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{{Short description|Indian series of supercomputers}}

factoids

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}PARAM is a series of Indian supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune. PARAM means “supreme” in the Sanskrit language, whilst also creating an acronym for “PARAllel Machine”. As of November 2022, the fastest machine in the series is the PARAM Siddhi AI which ranks 163rd in world, with an Rpeak of 5.267 petaflops.WEB, TOP500 List - November 2023 {{!, TOP500 |url=https://www.top500.org/lists/top500/list/2023/11/?page=2 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.top500.org}}

History

{{further|Supercomputing in India}}C-DAC was created in November 1987, originally as the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology (C-DACT). This was in response to issues purchasing supercomputers from foreign sources. The Indian Government decided to try and develop indigenous computing technology.

PARAM 8000

The PARAM 8000 was the first machine in the series and was built from scratch. A prototype was benchmarked at the “1990 Zurich Super-computing Show”:This is likely the CONPAR 90 - VAPP IV, Joint International Conference on Vector and Parallel Processing, which took place in Zurich, Switzerland, 10–13 September 1990. The statement is difficult to fully attest to other than the referenced article. The proceedings of the conference can be found atdoi.org/10.1007/3-540-53065-7 of the machines that ran at the show it came second only to one from the United States.A 64-node machine was delivered in August 1991. Each node used Inmos T800/T805 transputers. A 256-node machine had a theoretical performance of 1GFLOPS, however in practice had a sustained performance of 100-200MFLOPS. PARAM 8000 was a distributed memory MIMD architecture with a reconfigurable interconnection network.The PARAM 8000 was noted to be 28 times more powerful than the Cray X-MP that the government originally requested, for the same $10 million cost quoted for it.

Exports

The computer was a success and was exported to Germany, United Kingdom and Russia.WEB,www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/02/26/stories/102618ma.htm, Only protected usable knowledge can create wealth., Thehindubusinessline.com, 26 February 2001, 10 September 2016, Apart from taking over the home market, PARAM attracted 14 other buyers with its relatively low price tag of $350,000.WEB,www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1993/03/19/cray-deal-a-casualty-of-atomic-weapon-fears/24f11e87-effe-4a2c-8976-d3d844cb4275/, CRAY DEAL A CASUALTY OF ATOMIC WEAPON FEARS, The Washington Post, The computer was also exported to the ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration.WEB,www.cdac.in/html/about/success/moscow.aspx, C-DAC furthering ties with ICAD, Moscow: From PARAM 5ooo to PARAM 10000, Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), 15 September 2011, WEB,www.cdac.in/html/press/1q06/spot563.aspx, Supercomputer being developed at Pune, Bangalore will be ready in 6 months, ...giving India her first indigenous supercomputer in 1991 (PARAM 8000), Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), 15 September 2011, WEB,cdac.in/index.aspx?id=aboutus_digital_india_week, Digital India Week, NEWS,www.thebetterindia.com/82076/india-first-supercomputer-param-cdac-vijay-bhatkar/, The Little Known Story of How India’s First Indigenous Supercomputer Amazed the World in 1991, 13 January 2017, The Better India, en-US,

PARAM 8600

PARAM 8600 was an improvement over PARAM 8000. In 1992 C-DAC realised its machines were underpowered and wished to integrate the newly released Intel i860 processor. Each node was created with one i860 and four Inmos T800 transputers. The same PARAS programming environment was used for both the PARAM 8000 and 8600; this meant that programs were portable. Each 8600 cluster was noted to be as powerful as 4 PARAM 8000 clusters.

PARAM 9000

The PARAM (param vashisht lega) 9000 was designed to be merge cluster processing and massively parallel processing computing workloads. It was first demonstrated in 1994. The design was changed to be modular so that newer processors could be easily accommodated. Typically a system used 32–40 processors, however it could be scaled up to 200 CPUs using the clos network topology. The PARAM 9000/SS was the SuperSPARC II processor variant, the PARAM 9000/US used the UltraSPARC processor, and the PARAM 9000/AA used the DEC Alpha.

