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{{Short description|Monarchs of France}}{{about|French kings beginning with the 843 Treaty of Verdun|kings before 843|List of Frankish kings}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}{{multiple image| perrow = 3| total_width = 272| image1 = Robert Ier roi des Francs.jpg| alt1 = 14th-century sketch of Robert the first, king of West Francia (922 to 923)| image2 = HugoKapet kronika.jpg| alt2 = 13th-century sketch of Hugh Capet, King of the Franks (987 to 996)| image3 = Louis IX of France as depicted in an old miniature by Bernard Gui.jpg| alt3 = 14th-century sketch of Louis IX of France (reigned 1226 to 1270)| image4 = Cleve Francis I of France (detail).jpg| alt4 = Portrait of Francis I, King of France (reigned 1515 to 1547)| image5 = King Henry IV of France.jpg| alt5 = Portrait of Henry IV of France (reigned 1589 to 1610)| image6 = Louis-xiv-lebrunl.jpg| alt6 = painting of Louis XIV, circa 1661 (reigned 1643 to 1715)| image7 = Louis XVI of France.jpg| alt7 = 1774-1776 painting of Louis XVI (reigned 1774 to 1792)| image8 = Portrait of Napoleon I (Lefèvre).jpg| alt8 = Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, ruled as emperor Napoleon I (1804 to 1814, and 1815)| image9 = Napoleon III.jpg| alt9 = Photograph of Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon; reigned 1852 to 1870)

Robert I of France>Robert I, Hugh Capet, Louis IX, Francis I of France

, Henry IV of France>Henry IV, Louis XIV, Louis XVI, Napoleon I, Napoleon III}}(File:Family tree of French monarchs 509–1870.svg|thumb|The family tree of Frankish and French monarchs (509–1870))France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I, king of the Franks ({{Reign|507|511}}), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia, during the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire in the 800s.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=dk7ts3LH6bMC&pg=PA241, Clovis chez les historiens, Librairie Droz, 1996, 9782600055925, Guyotjeannin, Olivier, 241ff, fr, BOOK, Sewell, Elizabeth Missing,books.google.com/books?id=1pZJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48, Popular History of France, Longman, 1876, 48–49, Elizabeth Missing Sewell, Titles {{further|Style of the French sovereign}}{{further|French monarchs family tree (simple)|French monarchs family tree}}The kings used the title “King of the Franks” () until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of “King of France” (Latin: Rex Franciae; French: roi de France) was Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title “King of the Franks” gradually lost ground.BOOK, Aguilera-Barchet, Bruno,books.google.com/books?id=zUsIBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182, A History of Western Public Law, Springer, 2014, 9783319118031, 182, However, Francorum Rex continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II in about 1550; it was also used on coins up to the eighteenth century.BOOK, Potter, David, 2008, Renaissance France at War,books.google.com/books?id=HbfJX2Y1bBkC&pg=PR8, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 9781843834052, viii, During the brief period when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect (1791–1792) and after the July Revolution in 1830, the style “King of the French” (roi des Français) was used instead of “King of France (and Navarre)”. It was a constitutional innovation known as popular monarchy which linked the monarch’s title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory of France.BOOK, Mystifying the Monarch, Amsterdam University Press, 2006, 9789053567678, Deploige, Jeroen, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 182, Deneckere, Gita, With the House of Bonaparte, the title “Emperor of the French” (Empereur des Français) was used in 19th-century France, during the first and second French Empires, between 1804 and 1814, again in 1815, and between 1852 and 1870.BOOK, Histoire de Napoléon III, Pascal, Adrien, 359, Barbier, Paris, France, 1853, From the 14th century down to 1801, the English (and later British) monarch claimed the throne of France, though such claim was purely nominal excepting a short period during the Hundred Years’ War when Henry VI of England had control over most of Northern France, including Paris. By 1453, the English had been mostly expelled from France and Henry’s claim has since been considered illegitimate; French historiography commonly does not recognize Henry VI of England among the kings of France. Frankish kings {{about||earlier rulers|List of Frankish kings}} Carolingian dynasty (843–887) The Carolingians were a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the Merovingian kings. The dynasty is named after one of these mayors of the palace, Charles Martel, whose son Pepin the Short dethroned the Merovingians in 751 and, with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, was crowned King of the Franks.BOOK, Babcock, Philip, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, MA, US, Merriam-Webster, 1993, 341, Under Charles the Great (r. 768–814), better known as “Charlemagne”, the Frankish kingdom expanded deep into Central Europe, conquering Italy and most of modern Germany. He was also crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope, a title that was eventually carried on by the German rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons. His death, however, was followed by a 3-year-long civil war that ended with the Treaty of Verdun, which divided Francia into three kingdoms, one of which (Middle Francia) was short-lived. Modern France developed from West Francia, while East Francia became the Holy Roman Empire and later Germany. By this time, the eastern and western parts of the land had already developed different languages and cultures.BOOK, Reynolds, Susan,archive.org/details/kingdomscommunit0000reyn/page/256/mode/2up, Kingdoms and communities in Western Europe, 900–1300, Clarendon Press, 1984, 978-0-19-821955-2, Oxford, 256–257, BOOK, Scales, Len,books.google.com/books?id=-qICADV-G-EC&pg=PA159, The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414, Cambridge University Press, 2012, 9780521573337, 155–182, {| width=98% class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“22%” |Succession! width=“24%” |Life details

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Charles the Bald>Charles II “the Bald”Louis the Pious and Charlemagne are both enumerated as ”Louis I” and ”Charles I” in the lists of French and German monarchs.

