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{{Short description|Section of Jerusalem that came under Israeli control after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War}}{{redirect|W. Jerusalem|the Austrian philosopher|Wilhelm Jerusalem}}{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}{{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=January 2021}}{{use Oxford spelling|date=November 2022}}File:JerusalemEastAndWest.jpg|right|upright=1.15|thumb|Zones of control in Jerusalem between 1948 and 1967 ]]West Jerusalem or Western Jerusalem (, {{Transl|he|ISO|Ma’aráv Yerushaláyim}}; , ) refers to the section of Jerusalem that was controlled by Israel at the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. As the city was divided by the Green Line (Israel’s erstwhile border, established by the 1949 Armistice Agreements), West Jerusalem was formally delineated as the counterpart to East Jerusalem, which was controlled by Jordan.WEB, Key Maps,news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/1967_and_now.stm, 26 April 2013, Jerusalem: Before 1967 and now, BBC News, Though Israel has controlled the entirety of Jerusalem since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the boundaries of West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem remain internationally recognized as due to their significance to the process of determining the status of Jerusalem, which has been among the primary points of contention in the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. With certain exceptions, undivided Jerusalem is not internationally recognized as the sovereign territory of either Israel or the State of Palestine.{{sfn|Dumper|1997|pp=35–36}}BOOK, Moshe Hirsch, Deborah Housen-Couriel, Ruth Lapidot, Whither Jerusalem?: Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem,books.google.com/books?id=NUhGYFwhx-0C&pg=PA15, 28 June 1995, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 978-90-411-0077-1, 15, What, then, is Israel’s status in west Jerusalem? Two main answers have been adduced: (a) Israel has sovereignty in this area; and (b) sovereignty lies with the Palestinian people or is suspended., However, recognition of Israeli sovereignty over only West Jerusalem is more widely accepted as a plausible diplomatic position, as the United Nations regards East Jerusalem as part of the Israeli-occupied West Bank.BOOK, George Bisharat, George, Bisharat, Susan M. Akram, Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, Maximizing Rights, International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace,books.google.com/books?id=LBOsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311, 23 December 2010, Routledge, 978-1-136-85098-1, 311, As we have noted previously the international legal status of Jerusalem is contested and Israel’s designation of it as its capital has not been recognized by the international community. However its claims of sovereign rights to the city are stronger with respect to West Jerusalem than with respect to East Jerusalem.,

History

File:First Town Plan of Jerusalem, 1918, William McLean.jpg|thumb|William McLean’s 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and (East Jerusalem]].Elisha Efrat and Allen G. Noble, Planning Jerusalem, Geographical Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 387-404: “Modern planning began only after the British conquest of Palestine in World War I… In 1918 an engineer from Alexandria, William McLean, was commissioned to draft the first city plan… These provisions… caused the city to develop mainly to the west and southwest because of the restrictions on construction in the Old City and its immediate environs and the desire to retain the eastern skyline… McLean wanted Jerusalem to expand to the north, west, and south, with little development to the east because of climatic and topographical limitations. Thus almost from the onset of British colonial rule, development was encouraged in a generally westward direction, and this bias ultimately produced the initial contrasts that distinguished the eastern and western sectors of the city. McLean also adopted the principle of urban dispersal, and he proposed two main axes, one to the northwest and the other to the southwest of the Old City. His guidelines were repeated in most of the subsequent city plans.”)File:Map illustrating Jewish proposals for Jerusalem Survey of Palestine.jpg|thumb|Map illustrating Jewish proposals for partition of Jerusalem, presented to the 1938 Woodhead CommissionWoodhead Commission

Pre 1948: the Jewish Colony

{{Expand section|date=June 2023}}The earliest Jewish settlements outside the city walls were Mea Shearim and Yemin Moshe.In 1918 William McLean laid out the first civic plan for expansion of Jerusalem westwards and southwards.By the 1920s the Hebrew speaking Jewish community had formed a “Jewish Colony” around the area later known as the Downtown Triangle of Jaffa Road, Ben Yehuda Street and King George Street.Harmsworth’s Universal Encyclopaedia vol. VII: Jerusalem entry includes map with Jewish Colony marked, Amalgamated Press, 1928 edition.