PARAM 10000

The PARAM 10000 was unveiled in 1998 as part of C-DAC’s second mission. PARAM 10000 used several independent nodes, each based on the Sun Enterprise 250 server; each such server contained two 400Mhz UltraSPARC II processors. The base configuration had three compute nodes and a server node. The peak speed of this base system was 6.4 GFLOPS.BOOK, Abraham, Baets, Köppen,books.google.com/books?id=xYgCFX6VnT8C&q=param%2010000&pg=PA54, Springer, 2006, Applied soft computing technologies: the challenge of complexity, 54, 15 September 2011, 9783540316626, A typical system would contain 160 CPUs and be capable of 100 GFLOPSBOOK, Ram, B.,books.google.com/books?id=ICjqr6V9S6UC&q=param%20padma&pg=SA1-PA20, New Age International, Computer Fundamentals, Architecture & Organisation, 1–20, 15 September 2011, 9788122420432, December 2009, But, it was easily scalable to the TFLOP range. Exported to Russia and Singapore.WEB,www.rediff.com/computer/1999/sep/28param.htm, Rediff on the Net, Infotech: Exporting speed, 28 September 1999, Rediff.com, 10 September 2016,

Further computers

Further computers were made in the PARAM series as one-off supercomputers, rather than serial production machines. From the late 2010s many machines were created as part of the National Supercomputing Mission.

Supercomputer summary {| class“wikitable sortable“|+PARAM Timeline

! Name! Release Year! Notes! Rmax! Rpeak! Location| PARAM 8000| 1991| Inmos T800 Transputers, Distributed Memory MIMD, 64 processors| | | Multiple| PARAM 8600| 1992| Intel i860, 256 processors| 5 GFLOPS| | Multiple| PARAM 9900| 1994| clos network. SuperSPARC II, UltraSPARC and DEC Alpha variants, 32 to 200 processors| | | Multiple| PARAM 10000| 1998

Sun Enterprise>Sun Enterprise 250, 400Mhz UltraSPARC UltraSPARC II processor, 160 processors| 6.4 GFLOPS| |

| PARAM Padma| 2002

IBM AIX>IBM AIX 5.1L, PARAMNet. PARAM Padma was the first Indian machine ranked on a worldwide supercomputer list.| 1024 GFLOPS| |

| PARAM Yuva| 2008

Tigerton (microprocessor)#Tigerton>Intel 73XX – 2.9 GHz, 25 to 200 TB, PARAMnet 3.		ACCESS-DATE=15 SEPTEMBER 2011, | 54 TFLOPS|

| PARAM Yuva II| 2013

160

0}} - first Indian supercomputer to achieve more than 500 teraflops.C-DAC UNVEILS INDIA’S FASTEST SUPERCOMPUTER>URL=HTTP://ARTICLES.TIMESOFINDIA.INDIATIMES.COM/2013-02-09/INFRASTRUCTURE/37007113_1_PETAFLOP-SUPERCOMPUTER-DAC

URL-STATUS=DEAD

WORK=THE TIMES OF INDIA

ACCESS-DATE=9 FEBRUARY 2013

DATE=8 FEBRUARY 2013, C-DAC UNVEILS INDIA’S FASTEST SUPERCOMPUTER PARAM YUVA II>URL=HTTP://ECONOMICTIMES.INDIATIMES.COM/TECH/HARDWARE/C-DAC-UNVEILS-INDIAS-FASTEST-SUPERCOMPUTER-PARAM-YUVA-II/ARTICLESHOW/18411041.CMS

NEWSPAPER=THE ECONOMIC TIMES, 9 February 2013,

ACCESS-DATE=9 FEBRUARY 2013

DATE=9 FEBRUARY 2013

ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20130213082334/HTTP://WWW.INFORMATIONWEEK.IN/SOFTWARE/13-02-09/C-DAC_LAUNCHES_INDIA_S_FASTEST_SUPERCOMPUTER_BECOMES_FIRST_R_D_INSTITUTION_IN_INDIA_TO_CROSS_500_TERAFLOPS_MILESTONE.ASPX