Charles II was crowned emperor on 25 December 875. For later Frankish and German emperors, see Holy Roman Emperor.}} – 6 October 877({{Age in years, months and days

8

877

10}})|Son of Louis the Pious and grandson of Charlemagne; recognized as king after the Treaty of Verdun

Older scholars give his birth as 15 May,{{Sfnm

1p=328

2p=lv

3p=10}} the ides (calendar)

of May. However, ancient sources record his birth as 13 June, the ides of June.Annales S. Benigni Divionensis 824. Monumenta Germaniae Historica>MGH V, 39.}} – 6 October 877(aged 54)King of Aquitaine since 838. Crowned “Holy Roman Emperor

” on Christmas 875. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot

2a1=de Wailly

3a1=Thoison

4a1=McCarty

5a1=EB|5loc=Charles II}}

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Louis the Stammerer>Louis II “the Stammerer”{{Efn|Not to be confused with Louis II the German, son of Louis the Pious and king of East Francia (Germany). Both French and German monarchs saw themselves as the successors of Charlemagne, hence why many rulers share the same regnal name.}}

Louis II was crowned on 8 December 877.{{sfn

1995

877

6

4|10}})|Son of Charles the Bald

King of Aquitaine since 867. Died of natural causes.{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot

2a1=de Wailly

3a1=Thoison

4a1=McCarty

5a1=EB|5loc=Louis II}}

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Louis III of France>Louis III

Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.{{sfn

1995

879

10

8|5}})|Son of Louis the Stammerer

Scholars give his death as either 3,{{Sfnm

1p=189

2p=10}} 4,{{sfn

p=lviii}} or 10 August,{{sfn

p=327}} but ancient sources clearly indicates 5 August.Annales Vedastini 882. “Nones (calendar)

“}}(aged 19)Ruled the North; died after hitting his head with a lintel while riding his horse.{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot

2a1=Thoison

3a1=McCarty

4a1=Dutton

4p=227

EB>5loc=Louis III}}

110px)|Carloman II

Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.{{sfn

1995

879

10

12|6}})|Son of Louis the Stammerer

Some modern sources give his death as “12 December”, but this is a mistake.Annales Vedastini. 884. “...he survived seven more days, and died in the same place... in December, about 18 years of age.”Obituaires de la province de Sens I, p. 351. “Ides (calendar)

[6 December].“Annales S. Benigni Divionensis 884. “Nones (calendar)>Non. Decemb. [5 December]”.}}(aged 18)Ruled the South; died after being accidentally stabbed by his servant.{{Sfnm

1p=lviii

2p=189

3y=1994

4a1=EB|4loc=Carloman}}

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Charles the Fat>Charles (III) “the Fat”{{efn

Charles the Fat was initially king of East Francia (Germany) and Holy Roman Emperor. Given that he was the third emperor with that name, he is also known as Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor>Charles III. He must not to be confused with Charles the Simple, who is also enumerated as ‘’’Charles III of France

’’’. This discrepancy originates from the regnal number adopted by Charles V of France>Charles V, the first French king to assume one.{{sfn

2007|p=79}}}}

Charles the Fat was most likely crowned on 20 May 885.{{sfn

2003|p=126}} He was already king of East Francia since 28 August 876. He was also crowned emperor on 12 February 881.{{Citation

first= Theodor

work= Neue Deutsche Biographie

date=1977

url=www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118630938.html#ndbcontent |language=de}}}} – 11 November 887{{efn|This is the most accepted and cited date, although it is not entirely confirmed.{{sfn|MacLean|2003|p=194}}}}({{Age in years, months and days|884|12|6|887|11|11}})

Louis II the German, king of East Francia, and grandson of Louis the Pious>Louis I

In older sources his birth was dated to 832, but nowadays 839 is the accepted date.{{sfn

2003

King of East Francia since 876; crowned Holy Roman Emperor>Emperor in 881. Last ruler to control all Frankish territories. Deposed by the nobility, later dying of natural causes{{Sfnm

1p=lv

2p=10

3p=329

EB>4loc=Charles III}}

Robertian dynasty (888–898)

{| width=98% class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“22%” |Succession! width=“24%” |Life details110px)Odo of France>OdoEudes or OdonOdo was crowned on 29 February 888 and then again on 13 November.{{sfn1995888291|13}})| Son of Robert the Strong; elected king by the French nobles following the deposition of Charles. Initially rivaled by Guy III of Spoleto and Ranulf II of AquitaineOdo’s death is universally given as 1 January, as given by a late 13th century chronicle,Annales S. Benigni Divionensis 899. Monumenta Germaniae Historica V, 40. but the earliest source on the matter, from the early 11th century, records his death as 3 January.Annales Prumienses 898. Monumenta Germaniae Historica>MGH XV(2), 1292. Another source, from the 13th century, records his death as 2 January.Obituaires de la province de Sens I, p. 343.}}(aged approx. 40)Defended Paris from the Vikings; died of natural causes{{Sfnm1p=lix2p=103p=329EB>4loc=Eudes}}

Carolingian dynasty (898–922) {| class“wikitable” width“98%” style@text-align:center;”

! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“22%” |Succession! width=“24%” |Life details110px)Charles the Simple>Charles III “the Simple”Charles III was crowned on 28 January 893, in opposition to Odo.{{efnname=nr}}}} – 29 June 922({{Age in years, months and days192229}})Louis II the Stammerer; proclaimed king in opposition to Odo of France>Odo in January 893Herbert II, Count of Vermandois. Died in captivity{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=de Wailly3a1=Thoison4a1=McCarty5a1=EB|5loc=Charles III}}

Robertian dynasty (922–923) {| width98% class“wikitable” style@text-align:center;”

! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“22%” |Succession! width=“24%” |Life details90px)Robert I of France>Robert IRobert I was crowned on 30 June 922.{{sfn1976922296|15}})| Son of Robert the Strong and younger brother of OdoBattle of Soissons (923)>Battle of Soissons against Charles the Simple. Sole king to die in battle{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=de Wailly3a1=Thoison4a1=McCarty5a1=EB|5loc=Eudes}}

Bosonid dynasty (923–936)

{| class=“wikitable” width=“98%” style="text-align:center;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“22%” |Succession! width=“24%” |Life details110px)Rudolph of France>RudolphRodolphe or RaoulRudolph was crowned on 13 July 923.{{efnname=nr}}}}– 14 January 936({{Age in years, months and days693614}})| Son of Richard, Duke of Burgundy and son-in-law of Robert IDuke of Burgundy since 921. Died of illness after a reign of constant civil war and viking raids. Lost Lotharingia (Lorraine) to Henry I of Germany{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=de Wailly3a1=Thoison4a1=McCarty5a1=EB|5loc=Rudolf}}

