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{{Short description|Mausoleum in Manhattan, New York}}{{Redirect|General Grant National Memorial|the memorial in Washington, D.C.|Ulysses S. Grant Memorial}}{{Good article}}{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}

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frame=yesframe-align=centerframe-height=300type=shapetitle=Grant's Tomb|id=Q1025105}}| map_caption = Location of Grant's Tomb in New York City0.76ha}}| built = April 27, 18972009a|dateform=mdy}}| added = October 15, 1966| designated_nrhp_type = August 14, 1958| visitation_num = 80,046| visitation_year = 2005| website = General Grant National Memorial| designated_other2_name = New York City Landmark| designated_other2_date = November 25, 1975| designated_other2_abbr = NYCL| designated_other2_color = #FFE978| designated_other2_link = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission| designated_other1 = New York State Register of Historic Places| designated_other1_num_position = bottom| designated_other1_number = 06101.001260| designated_other1_abbr = NYSRHP| designated_other1_date = June 23, 1980| designated_other2_number = 0900, 0901}}{{Ulysses S. Grant series}}Grant's Tomb, officially the General Grant National Memorial, is the final resting place of Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th president of the United States, and of his wife Julia. It is a classical domed mausoleum in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. The structure is in the middle of Riverside Drive at 122nd Street, adjacent to Riverside Park. In addition to being a national memorial since 1958, Grant's Tomb is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and its facade and interior are New York City designated landmarks.Upon Grant's death in July 1885, his widow indicated his wish to be interred in New York. Within days, a site in Riverside Park was selected, and the Grant Monument Association (GMA) was established to appeal for funds. Although the GMA raised $100,000 in its first three months, the group only raised an additional $55,000 in the next five years. After two architectural competitions in 1889 and 1890, the GMA selected a proposal by John Hemenway Duncan for a tomb modeled after the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Following a renewed fundraising campaign, the cornerstone was laid in 1892, and the tomb was completed on April 27, 1897, Grant's 75th birthday.Initially, the GMA managed the tomb with a $7,000 annual appropriation from the city. The tomb was extensively renovated in the late 1930s with help from Works Progress Administration workers, who added murals and restored the interior. The National Park Service took over the operation of Grant's Tomb in 1959. After a period of neglect and vandalism, the tomb was restored in the 1990s following a campaign led by college student Frank Scaturro. Despite various modifications over the years, some portions of the monument were never completed, including a planned equestrian statue outside the tomb.The mausoleum's base is shaped like a rectangle with colonnades on three sides and a portico in front, on the south side. The upper section consists of a cylindrical shaft with a colonnade, as well as a stepped dome. Inside, the main level of the memorial is shaped like a Greek cross, with four barrel-vaulted exhibition spaces extending off a domed central area. The Grants' bodies are placed in red-granite sarcophagi above ground in a lower-level crypt. Over the years, the design of Grant's Tomb has received mixed commentary, and the tomb has been depicted in several films.

Context and planning

Ulysses S. Grant was born in 1822{{harvnb|White|2016|ps=.|pp=8–9}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=2}} and led the Union Army to victory during the American Civil War,{{harvnb|White|2016|ps=.|p=405}}{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|ps=.|p=1}} then served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877.{{harvnb|White|2016|ps=.|p=472}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=1}} Grant had gone bankrupt at the end of his life.WEB, King, Gilbert, January 16, 2013, War and Peace of Mind for Ulysses S. Grant,weblink August 7, 2023, Smithsonian Magazine, June 5, 2023,weblink live, A few days after publishing his memoirs to raise money, he died of throat cancer at age 63 in Wilton, New York, on July 23, 1885.NEWS, July 11, 2004, F.Y.I., en, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=5}} The American public still held Grant in high regard when he died:{{harvnb|Kahn|1982|ps=.|p=212}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=45–46}} his empty casket drew 15,000 mourners on July 26,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=42}} and Americans and foreigners alike wrote thousands of letters expressing their condolences.In his will, Grant had indicated that he wished to be interred in St. Louis, Missouri, or Galena, Illinois, where his family owned plots in local cemeteries, or in New York City, where he had lived in his final years. His friend, publisher George William Childs, said the president had previously expressed a desire to be buried at the Old Soldier's Home in Washington, D.C., or at West Point.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=48}} Ulysses wanted his wife Julia to eventually be interred next to him; this eliminated military cemeteries and installations such as West Point, as they did not permit women to be interred.WEB, Lewin, Jonathan, August 14, 2017, When Ulysses S. Grant's wife was laid to rest in tomb beside the only president buried in NYC,weblink August 7, 2023, New York Daily News, August 7, 2023,weblink live, The Grant family decided against burying him at Galena because that site was not easily accessible, and other sites in Springfield, Illinois, and Troy, New York, were also rejected.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=48–49}}

Creation of Grant Monument Association

Because the public still held Grant in high esteem when he died, there were many calls for a monument honoring him.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=79}} On the same day as Ulysses's death, William Russell Grace, the mayor of New York City, sent a telegram to Julia offering New York City as the burial ground for both Grants.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=49}}NEWS, July 24, 1885, Latest Edition.: Grant's Sepulchre. Central Park to Be the Dead Commander's Resting Place, 1, St. Louis Post – Dispatch, {{ProQuest, 578732415, }} Grace gave Julia a list of city parks where her husband could be buried, and she agreed to have Ulysses's remains interred in New York City.{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=28}} Grace wrote a letter to prominent New Yorkers on July 24, 1885, to gather support for a national monument in Grant's honor:{{blockquote|Dear Sir: In order that the City of New York, which is to be the last resting place of General Grant, should initiate a movement to provide for the erection of a National Monument to the memory of the great soldier, and that she should do well and thoroughly her part, I respectfully request you to act as one of a Committee to consider ways and means for raising the quota to be subscribed by the citizens of New York City for this object, and beg that you will attend a meeting to be held at the Mayor's office on Tuesday next, 28 inst., at three o'clock ...}}The preliminary meeting was attended by 85 New Yorkers who established the Committee on Organization.{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=29}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=80}} Twenty of the attendees created an executive committee, which was to make decisions on the group's behalf.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=80–81}} On July 29, the Committee on Organization was incorporated as the Grant Monument Association (GMA).NEWS, July 30, 1885, Monument Subscriptions, 1, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, July 29, 1885, The Obsequies, 2, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,weblink August 7, 2023, August 7, 2023,weblink live, Its chairman was Chester A. Arthur, the 21st U.S. president, and its secretary was Richard Theodore Greener, the first black alumnus of Harvard College. In addition, mayor Grace and former U.S. secretary of state Hamilton Fish were named as vice chairmen, as was financier J. P. Morgan of Drexel, Morgan & Co.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=81}} The association had "between 100 and 150" members in total, including numerous sitting and retired politicians. The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York allowed the GMA to use an office in one of its buildings.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=30}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=83}}{{Efn|name=headquarters}}

Site selection and temporary tomb

City officials initially planned to bury Ulysses in Central Park,WEB, July 25, 1885, To Rest in Central Park.; New-York Honored as Gen. Grant's Burial Place.,weblink August 7, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, and the Grant family examined three sites in the park.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=50}}{{Efn|Namely Central Park South, the Central Park Mall, and the Great Hill}} The general public greatly opposed the plans,NEWS, July 28, 1885, Not Central Park.: General Grant Wished to Be Buried on Some National Plat—west Point an Eligible Place, 1, Cincinnati Enquirer, {{ProQuest, 882043938, }} and the Grant family believed the sites in Central Park were too small to fit both Ulysses and Julia.NEWS, July 28, 1885, Selecting a Burial Place, 1, The Sun,weblink August 7, 2023, August 7, 2023,weblink live, The family then considered another site in Riverside Park on Manhattan's Upper West Side; though the site was undeveloped, many local businessmen and politicians endorsed the park as the Grants' burial site.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=52}} On July 28, city officials decided to bury Ulysses in Riverside Park after his family agreed to the change.NEWS, July 29, 1885, Grant's Resting Place: Riverside Park Selected, 3, The Hartford Courant, 1047-4153, {{ProQuest, 554260750, }}NEWS, July 29, 1885, Riverside Park Selected.: Gen. Grant's Last Resting Place Finally Chosen. Preparations for the Funeral Being Pushed Forward Rapidly – Beautiful Floral Offerings at Mount Mcgregor., 1, The Washington Post, 0190-8286, {{ProQuest, 137974048, }} The Riverside Park site was perched atop a bluff.The day after the Grant family decided on the site, Jacob Wrey Mould designed a temporary tomb.NEWS, July 29, 1885, Making Ready the Tomb, 1, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, The structure was rectangular in plan, with a door and a Christian cross facing the Hudson River.NEWS, July 30, 1885, Gen. Grant's Temporary Tomb, 1, The Sun,weblink August 7, 2023, August 7, 2023,weblink live, It was enclosed by brick walls and a barrel-vaulted roof.NEWS, August 2, 1885, Plans for the Funeral: the Committee to Go to Albany, 1, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573197181, }} Grant's coffin was to be placed slightly below ground level, and a semicircular driveway was built around the tomb. Work on the temporary tomb began on July 29 and took nine days to complete.NEWS, August 7, 1885, Burial at Riverside: Authority of Park Commissioners an Opinion by the Corporation Counsel—the Cession Lawful Finishing the Temporary Tomb Stands for Spectators, 2, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573239120, }} Grant was interred on August 8,NEWS, August 9, 1885, Riverside Park: the Scene of the Interment of General Grant, 1, Los Angeles Times, 0458-3035, {{ProQuest, 161344469, }}NEWS, August 9, 1885, Resting at Riverside: the Funeral of General Grant, 1, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573195656, }} following a funeral that attracted up to 1.5 million mourners.BOOK, Brands, H. W.,weblink The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace, Doubleday (publisher), Doubleday, 2012, 978-0-385-53241-9, 633–635, H. W. Brands, registration, {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=78}} The temporary tomb briefly became one of the city's most popular sites, with an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 visitors on August 16 alone.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=87}} Benches were installed in the area, and guidebooks were sold to visitors.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=92}} Thirty soldiers were stationed outside the tomb, which was nicknamed "Camp Grant".{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=90}}NEWS, January 17, 1886, To Guard Camp Grant, 3, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, Many passersby tried to obtain pieces of the tomb.NEWS, August 12, 1885, Around Grant's Tomb.: Some of the Visitors More Than Merely Carious. Pieces of the Bricks Chipped Off and Names Written in Pencil. Mayor Grace and the Site for the Monument, 4, Boston Daily Globe, {{ProQuest, 493246148, }} The public continued to visit and leave mementos during late 1885.NEWS, October 25, 1885, Scenes at Riverside: Changes Near General Grant's Tomb What Has Been Accomplished in Three Months—improvements in Prospect, 3, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573232195, }}The site of the permanent tomb had yet to be finalized when Grant was interred.NEWS, August 12, 1885, Grant's Monument, 1, The Post-Star,weblink August 8, 2023, August 8, 2023,weblink live, The city's park commissioners had tentatively decided to place the tomb in Riverside Park between 122nd and 127th Streets, but Frederick Law Olmsted, who had co-designed Riverside Park with Calvert Vaux, was unenthusiastic about this plan.WEB, August 8, 1885, Gen. Grant's Monument; an Architect on Its Position and Surroundings. Thoughtful Care Should Now Be Taken That It Become Not an Incident of a Festive Promenade.,weblink August 8, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 8, 2023,weblink live, By mid-August, the city's park commissioners had asked Vaux and engineer William Barclay Parsons to determine the boundaries of a permanent memorial site for Grant's tomb.NEWS, August 18, 1885, In and About the City; Around Gen. Grant's Tomb. Plans for the Memorial Grounds-- the Additions to the Fund., en, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 8, 2023,weblink live, Officials also planned to construct a road north of the tomb to separate it from the rest of Riverside Park. The park commissioners set aside a {{convert|650|by|250|ft|adj=on}} site on Riverside Drive, between 121st and 124th Streets, for the monument in October 1885.WEB, October 6, 1885, The Memorial Grounds; Boundaries of the Site of the Grant Monument,weblink August 8, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 8, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, October 6, 1885, Gen. Grant's Burial Place, 3, Yonkers Statesman,weblink August 8, 2023, August 26, 2023,weblink live, The tomb had spurred real estate development in the area,NEWS, February 23, 1887, Gath.: the Building Boom in New York, 1, Cincinnati Enquirer, {{ProQuest, 882744629, }} and the Manhattan Railway Company had proposed constructing an elevated line to the tomb by the end of 1886.NEWS, December 5, 1886, Easy to Reach Grant's Tomb: a Plan to Extend the Elevated Roads the Idea Originated by Lawson N. Fuller and Looked on Favorably by Russell Sage, 2, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573348003, }} Some members of the public claimed the relatively remote site had been selected only to attract tourists and encourage real estate development,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=93}} although the surrounding area was built up in the 1890s.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=165}}