DF=DMY-ALL, C-DAC REAFFIRMS INDIA’S POSITION ON SUPERCOMPUTING MAP WITH PARAM YUVA - II>URL=HTTP://WWW.CDAC.IN/INDEX.ASPX?ID=PK_PR_PRS_RL210

ACCESS-DATE=9 FEBRUARY 2013, | 524 TFLOPS|

	ACCESS-DATE=26 NOVEMBER 2018, | 2016| | 15 TFLOPS|	National Institute of Technology, Sikkim>National Institute of Technology Sikkim

nsmindia.in/sites/default/files/National%20PARAM%20Supercomputing%20Systems%20-%20Annual%20Report%202021%2029-04-2022.pdf, |||100 TFLOPS||C-DAC Pune

|PARAM Bio-Inferno|||147.5 TFLOPS||C-DAC Pune|PARAM Shrestha|||100 TFLOPS||C-DAC Pune|PARAM Rudra||based on Intel Xeon 2nd Generation Cascade Lake dual socket Processors|138 TFLOPS||C-DAC Pune

nsmindia.in/sites/default/files/NSM-%20AnnualReport-2022-28-v9_master_record.pdf, ||India’s first HPC system that uses the Fujitsu A64fx- NSP1 CPU, an ARM processor with 48 cores and a speed of 1.8 GHz|100 TFLOPS||C-DAC Pune

	URL=HTTPS://INDIANEXPRESS.COM/ARTICLE/EDUCATION/PM-MODI-INAUGURATES-SUPERCOMPUTER-PARAM-SHIVAY-AT-IIT-BHU-5591430/	WEBSITE=THE INDIAN EXPRESS		access-date=2023-01-16 |website=nsmindia.in}}|2019|192 CPU compute nodes, 20 High memory nodes, 11 GPU compute nodes, Cost  Rs 32.5 crore|0.43 PFLOPS|0.84 PFLOPS	IIT (BHU) Varanasi>Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi

	DATE=29 SEPTEMBER 2019, HTTPS://WWW.IISERPUNE.AC.IN/RESEARCH/RESEARCH-FACILITIES> TITLE=IISER PUNE RESEARCH FACILITIES, 27 March 2022, | 2019| 1PB storage| 0.85 PFLOPS| 1.7 PFLOPS| IISER Pune

	WORK=DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2020-12-08, | 2020| Nvidia DGX SuperPOD based networking architecture, HPC-AI engine software frame works and cloud platform from C-DAC| 4.6 PFLOPS| 5.267 PFLOPS	Centre for Development of Advanced Computing>C-DAC Pune

	WEBSITE=INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220403082925/HTTPS://WWW.IITK.AC.IN/NEW/PARAM-SANGANAK	DATE=12 OCTOBER 2020, | 2020||| 1.67 PFLOPS| IIT Kanpur

|PARAM Yukti||||1.8 PFLOPS|JNCASR, Bengaluru

	URL=HTTPS://PARAMUTKARSH.CDAC.IN/, |2021|Based on Intel Cascade Lake processor and NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU with 100 Gbps infiniband non-blocking interconnect|838 TFLOPS||C-DAC Bengaluru

	access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.ciab.res.in}}|2021|||838 TFLOPS|NAIB Mohali

|PARAM Seva|2021|based on heterogeneous and hybrid configuration of Intel Xeon Cascade lake processors, and NVIDIA Tesla V100.||838 TFLOPS|IIT Hydrabad|PARAM Spoorthi|2021|||100 TFLOPS|SETS, Chennai

	Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru

IIT Roorkee

www.hpc.iitkgp.ac.in/HPCF/paramShakti, Inaugurated on 27 March 2022 | 2022|| 850 TFLOPS|1.66 PFLOPS| IIT Kharagpur

	ACCESS-DATE=2023-05-30, www.pib.gov.in, |2022|||838 TFLOPS|IIT Gandhinagar

|PARAM Himalaya|2022|||838 TFLOPS|IIT, Mandi

ACCESS-DATE=2022-10-13, pib.gov.in, | 2022

CUDA cores. It runs on low and high microwave power with active and passive high energy source.2022-10-13