Carolingian dynasty (936–987) {| width98% class“wikitable” style@text-align:center;”

! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“22%” |Succession! width=“24%” |Life details110px)Louis IV of France>Louis IV “from Overseas”Louis IV was crowned on 19 June 936, following a brief interregnum after the death of Rudolph.}} – 10 September 954({{Age in years, months and days695410}})Charles the Simple, recalled to France after being exiled to Kingdom of England>EnglandList of horse accidents>falling off his horse{{Sfnm1p=lxi2p=103p=329EB>4loc=Louis IV}}110px)Lothair of France>LothairLothaireLothair was crowned on 12 November 954.}} – 2 March 986({{Age in years, months and days99862}})|Son of Louis IV1a1=Peignot2a1=de Wailly3a1=Thoison4a1=McCarty5a1=EB|5loc=Lothar}}110px)Louis V of France>Louis V “the Do-Nothing”Louis V was crowned on 8 June 979.}} – 22 May 987({{Age in years, months and days398722}})|Son of LothairSome scholars give his death as 21 May, but contemporary sources give 22 May.RICHER> AUTHOR-LINK= RICHERUS URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=OBROYTRTZK0C&PG=PA147DATE=1845LANGUAGE=FR VOLUME= IV, }}(aged 20)Died in a hunting accident{{Sfnm1pp=lxii–lxiii2p=103p=329EB>4loc=www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-V" title="www.britannica.com/biographywww.britannica.com/biography/Louis-V">Louis V}}

Capetian dynasty (987–1792)

The Capetian dynasty is named for Hugh Capet, a Robertian who served as Duke of the Franks and was elected King in 987. Except for the Bonaparte-led Empires, every monarch of France was a male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son until the 14th century, a period known as Direct Capetian rule. Afterwards, it passed to the House of Valois, a cadet branch that descended from Philip III. The Valois claim was disputed by Edward III, the Plantagenet king of England who claimed himself as the rightful king of France through his French mother Isabella. The two houses fought the Hundred Years’ War over the issue, and with Henry VI of England being for a time partially recognized as King of France. The Valois line died out in the late 16th century, during the French Wars of Religion, to be replaced by the distantly related House of Bourbon, which descended through the Direct Capetian Louis IX. The Bourbons ruled France until deposed in the French Revolution, though they were restored to the throne after the fall of Napoleon. The last Capetian to rule was Louis Philippe I, king of the July Monarchy (1830–1848), a member of the cadet House of Bourbon-Orléans.

House of Capet (987–1328)

The House of Capet are also commonly known as the “Direct Capetians”.{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“|+! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)Hugh Capet>Hugh “Capet”’’Hugues{{efnlatin: Cappetus) was not actually a name, but a nickname adopted by later historians. It probably derived from chappe, an ecclesiastical mantle wore at the Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours.{{sfn>Bodinp=43}}}}’’Hugh was elected and crowned king on 1 June 987, in Noyon. He was crowned again on 3 July in Paris by the archbishop of Reims. The latter date is usually regarded as the “official” start of the Capetian dynasty.{{sfn1891}}}} – 24 October 996({{Age in years, months and days699624}})Hugh the Great and grandson of Robert I of France>Robert I{{efnCharlemagne’s sons Louis the Pious and Pepin of Italy through his mother and paternal grandmother, respectively, and was also a nephew of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.{{sfn>Alcanpp=254–261}}}}Duke of the Franks since 956. Died of natural causes.{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Hugh}}110px)Robert II of France>Robert II “the Pious”Robert II was crowned on 30 December 987.{{sfn1891}}}} – 20 July 1031({{Age in years, months and days10103120}})|Only son of Hugh Capetexcommunicated by the Catholic Church. Incorporated the Duchy of Burgundy{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Robert II}}Hughes(junior king)Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are not traditionally listed as kings of France and are not given ordinals.19 June 1017 – 17 September 1025(under Robert II)Son of Robert II{{Circa}} 1007 – 17 September 1025(aged approx. 18){{Sfnp=17}}110px)Henry I of France>Henry IHenriHenry I was crowned on 14 May 1027.}} – 4 August 1060({{Age in years, months and days710604}})|Son of Robert II1a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Henry I}}110px)Philip I of France>Philip I “the Amorous”PhilippePhilip I was crowned on 23 May 1059.}} – 29 July 1108({{Age in years, months and days8110829}})|Son of Henry IAnne of Kiev and Baldwin V, Count of Flanders>Count Baldwin V until 1066{{Sfnm1p=1902p=4EB>3loc=Philip I}}110px)Louis VI of France>Louis VI “the Fat”Louis VI was crowned on 3 August 1108.}} – 1 August 1137({{Age in years, months and days711371}})|Son of Philip IAnglo-French Wars>war against the English{{Sfnm1p=29–322p=5EB>3loc=Louis VI}}Philippe(junior king)14 April 1129 – 13 October 1131(under Louis VI)Son of Louis VI29 August 1116 – 13 October 1131 (aged 15){{Sfnp=29}}110px)Louis VII of France>Louis VII “the Young”Louis VII was crowned as a child on 25 October 1131, and again on 25 December 1137 alongside Eleanor of Aquitaine.}} – 18 September 1180({{Age in years, months and days8118018}})|Son of Louis VIHenry II of England and his military campaigns during the Second Crusade{{Sfnm>1a1=Thoison2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Louis VII}}110x110px)Philip II of France>Philip II “Augustus” Philippe Auguste(File:Arms of the Kingdom of France (Ancien).svg|75px)Philip II was crowned on 1 November 1179.}}– 14 July 1223({{Age in years, months and days9122314}})|Son of Louis VIIKing of France“{{Sfnm>1a1=Thoison2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Philip II}}110px)Louis VIII of France>Louis VIII “the Lion”Louis VIII was crowned on 6 August 1223.}}– 8 November 1226({{Age in years, months and days712268}})|Son of Philip IIFirst Barons’ War>Proclaimed king of England in 1216, after which he led an unsuccessful invasion{{Sfnm1p=1902p=10EB>3loc=Louis VIII}}110px)Louis IX of France>Louis IX “the Saint”Louis IX was crowned on 29 November 1226.}}– 25 August 1270({{Age in years, months and days11127025}})|Son of Louis VIIIBlanche of Castile until 1234. Died during the 8th Crusade; only king to be venerated by the Catholic Church{{Sfnm>1a1=Thoison2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Louis IX}}110px)Philip III of France>Philip III “the Bold” PhilippePhilip III was crowned on 30 August 1271.}}– 5 October 1285({{Age in years, months and days812855}})|Son of Louis IX1a1=Thoison2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Philip III}}110px)Philip IV of France>Philip IV “the Fair”Philippe(File:Arms of the Kingdom of France & Navarre (Ancien).svg|75px)Philip IV was crowned on 6 January 1286.}} – 29 November 1314({{Age in years, months and days10131429}})|Son of Philip IIIKing of Navarre (as Philip I) since 16 August 1284, following his marriage with Joan I of Navarre>Joan I. Remembered for his Avignon Papacy and his consolidation of royal power, which helped to reduce the influence of feudal lords{{Sfnm>1a1=Thoison2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Philip IV}}110px)Louis X of France>Louis X “the Quarreller”Louis X was crowned on 24 August 1315.}}– 5 June 1316({{Age in years, months and days1113165}})|Son of Philip IVKing of Navarre (as Louis I) since 2 April 1305. His short reign was marked by conflicts with the nobility{{Sfnm>1a1=McCarty2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Philip IV}}110px)John I of France>John I “the Posthumous” Jean|15–19 November 1316(4 days)|Posthumous son of Louis XChild mortality>four days he lived; youngest and shortest undisputed monarch in French history{{efnGuillaume de Nangis.Hercule Géraud (1843) Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis, de 1113 à 1300. pp. 430–431. The Chronique Parisienne Anonyme de 1316 à 1339 gives 13 and 18 November.Amedée Hellot (1884). Chronique parisienne anonyme du XIVe siècle. p. 26. Modern sources often give his lifespan as 15–20 November.{{Sfnm>1a1=Humphreys2a1=EB|2loc=John I (“19/20 November“)}}}}110px)Philip V of France>Philip V “the Tall”PhilippePhilip V was crowned on 9 January 1317.{{efnHumphreysJacksonloc=Vol II, p. 376}}}}}}– 3 January 1322({{Age in years, months and days1113223}})|Son of Philip IV and uncle of John IKing of Navarre as Philip II.Died without a male heir{{Sfnm>1a1=Thoison2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Philip V}}110px)Charles IV of France>Charles IV “the Fair”Charles IV was crowned on 21 February 1322.}}– 1 February 1328({{Age in years, months and days113281}})|Son of Philip IV and younger brother of Philip VKing of Navarre as Charles I. Died without a male heir, ending the direct line of Capetians{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Charles IV}}

