awolowo Stadium formerly Liberty Stadium as well as The Lekan Salami Stadium which is the home of 3SC, Shooting stars football club, the team that won Nigeria's first international trophy, The African Cup Winners' Cup in 1976 by defeating Tonnerre Yaoundé of Cameroon 4 - 2 on aggregate points.

Public spaces and parks

• Trans Amusement park
• Fun factory
• Agodi Gardens and Leisure Park
• Heritage Mall
• Ibadan recreational park
• Heritage & Cocoa Mall
• The Palms Mall
• Ventura Mall and Indoor park
• The University of Ibadan Zoo
• Game World, Dugbe, Ibadan
• Aces Mall, Bodija, Ibadan

Transport

(File:Ibadan railway station.jpg|thumb|New railway station in Ibadan, artistic impression)(File:Railway system Nigeria 2021 english.jpg|thumb|alt=Railway system Nigeria, under construction and in use|Railway network of Nigeria 2021)The city of Ibadan is a major Nigerian transport hub with freeways linking it with Lagos in the South South West, Ijebu Ode and Shagamu in the South, Abeokuta in the West, Oyo, ogbomosho, Offa and Ilorin in the North, Ife, Ado Ekiti, Osogbo, Ilesha, Akure, Okene, Auchi and other cities towards the East. The city is also served by an airport, the Ibadan Airport, which operates daily flights to Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Ilorin etc. through major airlines in Nigeria such as Overland Airways and Arik Air. The city is a major terminus railway station on the main railway line linking Lagos with Kano in the North of the country. Nearly all the major roads are dualized (Double carriage roads), such roads include the Ojoo-Sango-Mokola road that passes in front of the University of Ibadan, others include Ring road-Orita-Challenge-New Garage ways and the recently completed Dugbe-Eleyele-Jerico Road. There are various roundabouts, intersections and flyovers within the city, the latest being the Mokola flyover built to reduce persistent traffic gridlock being experienced in the Mokola axis of the city.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}Modes of transport include, cabs & taxis, taxi-vans commonly called Danfos, and in more recent times mass transit buses have commenced operations to reduce the hardship of students and workers commuting from various suburban areas to the city centre, private/personal/family cars, scooters commonly known as Okadas, Coach (bus) services, more commonly known locally as "luxurious busses" such as Alakowe Bus, ABC Transport, Cross Country ltd Etc., which operate To and Fro services linking Ibadan and all other major destinations in the country and beyond, as well as pedestrian walking.Since 2021, there is a new railway connection (standard gauge), which brings passengers to Lagos in less than 3 hours. It leaves at 8:00 and 16:00 every day (on time).WEB,weblink Buhari inaugurates Lagos-Ibadan Railway project, 10 June 2021, Punchng.com, 24 January 2022, The new railway line came with a new railway station.Phase 1 of the Ibadan circular road, a 110km road which encircles Ibadan, as at April 2023 is under construction{{Citation |title=Ibadan Circular Road |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ah8hh3zWEEQ |access-date=2023-04-24 |language=en}}WEB, Olagunju, David, 2023-03-04, Why we are building Ibadan Circular Road —Oyo govt,weblink 2023-04-24, Tribune Online, en-GB,

Media

(File:Short Oral history of Ibadan in Ibadan langage by a native speaker .webm|thumb|Short Oral history of Ibadan in Ibadan language by a native speaker)The city host the first T.V station in Africa NTA, Ibadan established as Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) in 1959. The oldest surviving Nigeria newspaper is in Ibadan Tribune founded by chief Obafemi Awolowo Premier of Western Nigeria. The first private TV station Galaxy TV in Oyo State also started in the city. As at 2014 the city is home to several media outlets including

• Nigerian Television Authority Ibadan Network Centre

Galaxy TV

• B.C.O.S Broadcasting Corporation of Oyo State which also runs the radio services of B.C.O.S radio 1, Oluyole FM 98.5)
• MITV Ibadan
• Silverbird TV
• Channels TV
• AIT Africa Independent Television

Satellite channels are provided by

• Multichoice Africa owner of DStv and GOTV satellite company has an office in the Jericho area of the city providing subscribers with numerous international and local TV and radio.
• Star times
• DaarSat

The radio stations in Ibadan are increasing in number compared to 5–10 years ago,{{when|date=June 2021}} when only 3 operated.Today, there are:

• B.C.O.S Radio 1 and Oluyole FM 98.5
• Premier FM 93.5 (government-owned)
• Amuludun FM 99.1(Yoruba only, government-owned)
• Beat FM 97.9
• Mitv/Star FM 95.1
• Raypower Radio of AIT
• Diamond FM 101.1 of University of Ibadan
• Impact Business Radio (IBR 92.5 FM) a.k.a. Amutajero
• Splash FM 105.5
• Inspiration FM 100.5
• Space FM 90.10
• Naija FM 102.7
• Royal Roots (R2)FM 92.9
• Petals FM 102.3
• Lagelu FM 96.3
• Fresh FM 105.9
• Star FM 91.5
• Jamz FM 101.1
• Thirty-Two FM 94.9
• Noble 107.1 FM
• Lead Radio FM 106.3
• Pensioners' FM 106.7
• Agidigbo FM 88.7
• Solutions FM 93.9

There are also online communities of Ibadan residents such as CONNECTIBADAN, Ibadan247, IBpulse and WhatsupIbadan. They help the public connect with news, event and people in Ibadan and Oyo State as a whole.