URL=HTTPS://WWW.HINDUSTANTIMES.COM/INDIA-NEWS/PRESIDENT-DROUPADI-MURMU-INAUGURATES-SUPERCOMPUTER-FACILITY-AT-IIT-GUWAHATI-101665672889959.HTML

WEBSITE=HINDUSTAN TIMES

DATE=OCTOBER 11, 2022

url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/president-droupadi-murmu-to-inaugurate-supercomputer-param-kamrupa-at-iit-guwahati-on-october-13/articleshow/94781197.cms

website=The Times of India

ACCESS-DATE=2022-10-14

ACCESS-DATE=2022-10-14, pib.gov.in, |838 TFLOPS|1.5 PFLOPS

Indian Institute of Technology GuwahatiPRESIDENT DROUPADI MURMU INAUGURATES ‘PARAM KAMRUPA’ SUPERCOMPUTER FACILITY AT IIT GUWAHATI

WORK=NEWSONAIR.GOV.IN

ALL INDIA RADIO>ALL INDIA RADIO NEWS

PRASAR BHARATI >DATE=13 OCTOBER 2022,

	ACCESS-DATE=2022-12-24, www.pib.gov.in, |2022	paramporul.nitt.edu/, ||838 TFLOPS|National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

PARAMNet

PARAMNet is a high speed high bandwidth low latency network developed for the PARAM series. The original PARAMNet used an 8 port cascadable non-blocking switch developed by C-DAC. Each port provided 400 Mb/s in both directions (thus 2x400 Mbit/s) as it was a full-duplex network. It was first used in PARAM 10000.PARAMNet II, introduced with PARAM Padma, is capable of 2.5 Gbit/s while working full-duplex. It supports interfaces like Virtual Interface Architecture and Active messages. It uses 8 or 16 port SAN switches.BOOK, Singh, Ashok Kumar,books.google.com/books?id=CzV1MgFH6oMC&q=paramnet&pg=PA217, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, Science And Technology For Civil Service, 216, 15 September 2011, 9780070655485, July 2007, PARAMNet-3, used in PARAM Yuva and PARAM Yuva-II, is next generation high performance networking component for building supercomputing systems. PARAMNet-3 consists of tightly integrated hardware and software components. The hardware components consist of Network Interface Cards (NIC) based on CDAC’s fourth generation communication co-processor “GEMINI”, and modular 48-port Packet Routing Switch “ANVAY”. The software component “KSHIPRA” is a lightweight protocol stack designed to exploit capabilities of hardware and to provide industry standard interfaces to the applications. Other application areas identified for deployment of PARAMNet-3 are storage and database applications.WEB, PARAMNet3,cdac.in/index.aspx?id=hpc_ss_paramnet3, PARAMNet-3, a high performance clusters interconnect developed indigenously by CDAC., 26 November 2018,

Operators

PARAM supercomputers are used by both public and privateNEWS, PARAM Yuva supercomputer now open to private sector,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2906865.stm, Indian Express, With an enhanced storage capacity of 200 TB from 25 TB, a large number of users can use it for data processing and storage at the same time., 26 February 2011, 15 September 2011, operators for various purposes. As of 2008, 52 PARAMs have been deployed. Of these, 8 are located in Russia, Singapore, Germany and Canada.PARAMs have also been sold to Tanzania, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Ghana, Myanmar, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.WEB,www.cdac.in/html/press/3q09/spot687.aspx, C-DAC Press Release: Faster PARAM to take on US supercomputer, 15 September 2011,

See also

• EKA
• SAGA-220, a 220 TeraFLOP supercomputer built by ISRO
• Supercomputing in India
• Wipro Supernova

Notes

{{reflist|group=note}}

References

External links

• www.cdac.in/HTML/parampma.asp" title="web.archive.org/web/20100102081213www.cdac.in/HTML/parampma.asp">PARAM Padma information page from C-DAC website
• National Supercomputing Mission, INDIA