House of Valois (1328–1589)

The death of Charles IV started the Hundred Years’ War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, whose claim was taken up by the cadet branch known as the House of Lancaster, over control of the French throne. The Valois claimed the right to the succession by male-only primogeniture through the ancient Salic Law, having the closest all-male line of descent from a recent French king. They were descended from the third son of Philip III, Charles, Count of Valois. The Plantagenets based their claim on being closer to a more recent French king, Edward III of England being a grandson of Philip IV through his mother, Isabella. The two houses fought the Hundred Years War to enforce their claims. The Valois were ultimately successful, and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. One Plantagenet, Henry VI of England, enjoyed de jure control of the French throne following the Treaty of Troyes, which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line ruled France until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion. As Navarre did not have a tradition of male-only primogeniture, the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from the French with Joan II, a daughter of Louis X.{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)Philip VI of France>Philip VI “the Fortunate”Philippe(File:Arms of the Kingdom of France (Ancien).svg|75px)Philip VI was crowned on 29 May 1328.}} – 22 August 1350({{Age in years, months and days4135022}})Charles, Count of Valois, grandson of Philip III of France>Philip III and cousin of Charles IVSuccession to the French throne#The succession in 1328>a succession dispute, which led to the Hundred Years’ War.{{Sfnm1pp=91–962p=19EB>3loc=Philip VI}}110px)John II of France>John II “the Good” JeanJohn II was crowned on 26 September 1350.}} – 8 April 1364({{Age in years, months and days813648}})|Son of Philip VISources give his birth date as 6, 16, 20 or 26 April.}} – 8 April 1364(aged 45)Captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers (1356); forced to sign a series of humiliating treaties{{Sfnm2a1=Humphreys3a1=EBJohn II>1p=96}}110px)Charles V of France>Charles V “the Wise”80px)Charles V was crowned on 19 May 1364.}}– 16 September 1380({{Age in years, months and days4138016}})Dauphin of France>Dauphin on 16 July 13491a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Henry I}}110px)Charles VI of France>Charles VI “the Mad” “the Beloved”80px)Charles VI was crowned on 4 November 1380.}}– 21 October 1422({{Age in years, months and days9142221}})|Son of Charles V1a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Charles VI}}(File:Henry VI of England, Shrewsbury book.jpg|110px)Henry VI of England(claimant)(File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg|80px)21 October 1422{{Efn-lrNotre-Dame de Paris.}}–19 October 1453{{Efn>This is the date in which the last English holdout was expelled by the French, with the exception of Calais.}}(disputed; 31 years)Maternal grandson of Charles VI, recognized as heir after the Treaty of Troyes of 21 May 14206 December 1421 – 21 May 1471(aged 49)List of English monarchs since 1 September 1422. Ruled under Regency government, 1422–1437>several regencies until 1437{{Sfnm1y=19932a1=Bradford2pp=621–625EB>3loc=Henry VI}}110px)Charles VII of France>Charles VII “the Victorious” “the Well-Served”80px)Charles VII was crowned on 17 July 1429.}} – 22 July 1461({{Age in years, months and days10146122}})Dauphin of France>Dauphin in April 14171a1=Peignot2a1=HumphreysEB>3loc=Frances I|2p=23}}110px)Louis XI>Louis XI “the Prudent” “the Universal Spider”80px)Louis XI was crowned on 15 August 1461.}} – 30 August 1483({{Age in years, months and days7148330}})|Son of Charles VII1a1=Peignot2a1=HumphreysEB>3loc=Louis XI|2p=25}}110px)Charles VIII of France>Charles VIII “the Affable”80px)Charles VIII was crowned on 30 May 1484.}} – 7 April 1498({{Age in years, months and days814987}})|Son of Louis XIAnne of France>Anne until 1491. Started the long and unsuccessful Italian Wars. Died after hitting his head with a lintel{{Sfnm1p=1432p=273y=20074a1=EB|4loc=Charles VII}}