Fundraising

Initial efforts and opposition

The Grant Monument Association did not originally announce the function or structure of the monument, but the idea drew public support nonetheless. The New-York Tribune had suggested the idea of a permanent monument on July 26, three days after he died.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=43}} On July 29, the day the GMA was established, Western Union donated $5,000 to the association's fund. The GMA continued to receive large and small donations,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=31}} and the fund surpassed $50,000 in less than a month.NEWS, August 22, 1885, For the Grant Monument, 5, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, At a membership meeting on August 20, the committee set a fundraising goal of $1 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=1|start_year=1885|r=1|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation/year|index=US}}),{{harvnb|Kahn|1982|ps=.|pp=212–213}}NEWS, August 21, 1885, The Money to be Raised, 5, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, spurred by a suggestion from former governor Alonzo B. Cornell. Funding came from such sources as private companies{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=32}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=86}} and benefit concerts.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=37–38}} Fundraising had slowed down by the end of August 1885,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=88}} in part because of the GMA members' lackadaisical attitude, as well as the existence of a competing association with the same name in Illinois.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=88–89}}Although there was great enthusiasm for a monument to Grant, early fundraising efforts were stifled by growing negative public opinion expressed by out-of-state press.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=96}} The opposition was vocal in the view that the monument should be in Washington, D.C. Grace tried to calm the controversy by publicly releasing Julia's justification for the Riverside Park site as the resting place for her husband in October 1885.NEWS, October 30, 1885, General Grant's Body to Remain Here: Mrs. Grant Says That Riverside Park is to Be His Final Resting-place, 8, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573180787, }}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=98}} Even though many major newspapers published Julia's statement, this failed to boost fundraising.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=99}}{{blockquote|Riverside was selected by myself and my family as the burial place of my husband, General Grant. First, because I believed New York was his preference. Second, it is near the residence that I hope to occupy as long as I live, and where I will be able to visit his resting place often. Third, I have believed, and am now convinced, that the tomb will be visited by as many of his countrymen there as it would be at any other place. Fourth, the offer of a park in New York was the first which observed and unreservedly assented to the only condition imposed by General Grant himself, namely, that I should have a place by his side.|author=Julia Dent Grant}}There was also discontent with the management of the GMA, whose members were among the city's wealthiest but made comparatively small donations. The New York Times characterized the members as "sitting quietly in an office and signing receipts for money voluntarily tendered".{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=35}}NEWS, October 17, 1885, Untitled, 4, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, August 8, 2023,weblink live, Furthermore, the GMA still had no definite plan for the monument, which frustrated and discouraged donors.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=101}}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=36}} Joan Waugh wrote in her book, U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth: "Why should citizens give money to build a monument whose shape was still a mystery?"{{harvnb|ps=.|Waugh|2009|p=281}} Many of the GMA's members also had responsibilities of their own and could not devote their full attention to the project. Ten of the GMA's executive meetings were canceled in four months because there were not enough members to form a quorum.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=99–100}} The GMA had raised $100,000 by November,WEB, November 26, 1885, A Big Boom for the Fund; Some Handsome Thanksgiving Offerings. The First One Hundred Thousand Dollars Obtained and the Outlook for the Future Much Brighter.,weblink August 8, 2023, The New York Times, August 8, 2023,weblink live, and the fund totaled $111,000 by the end of the year,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=38}}NEWS, December 22, 1885, For the Grant Monument, 5, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, following lackluster fundraising efforts that netted as little as $1.50 on some days.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=100}}

Slowdown in fundraising

(File:Abraham Lincoln and the battles of the Civil War (1886) (14576373539).jpg|thumb|left|Future site of tomb, 1886)A bill was proposed in the United States Congress in January 1886, which would have provided $500,000 for the project{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=103}}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=39}} (later reduced to $250,000). This allocation would have been provided after the GMA had independently raised $250,000, but the bill failed because it did not receive unanimous consent. By February 1886, the fund had raised $115,000, much less than the $500,000 that the association had expected by that time.NEWS, February 19, 1886, The Grant Monument Fund, 2, The New York Times,weblink August 9, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, February 19, 1886, The Grant Fund at a Stand Still, 4, The Sun,weblink August 9, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, A new Grant Monument Association was legally incorporated that month,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=102}} with 29 trustees and four politicians who were ex officio members. The reorganized GMA held its first meeting in March, superseding the old association,NEWS, March 10, 1886, For the Grant Monument, 2, The New York Times,weblink August 9, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, March 10, 1886, Gen. Grant's Monument, 6, The Sun,weblink August 9, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, and had raised either $123,000NEWS, July 22, 1886, The Grant Monument, 5, The New York Times,weblink August 9, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, or $129,000 by the first anniversary of Grant's death.NEWS, July 24, 1886, A Year Since Grant Died: Efforts to Get Money for a Monument the Committee Not Discouraged—flowers Sent to the Riverside Tomb, 5, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573294683, }} Despite uncertainty over the permanent tomb's fate, the temporary tomb hosted events such as a Memorial Day ceremony in May 1886.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=40}}NEWS, June 1, 1886, At Riverside.: About the Tomb of General Grant. Grand Army Men Honor His Ashes., 1, Boston Daily Globe, {{ProQuest, 493379279, }}U.S. troops continued to patrol Grant's tomb until June 1886, when city park police began patrolling the tomb. Although the presence of Grant's temporary tomb had attracted visitors to Riverside Park,NEWS, July 19, 1886, Sunday Crowds at Riverside: the Park Becoming More Popular Among New-yorkers on Warm Sundays, 2, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573336108, }} the number of visitors to the tomb had tapered off by the middle of that year.NEWS, September 26, 1886, General Grant's Tomb at Riverside: Many Visitors but No Longer Large Crowds—the Changes of a Year, 9, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573224547, }} The fund continued to receive small donations from such sources as a benefit concert at the Metropolitan Opera House and the Nickel Fund Association of Montclair, New Jersey.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=104–105}}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=40–41}} Julia donated $987.50, while a puzzle contest at the end of 1886 raised another $1,000.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=107}} The fund had raised only $10,000 during the entire 1886–1887 fiscal year,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=106}} and it raised the same amount during the following fiscal year. By the late 1880s, some trustees had resigned because of frustration over the fund, and the Grant family was considering interring the former president somewhere else.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=108}}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=11–12}}

Design and construction

Unsolicited plans

As fundraising slowed down, people began to lose confidence in the Grant Monument Association,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=109}} and members of the public offered their own proposals for the memorial.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=109–113}} American Architect and Building News hosted a design competition in late 1885,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=44–45}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=113–114}}NEWS, October 2, 1885, Current Topics, 5, Democrat and Chronicle,weblink August 10, 2023, August 26, 2023,weblink live, although some members of the public erroneously thought the competition was an official one.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=114}} Although the American Institute of Architects (AIA) recommended that the GMA host a formal architectural design competition, the association ignored this advice{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=47–48}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=115}} and did not contact other groups that had built similar monuments. Instead, in October 1885, the GMA started requesting proposals from "artists, architects, and all others". Richard Greener had drafted plans for a design competition with a $400,000 budget, but the invitations never went out. Although the GMA promised in January 1886 to select a design "at once", this did not happen.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=48}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=116}}The association continued to receive proposals through 1886.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=48–49}} According to historian David Kahn, one plan by Calvert Vaux was "so complicated that written descriptions give little idea of what it was actually intended to look like", while The New York Times said another plan would "frighten people ... completely away from the fund". By November 1886, the GMA was planning to erect a permanent memorial.NEWS, November 14, 1886, The Talk of New York, 6, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,weblink August 9, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, Within a few months, the GMA had received "a number of designs, sketches and suggestions" from across America and Europe,NEWS, March 27, 1887, Designs for the Grant Monument: a Model Received From W. W. Story the American Sculptor Sends From Rome His Ideas of What the Monument Should Be, 12, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573266954, }} with 14 plans being submitted by February 1887.MAGAZINE, February 1, 1887, Joseph Echteler's Design for a Grant Monument, Scientific American Building Edition, 3, 2, 31, {{ProQuest, 88787668, }} Among the plans the association received were those by American sculptor William Wetmore Story,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=49}} German sculptor Joseph Echteler, and architect George Matthias.MAGAZINE, May 1, 1887, Matthias' Design for the Grant Mausoleum, Scientific American Building Edition, 3, 5, 101, {{ProQuest, 88786492, }} Greener began writing to other groups, such as the Garfield National Monument Association, for advice in early 1887, and he hired Napoleon LeBrun as consulting architect.

Design competitions

First design competition

In June 1887, the GMA formally announced a design competition for the memorial,NEWS, June 10, 1887, Inviting Designs.: for a Monument to General Grant at Riverside Park, 8, The Atlanta Constitution, {{ProQuest, 495101587, }}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=49–50}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=116–117}} with a deadline of October 31. Under the terms of the competition, the memorial was to be made in bronze, marble, granite, or "other appropriate material".NEWS, June 16, 1887, The Grant Monument, 5, The Voice,weblink August 9, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, The GMA did not respond to several requests for clarification,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=50}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=117}} and some days after the deadline, Greener claimed that "no time line had ever been fixed". The editorial team of The New York Times contrasted the GMA's inefficiency against the rapid development of the nearby Cathedral of St. John the Divine.On February 4, 1888, after a year's delay, the GMA publicly announced a design competition with a budget of $500,000, although the budget could be increased if necessary.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=51}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=117–118}}NEWS, February 5, 1888, Designs for Grant's Monuments, 14, The Sun,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, As was common practice at the time,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=50–51}} architects were requested to submit their proposals anonymously; the five best plans would receive cash prizes. The AIA objected to the rules of the competition;MAGAZINE, Bloor, A J, March 24, 1888, Societies: the Grant Monument Competition. To Alonzo B. Cornell, Chairman, and the Members of the Executive Committee of the Grant Memorial Association, The American Architect and Building News, 23, 639, 142, {{ProQuest, 124573646, }}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=52}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=118}} the GMA ignored both the AIA's complaints and those of other architectural associations, though it changed the rules slightly. After many of the competitors requested extra time for their designs,NEWS, November 2, 1888, Plans for the Grant Monument, 3, The Sun,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=53–54}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=119}} the original deadline of November 1, 1888,NEWS, November 1, 1888, Home News: Prominent Arrivals at the Hotels. What is Going on Today. New-York City. Brooklyn., 12, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573518897, }} was rescheduled twice to January 10, 1889. The GMA had raised $130,000 at the time of the competition.NEWS, November 15, 1888, Basic Chronicles of a Day, 3, Yonkers Statesman,weblink August 10, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, December 18, 1889, The Grant Monument.: Arrangements to Increase the Funds of the Association., 8, St. Louis Post – Dispatch, {{ProQuest, 578945336, }}The first competition received 65 entries, of which 42 came from outside the United States.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=54}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=124}} Some of the plans had been submitted to the American Architect and Building News three years earlier, and about one-third of these entries had intact drawings or illustrations by the late 20th century. A panel of six judges selected five winners in April 1889.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=55}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=125}} The winning plan, by Cluss & Schulze of Washington, D.C.,NEWS, February 21, 1890, Gen. Grant's Monument, 3, The Sun,weblink August 10, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, called for a mausoleum measuring about {{convert|120|by|120|ft}} across at its base, with a pinnacle measuring {{Convert|215|to|240|ft}} high.NEWS, October 2, 1889, Grant's Monument, 1, The Evening World,weblink August 7, 2023, August 7, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=56–57}} An equestrian statue of Grant was to be placed in front of the shaft. Though the judges gave out five awards, they did not recommend any of these entries,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=126}} and many major newspapers, including the Times, derided the plans.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=60}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=127}} The Weekly Mail and Express donated $10,000 at the end of 1889, increasing the fund to $140,000, and the GMA distributed awards for the competition in February 1890.

