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{{Short description|Luxembourgish politician (born 1973)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}

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| birth_place = Luxembourg City, LuxembourgLuxembourgers>LuxembourgerLawyer|Politician}}Gauthier Destenay|15 May 2015}}Democratic Party (Luxembourg)>Democratic Party (1988–present)| alma_mater = Aristotle University of ThessalonikiNancy 2 University}}Xavier Bettel ({{IPA-lb|ˈksÉ‘vieː ˈbÉ™tÉ™l}}; born 3 March 1973) is a Luxembourgish lawyer and politician who serves as the 14th deputy prime minister of Luxembourg and as the minister for Foreign Affairs since 2023. He served as the 24th prime minister of Luxembourg from 2013 to 2023. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies (1999–2013) and Mayor of Luxembourg City (2011–2013).NEWS,www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+Administration/Bourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html, Xavier Bettel, Ville de Luxembourg, dead,www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+AdministrationBourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131019084445www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+AdministrationBourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131019084445www.vdl.lu/Politique+et+AdministrationBourgmestre/Xavier+Bettel.html, 19 October 2013, WEB, Xavier Bettel,www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV, Bettel, Xavier: Biographie, Gouvernement du Grand Duché de Luxembourg, 9 December 2013,www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV," title="web.archive.org/web/20140227094906www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV,">web.archive.org/web/20140227094906www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV, 27 February 2014, dead, Bettel is a member of the Democratic Party (DP).NEWS, 4 December 2013, Xavier Bettel Is Luxembourg’s First Gay Prime Minister, en-US, Huffington Post,www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/04/xavier-bettel-gay-luxembourg-_n_4384748.html, 20 November 2017, Following the 2013 general election, he took office as Prime Minister and succeeded Jean-Claude Juncker of the Christian Social People’s Party (CSV). Bettel became the first openly gay prime minister in the world to serve a second term in 2018, when his mandate was renewed. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in 2023 in the Frieden-Bettel Government.NEWS, Anderson, Emma, Xavier Bettel asked to form next Luxembourg government,www.politico.eu/article/xavier-bettel-asked-to-form-next-luxembourg-government/, POLITICO, 16 October 2018, NEWS, Bettel appointed ‘formateur’ of new government,luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/35309-bettel-appointed-formateur-of-new-government, luxtimes.lu, 16 October 2018, en, He received the most personal votes in the 2023 electionsWEB, Election data analysis: Who received the most personal votes?,today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2123893.html, 29 January 2024, today.rtl.lu, en, and as of a March 2024 poll, is the most popular politician in the country, with an approval rating of 79%.WEB,www.rtl.lu/news/national/a/2181000.html, Xavier Bettel ersetzt de Jean Asselborn als beléiftste Politiker, 2024-03-26, rtl.lu, lb,