House of Valois-Orléans (1498–1515) {| class“wikitable” style@text-align:center; width:100%;”

! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)Louis XII>Louis XII “Father of the People”80px)Louis XII was crowned on 27 May 1498.}} – 1 January 1515({{Age in years, months and days415151}})|Great-grandson of Charles V. Second cousin, and by first marriage son-in-law, of Louis XIKingdom of Naples and the Duchy of Milan{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=Knecht3p=112EB>4loc=Louis XII}}

House of Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589) {| class“wikitable” style@text-align:center; width:100%;”

! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)Francis I of France>Francis I “the Father of Letters” François(File:Lesser Coat of Arms of France 1515-1574.svg|80px)Francis I was crowned on 25 January 1515.}} – 31 March 1547({{Age in years, months and days1154731}})|Great-great-grandson of Charles V. First cousin once removed, and by first marriage son-in-law, of Louis XIIFrench Renaissance>Renaissance patron of the arts and scholarship. Died of a fever{{Sfnm1p=1572p=303y=20074a1=EB|4loc=Francis I}}110px)Henry II of France>Henry II HenriHenry II was crowned on 26 July 1547.}} – 10 July 1559({{Age in years, months and days3155910}})Dauphin of France>Dauphin in August 1536Italian Wars. Died after being accidentally stabbed in a Jousting tournament{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=HumphreysEB>2p=33|3loc=Henry II}}110px)Francis II of France>Francis II FrançoisFrancis II was crowned on 18 September 1559.}} – 5 December 1560({{Age in years, months and days715605}})|Son of Henry IIKing consort of Scotland since 24 April 1558. A weak and sick boy, he remained under the regency of the House of Guise until his premature death{{Sfnm>1a1=Curry1pp=103–1222p=35EB>3loc=Francis II}}110px)Charles IX of France>Charles IXCharles IX was crowned on 15 May 1561.}} – 30 May 1574({{Age in years, months and days12157430}})|Younger brother of Francis IICatherine de’ Medici>Catherine until 1563, but remained under her influence until his death. The Wars of Religion began under his reign (1562). Best remembered for the Massacre of Vassy{{Sfnm1p=1792p=36EB>3loc=Charles IX}}110px)Henry III of France>Henry IIIHenri80px)Henry III was crowned on 13 February 1575.}} – 2 August 1589({{Age in years, months and days515892}})|Younger brother of Francis II and Charles IXPoland–Lithuania.{{efn>Henry III was elected on 5 May 1573.{{sfn2016Knechtp=76}} but he was declared deposed soon after, on 12 May.{{sfn2016French Wars of Religion>Wars of Religion, which eventually led to his Jacques Clément{{Sfnm>1a1=Peignot2a1=Humphreys3a1=EB|3loc=Henry III}}

House of Bourbon (1589–1792)

The Valois line looked strong on the death of Henry II, who left four male heirs. His first son, Francis II, died in his minority. His second son, Charles IX, had no legitimate sons to inherit. Following the premature death of his fourth son Hercule François and the assassination of his third son, the childless Henry III, France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne. The best claimant, King Henry III of Navarre, was a Protestant, and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility. Ultimately, after winning numerous battles in defence of his claim, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowned as King Henry IV, founding the House of Bourbon. This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch, as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars. The House of Bourbon was overthrown during the French Revolution and replaced by a short-lived republic.{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details(File:Château de Beauregard - Cardinal Charles de Bourbon (1523-1590).jpg|110px)Charles X(claimant)(File:Coat of Arms of Charles de Bourbon, archbishop of Rouen.svg|80px)2 August 1589 – 9 May 1590(disputed; {{Age in years, months and days815909}}) 7x great-grandson of Louis IX. Proclaimed king by the Catholic League in opposition to Henry of Navarre22 December 1523 – 9 May 1590(aged 66)----Imprisoned by Henry III on 23 December 1588; remained his entire “reign” in captivity. Died of natural causes{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=203|2a1=Wellman|2p=83; Treccani, Carlo}}110px)Henry IV of France>Henry IV “the Great” “the Good King”Henri(File:Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France & Navarre (1).svg|80px)Henry IV was crowned on 27 February 1594.}} – 14 May 1610({{Age in years, months and days8161014}})Louis IX; also nephew of Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon>Charles (X) and by first marriage son-in-law of Henry II. Proclaimed king on Henry III’s deathbed|13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610(aged 56)----King of Lower Navarre (as Henry III) since 10 June 1572. Killed in Paris on 14 May 1610 by Catholic fanatic François Ravaillac.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=195|2a1=Humphreys|2p=39|3a1=EB|3loc=Henry IV}}110px)Louis XIII>Louis XIII “the Just”Louis XIII was crowned on 17 October 1610.}} – 14 May 1643(33 years)|Son of Henry IV|27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643(aged 41)----Last King of Lower Navarre (as Louis II).{{Efn|Lower Navarre was integrated into France during his reign.}} Died of natural causes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=205|2a1=Humphreys|2p=42|3a1=EB|3loc=Louis XIII}}110px)Louis XIV>Louis XIV “the Great” “the Sun King”Louis XIV was crowned on 7 June 1654.}} – 1 September 1715({{Age in years, months and days517151}})|Son of Louis XIII|5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715(aged 76)----Ruled under the regency of his mother Anne of Austria until 1651. Longest reigning sovereign monarch in history{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=216|2a1=Humphreys|2p=43|3a1=EB|3loc=Louis XIV}}110px)Louis XV>Louis XV “the Beloved”Louis XV was crowned on 25 October 1722.}} – 10 May 1774({{Age in years, months and days9177410}})|Great-grandson of Louis XIV|15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774(aged 64)----Ruled under the regency of Philippe II, Duke of Bourbon-Orléans, until 1723{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=238|2a1=Humphreys|2p=47|3a1=EB|3loc=Louis XV}}110px)|Louis XVILouis XVI was crowned on 11 June 1775.}} – 21 September 1792Louis XVI’s powers as king became obsolete following the March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, after which he became a hostage of the revolutionary forces.({{Age in years, months and days5179221}})|Grandson of Louis XV|23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793(aged 38)----Forced to install a constitutional monarchy after 1789. Formally deposed following the proclamation of the First Republic, executed in public{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=253|2a1=Humphreys|2p=51|3a1=EB|3loc=Louis XVI}}(File:Louis Charles of France5.jpg|110px)Louis XVII(claimant)21 January 1793 – 8 June 1795({{Age in years, months and days117958}}; disputed)Son of Louis XVI; named Dauphin on 4 June 178927 March 1785 – 8 June 1795(aged 10)----Imprisoned by the revolutionary forces on 13 August 1792. Remained his entire “reign” in captivity{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=260|2a1=EB|2p=Louis (XVII)}}