Second design competition

(File:(King1893NYC) pg867 TOMB OF GEN. U. S. GRANT, RIVERSIDE PARK.jpg|thumb|Temporary tomb in Riverside Park, 1893)The failure of the first competition damaged the GMA's reputation further.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=63}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=127}} The Grand Army of the Republic had proposed a competing plan for a temple on the site,NEWS, September 27, 1889, A Grant Monument Plan; Grand Army Men Take the Matter in Hand. Lafayette Post of This City Starts a Movement Designed to Erect the Structure Within Two Years., en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 10, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, September 27, 1889, Grant's Tomb: a New Plan for Its Speedy Completion the Grand Army to Push the Work General Viele's Bitter Comment on New York's Apathy—the Monument, 1, San Francisco Chronicle, {{ProQuest, 572212259, }} and many out-of-state supported the idea of moving Grant's remains to Arlington National Cemetery.NEWS, October 6, 1889, Riverside to Arlington.: the Removal of General Grant's Remains Approved by the Press, 4, The Washington Post, 0190-8286, {{ProQuest, 138303428, }} The judges for the first competition had recommended in December 1889 that qualified architects be invited to compete in a second competition with more specific rules,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=63}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=126}} and Adolph L. Sanger of the GMA announced at the end of March 1890 that the association would launch a second competition.NEWS, March 28, 1890, The Grant Memorial, 4, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, At the beginning of April, the GMA formally sent out letters to potential competitors. John H. Duncan, Carrère & Hastings, Charles W. Clinton, John Ord, and Napoleon LeBrun were selected to participate.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=65}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=128–129}}NY1900, 121–122, Each contestant was required to design a tall monument with space for a memorial hall and for Ulysses and Julia Grant's coffins.NEWS, April 8, 1890, Grant Monument Plans, 8, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, In addition, the plans could not cost more than $500,000.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=129}}A bill was introduced in Congress in May 1890, which would provide $250,000 for the monument if the GMA raised $200,000.NEWS, May 27, 1890, The Grant Monument, 1, The Buffalo Commercial,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, May 28, 1890, For the Grant Monument.; Congress Asked to Appropriate $250,000 to Assist in Its Completion, en, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 10, 2023,weblink live, The same month, the GMA opened a gift shop next to the temporary tomb.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=130}} Though few details of the second competition were publicly announced, numerous architects attempted to compete anyway.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=64–65}} The five competitors wanted the deadline to be extended from July to October,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=65–66}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=131}} but the GMA only gave each competitor until September 1,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=66}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=131}}NEWS, September 3, 1890, To Select Plans for the Grant Monument, 5, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573598725, }} as the United States Senate had passed a resolution in August to move Grant's remains to Arlington.NEWS, August 20, 1890, Grant's Resting Place; the Proposition to Remove the Body Discussed. In Any Event the Monument Association Will Erect a Tomb—Architects to Submit Designs., en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 10, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, August 20, 1890, In Memory of Gen. Grant: Discussing the New Tomb Resolutions Passed by the Executive Committee of the Monument Association Congress and the Proposed Removal, 7, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573618487, }} Each architect was invited to explain his plan in front of the GMA's executive committee;{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=66}} the designs varied in complexity.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=66–70}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=131–133}} On September 9, 1890, the GMA awarded the commission to Duncan,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=71}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=135}}NEWS, September 10, 1890, Duncan's Design Won, 1, The World,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, who estimated his design would cost between $496,000 and $900,000.{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=77}} Duncan wrote that he wanted "to produce a monumental structure that should be unmistakably a tomb of military character" and that he wanted to avoid "resemblance of a habitable dwelling".{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=76–78}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=133–134}} Duncan's plans called for a square base, a cylindrical shaft, and a pyramidal dome, with a portico in the front and an apse in the rear.WEB, September 13, 1890, Gen. Grant's Monument; Architect Duncan Describes the Plan Adopted. The Designs of the Competitors Placed on Exhibition – a Structure to Cost Half a Million.,weblink August 8, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 8, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, September 13, 1890, Grant's Tomb, 4, The Standard Union,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, {{efn|During construction, the apse was eliminated.}} The runners-up each received $500 checks.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=71}}That October, the GMA signed a contract with Duncan.NEWS, October 7, 1890, Grant's Monument, 1, The Standard Union,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=95}} Although there were continued efforts to relocate Grant's remains to Arlington,{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=92}} the House of Representatives voted down the Senate's resolution in December 1890.NEWS, December 10, 1890, Grant's Tomb to Remain: the Senate Resolution Rejected by the House, 2, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573611520, }}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=92–93}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=139–140}} While representatives from other states favored relocating the president's remains, New York representatives, including Roswell P. Flower and John Raines, were opposed. The GMA had raised only about $150,000 by the start of 1891; the previous four years had netted just $40,000.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=140–141}} All "nonessential" design elements, including a $54,000 approach from the Hudson River, were removed from the plans to save money.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=96}} Although the GMA's members had assumed that the permanent tomb would be built on the same site as the temporary tomb, the city's park commissioners favored a site slightly to the east, within Claremont Park.

Construction

Foundation and fundraising

File:Grants Tomb cornerstone Harrison.jpg|thumb|President Harrison lays the ceremonial alt=President Harrison lays the ceremonial cornerstone in 1892A groundbreaking ceremony was hosted on April 27, 1891, on what would have been Grant's 69th birthday,NEWS, April 28, 1891, General Grant: Dirt Broken Yesterday for an Imposing Monument to His Memory Commander Freeman's Address a Glowing Tribute to a Successful Military Lender Who Achieved Greatness in a Colossal War, 1, {{ProQuest, 1623618758, }}NEWS, April 28, 1891, Work Has Begun at Last; Ground Has Been Broken for the Grant Monument, en, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 10, 2023,weblink live, despite confusion over the site.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=95}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=141}} The next week, the GMA awarded a $18,875 contract to John T. Brady for the foundation's construction,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=96–97}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=144}}NEWS, May 5, 1891, New Grant Monument Fund, 2, The Evening World,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, and Cornelius Vanderbilt II established a second fund for the Grant Monument. Brady signed a contract for the northern half of the foundation on June 10, and excavations for the foundation began shortly thereafter.NEWS, July 18, 1891, The Grant Monument, 8, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=98}} The park commissioners and GMA also agreed to build the permanent tomb on the temporary site.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=97}} Duncan continued to refine and simplify his design through July.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=98–99}} After preliminary excavations were completed in August 1891, Brady started constructing the foundation. That October, Brady received a contract for the southern half of the foundation,NEWS, October 6, 1891, The Grant Monument, 8, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, and the vault holding Grant's coffin was relocated.{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=99}} Over the next month, Brady carefully lifted the vault onto the new concrete foundation.NEWS, November 1, 1891, General Grant's Tomb Moved, 13, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573700229, }}Meanwhile, the GMA was embroiled in internal disputes over leadership, prompting the resignation of its fourth president William H. Grace{{efn|Chester A. Arthur, Sidney Dillon, and Cornelius Vanderbilt II had preceded Grace as president.}}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=103}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=146}}NEWS, November 26, 1891, Grace Steps Down and Out, 3, The Evening World,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, and several trustees in late 1891.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=103}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=147–148}} Grant's friend Horace Porter took over the organization in early 1892 and served in that position for 27 years.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=163}} Porter soon moved the organization's headquarters,{{Efn|The original headquarters of the GMA was in one of Mutual Life's buildings at Liberty and Nassau Street in Lower Manhattan, though the GMA moved to 146 Broadway afterward. After 1892, the headquarters was in the Mills Building.|name=headquarters}} tripled the number of trustees to 100, and discontinued trustees' salaries.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=104}}NEWS, March 8, 1892, No $10,000 Trusteeships, 1, The Evening World,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, The New York State Legislature did not approve a proposal to rename the organization to the Grant Tomb and Monument Association due to a clerical error. The foundations were completed in March.NEWS, March 21, 1892, Gen. Grant's Tomb.; Foundations Finished and the Cornerstone to Be Laid in April, en, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 10, 2023,weblink live, The same month, Brady received a contract to erect the lowest part of the facadeNEWS, March 5, 1892, Grant's Memorial, 1, The Buffalo Commercial,weblink August 11, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, with granite from the Union Granite Company's quarries.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=101}}NEWS, March 5, 1892, Local Outlook, 1, The Standard Union,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, The GMA's new leadership asked Duncan to downsize the monument to save money.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=101}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=149–150}} Porter also tried to convince the state legislature to give $500,000 for the monument,NEWS, March 8, 1892, Those Consents, 1, The Standard Union,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=105}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=151}} but the bill was withdrawn after legislators requested a 10% kickback.The GMA's funds had stalled at $155,000, so Porter enlisted businessman Edward F. Cragin to raise money{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=107–108}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=154–155}}NEWS, December 30, 1897, For the Nicaragua Canal, 3, The New York Times,weblink August 12, 2023, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, and announced plans on March 22 to raise another $350,000 in four weeks.NEWS, March 22, 1892, To Finish Grant's Tomb: Drygoods Men Take Hold in Earnest Committees Appointed to Canvass Various Branches of the Trade, 2, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573668145, }}NEWS, March 22, 1892, For Grant's Monument, 2, The Evening World,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, The group reached out to various businesses and trades across the city.NEWS, April 28, 1897, The Money for the Tomb: How the Association Raised the $600,000, B1, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 574405081, }} The campaign began nine days later,NEWS, March 31, 1892, To Raise Money, 2, The Standard Union,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, raising funds through newspaper advertisements and public donation boxes, as well as from 185 committees. Mayor Hugh J. Grant (who was unrelated to the Grants) encouraged everyone to give to the fund on April 8.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=156}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=108}}NEWS, April 9, 1892, The Grant Monument.; Mayor Grant Issues an Address to the Citizens for Subscriptions, en, The New York Times,weblink August 11, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, U.S. president Benjamin Harrison laid the permanent cornerstone on April 27, 1892,NEWS, April 28, 1892, At Gen. Grant's Tomb: Corner-stone of the Monument Laid by President Harrison, 9, Chicago Daily Tribune, 1085-6706, {{ProQuest, 174644889, }}NEWS, April 28, 1892, The Cornerstone in Place: Laid by President Harrison, 1, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 573713838, }} at which point the campaign had raised $202,800.NEWS, April 27, 1892, Grant Memorial, 1, 2, The Buffalo Enquirer,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, Another attempt to obtain $250,000 from Congress failed in late May 1892.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=112}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=161}} The total fund exceeded $500,000 by the end of May, more than enough for the entire project; the GMA had raised $350,000 in these two months.MAGAZINE, May 31, 1892, At the Tomb of Grant.: Colonel Charles Marshall, of General Lee's Staff, Delivers an Oration., The Atlanta Constitution, 4, {{ProQuest, 230537801, }} The vast majority of the money came from New Yorkers,NEWS, March 2, 1893, For the Grant Monument, 1, San Francisco Chronicle, {{ProQuest, 575696620, }} and the fundraiser had incurred less than $18,000 in expenses.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=161}} Fundraising continued through early 1893, at which point $600,000 had been raised from over 90,000 individual donors, making it the world's largest fundraiser ever at the time.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=113}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=161–162}}