Early life

Bettel was born on 3 March 1973 in Luxembourg City. His father, Claude Bettel, was a wine merchant.WEB,www.euractiv.com/section/euro-finance/news/luxembourgs-pm-refuses-to-see-european-values-erased-with-tipp-ex/, Luxembourg’s PM refuses to see European values ‘erased with tipp-ex’, 11 October 2016, Bettel said he has an Orthodox Russian grandfather and a Polish-Jewish grandfather, while his parents were Catholics.BOOK, Mon Europe, je t’aime moi non plus: 1989-2019, Marion Van Renterghem, 2019, “I have an Orthodox Russian grandfather, a Polish Jewish grandfather, Catholic parents,[...]”, His mother Aniela is a grandniece of the Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninoff.WEB,www.politico.eu/article/luxembourg-tiny-country-xavier-bettel/, Like his tiny country, Xavier Bettel has learned to pick his shots, Politico, 2019, After completing his secondary school studies at Lycée Hélène Boucher in Thionville,WEB, Brach, Jean-Luc, Quand l’IT rencontre l’espace, When IT meets space,www.itone.lu/actualites/quand-lit-rencontre-lespace, www.itone.lu, 18 July 2019, fr, 25 October 2016, Le Lycée Hélène Boucher de Thionville est LE lycée de la Grande Région. Grand nombre d’élèves Luxembourgeois et Belges y font ou y ont fait leurs études. Xavier Bettel, entre autre, a été l’un d’entre eux., Bettel obtained a master’s degree in Public and European Law and a DEA in Political Science and Public Law from Nancy 2 University in Nancy, France.NEWS,www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/10040671, Xavier Bettel, un “fêtard” qui se remarquait, 5 November 2013, L’Essentiel Online, NEWS,www.lessentiel.lu/de/news/dossier/neuwahlen/story/Wie-Xavier-Bettel-als-Student-Party-machte-29229643, Wie Xavier Bettel als Student Party machte, 5 November 2013, L’Essentiel Online, He also studied maritime law as well as canon law at Aristotle University in Thessaloniki, Greece, where he was studying thanks to the Erasmus Programme.NEWS,www.programmallp.it/lkmw_file/LL/erasmus/in%20evidenza/Famous%20Alumni2013/famous_en.pdf, Well-known Erasmus students – inspiring careers, 7, Programma LLP, For four years in the early 2000s he hosted Sonndes em 8, a weekly talkshow, on the now-defunct private T.TV television network.NEWS, https:www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lp5xGAkHFww,ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/Lp5xGAkHFww, 20 December 2021, live, TV Talkshow “Sonndes em 8” [1/2] (2005), 2005, chienguidelux via YouTube, {{cbignore}}NEWS,www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/luxemburg-finanzmetropole-im-modellbahn-look-a-468943.html, Luxemburg:Finanzmetropole im Modellbahn-Look, Susanne, Strätz, 21 March 2007, Der Spiegel, In 2017, he also received an honorary doctorate from Sacred Heart University Luxembourg.WEB,delano.lu/d/detail/news/luxembourgs-prime-minister-becomes-doctor/148510, Luxembourg’s Prime Minister becomes “Doctor” - Delano - Luxembourg in English, 16 June 2017, Delano, WEB,twitter.com/xavier_bettel/status/875429220293500929?lang=en, Honoured that I have been awarded Doctor Honoris Causa by the Sacred Heart University Luxembourg on their 25. anniversarypic.twitter.com/i5RbQynZzo, Xavier, Bettel, 15 June 2017,

Municipal politics (1999-2013)

In the elections of 1999, Bettel was elected to Luxembourg City’s communal council, finishing sixth on the DP’s list. Two years after his election to the local council, on 12 July 2001, he was certified as a lawyer. On 28 November 2005, after the municipal elections in which he was placed fourth on the DP list, Bettel was appointed échevin (alderman) in the council of Luxembourg City.Following municipal elections on 9 October 2011, Bettel was sworn in as Mayor of Luxembourg on 24 November 2011. He resigned from his position as DP leader in the Chamber of Deputies, which he had held since 2009.www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/10/164137/index.php" title="archive.today/20120918042337www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/10/164137/index.php">“Xavier Bettel - Luxembourg City’s new Mayor”, Wort.lu, 10 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/11/168555/index.php" title="archive.today/20130111194116www.wort.lu/wort/web/en/luxembourg/articles/2011/11/168555/index.php">“Xavier Bettel sworn in as capital’s mayor”, Wort.lu, 24 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011

Chamber of Deputies (1999-2013)

Bettel ran for the Chamber of Deputies in the 1999 general election; he finished tenth amongst DP candidates in the Centre constituency, with the top seven being elected.WEB, 1999: Circonscription Centre,www.elections.public.lu/fr/elections-legislatives/1999/resultats/circonscriptions/centre/index.html, 7 April 2009, Service Information et Presse, 10 April 2009, However, the DP overtook the Luxembourg Socialist Workers’ Party (LSAP) as the second-largest party; its members formed the majority of the new government as the Christian Social People’s Party’s (CSV) coalition partners. Thus, with Lydie Polfer and Anne Brasseur vacating their seats to take roles in the government, as well as Colette Flesch not taking her seat so as to focus on her role as Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Bettel was appointed to the Chamber of Deputies, starting 12 August 1999.By the time of the 2004 general election, Bettel had significantly consolidated his position; he finished fourth (of the five DP members elected), assuring him a seat in the Chamber of Deputies.WEB, 2004: Circonscription Centre,www.elections.public.lu/fr/elections-legislatives/2004/resultats/circonscriptions/centre/index.html, 7 April 2009, Service Information et Presse, 10 April 2009,