Notable people

• Aminatu Abiodun, 14th Iyalode of Ibadan
• Victor Adeboyejo, British Championship League footballer
• Lamidi Adedibu
• Adegoke Adelabu, old Western region politician
• Wally Adeyemo, U.S. government official
• Sade Adu, singer
• Abdul Ganiyy Agbotomokekere, Imam
• Abiola Ajimobi (1949-2020)
• Humuani Alaga, activist, indigenous textile entrepreneur
• Yetide Badaki, actress
• Kingsley Chioma
• Ken Goldberg, inventor
• Rasheed Ladoja, former Governor of Oyo State
• Oluwole Omofemi, artist and curator
• Hugo Weaving, actor

Twin towns – sister cities

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa#Nigeria|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Nigeria}}Ibadan is twinned with:

• {{flagicon|USA}} Cleveland, United StatesWEB,weblink Sister Cities International (SCI), Sister-cities.org, 2013-04-21,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150613003251weblink">weblink 13 June 2015, dead, dmy-all,

Gallery

File:Archbishop Ayo Lidigbolu House, Ibadan2.jpg|Archbishop Ayo Lidigbolu HouseFile:AYEFELE MUSIC HOUSE, Challenge Ibadan.jpg|Ayefele music houseFile:Bayse one Checkmate Plaza, Ibadan.jpgFile:Bower towers compund, Ibadan.jpg|Bower towersFile:Bower towers gate, Ibadan.jpg|Bower towers gateFile:Bower towers, Ibadan.jpg|bowers towers, IbadanFile:Challenge Round about, Ibadan.jpgFile:Cocoa Dome, Dupe Ibadan.jpg|Cocoa Dome, Dupe IbadanFile:Crown Trust Plaza, Ibadan.jpg|Crown Trust PlazaFile:Dugbe roundabout, Ibadan.jpg|Dugbe roundabout, IbadanFile:Havana Royale Hall, Event Centre, U.I road Ibadan.jpg|Havsns Royale hall and event centreFile:Ibadan brow roofs, Ibadan.jpg|Ibadan brow roofsFile:Oke bola Ibadan.jpgFile:P1015181 (1).jpgFile:Kudeti Avenue Onireke Ibadan.jpg|Kudi AvenueFile:Ring Road Ibadan.jpg|Ring roadFile:Mobolaji Johnson house Dugbe Ibadan.jpg|Mobolaji Johnson houseFile:Kola Daisi University city building, Ibadan.jpg|Kola Daisi University city buildingFile:MAHARAJI VILLAGE, Ibadan Express road 2.jpg|Maharaji villageFile:Molete Baptist Church, Challenge Ibadan 2.jpg|Molete Baptist churchFile:Ibadan ring road.jpg|Ibadan ring roadFile:OBA ADESSOJI ADERENI HOUSE, Ibadan.jpg|Oba Adessoji Adereni houseFile:Oyo Mesi Specialist Hospital, Ibadan.jpg|Specialist hospitalFile:Oyo state Government house gate, Ibadan3.jpg|Government house gateFile:Oyo State Judiciary HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE 2.jpg|High court of JusticeFile:Presbyterian church, Ibadan.jpg|Presbyterian churchFile:Round about, Stadium Mokola Ibadan 3.jpg|StadiumFile:Shoprite, Ibadan.jpg|ShopriteFile:St. Annes Church, Molete, Ibadan.jpg|St. Annes ChurchFile:SANGO- OJURIN MARKET, Ibadan.jpg|Sango Ojurin MarketFile:Symentry, Bodija road Ibadan.jpg|Symentry, Bodija roadFile:Ventura mall, Mokola, Ibadan.jpg|Ventura mallFile:Ibadan Aerial View.jpg|Ibadan Aerial View of Alakia from an airplane

See also

• Railway stations in Nigeria
• List of Nigerian cities by population

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• 'On Education' - Page 69; 'Seventeen Years in the Yoruba Country: Memorials of Anna Hinderer (wife of the Rev. David Hinderer, C.M.S. Missionary in Western Africa).

weblink

Bibliography

{{See also|Timeline of Ibadan#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Ibadan}}

External links

{{Wikivoyage|Ibadan}}{{Commons category|Ibadan}}

• {{Official websiteweblink|Oyo State official website}}

{{Yoruba topics}}{{Cities in Nigeria}}{{Authority control}}{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}