Progress and completion

The temporary tomb was relocated {{convert|75|ft}} north in May 1892, allowing visitors to see the tomb without disrupting work.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=162}}NEWS, May 25, 1892, Moving Gen. Grant's Tomb, 1, The Standard Union,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, A stonecutters' strike in New England delayed construction for much of that year,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=120}} lasting six months.NEWS, August 4, 1894, The Grant Monument, 1, Yonkers Statesman,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, Duncan and Porter began acquiring {{convert|16|e6lb|kg}} of granite from New England, and Brady was awarded a $104,482 contract to construct the rest of the structure in early 1893. At their annual meeting that February, the GMA's trustees awarded a granite contract to the Maine and New Hampshire Granite Company, with a completion date of late 1895.NEWS, March 3, 1893, The Grant Monument Association, 2, The Sun and the Erie County Independent,weblink August 11, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, The company was ready to deliver granite for the superstructure by June 1893.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=164}}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=120–121}} However, Brady could not accept the granite because the monument's water table needed to be fixed. In response to a media inquiry that October, Duncan blamed the contractors for the delays.NEWS, October 13, 1893, The Grant Monument, 7, Star-Gazette,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, By the end of 1893, the water table was the only completed above-ground portion of the tomb.NEWS, March 1, 1894, Work on the Grant Monument, 8, The World,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, At the GMA's 1894 annual meeting, the trustees changed the completion date to early 1896.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=121}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=164–165}} Trains began delivering granite to the site in May 1894. After finding that some of the stone had coal-dust stains, Duncan threatened to reject any granite that was stained, and he returned any stones with stains greater than {{cvt|0.25|in}} in diameter.NEWS, October 16, 1895, Grant's Tomb, 2, The Buffalo Enquirer,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, The monument had been built to a height of {{convert|45|ft}} by December 1894, when work was paused due to cold weather.NEWS, March 1, 1895, Grant Monument, 1, Democrat and Chronicle,weblink August 11, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, Further slowdowns occurred in early 1895 due to delays in delivering granite and disputes over smoke from a construction hoist.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=122}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=167–168}} The base had topped out by that May, and the monument had reached {{Cvt|85|ft}} when work was paused at the end of the year.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=168}} Duncan had also begun soliciting estimates for interior work.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=123–124}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=169–170}}The GMA reported at its 1896 meeting that the completion date had been changed to early 1897.NEWS, February 27, 1896, Sufficient Funds for Grant Monument, 1, The New York Times,weblink August 11, 2023, 0362-4331, August 11, 2023,weblink live, Although a dedication was supposed to occur on April 25, before the tomb was even complete,NEWS, March 11, 1896, Grant Monument Dedication, 15, New-York Tribune,weblink August 11, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, one newspaper reported that "not a flower was to be seen" on Grant's birthday two days later.NEWS, April 28, 1896, Grant's Tomb Forgotten, 48, The Buffalo News,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, Work on the steel frame of the monument's roof had resumed in early 1896, and the roof was completed by the middle of that year,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=122}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=168–169}} with the scaffolding being removed in July.NEWS, July 28, 1896, Grant Memorial is Completed.: New York at Last Finishes the Hero's Resting Place, 2, Chicago Daily Tribune, 1085-6706, {{ProQuest, 175213964, }} The Department of Parks announced plans that August to spend $120,000 on terraces and paths around the monument,NEWS, August 11, 1896, The Grant Monument, 10, Democrat and Chronicle,weblink August 11, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, although the department did not approve several other proposals for the area, which included a system of boulevards leading to the monument.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=131–132}} The stonework on the facade was completed the next month. Brady received the contract for the interior work. Although there was originally supposed to be one sarcophagus for both Grants, this was changed to two sarcophagi before the monument was finished. The red granite for Grant's sarcophagus was delivered in March 1897.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=171}}NEWS, March 14, 1897, Grant's Tomb is Ready: Granite Sarcophagus is on the Way to New York in Safety, 4, Chicago Daily Tribune, 1085-6706, {{ProQuest, 175567892, }} The front doors were installed on April 12, marking the completion of all work.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=131}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=172}}

Use as monument

Opening

(File:18970515 Trevor Grant 004cr.jpg|thumb|Grant's Tomb on dedication day, April 27, 1897)The New York City Board of Estimate budgeted $50,000 in 1896 just for the monument's opening ceremony.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=134}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=175}}NEWS, December 29, 1896, Grant Monument Dedication, 4, The Standard Union,weblink August 12, 2023, Grant's remains were transferred to the sarcophagus on April 17, 1897, and placed in the mausoleum.NEWS, April 18, 1897, Transferred to the Tomb: the Body of General Grant in Its Final Resting Place, 7, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 574298274, }}NEWS, April 18, 1897, Gen. Grant's Body Removed; It Was Taken from the Little Brick Tomb to the Massive New Mausoleum, en, The New York Times,weblink August 11, 2023, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, Brady was awarded a $20,250 contract to build a temporary triumphal arch and a grandstand for the ceremony.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=138}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=177}} On April 25, two days before the dedication, the tomb had an estimated 200,000 visitors.NEWS, April 26, 1897, White Ships: Steam Up the Hudson and 200,000 People Visit General Grant's Tomb. Pageant of Tuesday Will Probably Be Unparalleled in American History. Of Ohio Troops Quartered in Her Hotels, 6, Cincinnati Enquirer, {{ProQuest, 888620263, }} The state legislature had declared the day of the dedication, April 27, 1897, as a state holiday in four New York City-area counties.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=134}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=178}}NEWS, April 22, 1897, Get Two, Want Five Hundred, 16, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,weblink August 12, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, The dedication marked what would have been Grant's 75th birthday.{{harvnb|ps=.|Waugh|2009|p=162}}NEWS, April 28, 1897, At Gen. Grant's Tomb; Exercises Impressive in Their Simplicity Mark the Transfer of the Handsome Monument., en, The New York Times,weblink August 11, 2023, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, April 28, 1897, Great Day in Gotham: the Tomb of Ulysses B. Grant Dedicated With Pomp and Splendor, 1, Austin Daily Statesman, {{ProQuest, 1623512153, }} Despite inclement weather,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=140}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=183}} the dedication drew an estimated one million spectators,NEWS, April 26, 1997, Parade, Ceremonies Mark Centennial of General Grant National Gravesite, 19, New York Amsterdam News, {{proQuest, 2638109014, }} as well as more than 50,000 marchers who paraded to the tomb from Madison Square Park {{convert|6|mi}} to the south.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=173}}The grandstand was disassembled after the ceremony, although the temporary arch remained for another month.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=141–142}}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=188}} Bricks from the temporary tomb were sent to Grand Army posts across the U.S.;NEWS, June 19, 1897, Bricks From Grant's Tomb: Grand Army Posts Are to Receive Them as Souvenirs, 7, Austin Daily Statesman, {{ProQuest, 1621521132, }} other members of the public also requested the temporary tomb's bricks but were denied.MAGAZINE, May 15, 1897, Relic Hunters After the Brick in the Temporary Tomb of General Grant, Clay Record, 10, 9, 17, {{ProQuest, 128323748, }} To avoid stampedes, the tomb was closed to the public until the day after the dedication, when between ten and fifteen thousand people entered the monument. Policemen were stationed outside the monument to direct crowds,NEWS, April 29, 1897, Thousands at the Tomb: a Great Throng Views the Scene of Tuesday's Ceremonies, 2, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 574411686, }} although a 24-hour patrol of Grant's Tomb was withdrawn shortly after the monument opened. Chinese diplomat Yang Yü planted a ginkgo biloba tree next to the tomb in May 1897, honoring Grant on behalf of Li Hongzhang.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=135}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=188}}NEWS, May 8, 1897, The Chinese Memorial: a Tree Planted Beside the Tomb of Gen. Grant, 3, Los Angeles Times, 0458-3035, {{ProQuest, 163774803, }} A memorial tablet was placed near the tree that September.WEB, September 17, 1897, Park Board Meeting; A Memorial Tablet to be Placed Near Gen. Grant's Tomb,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, September 16, 1897, Memorial Work, 1, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,weblink August 12, 2023,

GMA operation

The New York City government initially did not provide any appropriation for the tomb's maintenance.WEB, November 30, 1897, Park Board Meeting; Many Bids Submitted for the Construction of the Botanical Garden Buildings,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, In November 1897, the Department of Parks agreed to pay the GMA $7,000 annually to maintain the monument for 11 years.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=145}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=190}} George D. Burnside, who had been a foreman during the monument's construction,NEWS, 11 Sep 1844, G. D. Burnside, Grant's Tomb Curator, Dies: Cousin of Northern General Guided Thousands in His 43-Year Stewardship, 14, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1318085429, }} was hired as the first curator,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=146}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=190}}WEB, April 17, 1938, 47 Years on Job at Grant's Tomb; ' My Destiny to Be Here,' Says Custodian of the Edifice Since It Was Built Hates to Dispute Story,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, serving for nearly five decades. Julia's sarcophagus was placed in the tomb in January 1898.NEWS, January 27, 1898, Sarcophagus for Mrs. Grant, 1, The Buffalo News,weblink August 12, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, January 27, 1898, A New Sarcophagus, 1, Democrat and Chronicle,weblink August 12, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, The monument's policies included a loud-talking ban and a requirement that men take off their hats. Grant's Tomb attracted 560,000 visitors in its first eight months, and it consistently recorded at least 500,000 annual visitors over the next few years. Most visitors arrived to the site by either elevated railway, carriage, bicycle, or boat, although some traveled there on foot.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=147}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=190–191}} The Grand Army of the Republic hosted annual ceremonies at the tomb on Grant's birthday and on Memorial Day until 1929.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=149}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=201}}

1900s to mid-1920s

(File:"TOMB OF GEN. U.S. GRANT" map in 1916, from- Bromley Manhattan Plate 138 publ. 1916 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tomb on map in 1916)Most visitors in the early 20th century generally adhered to the monument's strict rules. Some visitors talked loudly, loitered, vandalized, or roller-skated on the steps, and there were also "relic hunters" who took pieces of the monument.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=148–149}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=191}} The New York City Board of Estimate provided $300,000 in early 1901 for "general improvements" to the area around Grant's Tomb.NEWS, March 15, 1901, To Improve Riverside Park, 6, The New York Times,weblink August 12, 2023, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, March 15, 1901, Estimate Board Rebukes Assembly, 5, New-York Tribune,weblink August 12, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, Julia died on December 14, 1902,WEB, December 15, 1902, Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant Dies in Washington; The End Came at 11:17 o'Clock Last Evening. Heart Disease, Aggravated by Bronchitis, the Cause – Nellie Grant Sartoris the Only Child at Her Bedside,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=150}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=192}} and she was placed in her sarcophagus the week afterward.NEWS, December 21, 1902, Mrs. Grant Entombed: Body Beside Husband's Brief Services Over Sealed Sarcophagus to-day, 9, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 571313395, }}WEB, December 21, 1902, Mrs. Grant's Body Sealed in the Tomb; Placed in the Sarcophagus Beside That of the Soldier,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, The Grant family also donated to the GMA several thousand letters that Ulysses had written, and battle flags were placed in the reliquary rooms at the tomb's northwest and northeast corners in 1903.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=150}} The GMA requested in early 1904 that the state fund a heating plant in the tomb.NEWS, March 1, 1904, Grant's Tomb Needs Heating; Monument Association Trustees to Petition for a $10,000 Plant, en, The New York Times,weblink August 12, 2023, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, March 1, 1904, Fear for Grant Tomb: Trustees Say It May Crumble-- Want $10,000 Heating Plant, 14, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 571554783, }} The monument had also started to leak, causing the plaster to flake off.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=190}} As such, in late 1904, workers coated the interior with paraffin wax to reduce leaks;NEWS, December 4, 1904, Waxing Grant's Tomb, 21, 23, New-York Tribune,weblink August 12, 2023, August 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, November 27, 1904, Repairing Grant's Tomb.: Water-proofing Process Used to Arrest Decay, B9, The Washington Post, 0190-8286, {{ProQuest, 144534559, }} the work was completed the next year.In its early years, Grant's Tomb attracted more visitors than the Statue of Liberty did,NEWS, McShane, Larry, December 19, 1993, Grant Won the Civil War, But His N.Y. Tomb Is Losing the Urban Wars, 34, 35, The Los Angeles Times,weblink August 6, 2023, August 6, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, Frankel, Bruce, April 1, 1994, Once grand, Grant's Tomb now grungy, 3A, USA Today, {{ProQuest, 306704446, }} with around 600,000 visitors in 1906.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=147}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=195}} The monument also attracted many foreign delegations, as well as ceremonies and demonstrations.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=196}} The city renewed its contract with the GMA in 1908 for 21 years, continuing to pay the association $7,000 annually. The next year, three policemen were temporarily stationed outside the tomb to deter vandals.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=191–192}}NEWS, February 2, 1909, To Guard Grant's Tomb.: Police of New York to Keep Three Sentries on Watch to Prevent Vandalism., I2, Los Angeles Times, 0458-3035, {{ProQuest, 159437342, }} A pavilion with restrooms was erected to the west of Grant's Tomb in 1910 at a cost of $45,000, replacing a temporary wooden structure there.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=150}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=197}} A set of Japanese cherry trees were planted behind the tomb in 1912.NEWS, April 4, 1912, Japanese Trees Planted: Thirty-nine of the 2,600 Set Out Near Grant's Tomb, 9, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 574897401, }} The same year, Duncan recommended "urgent" repairs to the tomb and surrounding pavement, as he believed the foundations had been undermined due to improper drainage.NEWS, May 9, 1912, Tomb Repairs Urgent: Architect, After Investigation, Agrees With Stover, 14, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 574930788, }}NEWS, 9 May 1912, Fears for Grants Tomb: New York Park Commissioner Believes Water Has Settled Under Foundation of Mausoleum., I1, Los Angeles Times, 0458-3035, {{ProQuest, 159720195, }} The GMA paid Louis Comfort Tiffany $975 for nine purple stained-glass windows on the monument,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=151}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=201}} which were installed in March 1913.NEWS, 1913-03-17, Grant's Tomb Is Not Yet Completed, 15, The Buffalo News,weblink 2023-08-12, 2023-08-12,weblink live, NEWS, 17 Mar 1913, Trees for Grant's Tomb: Park Commissioner Has Scheme to Relieve Barren Appearance Will Repair Pavement Monument Still Unfinished After 21 Years—Stained Glass Windows Being Prepared, 14, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 575057762, }} The Parks Department also planned to repair the pavement, and there were plans to install statuary once sufficient funds had been raised. A wooden booth for the staff was installed next to the entrance in 1915.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=151}}The number of visitors was in decline by the 1910s, in part since many Civil War veterans were dying, and many younger Americans were unaware of Grant's importance to previous generations.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=148}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=197}} World War I and the growing popularity of amusement parks, theaters, and sports also negatively impacted visitor numbers; by the end of the 1910s, the tomb had only 300,000 annual visitors.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=197–199}} The tomb was originally illuminated by gas jets at night, but these were replaced by electric lamps in 1923. Additionally, the tomb continued to have drainage problems: by 1925, one corner was sagging by {{convert|2|in|cm}}. This prompted the city to rebuild the plaza outside the tomb in a project which was completed in 1927.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=150–151}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=202}} During the 1920s, there were several plans to complete the statuary on the tomb, but this had been complicated by Duncan's indecision over the designs. A grove of trees outside the tomb was dedicated in 1928.WEB, October 14, 1928, Trees to Be Dedicated; Memorial Grove at Grant's Tomb to Be Given to City Tuesday,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live,