Long 19th-century (1792–1870)

{{See also|France in the long nineteenth century}}The period known as the “long nineteenth century” was a tumultuous time in French politics. The period is generally considered to have begun with the French Revolution, which deposed and then executed Louis XVI. Royalists continued to recognize his son, the putative king Louis XVII, as ruler of France. Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution and died in captivity having never ruled. The republican government went through several changes in form and constitution until France was declared an empire, following the ascension of the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon was overthrown twice following military defeats during the Napoleonic Wars. After the Napoleonic period followed two different royal governments, the Bourbon Restoration, which was ruled successively by two younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the July Monarchy, ruled by Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin who claimed descent from Louis XIII. The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief Second Republic that lasted four years, before its President declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, who was deposed and replaced by the Third Republic, and ending monarchic rule in France for good.

House of Bonaparte, First French Empire (1804–1814)

{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)|Napoleon I(File:Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg|80px)Napoleon I was Coronation of Napoleon on 2 December 1804.}} – 2 April 1814{{Efn>The ‘’Sénat conservateur proclaimed the deposition in absentia of Napoleon on 2 April, which was followed by the Corps législatif’’ on 3 April. Napoleon wrote an act of abdication on 4 April renouncing the throne in favour of his son. However, this was not accepted by the Coalition, so he wrote an unconditional abdication on 6 April renouncing his rights and that of his family.VIAL DATE=2014 URL=HTTP://WWW.CAIRN.INFO/REVUE-NAPOLEONICA-LA-REVUE-2014-1-PAGE-3.HTM LANGUAGE=FR ISSUE=1 DOI=10.3917/NAPO.141.00031804184|2}})French Consulate>First Consul of the French Republic following the coup d’etat of 19 November 1799; self-proclaimed Emperor of the French|15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821(aged 51)----Conquered most of Europe in a series of successful wars; remembered as one of the greatest military commanders in history. Deposed in absentia and forced to abdicate, then exiled to the island of Elba{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=261|2a1=EB|2p=Napoleon I}}(File:Portrait of Napoléon II attributed to Johann Peter Krafft.png|110px)Napoleon II(claimant)4 – 6 April 1814(2 days; disputed)Son of Napoleon I20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832(aged 21)----Unrecognized by the Coalition and the Senate, only named emperor in Napoleon’s will.

House of Bourbon (1814–1815)

{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)Louis XVIII>Louis XVIII “the Desired”80px)Louis XVIII decided not to have a coronation.}} – 20 March 1815(1st time; {{Age in years, months and days5181520}})|Younger brother of Louis XVI; proclaimed king in June 1795. Had his dynasty restored to the throne with the help of other European royal houses, which had dethroned Napoleon|17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824(aged 68)----Fled France on 21 June 1791, during the Flight to Varennes, and again in March 1815, after the return of Napoleon{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=262|2a1=EB|2p=Louis XVIII}}

House of Bonaparte, Hundred Days (1815)

{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“24%” |Reign! width=“18%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)|Napoleon I(File:Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg|80px)|20 March – 22 June 1815(94 days)|Restored as Emperor of the French by the French Army following his escape from the island of Elba|15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821(aged 51)----Abdicated in favour of his son following his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Exiled to the island of Saint Helena, where he later died of a stomach illness{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=261|2a1=EB|2p=Napoleon I}}(File:Portrait of Napoléon II attributed to Johann Peter Krafft.png|110px)Napoleon II(claimant)22 June – 7 July 1815(15 days; disputed)Son of Napoleon I20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832(aged 21)----Unrecognized by the Coalition; remained his entire “reign” hidden in Austria, with his mother Marie Louise. Died of tuberculosis several years later{{Sfnm|1a1=EB|1loc=Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte}}WEB, France: Commission of Government: 1815 - Archontology,www.archontology.org/nations/france/france_state1/01_commission_govt_1815.php, 2023-12-09, www.archontology.org,

Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)

{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“25%” |Reign! width=“17%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)Louis XVIII>Louis XVIII “the Desired”(File:Coat of Arms of the Bourbon Restoration (1815-30).svg|78px)181589|16}})|Younger brother of Louis XVI; restored to the throne. |17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824(aged 68)----Attempted to rule under a constitutional monarchy. Last French monarch to die while still reigning{{Sfnm|1a1=Peignot|1p=262|2a1=EB|2p=Louis XVIII}}110px)Charles X of France>Charles XCharles X was crowned on 29 May 1825, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the old monarchical traditions.}}– 2 August 1830({{Age in years, months and days918302}})|Younger brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII|9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836(aged 79)----Leader of the Ultra-royalists; attempted to return to the Ancient Regime. Abdicated in favour of his grandson Henry after the July Revolution.{{Sfn|EB||loc=Charles X}}(File:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême.jpg|110px)Louis XIX (?)(claimant)2 August 1830(20 minutes; disputed)Son of Charles X6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844(aged 68)----Allegedly king for 20 minutes;{{efn|Although claimed as the shortest reigning monarch by the Guinness World Records,WEB, Shortest reign of a monarch,www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/shortest-reign-of-a-monarch/, 2023-02-10, Guinness World Records, en-gb, this claim appears to be unsustained.JOURNAL, Pinoteau, Hervé, Hervé Pinoteau, 1982, Notes de vexillologie royale française,books.google.com/books?id=JtZ_XZOxAnMC&pg=PA362, Hidalguía, Madrid, 361–362, 172–173, The exact circumstances of his “abdication” are unknown, as it was announced in a document firmed by both Charles X and Louis, who is only called Dauphin. He is said to have been “king” between his father’s signature and his own, as he (allegedly) initially refused to sign the document.}} later legitimist pretender to the throne.{{Sfnm|1a1=Castelot|1y=1988|1p=454|2a1=Blanc|2y=1848|2p=214}}(File:Portrait, The Duke of Bordeaux, Dubois-Drahonet.jpg|156x156px)Henry V(claimant)2–9 August 1830(7 days; disputed)Grandson of Charles X29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883(aged 62)----Later legitimist pretender to the throne. Died in exile several years later{{Sfn|EB|loc=Henri Dieudonné}}

