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Libyan Arabic
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- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Dialect of the language as spoken in the North African country}}{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Note on transcription notation
The transcription of Libyan Arabic into Latin script poses a few problems. First, there is not one standard transcription in use even for Modern Standard Arabic{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}. The use of the International Phonetic Alphabet alone is not sufficient as it obscures some points that can be better understood if several different allophones in Libyan Arabic are transcribed using the same symbol.On the other hand, Modern Standard Arabic transcription schemes, while providing good support for representing Arabic sounds that are not normally represented by the Latin script, do not list symbols for other sounds found in Libyan Arabic.Therefore, to make this article more legible, DIN 31635 is used with a few additions to render phonemes particular to Libyan Arabic. These additions are as follow:{| class="wikitable"History
Two major historical events have shaped the Libyan dialect: the Hilalian-Sulaimi migration, and the migration of Arabs from al-Andalus to the Maghreb following the Reconquista. Libyan Arabic has also been influenced by the Greek and Italian, and to a lesser extent by Turkish. It contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 2â3% of its vocabulary.BOOK, Wexler, Paul,weblink The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews, 2012-02-01, State University of New York Press, 978-1-4384-2393-7, en,Domains of use
The Libyan dialect is used predominantly in spoken communication in Libya. It is also used in Libyan folk poetry, TV dramas and comedies, songs, as well as in cartoons. Libyan Arabic is also used as a lingua franca by non-Arab Libyans whose mother tongue is not Arabic. Libyan Arabic is not normally written, as the written register is normally Modern Standard Arabic, but Libyan Arabic is the main language for cartoonists, and the only suitable language for writing Libyan folk poetry. It is also written in internet forums, emails and in instant messaging applications.Phonology
As is the case with all Bedouin dialects and some Urban dialects, the {{IPAslink|q}} sound of Modern Standard Arabic is realized as a {{IPAblink|É¡}}, except sometimes in words recently borrowed from literary Arabic.The following table shows the consonants used in Libyan Arabic. Note: some sounds occur in certain regional varieties while being completely absent in others.{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"|+ Libyan Arabic consonant phonemesSyllable structure
Although Western Libyan Arabic allows for the following syllable structure to occur.
syllable: C1(C2)V1(V2)(C3)(C4)
(C = consonant, V = vowel, optional components are in parentheses.)
An anaptyctic {{IPA|[É]}} is inserted between C3 and C4 to ease pronunciation, changing the structure above into the following.
C1(C2)V1(V2)(C3)(ÉC4).
On the other hand, Eastern Libyan always has an anaptyctic {{IPA|É}} between C1 and C2 in the following manner.
C1(ÉC2)V1(V2)(C3)(C4).
Vocabulary
Most of the vocabulary in Libyan Arabic is of Old Arabic origin, usually with a modified interconsonantal vowel structure. Many Italian loanwords also exist, in addition to Turkish, Berber, Spanish, and English words.Relation to Classical Arabic vocabulary
The bulk of vocabulary in Libyan Arabic has the same meaning as in Classical Arabic. However, many words have different but related meanings to those of Classical Arabic. The following table serves to illustrate this relation. The past tense is used in the case of verbs as it is more distinctive and has been traditionally used in Arabic lexicons. Canonically, these verbs are pronounced with the final 'a' (marker of the past tense in Classical Arabic). This notation is preserved the table below. However, the relation between Libyan and Classical Arabic verbs can be better understood if the final 'a' is dropped, in accordance with the elision rule of pre-pause vowels of Classical Arabic.{| class="wikitable"|+ Comparison of meanings between Libyan Arabic words and Classical Arabic wordsItalian loanwords
Italian loanwords exist mainly, but not exclusively, as a technical jargon. For example, machinery parts, workshop tools, electrical supplies, names of fish species, etc.{| class="wikitable"|+ Italian LoanwordsTurkish loanwords
Turkish words were borrowed during the Ottoman era of Libya. Words of Turkish origin are not as common as Italian ones.{| class="wikitable"|+ Turkish LoanwordsBerber loanwords
Before the mass Arabization of what corresponds to modern-day Libya, Berber was the native language for most people. This led to the borrowing of a number of Berber words in Libyan Arabic.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Some examples of the Berber words in Libyan Arabic are {{transl|ayl|italic=no|Sardouk, fallous, kusha, garjuta, shlama, karmous, zemmita, bazin, kusksi, and zukra}}.{{Citation|last=Madghis Madi|title=أثر اÙأ٠ازÙغÙØ© ÙاÙعربÙØ© Ù٠اÙÙÙجة اÙعا٠ÙØ© اÙÙÙبÙØ©|date=2017-05-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys1knIdQ3Vw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Ys1knIdQ3Vw |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-10-10}}{{cbignore}}Grammar
Libyan Arabic shares the feature of the first person singular initial n- with the rest of the Maghrebi Arabic dialect continuum to which it belongs. Like other colloquial Arabic dialects, Libyan does not mark grammatical cases by declension. However, it has a rich verbal conjugation structure.Nouns
Nouns in Libyan Arabic are marked for two grammatical genders, termed masculine and feminine, and three grammatical numbers, singular, dual and plural. Paucal number also exists for some nouns. The diminutive is also still widely used productively (especially by women) to add an endearing or an empathetic connotation to the original noun. As in Classical Arabic, rules for the diminutive formation are based on vowel apophony.Indefiniteness is not marked. Definite nouns are marked using the Arabic definite article but with somewhat different rules of pronunciation:- For nouns beginning with "moon" letters, the definite article is pronounced either {{IPA|[l]}}, for words with an initial single consonant onset, or {{IPA|[lÉ]}}, for words with a double consonant onset. Except for the letter j {{IPA|/Ê/}}, moon letters in Libyan Arabic are the same as in Classical Arabic even for letters that have become different phonemes such as q changing to g. The letter j {{IPA|/Ê/}}, which corresponds to the Modern Standard Arabic phoneme {{IPA|/dÊ/}}, has changed from a moon letter to a sun letter.