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Prior to the 1948 Palestine war, the area of West Jerusalem included one of the wealthiest Arab communities, numbering some 28,000 people, in the region. By the end of hostilities, only approximately 750 non-Jews remained in the area’s Arab sector, mostly Greeks in the Greek colony neighborhood.{{sfn|Amit|2011|}} Following the war, Jerusalem was divided into two parts: the western portion, from which it is estimated 30,000 Arabs had fled or been evicted, came under Israeli rule, while East Jerusalem came under Jordanian rule{{sfn|Dumper|1997|pp=30-31}} and was populated mainly by Palestinian Muslims and Christians. The Jordanians expelled a Jewish community of some 1,500 from the Old City.BOOK, Tessler, Mark A.,books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1994, Indiana University Press, 978-0-253-20873-6, 329, en, Moshe Salomon, a commander with the Etzioni Brigade’s Moriah Battalion, described the massive looting that took place in the Arab middle-class quarter of Qatamon:“Everyone was swept up, privates and officers alike …. The greed for property encompassed everyone. Every home was scoured and searched, and people found in some cases produce, in others valuable objects. This rapaciousness attacked me as well and I could almost not hold myself back …. It’s hard to imagine the great riches that were found in all the homes …. I got control of myself in time and shackled my desire …. The battalion commander, his deputy, they all failed in this regard.“Benny Morris, ‘Was Israeli looting in ‘48 part of a broader policy to expel Arabs?,’ Haaretz 3 June 2021.After this widespread looting, Israeli institutions managed to gather in around 30,000 books, mostly in Arabic, dealing with Islamic law, Qur’anic exegesis and translations of European literature, together with thousands of works from the holdings of churches and schools. Many were taken from the homes of Palestinian writers and scholars in Qatamon, Bak’a and Musrara.{{sfn|Amit|2011|pp=7, 9}}

Division in 1949

File:PikiWiki Israel 20755 The Palmach.jpg|thumb|Palmach soldiers attack Arab positions at St Symeon (“San Simon“) Monastery in Katamon, Jerusalem, April 1948 (battle reconstruction)]]The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine planned a “corpus separatum” for Jerusalem and its environs as an international city.NEWS, Greenway, H.D.S., Explainer; The 3000 years of battling over Jerusalem,pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/685765341.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+23%2C+1980&author=H.D.S.+Greenway+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=EXPLAINER%3B+%3B+THE+3000+YEARS+OF+BATTLING+OVER+JERUSALEM&pqatl=google, 27 April 2013, Boston Globe, 23 July 1980, JOURNAL, Selzer, Assaf, January 2021, Building the capital: Thoughts, plans, and practice in the process of making West Jerusalem the capital city of the State of Israel, 1948–1967, Kedourie, Helen, Kelly, Saul, Middle Eastern Studies (journal), Middle Eastern Studies, Taylor & Francis, 57, 1, 57–71, 10.1080/00263206.2020.1831472, 227257542, 1743-7881, 0026-3206, 65009869, 875122033, In December 1949, it was officially decided to transfer the institutions of the Government of Israel to Jerusalem.Arabs living in such western Jerusalem neighbourhoods as Katamon or Malha were forced to leave; the same fate befell Jews in the eastern areas, including the Old City of Jerusalem and Silwan. Almost 33% of the land in West Jerusalem in the pre-mandate period had been owned by Palestinians, a fact which made it hard for the evicted Palestinians to accept Israeli control in the West. The Knesset (Israeli Parliament) passed laws to transfer this Arab land to Israeli Jewish organizations.{{sfn|Dumper|1997|pp=35–36}}The only eastern area of the city that remained in Israeli hands throughout the 19 years of Jordanian rule was Mount Scopus, where the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is located, which formed an enclave during that period and therefore is not considered part of East Jerusalem.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Capital of Israel (1950)

Israel established West Jerusalem as its capital in 1950.{{sfn|Dumper|1997|pp=35–36}} The Israeli government needed to invest heavily to create employment, building new government offices, a new university, the Great Synagogue and the Knesset building.{{sfn|Dumper|1997|pp=20–21}} West Jerusalem became covered by the Law and Administrative Ordinance of 1948, subjecting West Jerusalem to Israeli jurisdiction. United States President Donald Trump’s administration announced recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital on 6 December 2017.NEWS, Landler, Mark, Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move, The New York Times, 2017-12-11, 2017-12-06,www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html, On 6 April 2017, Russia officially recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israelarchive.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 On 6 December 2017, the Czech Republic recognized Jerusalem as the capitalwww.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241 On 15 December 2018, Australia officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel’s capital,WEB, 15 December 2018,www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel/, Australia recognizes west Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, CBS News, before withdrawing it again on 17 October 2022.WEB,www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/oct/17/australia-quietly-drops-recognition-of-west-jerusalem-as-capital-of-israel, Australia quietly drops recognition of West Jerusalem as capital of Israel, 17 October 2022, the Guardian, WEB,www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australia-drops-recognition-of-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital-20221017-p5bqic.html, Australia drops recognition of west Jerusalem as Israeli capital, Matthew, Knott, 17 October 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald,

Capture of East Jerusalem (1967)

During the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the eastern side of the city{{sfn|Dumper|1997|p=22}} and the whole West Bank. Over the following years, their control remained tenuous, the international community refusing to recognise their authority and the Israelis themselves not feeling secure.{{sfn|Dumper|1997|p=22}}In 1980, the Israeli government annexed East Jerusalem and reunified the city, but the international community disputed this. The population of Jerusalem has largely remained segregated along the city’s historical east–west division.JOURNAL, Alperovich, Gershon, Joseph Deutsch, Urban structure with two coexisting and almost completely segregated populations: The case of East and West Jerusalem, Regional Science and Urban Economics, April 1996, 26, 2, 171–187, 10.1016/0166-0462(95)02124-8, The larger city contains two populations that are “almost completely economically and politically segregated... each interacting with its separate central business district”, supporting analysis that the city has retained a duocentric, as opposed to the traditional monocentric, structure.

