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{{short description|Title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}(File:Coat of Arms of the Dauphin of France.svg|thumb|right|Coat of arms of the Dauphin of France.)File:Arms of the Dauphin of France.svg|thumb|right|Arms of the Dauphin of France, depicting the fleur-de-lis and the dolphindolphinDauphin of France ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɔː|f|ɪ|n}}, also {{IPAc-en|UK|d|ɔː|ˈ|f|ɪ|n|,_|ˈ|d|oʊ|f|æ̃}} {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|d|oʊ|f|ɪ|n|,_|d|oʊ|ˈ|f|æ̃}}; {{IPA-fr|dofɛ̃ də fʁɑ̃s||LL-Q150 (fra)-Benoît Prieur-dauphin.wav}}), originally Dauphin of Viennois (Dauphin de Viennois), was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791, and from 1824 to 1830.WEB,weblink dauphin {{!, French political history|access-date=2016-09-03}} The word dauphin is French for dolphin and was the hereditary title of the ruler of the Dauphiné of Viennois. While early heirs were granted these lands to rule, eventually only the title was granted.

History

{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}Guigues IV, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed le Dauphin. The title of Dauphin de Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his seigneury, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assume the title of le Dauphin. The wife of the Dauphin was known as la Dauphine.The first French prince called le Dauphin was Charles the Wise, later ascending to the throne as Charles V of France. The title was roughly equivalent to the Spanish Prince of Asturias, the Portuguese Prince of Brazil, the English (thence British) Prince of Wales, and the Scottish Duke of Rothesay. The official style of a Dauphin of France, prior to 1461, was par la grâce de Dieu, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois ("By the Grace of God, Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois"). A Dauphin of France united the coat of arms of the Dauphiné, which featured dolphins, with the French fleurs-de-lis, and might, where appropriate, further unite that with other arms (e.g. Francis, son of Francis I, was ruling Duke of Brittany, so united the arms of that province with the typical arms of a Dauphin; Francis II, while Dauphin, was also King of Scots by marriage to Mary I, and added the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland to those of the Dauphin).Originally the Dauphin was personally responsible for the rule of the Dauphiné, which was legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, and which the emperors, in giving the rule of the province to the French heirs, had stipulated must never be united with France. Because of this, the Dauphiné suffered from anarchy in the 14th and 15th centuries, since the Dauphins were frequently minors or concerned with other matters.During his period as Dauphin, Louis, son of Charles VII, defied his father by remaining in the province longer than the king permitted and by engaging in personal politics more beneficial to the Dauphiné than to France. For example, he married Charlotte of Savoy against his father's wishes. Savoy was a traditional ally of the Dauphiné, and Louis wished to reaffirm that alliance to stamp out rebels and robbers in the province. Louis was driven out of the Dauphiné by Charles VII's soldiers in 1456, leaving the region to fall back into disorder. After his succession as Louis XI of France in 1461, Louis united the Dauphiné with France, bringing it under royal control.The title was automatically conferred upon the next heir apparent to the throne in the direct line upon birth, accession of the parent to the throne or death of the previous Dauphin, unlike the British title Prince of Wales, which has always been in the gift of the monarch (traditionally conferred upon the heir's 21st birthday).The sons of the King of France held the style and rank of fils de France (son of France), while male-line grandsons were given the style and rank of petits-enfants de France (Grandson of France). The sons and grandsons of the Dauphin ranked higher than their cousins, being treated as the king's children and grandchildren respectively. The sons of the Dauphin, though grandsons of the king, were ranked as Sons of France, and the grandsons of the Dauphin ranked as Grandsons of France; other great-grandsons of the king ranked merely as princes of the blood.The title was abolished by the Constitution of 1791, which made France a constitutional monarchy. Under the constitution the heir-apparent to the throne (Dauphin Louis-Charles at that time) was restyled Prince Royal (a Prince of the Blood retitled prince français), taking effect from the inception of the Legislative Assembly on 1 October 1791. The title was restored in potentia under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII, but there would not be another Dauphin until after his death. With the accession of his brother Charles X, Charles' son and heir Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême automatically became Dauphin.With the removal of the Bourbons the title fell into disuse, the heirs of Louis-Philippe being titled Prince Royal. After the death of Henri, comte de Chambord, Carlos, Duke of Madrid, the heir of the legitimist claimant, Juan, Count of Montizón, made use of the title in pretense, as have the Spanish legitimist claimants since.

Gallery of Arms

Image:Dauphin of Viennois Arms.svg|Arms of the DauphinéImage:Blason dauphine fr Bretagne.svg|Arms of Dauphin François, Duke of Brittany.File:Arms of Francis, Dauphin of France and King consort of Scots.svg|Arms of Dauphin Francis, King-consort of Scots.Image:Crown of the Dauphin of France.svg|Heraldic Crown of the Dauphin of France.