1920s and 1930s renovation

Multiple modifications, including a statue of Grant on horseback outside Grant's Tomb, were announced in February 1929.WEB, Rice, Diana, February 17, 1929, Tomb of General Grant to Be Finished at Last,weblink August 6, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 6, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 17 Feb 1929, Grant's Tomb Unfinished For 32 Years, Will Be Altered and Completed: Main Motif in Architect's Plan Will Be Equestrian Statue of General at South Front of Monument; Bas-Reliefs of Civil War Scenes to Adorn Walls and Pediment: Angular Dome To Be Shortened, B3, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1111952954, }} This was part of a larger plan designed by John Russell Pope, which included a pediment above the main entrance and an expanded entrance plaza.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|ps=.|p=3}}NEWS, 19 Mar 1929, Fund Is Started for Completing Grant Memorial: $400,000 Sought From Public to Undertake Work on New York Mausoleum, 3, The Christian Science Monitor, 0882-7729, {{ProQuest, 512505544, }} The GMA began raising funds that month,NEWS, 19 Feb 1929, $11,500 Gifts in Advance To Finish Grant's Tomb: Stewart Announces First Subscriptions to Needed $400,000, B21, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1111054195, }}NEWS, Start Grant's Tomb Fund; New Yorkers Give $10,500 Before Drive for Monument Work.,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, February 19, 1929, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, with plans to obtain $400,000, and the city's Municipal Art Commission approved Pope's plans that March.WEB, March 6, 1929, Backs Grant's Tomb Plan; Art Commission Approves J.R. Pope's Design for Alterations.,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 9 Mar 1929, Grant Tomb Work Approved, 25, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1109246040, }} Pope signed a contract to design the renovation in June 1929,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=163–164}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=204}} and the GMA had raised $121,000 by September.NEWS, 10 Sep 1929, Grant's Tomb To Be Finished; Cost $400,000: Association Will Elect New Chairman to Succeed the Late W. R. Stewart, 16, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1111665361, }} With the Wall Street Crash of 1929 later the same year, fundraising slowed significantly, but the project was not officially canceled until 1933. Grant's Tomb recorded fewer than 100,000 annual visitors for the first time in its history in 1933,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=162}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=206}} and visitor counts had decreased to fewer than 500 a day. The annual ceremonies at Grant's Tomb were drawing fewer and fewer people,NEWS, 31 May 1933, 'Grant's Tomb Keeper Recalls Glories of Past: Burnside Gloomy at Memories of Days When President Was at Memorial Now Only a Few Attend No Roses From Roosevelt, Custodian Sadly Notes President Honoring Nation's War Dead, 5, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1222146583, }} and vandalism was becoming more common.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=163}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=205}} The facade had also become dirty over time.NEWS, Edwards, Willard, 25 Nov 1934, Custodian Sighs at Neglect for Tomb of Grant: Says N.y. Unalive to Duty Toward Monument, 16, Chicago Daily Tribune, 1085-6706, {{ProQuest, 181603373, }}File:OHNY_2015_GRANT_TOMB_EXTERIOR.jpg|alt=Eagle sculptures outside Grant's Tomb|thumb|The eagle statues outside Grant's Tomb were salvaged from the New York City Post Office in 1938.]]In 1934, the city again renewed its contract with the GMA for 21 years; the $7,000 annual payment was not changed to adjust for inflation. Some of Pope's plans were carried out later in the decade.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=164}}WEB, January 29, 1939, WPA Speeds Work on Grant's Tomb; 450 Employes Will Get Merit Certificates in Ceremony at Noon Tomorrow,weblink August 13, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 13, 2023,weblink live, There were plans to clean the monument by July 1935,NEWS, 21 Jul 1935, Tomb of Grant Will Be Cleaned As a Relief Job: Monument Association and Park Department to Get Federal Funds for Task Plan Memorial Service Tuesday Marks 50th Anniversary of General's Death, 6, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1221732250, }} and Works Progress Administration (WPA) laborers installed new marble flooring that December.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=164}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=206}} According to Joan Waugh, WPA funding and the sale of souvenirs helped keep the tomb solvent.{{harvnb|ps=.|Waugh|2009|p=304}} Exposed cables were relocated inside the walls during 1936,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=206}} and workers completed a 14-month renovation of the roof and part of the interior in May 1937NEWS, 28 May 1937, Work of Cleaning Out Grant's Tomb About Done, 8, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1240433149, }} at a cost of $22,500.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=165}} In June, the GMA hired Dean Fausett to design two murals of battle maps,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=167}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=206–207}} which were completed the next year.WEB, August 17, 1938, Renovation Begins at Grants Tomb; $200,000 Job to Make It First Monument in World to Be Air-Conditioned,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, Swinging racks, bronze markers, a lamp, and a brass lectern were also added for visitors' benefit.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=168–169}} The GMA announced in late 1937 that it would complete the renovation before the 1939 New York World's Fair started.WEB, May 30, 1937, WPA Aid Sought for Grant's Tomb Repairs; Group Urges Move for 1939 World's Fair,weblink August 13, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 13, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 11 Oct 1937, Grant's Tomb To Be Finished After 40 Years: Work 'Temporarily' Suspended in 1897 To Be Completed in Time for Fair, 17, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1248888754, }}Numerous modifications were made to Grant's Tomb in 1938, including the installation of a heating plant and an air-conditioning system. Workers also installed anti-bird screens, built a plaza around the monument,NEWS, 23 Oct 1938, Grant's Tomb Is Overhauled for World's Fair: First Air-Conditioned Mausoleum in World Will Have Clean Face, Fresh Setting for Event, A1, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1243102625, }}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=171}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=207}} cleaned the interior of the dome, and relocated the curator's office to the southeast corner. Two eagle statues from the New York City Post Office were relocated to the tomb,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=207}} and the purple stained-glass panels in nine windows were replaced with amber panels.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=166}} Artists William Mues and Jeno Juszko designed five busts of Union Army generals around the crypt as part of the Federal Art Project.{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1980|p=167}} Four hundred and fifty WPA workers ultimately completed the project by January 1939.NEWS, 31 Jan 1939, W. P. A. Workers Win Free Beer For Swift Grant's Tomb Repairs, 19, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1247819334, }}WEB, January 31, 1939, WPA Crew Honored by Grant Association; 450 Get Scrolls and Free Beer for Reconditioning Tomb,weblink August 13, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 13, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=174}} Workers installed two flagpoles and exterior floodlights in early April 1939,NEWS, 8 Apr 1939, Grant's Tomb Gleams After Bath by W. P. A.: Monument, Face Scrubbed for First Time, Will Be Rededicated on April 27 Almost Ready for Rededication on Gen. Grant's Birthday, 9, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1267936212, }} and the GMA rededicated the tomb on Grant's 117th birthday.NEWS, 28 Apr 1939, Grant Extolled By Gen. Drum in Service at Tomb: Union and Peace Still First Ideals of U. S., Audience at Rededication Is Told Rededication Ceremonies Held at Refurbished Tomb of General Grant, 25, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1263376968, }}WEB, April 28, 1939, New Grant's Tomb Opens on Birthday: Rededicating One of New York's Most Famous Structures,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, The renovation cost either $300,000NEWS, 26 Apr 1939, Exercises at Grant's Tomb To Take Place Tomorrow, 21, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1256932244, }} or $450,000, of which the GMA paid around $90,000.