House of Bourbon-Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848)

The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X and replaced him with Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X’s son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute argument with his father. Because he was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of France. Louis’s nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V, but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled. Charles X named Louis Philippe as Lieutenant général du royaume, a regent to the young Henry V, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the French Parliament at the time, the French equivalent at the time of the UK House of Commons. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, and because the French parliamentarians were aware of his liberal policies and of his popularity at the time with the French population, they proclaimed Louis Philippe as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the House of Bourbon. {| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“25%” |Reign! width=“17%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)Louis Philippe I>Louis Philippe I “the Citizen King”(File:Coat of Arms of the July Monarchy (1830-31).svg|78px)Louis Philippe I decided not to have a coronation.}}– 24 February 1848({{Age in years, months and days8184824}})Louis XIII and distant cousin of Charles X of France>Charles X; proclaimed king by the Chamber of Deputies after the abdication of Charles X during the July Revolution|6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850(aged 76)----Styled as King of the French. Formally deposed following the proclamation of the Second Republic. Abdicated in favour of his grandson{{Sfnm|1a1=Brownell|1p=120|2a1=EB|2p=Louis Philippe}}(File:Louis-Philippe II when he was a child.jpg|110px)Louis Philippe II(claimant)24–26 February 1848(2 days; disputed)Grandson of Louis-Philippe24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894(aged 56)---- Chosen by Louis Philippe I to be his successor, however the National Assembly refused to recognize him as king and proclaimed the Second Republic. Later Orléanist pretender to the throne.{{Sfnm|1a1=Holoman|1y=2004|1p=184|2a1=EB|2loc=Louis Philippe}}

House of Bonaparte, Second French Empire (1852–1870)

The French Second Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was declared Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon III. He would later be overthrown during the events of the Franco-Prussian War, becoming the last monarch to rule France.{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align:center; width:100%;“! width=“5%” |Portrait! width=“15%” |Name! width=“5%” |Arms! width=“25%” |Reign! width=“17%” |Succession! width=“25%” |Life details110px)|Napoleon III78px)A coronation ceremony for Napoleon III was planned, but (:fr:Affaire du sacre de Napoléon III185229|4}})1848 French presidential election>elected as President of the French Republic in 1848, made himself Emperor of the French after a coup d’état|20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873(aged 64)----Captured by the German army on 2 September 1870; deposed in absentia following the proclamation of the Third Republic.{{Sfn|EB||loc=Napoleon III}}

Later pretenders

Various pretenders descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be the legitimate monarch of France, rejecting the claims of the president of France and of one another. These groups are:

• Legitimist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of the Bourbons. In 1883, after the death of Henri V, grandson of Charles X, unionists recognized the Orléanist claimant as the pretender to the throne of France, as Henri V died without heirs, and also due to the Spanish renunciation, to them the House of Bourbon-Orléans became the senior line of the Capetian dynasty in France.{{clarification needed|date=March 2024}}
  • Blancs d’Espagne: descendants of Louis XIV, claiming precedence over the House of Bourbon-Orléans by virtue of primogeniture. They argue that the claimant to the throne would be a Bourbon from the Spanish branch of the family. They ignore the Spanish renunciation: the fact that King Philip V of Spain, whose descendants they are, has renounced the throne of France for himself and his descendants in the Treaty of Utrecht.
• Orléanist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Louis-Phillippe, himself descended from a junior line of the Bourbon dynasty, rejecting all heads of state since 1848. They argue that King Louis Philippe acquired legitimacy via popular sovereignty when the representatives of the French people in the French Parliament recognized him as king, with the Bourbons having already been rejected and dethroned by the French people after two revolutions. Blancs d’Espagne argue that the Orléans do not deserve the throne because they are descended from a regicide, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who voted for the execution of King Louis XVI during the French Revolution, violating the fundamental laws of the kingdom. Another argument against the Orléans is that the very French Parliament that recognized Louis Philippe as king refused to give the throne to his grandson (and descendants) and proclaimed the Second French Republic.
• Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Napoleon I and his brothers, rejecting all heads of state 1815–48 and since 1870. They argue that the Imperial throne need to return to the House of Bonaparte, as the monarchs of this house had been chosen directly by the people through referendums, giving them legitimacy to reign via popular sovereignty, and both the Bourbons and the Orléans were rejected and dethroned through revolutions and that the Bonaparte were only dethroned due the interference of foreign enemies, with no popular revolution taking place to overthrow the Bonapartes and that the Third Republic was originally intended to be a provisional regime to return the throne to an Orléans or Bourbon (what never happened).
• English claimants to the throne of France: kings of England and later of Great Britain (renounced by Hanoverian King George III upon union with Ireland in 1800).
• Jacobite claimants to the throne of France: senior heirs-general of Edward III of England and thus his claim to the French throne, also claiming England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Timeline

ImageSize = width:1600 height:auto barincrement:12PlotArea = top:3 bottom:150 right:150 left:20AlignBars = lateDateFormat = yyyyPeriod = from:843 till:1871TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:900ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:25 start:850Colors = Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvasBarData = PlotData=

See also

• Family tree of French monarchs
• Family tree of French monarchs (simplified)
• English claims to the French throne
• Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
• List of French royal consorts
• List of heirs to the French throne
• List of presidents of France
• Style of the French sovereign
• Succession to the French throne