List of Dauphins

{{See also|List of Counts of Albon and Dauphins of Viennois}}{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" valign=bottom! N°! Name as Dauphin! Heir of! Birth! Became Dauphin! Ceased to be Dauphin! Death! Other titles before or while Dauphin! Name as King! Dauphine! 1

80px)Charles	John II of France>John II| 21 January 1338| 22 August 1350	Became King}}| 16 September 1380| Duke of Normandy| Charles V| Joanna of Bourbon

! 2

80px)Charles	Charles V of France>Charles V	3 December 1368		Became King}}| 21 October 1422| —| Charles VI| –

! 3| Charles

Charles VI	26 September 1386		28 December 1386| —| –| –

! 4

70px)Charles	6 February 1392		13 January 1401		Duke of Aquitaine>Duke of Guyenne| –| –

! 5

80px)Louis| 22 January 1397| 13 January 1401	18 December 1415		Duke of Aquitaine>Duke of Guyenne| –	Margaret of Burgundy (1393-1441)>Margaret of Burgundy

! 6

80px)John| 31 August 1398| 18 December 1415	5 April 1417| Duke of Touraine| –		Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut>Jacqueline of Hainaut

! 7

80px)Charles| 22 February 1403| 5 April 1417	Became King}}| 22 July 1461| Count of Ponthieu| Charles VII| –

! 8

80px)Louis	Charles VII of France>Charles VII	3 July 1423		Became King}}| 30 August 1483| —| Louis XI	Margaret Stewart (Dauphine of France)>Margaret of Scotland;Charlotte of Savoy

! 9| François

Louis XI	4 December 1466| —| –| –

! 10

80px)Charles	30 June 1470		Became King}}| 7 April 1498| —| Charles VIII| –

! 11

80px)Charles-Orlando	Charles VIII	11 October 1492		16 December 1495| —| –| –

! 12

80px)Charles	8 September 1496		2 October 1496| —| –| –

! 13| François

July 1497| —| –| –

! 14

80px)François	Francis I	28 February 1518		10 August 1536| Duke of Brittany| –| –

! 15

80px)Henry| 31 March 1519| 10 August 1536	Became King}}| 10 July 1559| Duke of Orléans, Duke of Brittany| Henry II| Catherine de' Medici

! 16

80px)Francis	Henry II of France>Henry II| 19 January 1544| 31 March 1547	Became King}}| 5 December 1560	List of Scottish consorts>King-consort of Scotland| Francis II| Mary, Queen of Scots

! 17

80px)Louis	Henry IV of France>Henry IV	27 September 1601		Became King}}| 14 May 1643| —| Louis XIII| –

! 18

80px)Louis-Dieudonné| Louis XIII	5 September 1638		Became King}}| 1 September 1715| —| Louis XIV| –

! 19

80px)Louis, le Grand Dauphin	Louis XIV	1 November 1661		14 April 1711| —| –| Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria

! 20

80px)Louis, le Petit Dauphin| 16 August 1682| 14 April 1711	18 February 1712| Duke of Burgundy| –| Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy

! 21

80px)Louis| 8 January 1707| 18 February 1712	8 March 1712| Duke of Brittany| –| –

! 22

80px)Louis| 15 February 1710| 8 March 1712	Became King}}| 10 May 1774| Duke of Anjou| Louis XV| –

! 23

80px)'''Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)	HTTP://WWW.BIOGRAPHY.COM/PEOPLE/LOUIS-DAUPHIN-OF-FRANCE-21257403	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20190321033523/HTTPS://WWW.BIOGRAPHY.COM/PEOPLE/LOUIS-DAUPHIN-OF-FRANCE-21257403	PUBLISHER=A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS	ARCHIVE-DATE=21 MARCH 2019	URL-STATUS=DEAD, '''	Louis XV	4 September 1729		20 December 1765| —| –		Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain;Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767)>Maria Josepha of Saxony

! 24

80px)Louis-Auguste| 23 August 1754| 20 December 1765	Became King}}| 21 January 1793| Duke of Berry| Louis XVI	Marie Antoinette>Maria Antonia of Austria

! 25

80px)Louis-Joseph	Louis XVI	22 October 1781		4 June 1789| —| –| –

! 26

80px)Louis-Charles| 27 March 1785| 4 June 1789	Retitled as "Prince-royal"}}| 8 June 1795| Duke of Normandy| Louis XVII| –

! 27

80px)Louis-Antoine	Charles X of France>Charles X| 6 August 1775| 16 September 1824	Abdication}}| 3 June 1844| Duke of Angoulême| Louis XIX| Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France

In literature

File:Lineographic Dauphin Coat of Arms.jpg|thumb|right|A lineographic representation of the arms of the Dauphin. Designed by Jean de BeaugrandJean de BeaugrandIn Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck encounters two odd characters who turn out to be professional con men. One of them claims that he should be treated with deference, since he is "really" an impoverished English duke, and the other, not to be outdone, reveals that he is "really" the Dauphin ("Looey the Seventeen, son of Looey the Sixteen and Marry Antonet").Louis, Duke of Guyenne, the Dauphin of Viennois, is a character in Shakespeare's Henry V.In Baronness Emma Orczy's Eldorado, the Scarlet Pimpernel rescues the Dauphin from prison and helps spirit him from France.Alphonse Daudet wrote a short story called "The Death of the Dauphin", about a young Dauphin who wants to stop Death from approaching him.The Dauphin is also mentioned in Cormac McCarthy's Blood Meridian.(The Dauphin (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|"The Dauphin") is a 1988 episode of (Star Trek: The Next Generation). As the titular character is female, the episode title gets the gender incorrect (the French female equivalent is "Dauphine").Robert Pattinson portrays the Dauphin of Viennois in The King.

See also

• Dauphine of France
• Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
• List of heirs to the French throne
• Prince of Asturias
• Prince of Beira
• Duke of Braganza
• Crown prince
• Tsarevich
• Dauphins of Viennois
• Dauphins of Auvergne
• King of Rome
• Madame Royale
• Monsieur
• Madame
• Petit-Fils de France
• Prince du Sang
• Prince of Tarnovo
• Prince of Wales

References

{{Reflist}}{{Dauphins of France}}{{Prince of the Blood (House of Bourbon)}}{{Princess of the Blood (House of Bourbon)}}