1940s and 1950s

During the 1930s renovation, the GMA had attempted to add an equestrian statue outside the tomb, which never occurred.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=174}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=208–209}} The GMA first proposed relocating an existing statue in Brooklyn in 1938; although parks commissioner Robert Moses supported this plan,WEB, June 7, 1941, Grant Statue Moving Endorsed by Moses; Public Opinion, However, to Be Factor in Shift From Brooklyn,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, residents of the borough heavily opposed it.NEWS, 8 Oct 1938, Brooklyn Aroused at Proposal To Deprive Her of General Grant, 17, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1256909210, }}NEWS, 1938-10-08, Boros Battle Over Statue of Gen. Grant, 3, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle,weblink 2023-08-14, 2023-08-14,weblink live, GMA president Herbert L. Satterlee and Grant's grandson Ulysses S. Grant III rejected a model of the statue created by a sculptor named Flinta, as well as another design from William Mues.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=173}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=209}} George D. Burnside's son George G. Burnside took over as the monument's curator in 1940. After the American entry into World War II. the GMA considered closing the monument.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=209}} The monument ultimately remained open, but the sarcophagi were covered by tarpaulin sheets at night between 1942 and 1945 to protect them from air raid damage.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=175}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=209}} In addition, a silk sheet donated by Japanese citizens was removed in 1944. Vandalism continued to occur, as in 1942 when the cork tree next to the tomb was damaged,WEB, March 22, 1942, Vandals Ruin Park Tree; Mutilate Gift of China Planted in 1897 at Grant's Tomb,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 22 Mar 1942, Vandals Slash Cork Tree at Grant's Tomb: Chinese Gift Mutilated at Night Moses Calls Police Park Patrols Inadequate, 36, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1256425361, }} and the tomb also saw fewer visitors over the years.NEWS, 3 Feb 1943, Fewer Grant's Tomb Visitors, 14, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1267870528, }}(File:General Grant National Monument.jpg|left|thumb|Interior of the tomb, looking up from crypt level)By the end of World War II, the tomb was only guarded by New York City Police Department officers when they patrolled the neighborhood.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=149}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=210}} Although annual attendance increased to about 125,000 by the late 1940s, the tomb was becoming dilapidated.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=175}} There were continued efforts to fund an equestrian statue outside the tomb after the war.NEWS, Fulton, William, 23 Apr 1950, Honor Grant on Birthday, Tomb Yet Unfinished: Need $150,000 to Erect Equestrian Statue, 33, Chicago Daily Tribune, 1085-6706, {{ProQuest, 177883198, }} The city finally increased its annual appropriation to the GMA in the early 1950s,WEB, June 4, 1952, Grant's Tomb Profitable; $230 Surplus Made Possible by Larger City Contribution,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, but even with the increased appropriation, the GMA recorded a net profit of only $230 in 1952.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=210}} Much of the organization's funding still came from the city,NEWS, 29 Oct 1954, 17 Millionth Visitor Enters Grant's Tomb: Reports Discussed at Annual Meeting, 13, Chicago Daily Tribune, 1085-6706, {{ProQuest, 178720769, }} and annual maintenance costs had reached $11,635 by the mid-1950s.NEWS, 2 May 1959, Grant's Tomb Now U. S. Shrine, 1, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1327124511, }}At its 1953 and 1954 meetings, GMA trustees discussed the possibility of transferring the monument to the federal government, but no action was taken in either case.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=175–176}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=210}} The GMA also wrote a letter to U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose secretary rejected the plan,NEWS, Kiley, Charles F., 12 Jan 1956, U. S. Asked to Care for Grant's Tomb, A1, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1325104197, }} though Eisenhower sent a team to look at the site in late 1955. State lawmakers introduced two bills to transfer the land and the tomb's operation to the federal government in January 1956,WEB, January 24, 1956, U.S. Upkeep Asked for Grant's Tomb; City Bids Legislature Allow Ceding of Riverside Site for National Monument,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 24 Jan 1956, Bi-Partisan Albany Bills Give Grant's Tomb to U. S, A1, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1325590732, }} and the governor signed the land-transfer bill that March.WEB, March 4, 1956, Grant's Tomb Transfer Approved by Harriman,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 10 Mar 1956, U. S. To Run Grant's Tomb, 17, New York Amsterdam News, {{proQuest, 225618204, }} U.S. representative Herbert Zelenko introduced a bill in early 1957 to transfer the tomb's operation to the United States Department of the Interior,WEB, March 22, 1957, Senate Votes Bill on Grant's Cottage,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=178}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=211}} and Eisenhower signed the bill in August 1958 after Congress approved it.WEB, August 16, 1958, U.S. Takes Over Grant's Tomb,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 27, 2019,weblink live, The move was expected to save the city $13,000 per year and would cost the federal government $19,000 annually.WEB, March 5, 1958, 2 Aid Grant's Tomb Bill; General and National Parks Head Back Shift to U. S.,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, The Board of Estimate voted to give the site to the federal government in November;NEWS, Sugruo, Francis, 22 Nov 1958, Grant's Tomb Transfer To U. S Is Voted by City, 14, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1327430904, }}WEB, November 22, 1958, City Approves Ceding Grant's Tomb to U. S.,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, the tomb had recorded over 18.6 million all-time visitors at the time.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=211}}

NPS operation

The National Park Service (NPS) took over the operations of Grant's Tomb on May 1, 1959,WEB, May 2, 1959, Grant's Tomb is Ceded; National Park Service Takes It Over From the City,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, without any ceremony.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=179}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=211}} The structure was officially renamed the General Grant National Memorial. Thomas Pitkin, the tomb's newly appointed historian, wanted to renovate Grant's Tomb to emphasize its role as a memorial rather than as a tomb.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=180–181}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=215–216}} Ulysses S. Grant III requested that the NPS keep his grandparents' bodies there.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=180}}

1960s and 1970s renovations

After taking over Grant's Tomb, the NPS wanted to add an equestrian statue, install a pediment, modify the roof,{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=182}} and improve pedestrian flow around the memorial.NEWS, 5 Aug 1958, Shrine Status Voted for Grant's Tomb, 1, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1327101604, }} In 1961, the NPS announced plans to spend $200,000 on an equestrian statue and repairs to the tomb.WEB, May 1, 1961, Funds Are Sought for Grants Tomb: State Civil War Centennial Unit Would Have Pupils Collect,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 1 May 1961, Bruce Catton Suggests Statue at Grant's Tomb, 17, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1326897707, }} The NPS dropped plans for the pediment that year, but it did make some minor changes, such as the addition of new labels and a telephone, as well as replacement of display panels.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=182}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=216}} Paul Manship, who had designed a model of a statue for the GMA three decades earlier, was hired to design the statue;{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=182–183}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=216–217}}NEWS, Sugrue, Francis, 30 Aug 1961, Statue of Grant Sparks a Civil War, 8, New York Herald Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 1325846151, }} amid strong opposition, the statue was canceled in 1962. Pitkin proposed installing colorful lunette murals within the memorial in 1962, and the NPS also installed floodlights to deter loitering.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=216}} The memorial was documented in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1963.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=183}} Grant's Tomb continued to record 300,000 annual visitors during the mid-1960s,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=220}} even as it was being vandalized frequently.NEWS, 1964-07-12, Nightly Revels Desecrate Grant's Grave, 4, Daily News,weblink 2023-08-14, 2023-08-14,weblink live, The GMA transferred $20,000 to the NPS in 1964 to help pay for the installation of two mosaic murals; the NPS also spent $10,000 on a third mural.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=184–185}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=217}} The NPS hired Allyn Cox to design the murals. The GMA officially dissolved itself in April 1965, using its last $9,095.50 to buy a model of an equestrian statue by Manship, which was then displayed in the tomb.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=186–187}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=217–218}} Cox's murals were dedicated in May 1966,WEB, Ennis, Thomas W., May 27, 1966, Mosaic Murals at Grant's Tomb Dedicated,weblink August 12, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, 1966-05-27, Grant's Tomb Given Murals After 69 Yrs., 79, Daily News,weblink 2023-08-14, 2023-08-14,weblink live, and additional modifications took place throughout the decade.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=187–188}} The tomb was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, at which point annual patronage dropped to 120,000. The NPS also loosened restrictions within the memorial, allowing visitors to see the crypt and take pictures for the first time.WEB, November 22, 1967, Grant Memorial Eases Rules, but Retains Its Solemnity; Even His Sword,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, In the late 1960s, the NPS painted over two of the WPA-era murals and replaced them with portraits;NEWS, Aig, Marlene, April 28, 1995, Artist gratified by restoration of mural he painted in Grant's tomb, A4A, The Hartford Courant, 1047-4153, {{ProQuest, 2453290062, }}{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=189}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=219}} two other murals were revised to include portraits of African Americans. By the end of the decade, annual patronage had declined to 95,300.(File:General Grant National Memorial 03.jpg|alt=Underside of the memorial's dome|thumb|The dome was repainted in 1974.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=191–192}})In 1970, NPS workers demolished bronze cases that had displayed battle flags.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|p=190}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=219}} The flags themselves, as well as some letters and other documents, were placed into storage;{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=189–190}} the documents were stored under a water heater, where they were damaged significantly. That year, more floodlights were added to the memorial. Beginning in 1972, the granite benches around the memorial were replaced with mosaic-tile benches designed by Pedro Silva.WEB, September 3, 1972, New Benches Set at Grant's Tomb,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=190–191}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=221–223}} The benches were intended to discourage graffiti on the tomb, which by then cost $11,000 a year to remove.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=190–191}}WEB, September 12, 1973, Benches at Grant's. Tom Getting Mosaic Touch,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, Initially budgeted at $20,000, the benches ended up costing $50,000 and took two years to complete. The NPS added fans and reinforced the steel frame of the roof from 1973 to early 1974. This was followed later the same year by a repainting of the dome and barrel vaults inside the monument, which required a two-month closure of Grant's Tomb in late 1974.NEWS, 26 Nov 1974, Grant Memorial Reopens in New York City, 23C, The Hartford Courant, 1047-4153, {{ProQuest, 552374098, }} Both the facade and interior of the tomb were designated as city landmarks in 1975.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=225}}WEB, November 26, 1975, Landmark Status Voted For 5 Places in City,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, May 17, 2023,weblink live,

Late 1970s to early 1990s

By the 1970s, the tomb was vandalized and graffitied on a regular basis, and homeless persons, drug users, and muggers frequented the memorial.WEB, The Tomb's Decline and Restoration,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150923013446weblink">weblink September 23, 2015, July 8, 2015, grantstomb.org, Grant Monument Association, {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=228}} Local residents reported that the sculptures around the tomb were generally spared from graffiti,NEWS, Gupta, Udayan, 28 July 1979, 'Grant's Tomb Benches Stay!' Say Residents, Artists, 25, New York Amsterdam News, {{proQuest, 226501122, }} though there were calls to remove the sculptures,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=227}}WEB, Haitch, Richard, November 16, 1980, Follow-Up on the News; Grant's Tomb Clash Snoopy v. Legislator Golf in Prison Union-Union Battle,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, which had decreased by the 1980s.NEWS, Collins, Gail, 1986-08-06, Grant's Tomb: The Forgotten Shrine, 368, Daily News,weblink 2023-08-15, 2023-08-15,weblink live, The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the mausoleum as a city landmark in 1975;NEWS, November 26, 1975, City Gets Three New Landmarks, 7, Daily News,weblink May 1, 2023, May 4, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, November 26, 1975, Brooklyn Area Named Landmark, en-US, The New York Times,weblink May 1, 2023, 0362-4331, May 5, 2023,weblink live, the designation applied to both the facade and the interior.NYCLAND, 395, The visitor pavilion west of Grant's Tomb closed in the 1970s,WEB, Feeney, Michael J., 11 Oct 2000, Opening With a Bang! Grant's Tomb Gets Big Makeover,weblink August 7, 2023, New York Daily News, 3, 2692-1251, {{ProQuest, 305605173, |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826195655weblink |url-status=live }} and annual patronage bottomed out at just over 35,000 in 1979.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=226}} Meanwhile, the NPS was largely unsuccessful in its attempts to prevent graffiti and other damage.NEWS, Basler, Barbara, October 21, 1982, U.S. Historic Sites in City Guarding Against Thefts, en-US, The New York Times,weblink live, October 9, 2022,weblink October 11, 2022, 0362-4331, Even when the tomb was repaired, it was often damaged again; for example, the eagle statues were damaged so frequently that the NPS procured several replacement beaks for these sculptures. The NPS spent $50,000 to renovate the tomb from 1982 to 1984,NEWS, Warner, Gary, 1984-03-29, Cleanup Brings the Tourists Back to Grant's Tomb, 36, The Los Angeles Times,weblink 2023-08-14, 2023-08-14,weblink live, at which point the tomb averaged 75,000 visitors per year.NEWS, Colford, Paul D., 26 Jun 1995, Buried in Grant's Tomb: a Century Past His Death, the General is Neglected, B3, Newsday, 2574-5298, {{ProQuest, 1473636905, }} Although the NPS hired security guards to patrol the tomb,WEB, Berger, Joseph, October 15, 1984, Battle to Rid Monuments of Graffiti is Hard to Win,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, this merely prompted graffiti vandals to wait until the guards' shifts ended. The tomb's entire staff consisted of two janitors and one person handing out pamphlets, and there were no longer guided tours.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=230}} The upper level was closed because of staff shortages.NEWS, McShane, Larry, December 13, 1991, Vandals leave Grant's tomb in grave condition, A10, Austin American Statesman, {{ProQuest, 256376454, }}Newspapers regularly reported on crimes at the tomb in the late 1980s and early 1990s, describing the monument as a frequent site for public urination, drug use, and muggings.NEWS, Harden, Blaine, April 5, 1997, No Longer Marked For Ridicule; Grant's Tomb Given Centennial Cleaning, en-US, Washington Post,weblink August 6, 2023, 0190-8286, August 28, 2017,weblink live, Funding cuts forced the NPS to close the memorial on Sundays starting in 1986.WEB, Boorstin, Robert O., April 6, 1986, Budget Law Imposing Cuts at National Parks,weblink August 15, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, February 3, 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180203064358weblink">weblink live, There was no nighttime security in the early 1990s,NEWS, March 24, 1992, Grant's Tomb Has Fallen Into Disrepair, 1, Morning Edition, NPR, {{ProQuest, 189804981, }} and the memorial was open for only eight hours on Wednesdays through Sundays. The exhibits had become neglected, and the public had largely forgotten about the tomb itself: according to The Washington Post, many tourists did not know whose tomb it was. One rare photo of Grant was not replaced after being stolen, while another photo depicted the wrong person. Preservationists estimated in 1993 that the monument only had 40,000 annual visitors, even though the NPS claimed the memorial had 100,000 visitors per year.The federal government gave the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation $300,000 for a restoration of the tomb's long-closed visitor pavilion in 1989.WEB, Dunlap, David W., April 2, 1989, 11 Sites Awarded Restoration Grants,weblink August 15, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 15, 2023,weblink live, Meanwhile, the monument itself continued to fall into disrepair. NPS superintendent Georgette Nelms said the graffiti on the facade was deterring visitors and prompting concerned letters from around the world.NEWS, West, Hollie I., April 27, 1992, Tomb It May Concern, 322, Daily News,weblink August 6, 2023, August 6, 2023,weblink live, The memorial also had leaks in its roof and cracks on its pillars. The interior had peeling paint,NEWS, Colimore, Edward, February 16, 1995, Grave Mission Frank Scaturro, A Longtime Fan Of Gen. Ulysses Grant, Was Appalled To Discover The Low Estate To Which Grant's Famed Tomb Had Fallen. So He Mounted A Campaign To Set Things Right., The Philadelphia Inquirer,weblink August 6, 2023, {{ProQuest, 1840825859, |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051741weblink |url-status=live }} and the facade was being damaged by the chemical solution that was used to wipe away the graffiti. By contrast, Robert E. Lee's burial site at University Chapel was well-maintained and open seven days a week. The dilapidated conditions at Grant's Tomb also contrasted with the well-kept nature of Columbia University's campus a few blocks away, as well as nearby churches such as Riverside Church.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=231}}