Premiership (2013-2023)

First term

File:Tallinn Digital Summit. Handshake Xavier Bettel and Jüri Ratas (36718144533).jpg|thumb|left|Xavier Bettel with Estonian Prime Minister Jüri Ratas in TallinnTallinnFile:EU Leaders arrive at Sofia Tech Park for an informal dinner ahead of the EU - Western Balkans Summit (41432930954).jpg|thumb|left|Xavier Bettel with Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov in SofiaSofiaIn 2013, Bettel was elected leader of the Democratic Party. In the 2013 general election, he led the party to a third-ranked position in parliamentary seats. On 25 October, Bettel was designated by Grand Duke Henri as the formateur for the next government.NEWS,www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/xavier-bettel-officially-in-charge-of-forming-new-luxembourg-government-526a6eb1e4b0e4d54907baea, Xavier Bettel officially in charge of forming new Luxembourg government, 25 October 2013, Luxemburger Wort, 7 December 2015, 19 March 2016,www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/xavier-bettel-officially-in-charge-of-forming-new-luxembourg-government-526a6eb1e4b0e4d54907baea," title="web.archive.org/web/20160319012335www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/xavier-bettel-officially-in-charge-of-forming-new-luxembourg-government-526a6eb1e4b0e4d54907baea,">web.archive.org/web/20160319012335www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/xavier-bettel-officially-in-charge-of-forming-new-luxembourg-government-526a6eb1e4b0e4d54907baea, dead, He assumed his post as Luxembourg’s Prime Minister on 4 December 2013. In the government’s coalition of the Democratic Party (DP), Luxembourg Socialist Workers’ Party (LSAP) and The Greens, he led the cabinet with co-Deputy Prime Ministers Etienne Schneider and Félix Braz. In his first term, he also held the functions of Minister of State, Minister for Communications and the Media, Minister for Culture and Minister for Religious Affairs.File:Vladimir Putin and Xavier Bettel (2015-10-06)-102.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | Xavier Bettel and President Vladimir PutinVladimir Putin