Notes

{{notelist}}

Coronations

{{Notelist-lr}}

References

Citations

{{Reflist|22em}}

Main bibliography

• BOOK, de Wailly, E., Eléments de paléographie, 1838, 1, Ghent University, Liste Chronologique des rois de France, {{sfnref, de Wailly, |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HhEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10}}
• Jacquin, Emmanuel (2000), Les Tuileries, Du Louvre à la Concorde, Editions du Patrimoine, Centres des Monuments Nationaux, Paris. ({{ISBN|978-2-85822-296-4}})
• {{wikicite |reference=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|ref={{sfnref|EB}} }}
• BOOK, A.L., Humphreys,archive.org/details/kingsoffrancethe00unse, The Kings of France, their Wives and Mistresses, 1907, London, B004Z0M2K2, 1047511953, {{sfnref, Humphreys, }}
• BOOK, McCarty, L. P., The Annual Statistician and Economist, 1890, Harvard University, {{sfnref, McCarty, |publisher=Pacific Press Publishing Company|pages=327–332|chapter=France|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXsZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA328}}
• BOOK, Peignot, Gabriel,books.google.com/books?id=wSpdAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR53, Abrégé de l’histoire de France, 1819, Harvard University, {{sfnref, Peignot, |publisher=|pages=|author-link=Gabriel Peignot|language=fr}}
• BOOK, Thoison, E., Les séjours des rois de France: 481–1789, 1888, Société historique et archéologique du Gâtinais, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Table Chronologique, {{sfnref, Thoison, |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35126r/f197.item}}

Secondary bibliography

• BOOK, Alcan, Félix,books.google.com/books?id=549IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA254, Revue historique, 1892, 40, fr, Félix Alcan,
• BOOK, Blanc, Louis,books.google.com/books?id=fTs9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA214, France Under Louis Philippe, 1848, Walter Kelly, Louis Blanc,
• BOOK, Bodin, Felix,books.google.com/books?id=DORjJWVUHl0C&pg=PA43, Resumé de l’histoire de France, Joseph Rickerby, 1840, London, 43,
• BOOK, Bradford, James C.,books.google.com/books?id=ELDlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT671, International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, 2004, 9781135950347,
• BOOK, Brownell, Henry, The People’s Book of Ancient and Modern History, Dayton & Wentworth, 1854, The Rulers of France, Henry Howard Brownell,books.google.com/books?id=tPZKAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA120, {{sfnref, Brownell, }}
• JOURNAL, Brunel, G., 2007, Les cisterciens et Charles V,www.jstor.org/stable/23408518, Société de l’histoire de France, 67–92, 23408518,
• BOOK, Castelot, André, Charles X, Librairie Académique Perrin, 1988, 2-262-00545-1,
• BOOK, Curry, Anne,books.google.com/books?id=fkldDwAAQBAJ, The Hundred Years War, Macmillan, 1993, 9781349227112,
• BOOK, Champion, Honoré,books.google.com/books?id=3SBhAOKciTcC&pg=PA9, Robert Ier et Raoul de Bourgogne, Slatkine, 1976, 9–11,
• BOOK, Dutton, Paul E.,books.google.com/books?id=UHQEP3oJDsoC&pg=PA227, The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire, University of Nebraska Press, 1994, 9780803216532, 227,
• BOOK, Holoman, D. Kern,books.google.com/books?id=qCvVwtB38XcC&pg=PA184, The Société Des Concerts Du Conservatoire, 1828–1967, University of California Press, 2004, 9780520236646,
• BOOK, Knecht, Robert,books.google.com/books?id=JkqzOlVJVjcC, The Valois: Kings of France, 2007, A&C Black, 9781852855222,
• BOOK, Knecht, Robert,books.google.com/books?id=tS8HDAAAQBAJ, Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 2016, Routledge, 9781317122142,
• BOOK, McKitterick, Rosamond,books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA137, The New Cambridge Medieval History, 1995, 9780521362924, 2, 137, Cambridge University Press,
• BOOK, MacLean, Simon,books.google.com/books?id=0Icl9qL3FnMC, Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire, 2003, Cambridge University Press, 9781139440295,
• BOOK, Jackson, Richard A.,books.google.com/books?id=7VICDgAAQBAJ, Ordines Coronationis Franciae, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995, j.ctt1kgqwvd, 9781512821604,
• JOURNAL, Havet, Julien, 1891, Les couronnements des rois Hugues et Robert,gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k66949g/f2.item, Revue historique, 45, 290–297, 40939391,
• BOOK, Wellman, Kathleen,books.google.com/books?id=_AtUPUB6znMC&pg=PA83, Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France, Yale University Press, 2013, 9780300178852, {{sfnref, Wellman, }}

Further reading

• BOOK, Alcide, Allevy,books.google.com/books?id=SN4K1Lx9NBIC&pg=PA75, Histoire de France allevysée, British Library, 1863, 75–105, fr, {{sfnref, Allevy, }}
• BOOK, Babbitt, Susan M.,books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39, The France of Charles V, American Philosophical Society, APS, 1985, 9780871697516,
• BOOK, Bak, János M.,books.google.com/books?id=m6nsnzLRPlIC&pg=PA89, Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual, University of California Press, 1990, 9780801469138,
• BOOK, Brougham, Henry,books.google.com/books?id=-V8BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395, Principles of Government: Monarchical government, 1861, Political Philosophy, Harvard, Henry George Bohn, Bohn, Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux,
• BOOK, d’Hozier, Louis, Louis-Pierre d’Hozier,books.google.com/books?id=DjUvEyqZXWMC&pg=PR16, Armorial général de la France, 1738, Paris, xvi-xvii,
• BOOK, Doyle, William, William Doyle (historian), Old Regime France, Short Oxford History of France, 2001, Oxford University Press, 0-19-873129-9,
• BOOK, H., Engrand,books.google.com/books?id=QWZZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA36, Leçons élémentaires sur l’Histoire de France, British Library, 1816, fr, {{sfnref, Engrand, }}
• BOOK, Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, 1996, Robert Laffont, 2-221--07862-4,

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