Commercial hubs

{{Expand section|date=June 2023}}Major commercial centres of Jewish West Jerusalem include: the Downtown Triangle,WEB,jerusalem.com/articles/jerusalem/the_jerusalem_triangle-a4166, The Jerusalem Triangle, Jerusalem.com, 5 July 2013, 24 November 2013, 3 December 2013,jerusalem.com/articles/jerusalem/the_jerusalem_triangle-a4166," title="web.archive.org/web/20131203140622jerusalem.com/articles/jerusalem/the_jerusalem_triangle-a4166,">web.archive.org/web/20131203140622jerusalem.com/articles/jerusalem/the_jerusalem_triangle-a4166, dead, Mamilla MallWEB,www.timesofisrael.com/the-jewish-planet/jerusalem/locations/mamilla-mall/, Mamilla Mall: Jerusalem’s upscale outdoor shopping mall, The Times of Israel, 2014, 18 October 2014, WEB,www.collive.com/show_news.rtx?id=27862, Chabad to Light Up Mamilla Mall, 27 November 2013, 16 October 2014, COLLive, and Emek Refaim.Emek Refaim, Israel Inside Out Retrieved June 22, 2023

Leisure facilities

{{Expand section|date=June 2023}}These include Teddy StadiumWEB,www.beitarfc.co.il/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99/, Beitar Jerusalem Official Website, and Cinema City.Cinema City, iTravel Jerusalem, Retrieved June 22, 2023

Religious centres

{{Expand section|date=June 2023}}These include the Jerusalem Great SynagogueWEB,www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/197709, he:רב בית הכנסת הגדול בירושלים הלך לעולמו, Uzi Baruch, 11 December 2009, IsraelNationalNews, 2009-12-12, he, and the Heichal Shlomo.Text of Pope Benedict XVI’s Address to Chief Rabbis of Jerusalem

Mayors of West Jerusalem

• Dov Yosef (military governor) (1948–1949)Archive of Jerusalem’s 1949 wartime governor for sale in U.S, Haaretz
• Daniel Auster (1949–1950)WEB,unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/48F99307DEA1E9DC85256AF5006050D3, Summary record of a meeting between the committee on Jerusalem and Mr. Daniel Auster, Mayor of Jerusalem (Jewish sector), WEB, Former Mayors of Jerusalem 1948–2008,www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/publish/HtmlFiles/1616/results_pub_id=22251.html, City of Jerusalem website, 27 April 2013,
• Zalman Shragai (1951–1952)NEWS, Shlomo Zalman Shragai, 96, a former mayor of Jerusalem and...,articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-09-04/news/1995247011_1_jerusalem-massive-immigration-immigration-department, 27 April 2013, Baltimore Sun, 4 September 1995,
• Yitzhak Kariv (1952–1955)BOOK, Eisenberg, Ronald L., The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, What, Why, 2006, Devora Publishing Company, 978-1-932687-54-5, 217,books.google.com/books?id=yqXXD_74yAEC,
• Gershon Agron (1955–1959)WEB, Biography: Gershon Agron,www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Agron.html, Jewish Virtual Library, 27 April 2013,
• Mordechai Ish-Shalom (1959–1965)NEWS, Mordechai Ish-Shalom, Jerusalem Ex-Mayor, 90,www.nytimes.com/1991/02/23/obituaries/mordechai-ish-shalom-jerusalem-ex-mayor-90.html, 27 April 2013, New York Times, 23 February 1991,
• Teddy Kollek (1965–1993)NEWS, Wilson, Scott, Longtime Mayor of Jerusalem Dies at 95, 2, The Washington Post, 2 January 2007,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010200139.html, 2 January 2007,
• Ehud Olmert (1993–2003)NEWS,www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3876530,00.html, Eli, Senyor, Olmert cited as ‘senior official’ in Holyland affair, Ynetnews.com, 15 April 2010, 2012-02-14,
• Uri Lupolianski (2003–2008)NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2005/07/16/international/middleeast/16lupolianski.html, An Ultra-Orthodox Mayor in an Unorthodox City, Steven, Erlanger, 16 July 2005, The New York Times,
• Nir Barkat (2008–2018)NEWS, Secularist ‘wins Jerusalem vote’, BBC News, 2008-11-11,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7721298.stm,
• Moshe Lion (2018–present)NEWS, Moshe Lion elected Jerusalem Mayor in dramatic finish,en.globes.co.il/en/article-moshe-lion-elected-jerusalem-mayor-in-dramatic-finish-1001260573, 14 November 2018, 24 January 2021, Tal, Schneider, Globes (newspaper), Globes,

See also

• Jerusalem District
• Positions on Jerusalem

Citations

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• JOURNAL, Salvage or Plunder? Israel’s “Collection” of Private Palestinian Libraries in West Jerusalem