Second term

File:Xavier Bettel and Randy Evans 191216-D-BN624-070 (49231409611).jpg|thumb|Bettel and US Ambassador Randy Evans at the Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial, for the 75th anniversary of the Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge File:Obisk predsednika vlade Luksemburga - 22. 2. 2023 (52704629973) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Xavier Bettel with Slovenian Prime Minister Robert Golob in LjubljanaLjubljanaFollowing the 2018 election, he became the first openly gay prime minister in the world to be reelected for a second term. He began his second term when his government was formed on 5 December 2018,NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/us-luxembourg-government/luxembourg-pm-bettel-begins-second-term-of-coalition-government-idUSKBN1O41XI, Luxembourg PM Bettel begins second term of coalition government, Reuters, 5 December 2018, 14 March 2019, which he led with co-Deputy Prime Ministers François Bausch and Dan Kersch. The government is a continuation between the Democratic Party, the Luxembourg Socialist Workers’ Party and The Greens from the Bettel I government, with minor changes.On 16 September 2019, following a short bilateral meeting on the status of Brexit negotiations, Bettel continued a press conference without British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, after Johnson abruptly pulled out due to an anti-Brexit protest held by British citizens living in Luxembourg.NEWS,www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/16/johnson-humiliated-by-luxembourg-pm-at-empty-chair-press-conference, Boris Johnson humiliated by Luxembourg PM at ‘empty chair’ press conference, Boffey, Daniel, 17 September 2019, The Guardian, 17 September 2019, Bettel gestured towards Johnson’s empty podium and confirmed that the UK Government had not tabled any concrete proposals for amendments to the UK’s Withdrawal Agreement, particularly the “Irish backstop” that Johnson wished to replace.NEWS, Fleming, Sam, Brunsden, Jim, Parker, George, Boris Johnson frustrates EU with dearth of fresh Brexit detail,www.ft.com/content/695b5e04-d87e-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17, 17 September 2019, Financial Times, 16 September 2019, This being despite the public pronouncements of Prime Minister Johnson and the UK’s departure date from the EU fast approaching. Pro-Brexit UK media reported the matter as an ambush,NEWS, Rayner, Gordon, Yorke, Harry, Rothwell, James, Brexit latest news: Boris Johnson walks into ambush as Luxembourg’s PM holds press conference next to empty podium,www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/09/16/brexit-news-latest-deal-boris-johnson-jean-claude-juncker/,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/09/16/brexit-news-latest-deal-boris-johnson-jean-claude-juncker/, 12 January 2022, subscription, live, 17 September 2019, The Telegraph, 16 September 2019, {{cbignore}} whilst other UK and international media outlets largely saw the incident, as well as the reaction of pro-Brexit UK media outlets to it, as confirming the increasing hypersensitivity of pro-Brexit pundits and politicians to criticism.NEWS, Smyth, Patrick, What the Boris-Bettel show said about European discourse {{!, Europe Letter: To the British, last week’s podium moment was a humiliation – but they misread the signals |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/what-the-boris-bettel-show-said-about-european-discourse-1.4030460 |access-date=29 September 2019 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=25 September 2019 |language=en}}NEWS, Fuentes, Ángel Gómez, Johnson forzado a huir de los abucheos en Luxemburgo,www.abc.es/internacional/abci-johnson-y-juncker-acuerdan-intensificar-conversaciones-brexit-201909161856_noticia.html, 17 September 2019, abc, 16 September 2019, es, NEWS, Peeperkorn, Marc, Brexitlunch met Juncker loopt uit op koude douche voor Boris Johnson,www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/brexitlunch-met-juncker-loopt-uit-op-koude-douche-voor-boris-johnson~b6d56450/?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fboris-johnson-xavier-bettel-luxembourg-brexit-europe-newspapers-a9108131.html, 17 September 2019, de Volkskrant, 16 September 2019, nl-NL, NEWS, SkarżyÅ„ski, StanisÅ‚aw, Premier Luksemburga brutalnie zadrwiÅ‚ z Borisa Johnsona [BREXIT Z BLISKA],wyborcza.pl/7,75399,25201123,premier-luksemburga-brutalnie-zadrwil-borisa-johnsona-brexit.html?disableRedirects=true#S.main_topic-K.C-B.1-L.2.duzy, 17 September 2019, wyborcza.pl, pl, 17 September 2019, File:Зустріч Президента України та Прем’єр-міністра Люксембургу в Києві 20.jpg|thumb|left|Xavier Bettel with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in KyivKyivOn 29 February 2020, all of Luxembourg’s public transport became free of charge as a result of the Bettel II government coalition agreement.“Un an de gratuité des transports publics au Luxembourg”, lequotidien.lu (in French), 28 February 2021.

Deputy premiership (2023-)

Bettel was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in the Frieden-Bettel Government, after the coalition lost the 2023 election and only gained 29 seats.WEB, DP gain two seats in Luxembourg elections,www.aldeparty.eu/dp_gain_two_seats_in_luxembourg_elections, 21 January 2024, ALDE Party, en, A new coalition government emerged between the CSV and DP, in which Luc Frieden is the Prime Minister. He is in charge of foreign and European affairs, development cooperation, foreign trade as well as the Greater region.