1990s restoration

(File:Ellen Bryan OHNY 10-2016 -13.jpg|thumb|Grant's Tomb, interior detail) Frank Scaturro, a Columbia University student, launched an effort to restore the tomb after he became a volunteer park ranger in 1991.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=232–233}} Scaturro recalled that homeless people and drug users still congregated around the tomb and that it was common to smell human waste there.{{harvnb|Mackowski|White|2015|ps=.|p=131}} Early the next year, the NPS proposed several options for improving the exhibits in Grant's Tomb. Scaturro sent weekly memos to the NPS for over two years, to no avail.NEWS, Onishi, Norimitsu, April 28, 1997, Ceremony at Grant's Tomb Notes Gadfly's Triumph, en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 6, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, He published a 325-page whistleblower report in 1993{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=234}} and sent it to news media, as well as government officials including U.S. president Bill Clinton and members of Congress.NEWS, Bernstein, Emily M., December 19, 1993, Neighborhood Report: Upper West Side; An Uncivil War Over the Keeping of Grant's Tomb, en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Mackowski|White|2015|ps=.|p=134}} After WNBC aired a report on the tomb's condition in November 1993, the NPS fired Scaturro, who said "whistle-blowing was the last resort". Grant's descendants called Scaturro a hero for his advocacy.NEWS, Green, Jorie, September 22, 1993, Law student crusades for Grant's Tomb, The Daily Pennsylvanian,weblink December 28, 2013, July 19, 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180719054524weblink">weblink live, The same year, George M. Craig formed a group known as the Friends of Grant's Tomb to advocate for the memorial's restoration; the group could not raise the $11.5 million that the NPS said was required for the tomb.By the end of 1993, the NPS's Manhattan office was considering numerous options to restore the monument. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported in March 1994 that Scaturro had spent $2,000 of his own money to improve the tomb's condition.NEWS, March 6, 1994, Grant's Tomb Cracking Up, Fan Warns, 59G, St. Louis Post – Dispatch, {{ProQuest, 303847375, }} He also reestablished the Grant Monument Association, although the newly reconstituted GMA was not involved in the tomb's operation.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=235–236}} The bad condition of the tomb had prompted several proposals to relocate the Grants' remains.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=236–237}} The Illinois General Assembly approved a resolution by lawmaker Judy Baar Topinka in March 1994, asking the NPS to either restore Grant's Tomb or move the remains to Illinois.NEWS, Howell, David, March 31, 1994, Lawmakers: Fix Grant's Tomb or Bring it Here, The State Journal-Register, Springfield, Illinois,weblink dead, July 8, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150924023506weblink">weblink September 24, 2015, NEWS, Pacatte, Marcel, March 31, 1994, Grant's Tomb Debate Gains Life in Illinois Resolution Seeks Cleanup of New York Site, 03B, St. Louis Post – Dispatch, {{ProQuest, 303737979, }}WEB, 0882-7729, April 7, 1994, Whose Burden Is Grant's Tomb? Illinois Aims to Claim a Native Son,weblink August 7, 2023, The Christian Science Monitor, August 26, 2023,weblink live, Scaturro and one of Grant's descendants, Ulysses Grant Deitz, sued the NPS the next month,NEWS, Samuel, Terence, October 16, 1994, Grant's Tomb is in Danger of Losing Its Occupants: Upset by the Monument's Neglect, Family and Devotees of the 18th President Threaten to Move the Remains., A.2,  Philadelphia Inquirer, {{ProQuest, 1840771747, }}NEWS, Tabor, Mary B. W., April 27, 1994, For Tomb of Civil War Hero, The New Battle Is in Court, en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 6, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, claiming the agency had left the structure to rot. A bill to relocate the Grants' remains was also introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. Politicians from Grant's birth state of Ohio wanted the remains to be relocated there instead.Following the lawsuit and relocation proposals, the NPS requested $850,000 in federal funds to renovate the tomb over the next two years.NEWS, April 28, 1994, Grant's Tomb Face Lift in Works Park Service Proposes More Money to Refurbish Site in New York, 12A, St. Louis Post – Dispatch, Associated Press, {{ProQuest, 303855280, }}NEWS, April 28, 1994, Resurrection for Grant's Tomb, 3, The Boston Globe, Associated Press,weblink August 7, 2023, August 7, 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=239}} The agency was also working on a long-term plan for Grant's TombNEWS, Barron, James, May 12, 1994, Buried at Grant's Tomb: Talk About High Court, en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, and needed $250,000 per year for extra security around the monument. The same year, the U.S. House of Representatives introduced legislation to restore the tomb before its centennial.Grant's Tomb National Memorial Act of 1994, H.R. 4393, 103d Cong., 2nd session (May 11, 1994). This plan provided up to $375,000 for the memorial's renovation,NEWS, October 16, 1994, Ulysses Grant Heirs Issue Unconditional Demand: Fix Tomb, 181, The Los Angeles Times,weblink August 6, 2023, August 6, 2023,weblink live, a move that Scaturro and Deitz criticized as insufficient. Deitz still threatened to move Ulysses and Julia Grant's remains elsewhere unless the memorial was fully restored before 1997.NEWS, Hevesi, Dennis, October 16, 1994, No One in Grant's Tomb Unless It's Fixed, Family Warns, en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 6, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, Ultimately, $1.8 million was provided for the tomb's renovation.The exterior was renovated first, followed by the interior. The NPS used an abrasive and chemicals to clean the facade, and it replaced the leaking roof.NEWS, Goldman, Henry, April 28, 1997, The Mausoleum Had Been Neglected. The Family: Threatened to Move the Civil War Hero's Body. Grime and Graffiti Gone, Grant's Tomb Shines Again, A.2, Philadelphia Inquirer, {{ProQuest, 1841849940, }}NEWS, Kingson Bloom, Jennifer, April 30, 1995, Neighborhood Report: Update; Happy 173d, Ulysses; Tomb's Looking Good!, en, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, In addition, new displays and mechanical systems were added, and the NPS spent $80,000 to restore one of Fausett's two murals. Bronze trophy cases were placed in the memorial to replace older cases that had been destroyed.WEB, January 9, 2019, Decline & Preservation,weblink August 7, 2023, Grant Monument Association, August 7, 2023,weblink live, During the restoration, the NPS attempted to disassemble The Rolling Bench;NEWS, Allon, Janet, March 30, 1997, Mosaic Benches Face Unseating At Grant's Tomb, en, The New York Times,weblink August 6, 2023, 0362-4331, April 23, 2020,weblink live, this prompted protests, so the NPS ultimately kept the benches.{{harvnb|Mackowski|White|2015|ps=.|p=132}} The facade and roof modifications had been completed by 1995, and the NPS had hired additional guards to patrol the memorial 24 hours a day. The tomb was rededicated on April 27, 1997, its 100th anniversary and Grant's 175th birthday,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=242}}NEWS, April 28, 1997, Grant Monument's Fixup is Celebrated, 34, Chicago Tribune,weblink August 7, 2023, August 7, 2023,weblink live, with a parade and a two-day-long celebration attended by 1,300 people.

Post-renovation and 21st century

(File:Back of Grant's Tomb 2021.png|thumb|The back side of Grant's Tomb in October 2021, closed to the public)The renovated Grant's Tomb recorded 126,432 visitors in 1997, a 32-year high, and the memorial also recorded over 100,000 annual visitors during the next two years.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=243}} Although the Grants' descendants were satisfied with the renovation, Topinka continued to advocate for relocating the Grants' remains.NEWS, May 4, 1998, Topinka Won't Rest Until Grant's Tomb at Peace in Illinois, 2, Chicago Tribune,weblink August 7, 2023, August 7, 2023,weblink live, During the early 21st century, the memorial continued to record about 100,000 annual visitors, or fewer than 300 daily visitors.NEWS, Page, Jeffrey, 18 May 2010, A Tomb That's Presidential, and Then Some, F.1, The Record, {{ProQuest, 366726505, }}{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=246}}NEWS, Gardner, Ralph Jr., 2015-02-24, Ralph Gardner Jr. Visits Grant's Tomb and Sees It in a New Light, en-US, Wall Street Journal,weblink 2023-08-21, 0099-9660, 2023-08-21,weblink live, Many of the visitors were American Civil War enthusiasts. The visitor center on the western side of Riverside Drive remained abandoned through the early 2000s.WEB, Albrecht, Leslie, April 27, 2011, Grant's Tomb Unveils New Visitors Center,weblink August 7, 2023, DNAinfo New York, August 7, 2023,weblink dead, The New York City government gave the NPS an easement in 2004, allowing the NPS to begin restoring the pavilion.WEB, April 27, 2011, General Grant Gets A New Welcome Center,weblink August 7, 2023, National Parks of New York Harbor (U.S. National Park Service), August 7, 2023,weblink live, The visitor center reopened on April 27, 2011. By then, the tomb recorded 120,000 annual visitors.Parts of the memorial had again begun to fall into disrepair by the late 2010s,WEB, McShane, Larry, April 28, 2019, Graffiti, peeling paint, stained ceilings: Ulysses S. Grant's final resting place needs a makeover and fast, with the 200th anniversary of his birth approaching,weblink August 7, 2023, New York Daily News, August 7, 2023,weblink live, WEB, Alvarez, Maria, March 11, 2018, Historic sites Federal Hall, Grant's Tomb need upgrades,weblink August 7, 2023, amNewYork, March 27, 2023,weblink live, with such issues as peeling paint, cracks, rusted flagpoles, and water damage.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=247}} AM New York Metro reported in 2018 that the memorial needed $777,355 for repainting and for repairs to the stairs and pathways. Although U.S. senator Chuck Schumer had pledged money to restore the memorial in 2019, it still saw occasional vandalism, such as during the early 2019 federal government shutdown when the memorial was vandalized. Scaturro, who by then was the president of the Grant Monument Association, advocated for federal and city officials to add security and refurbish the memorial. Due to staffing shortages, the memorial had to close on Mondays and Tuesdays; even on days when Grant's Tomb was open, visitors were only allowed into the memorial on alternating hours. Scaturro also wanted the city and federal governments to help fund the addition of a finial atop the tomb.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=248}}

Description

The design of Grant's Tomb was inspired by ancient Greek and Roman structures, in particular the Pantheon, Rome.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=133}} Duncan may have taken some elements of his design, such as dimensions, from his onetime classmate Henry O. Avery, who created a drawing for the monument in 1885. This has not been substantiated, as Avery died in 1890 before construction started.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=88–89}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=139}} The Ionic colonnade of the upper section may have been inspired by a design created by an architect named Bernier, although Bernier's blueprints were not published until 1892 at the earliest.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=87–88}}