- For nouns beginning with sun letters, which, in Libyan Arabic, include the letter j {{IPA|/Ê/}}, the definite article is pronounced {{IPA|[É]}}, with the first consonant geminated.
Dual
While marking verbs for the dual number has been lost completely in Libyan Arabic as in other Arabic varieties, nouns have a specialized dual number form. However, in Eastern Libyan it tends to be more widespread.Demonstratives
Various sets of demonstratives exist in Libyan Arabic. Following is a list of some of these. The grouping in columns does not necessarily reflect grouping in reality:{| class="wikitable"Verbs
Similar to Classical Arabic stem formation is an important morphological aspect of Libyan Arabic. However, stems III and X are unproductive whereas stems IV and IX do not exist. The following table shows Classical Arabic stems and their Libyan Arabic counterparts.{| class="wikitable"! colspan="7" | Verbal Stem Formation in Libyan Arabic1Conjugation
Like Classical Arabic and other Arabic dialects, Libyan Arabic distinguishes between two main categories of roots: strong roots (those that do not have vowels or hamza) and weak roots.Conjugation of strong roots
Strong roots follow more predictable rules of conjugation, and they can be classified into three categories for Stem I in Western Libyan Arabic:- i-verbs (e.g. k-t-b to write) follow an interconsonantal vowel structure that is predominated by an i (normally pronounced [É])
- a-verbs (e.g. r-k-b to mount, to ascend) follow an interconsonantal vowel structure that is predominated by an a
- u-verbs (e.g. r-g-á¹£ to dance) follow an interconsonantal vowel structure that is predominated by an u
Future tense
Future in Libyan Arabic is formed by prefixing an initial {{IPA|bi}}, usually contracted to {{IPA|b}}, to the present tense conjugation. Thus, 'tiktÉb' (she writes) becomes 'btiktÉb' (she will write). It should not be confused with the indicative marker common in some Eastern Arabic varieties.Intelligibility with other varieties of Arabic
Western Libyan Arabic of Tripolitania and Fezzan is highly intelligible to Tunisians and to a good extent to eastern Algerians. However, for Egyptian and Middle Eastern Arabic speakers, Libyan Arabic can be extremely difficult to understand as it is a Maghrebi dialect influenced by Italian, Turkish, and Berber words. Libyans rarely have to substitute some Libyan Arabic words to make themselves understood to other Arabic speakers, especially Middle Easterners. Substitute words are usually borrowed from Modern Standard or Egyptian Arabic. The following table shows some of the commonly replaced words:{| class="wikitable"Pidgin Libyan Arabic
Pidgin Libyan exists in Libya as a contact language used by non-Arabs, mostly Saharan and sub-Saharan Africans living in Libya.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Like other pidgins, it has a simplified structure and limited expressive power.See also
- Transliteration of Libyan placenames
- Varieties of Arabic
- Maghrebi Arabic
- Tunisian Arabic
- Algerian Arabic
- Moroccan Arabic
References
Citations
{{Reflist}}General references
- BOOK, 2-84586-289-X, Proverbes libyens, Chambard, Roger, Nataf, Gilda, Graille, Barbara, Boucherit, Aziza, January 2002, KARTHALA Editions,
- BOOK, Eugenio, Griffini, L'arabo parlato della Libia â Cenni grammaticali e repertorio di oltre 10.000 vocaboli, frasi e modi di dire raccolti in Tripolitania, 1st pub. Hoepli, 1913, Milano, Cisalpino-Goliardica, 1985,
- THESIS, Elfitoury, Abubaker Abdalla, 1976, A Descriptive Grammar of Libyan Arabic, Doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University,
- THESIS, Abdulgialil M., Harrama, 1993, Libyan Arabic morphology: Al-Jabal dialect, University of Arizona, PhD dissertation,
- BOOK, 3-447-02466-6, A Short Reference Grammar of Eastern Libyan Arabic, Owens, Jonathan, 1984, O. Harrassowitz,
- JOURNAL, Jonathan, Owens, Libyan Arabic Dialects, Orbis, 32, 1â2, 97â117,
- BOOK, Christophe, Pereira, Le parler arabe de Tripoli (Libye), Zaragoza, Instituto de Estudios Ilamicós y del oriente próximo, 2010,
- Ester Panetta, "Vocabolario e fraseologia dellâarabo parlato a Bengasi" â (Letter A): Annali Lateranensi 22 (1958) 318â369; Annali Lateranensi 26 (1962) 257â290 â (B) in: A Francesco Gabrieli. Studi orientalistici offerti nel sessantesimo compleanno dai suoi colleghi e discepoli, Roma 1964, 195â216 â (C) : AION n.s. 13.1 (1964), 27â91 â (D) : AION n.s. 14.1 (1964), 389â413 â (E) : Oriente Moderno 60.1â6 (1980), 197â213
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- "Libyan Arabic" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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