Personal life

Bettel, who is openly gay,NEWS, Je suis surpris de devenir bourgmestre,www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/--Je-suis-surpris-de-devenir-bourgmestre---13255746, L’essentiel, 11 October 2011, 5 October 2011, has stated that increasingly in Luxembourg “people do not consider the fact of whether someone is gay or not”. Bettel was Luxembourg’s first openly gay Prime Minister. Worldwide, he was the third openly gay head of government following Iceland’s Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (2009–2013) and Belgium’s Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo (2011–2014).“Leo Varadkar, the gay son of an Indian immigrant, to be next Irish PM.” The Guardian. 2 June 2017 Retrieved 3 June 2017. He was one of four openly gay world leaders in office, the other being Ana Brnabić, the Prime Minister of Serbia, Leo Varadkar, the Taoiseach of Ireland, and Edgars RinkÄ“vičs, the President of Latvia.Bettel has been married to Gauthier Destenay since 2015,NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32753014, Luxembourg PM first EU leader to marry same-sex partner, 15 May 2015, BBC News, 30 March 2017, en-GB, the same year that same-sex marriage was introduced in Luxembourg.NEWS,www.wort.lu/en/panorama/xavier-bettel-to-tie-the-knot-luxembourg-prime-minister-engaged-to-be-married-53f59a46b9b3988708058726, Luxembourg Prime Minister engaged to be married, 21 August 2014, Luxemburger Wort, 23 August 2014, 4 May 2017,www.wort.lu/en/panorama/xavier-bettel-to-tie-the-knot-luxembourg-prime-minister-engaged-to-be-married-53f59a46b9b3988708058726," title="web.archive.org/web/20170504034924www.wort.lu/en/panorama/xavier-bettel-to-tie-the-knot-luxembourg-prime-minister-engaged-to-be-married-53f59a46b9b3988708058726,">web.archive.org/web/20170504034924www.wort.lu/en/panorama/xavier-bettel-to-tie-the-knot-luxembourg-prime-minister-engaged-to-be-married-53f59a46b9b3988708058726, dead, NEWS,www.wort.lu/en/panorama/luxembourg-pm-marries-xavier-bettel-and-gauthier-destenay-say-i-do-555600060c88b46a8ce5953c, Xavier Bettel and Gauthier Destenay say ‘I do’, 15 May 2015, Luxemburger Wort, 15 May 2015, 1 February 2017,www.wort.lu/en/panorama/luxembourg-pm-marries-xavier-bettel-and-gauthier-destenay-say-i-do-555600060c88b46a8ce5953c," title="web.archive.org/web/20170201031157www.wort.lu/en/panorama/luxembourg-pm-marries-xavier-bettel-and-gauthier-destenay-say-i-do-555600060c88b46a8ce5953c,">web.archive.org/web/20170201031157www.wort.lu/en/panorama/luxembourg-pm-marries-xavier-bettel-and-gauthier-destenay-say-i-do-555600060c88b46a8ce5953c, dead,

COVID-19 hospitalisation

On 4 July 2021, Bettel was admitted to hospital following a COVID-19 diagnosis on 27 June. The move was initially described as precautionary and for tests. It was reported that he experienced “mild symptoms” such as high temperature and headache.NEWS, Henley, Jon, Luxembourg prime minister admitted to hospital with Covid,www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/04/luxembourg-prime-minister-xavier-bettel-admitted-to-hospital-with-covid, 5 July 2021, The Guardian, 5 July 2021, The following day, it was reported that he was in a “serious but stable” condition and would remain hospitalised.WEB, 5 July 2021, Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel ‘seriously ill’ with COVID-19,bnonews.com/index.php/2021/07/luxembourg-pm-bettel-seriously-ill-with-covid-19/, 5 July 2021, BNO News, en-US, On 7 July 2021, the government said that Bettel would remain hospitalised a “little bit longer” due to low saturation of oxygen in his blood and that he was recovering “little by little”.NEWS, Hennebert, Jean-Michel, Xavier Bettel restera hospitalisé «encore un peu», Xavier Bettel will remain hospitalized “a little longer”,www.wort.lu/fr/luxembourg/infection-au-covid-19-xavier-bettel-restera-hospitalise-encore-un-peu-60e58f41de135b9236b29123, 7 July 2021, Luxemburger Wort, 7 July 2021, French, On 8 July 2021, Bettel was discharged from hospital. It was announced he would resume activities soon via remote work for the rest of his isolation period. Bettel thanked health authorities for the treatment during his hospitalisation period.NEWS, Xavier Bettel quitte l’hôpital, Xavier Bettel leaves the hospital,gouvernement.lu/fr/actualites/toutes_actualites/communiques/2021/07-juillet/08-bettel-covid19.html, 8 July 2021, Government of Luxembourg, 8 July 2021, French, NEWS, AFP, Xavier Bettel leaves hospital after Covid case,today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1751720.html, 8 July 2021, RTL Today, 8 July 2021,

Honours and awards{| class“wikitable” style@text-align:left;”

! colspan=2 | Award or decoration !! rowspan=2 | Country !! rowspan=2 | Date! Ribbon! Name 80px) Order of Civil Merit {{flagdate=March 2021}}80px) Order of Orange-Nassau (Knight Grand Officer) {{flagdate=March 2021}}80px) Order of the Oak Crown (Knight Grand cross) {{flagTITLE=LUXEMBURGER WORT - XAVIER BETTEL HONORé PAR LE GRAND-DUC DATE= 14 JUNE 2014TITLE=LUXEMBURGER WORT - BETTEL RECEIVES GRAND DUCAL ORDER DATE=14 JUNE 2014 ARCHIVE-DATE=27 OCTOBER 2016 URL-STATUS=DEAD, 80px) Legion of Honour (Commander) >France}} 2015{{cn|date=March 2021}}80px) Order of the Crown (Belgium) (Knight Grand Cross) >Belgium}} 2017Remise de la grand-croix de l’ordre de la Couronne à Xavier Bettel par Charles Michel {{Webarchivewww.gouvernement.lu/7573744/24-bettel-grand-croix >date=2 February 2018 }} on www.gouvernement.lu80px) Order of Prince Henry (Grand Cross) {{flagNUMBER=867101030638551041TITLE=DîNER DE GALA AU PALAIS GRAND-DUCAL, /photo/180px) Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Grand Cross) {{flag80px) Order of Orange-Nassau (Knight Grand Cross) {{flagdate=March 2021}}80px) Order of the Republic of Serbia (Grand Cross) {{flagTITLE=Одликовања за заслужне појединце и институције – захвалност онима који се боре за животе грађанаACCESS-DATE=11 NOVEMBER 2020, www.rts.rs, 80px|Order of Makarios III (Cyprus) - ribbon bar)|Order of Makarios III (Grand Cross)Cyprus}}DATE=5 MAY 2022, Shutterstock, 80px|GRE Order of Honour Grand Cross BAR)Order of Honour (Greece)>Order of Honour (Grand Cross)Greece}}ACCESS-DATE=26 JANUARY 2023 LANGUAGE=EN,

Allegations of plagiarism

“In [Bettel’s] thesis at the University of Nancy there is not one correct reference,” wrote Pol Reuter with reference to research by Reporter.lu. The master’s thesis, submitted in 1999, is dedicated to the topic of electoral reform at the European Parliament. Allegedly, only two of the total 56 pages were free of plagiarism. The plagiarism findings are said to have been confirmed by several independent researchers.WEB, Reuter, Pol, 27 October 2021, Der Copy-and-Paste-Premier,www.reporter.lu/luxemburg-plagiatsaffaere-xavier-bettel-der-copy-und-paste-premier/, live,perma-archives.org/warc/20211027121025/https://www.reporter.lu/luxemburg-plagiatsaffaere-xavier-bettel-der-copy-und-paste-premier/, 27 October 2021, 27 October 2021, Reporter.lu, Bettel stated he wrote this thesis with a clear conscience, although “from today’s standpoint, it could have – yes, maybe should have – been done differently.” He also stated he would accept the findings of the University of Lorraine on the matter.WEB, 27 October 2021, ‘Only two pages’ of Luxembourg PM’s university thesis were not plagiarised,www.theguardian.com/education/2021/oct/27/luxembourg-xavier-bettel-university-thesis-was-mostly-plagiarised, 21 April 2022, the Guardian, en,

See also

• Bettel I (2013–2018)
• Bettel II (2018–2023)
• List of openly LGBT heads of government
• List of the first LGBT holders of political offices

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{commons category}}

• www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV" title="web.archive.org/web/20140227094906www.gouvernement.lu/3305444/CV">Luxembourg government official biography

{{Luxembourg Prime Ministers}}{{Bettel II}}{{Frieden-Bettel}}{{Foreign Ministers of the European Union member states}}{{Foreign Ministers of NATO member states}}{{authority control}}