Site

Grant's Tomb is at the intersection of Riverside Drive and 122nd Street in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City.AIA5, 505–506, It occupies a high bluff, standing {{Cvt|130|ft}} above mean high water.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=134}} The northbound lanes of Riverside Drive abut the memorial to the east, while the southbound lanes are to the west.NEWS, 28 Feb 1915, Grant's Tomb Death Trap Removed as Result of Death of Girl Student, 8, New-York Tribune, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 575389191, }} The area near the memorial is served by the M5, M4, and M104 routes of MTA Regional Bus Operations, while the {{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}} of the New York City Subway stops at 125th Street and Broadway.NYC BUS MAP, M, WEB, Public Transportation – General Grant National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service),weblink July 13, 2019, www.nps.gov, en, July 13, 2019,weblink live, The mausoleum is not wheelchair-accessible. It is generally open Wednesday through Sunday, year-round,WEB, June 26, 2019, Basic Information,weblink July 13, 2019, General Grant National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service), July 3, 2019,weblink live, although the tomb is closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day.A granite plaza, dating from the late 1930s, surrounds the tomb. Two flagpoles with brass plaques were erected within the plaza during the 1930s. The western flagpole commemorates Frederick Dent Grant—the first son of Ulysses and Julia Grant—and contains an American flag. The eastern flagpole commemorates Horace Porter and contains Grant's four-star general's flag.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=172}} There is also a grove of trees, which was not part of the original design for the memorial's grounds. The area north of Grant's Tomb has several ginkgo trees,WEB, Kilgannon, Corey, July 7, 2017, What's Planted Behind Grant's Tomb?,weblink August 7, 2023, City Room, August 7, 2023,weblink live, as well as a Chinese cork, which date from Li Hongzhang's visit to the United States in 1897.NEWS, Rosen, Jonathan, April 23, 1999, My Manhattan; Finding Peace at a Warrior's Tomb, en, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 7, 2023,weblink live, WEB, January 9, 2019, Burial, Construction & Early History,weblink August 7, 2023, Grant Monument Association, August 7, 2023,weblink live, There is also a commemorative tablet from Li's visit.BOOK, City History Club of New York,weblink Historical Guide to the City of New York, 1909, F. A. Stokes Company, 126–127, en, 2023-08-26, 2023-08-26,weblink live, A visitor center or pavilion is located across Riverside Drive to the west of the mausoleum and contains a bookstore, a community space, and restrooms.WEB, April 29, 2013, Accessibility,weblink July 13, 2019, General Grant National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service), July 13, 2019,weblink live, This pavilion displays memorabilia and a movie about Grant's life. The visitor center, dating from 1910, is a classical-style pavilion designed by Theodore E. Videto. The structure is made of granite and supported by Doric columns, with restrooms on a lower level. The visitor center is wheelchair-accessible.

Art and other memorials

According to NYC Parks, "some popular local folk art in Riverside Park contrasts strikingly with the Tomb's severity".WEB, Riverside Park Virtual Tour 2) Grant's Tomb,weblink NYC Parks, 2023-08-26, 2020-12-02,weblink live, Among these is The Rolling Bench, a sculpture consisting of 17 concrete benches bearing colorful mosaics. Completed in 1972, it was designed by artist Pedro Silva and built with help from local residents. The benches depict various scenes, animals, people, objects, and fictional characters in addition to Grant himself.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=222–223}} The project was sponsored by the nonprofit organization CITYarts.NEWS, Akasie, Jay, August 27, 2008, Teaching Children the Benefits of Restoration, The New York Sun,weblink January 26, 2009, April 23, 2020,weblink dead, The sculpture was restored during mid-2008 under Silva's supervision.NEWS, Huff-Hannon, Joseph, July 20, 2008, Echoes of Gaudí in a Place That Honors Grant, en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, There are two other memorials in the vicinity of Grant's Tomb. The General Horace Porter memorial, at 122nd Street, is a flagpole on a pedestal dedicated in 1939.WEB, General Horace Porter Memorial,weblink live,weblink August 27, 2019, August 27, 2019, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Another flagpole on a pedestal, Major General Frederick D. Grant, was also dedicated at 122nd Street in 1939.WEB, Major General Frederick D. Grant,weblink live,weblink August 27, 2019, August 27, 2019, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation,

Form and facade

The structure is {{Convert|150|ft}} tall and was designed with as little glass as possible to give the impression that the monument "would last through the ages". The total height was downsized from {{Convert|160|ft}} to save money. Until Riverside Church to the east was completed in 1930, Grant's Tomb was the tallest structure in the area.The exterior is made of North Jay, Maine, granite.BOOK, Rider, Fremont,weblink Rider's New York City: A Guide-book for Travelers, with 13 Maps and 20 Plans, H. Holt, 1923, Rider's guides, 347, 2023-08-26, 2023-08-07,weblink live, MAGAZINE, May 1, 1897, The Dedication of the Grant Monument, Park and Cemetery, 7, 3, 54, {{ProQuest, 612769037, }} The facade is modeled after the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, with some differences, including the design of the roofline. The base of the tomb is shaped almost like a cube (actually a rectangular prism), measuring {{Convert|72|ft}} high.{{harvnb|National Park Service|1966|ps=.|p=2}} The base measures {{Convert|90|by|90|ft}};BOOK, King, Moses,weblink King's Views of New York City, A.D. 1903: 400 Views, 1903, Sackett & Wilhelms Company, 86, en, 2023-08-26, 2023-08-26,weblink live, {{harvnb|Kahn|1982|ps=.|p=230}} it was originally intended to be {{Convert|100|by|100|ft}} but was downsized to save money.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=116}} Although the upper section of Grant's Tomb is cylindrical,{{harvnb|Kahn|1982|ps=.|p=228}} in contrast to the square Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, both structures had a similarly proportioned base and peristyle. Due to the tomb's design, early visitors mistook it for a bank, house of worship, library, post office, or mansion,NEWS, Morehouse, Ward, 29 Oct 1922, When is Grant's Tomb Not a Tomb?: When It's a Bank, a Library, a Postoffice, a Church, or the Home of "Some Millionaire." All These It's Mistaken for, Says the Janitor, E6, New-York Tribune,weblink 2023-08-12, 1941-0646, {{ProQuest, 576684190, |archive-date=2023-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812230826weblink |url-status=live }} while later visitors confused it with the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument to the south.WEB, Dunlap, David W., May 20, 2015, Interior of Soldiers and Sailors' Monument Remains a Hidden Jewel,weblink August 16, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live,

Base

(File:Ellen Bryan OHNY 10-2016 -5.jpg|thumb|Detail of plaque above the entrance)The main entrance is through a {{Convert|70|ft|adj=on}}-wide set of stairs facing a plaza to the south, which leads to a hexastyle portico with fluted columns in the Doric order.{{harvnb|Kahn|1982|ps=.|p=226}} The portico is supported by ten columns, which are grouped into two rows. There are six columns at the front of the portico. Atop the columns is a Doric entablature with wreaths and circular bosses, as well as stone blocks above each column on the portico's cornice. Early plans for Grant's Tomb called for the installation of equestrian statues, depicting generals who led the Union Army, on each stone block. The wooden entrance doors, made by Borkelt & Debevoise, measure {{convert|4|ft}} wide by {{convert|16|ft}} tall and weigh {{convert|7000|lb}} in total. The doors are covered with 296 rosettes, which conceal parchment papers with dozens of New Yorkers' signatures.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|pp=130–131}}; {{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=171–172}}Behind the portico is the memorial's rectangular base. There is a cornice and a sloped parapet running around the perimeter of the rectangular base. At the center of the base's southern elevation, above the portico, is a plaque with the inscription "Let us have peace", referring to Grant's acceptance statement after the Republican Party nominated him as its candidate for the 1868 United States presidential election.BOOK, Oster, John Edward,weblink The World Court, International Peace Forum, 1915, 172, August 7, 2023, v. 1, August 26, 2023,weblink live, On either side of the plaque are female figures, which may have been derived from those on the Medici Tomb; these were designed by J. Massey Rhind and represent peace and victory. The western, northern, and eastern elevations have colonnades of Doric columns supporting an entablature, with six columns on each elevation. In contrast to the southern elevation, the other three elevations have small square openings between each column, and the parapet above each colonnade is flat. There is a fret molding below the northern elevation's colonnade.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=126}} A similar fret molding on the western and eastern elevations was scrapped for lack of money.

Upper section

(File:Grant's Tomb, New York City (June 2014) - 2.JPG|alt=Upper portion of Grant's Tomb, with a rounded colonnade|left|thumb|Upper portion of Grant's Tomb)The memorial's upper section contains a cylindrical drum with an Ionic colonnade,{{harvnb|Kahn|1982|ps=.|pp=226–227}} which measures about {{Convert|70|ft}} across.MAGAZINE, May 1, 1897, The Grant Memorial Tomb, New York City.: the Dedication and Presentation., Scientific American, LXXVI, 18, 279, {{ProQuest, 126785075, }} Behind the colonnade is an inner wall that rises to the monument's roof. The columns support an entablature, as well as a cornice with palmettes and bosses. Above the cornice, there are pilasters and panels on the inner wall of the colonnade. There is a stepped cone above the inner wall, with a capstone weighing {{convert|5|ST|LT t}}. When Duncan designed Grant's Tomb, he had intended for the cone's shape to evoke that of the Egyptian pyramids, where Egyptian monarchs were buried. Early plans for the monument called for a statue of Grant to be placed atop the cone, although it was not built. There is also an observation deck about {{Convert|130|ft}} above ground.

Interior

The interior has a cruciform layout, with arms extending off all four sides of a rectangular space.REPORT,weblink General Ulysses S. Grant Tomb Interior, January 28, 1975, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, August 7, 2023,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190821021348weblink">weblink August 21, 2019, none, live, It is clad with white marble from Lee, Massachusetts. The maximum distance from arm to arm is {{Convert|76|ft}}. The design was strongly inspired by the interior of Napoleon's tomb at Les Invalides, Paris.BOOK, Dolkart, Andrew,weblink Guide to New York City Landmarks, Postal, Matthew A., Landmarks Preservation Commission, 2004, 9780471369004, New York City, October 11, 2010, Rhind was responsible for the original interior decorations. The entire tomb rests on a foundation measuring {{Convert|20|ft|adj=off}} deep.

Main level

(File:Inside the memorial, where the sarcophagi are stored.jpg|thumb|Interior of the main level)The center of the memorial's main room is topped by a circular dome with coffers. The dome measures {{Convert|40|ft}} across and is surrounded by a balcony or gallery. The gallery contains 12 openings, separated by pilasters with eagle sculptures at their capitals. Each opening contains a pair of Ionic columns, topped by pairs of panels with wreaths and shields. There were originally supposed to be 13 openings to represent the Thirteen Colonies, with seals in each opening. At each corner of the room, the dome is supported by piers measuring {{Convert|50|ft}} high. Above these piers are pendentives depicting various eras of Grant's life, which include allegorical figures sculpted by Rhind. The southeast pendentive represents Grant's birth; the southwest pendentive depicts his time in the military; the northwest pendentive symbolizes his time as a politician and statesman; and the northeast pendentive signifies his death.There are barrel vaults with coffered panels above each of the arms; these vaults measure {{Convert|50|ft}} high. The western, northern, and eastern arms each have three square windows with amber-colored glass, which date to a 1930s renovation. The southern arm contains a pair of bronze doors. The lunettes above the windows, and below the barrel vaults, feature mosaics designed in 1966 by Allyn Cox. These mosaic murals measure {{convert|9|ft}} high by {{convert|18|ft}} across.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=184–185}} The battles of Chattanooga, Appomattox, and Vicksburg are depicted in the murals on the western, northern, and eastern walls respectively.At the southwestern and southeastern corners of the main room are spiral staircases under quarter-domed skylights, which lead to the gallery. Before the tomb opened, Duncan decided not to open the gallery to the public.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=146}} There are circular reliquary rooms with false domes to the northwest and northeast of the main room. The reliquary rooms contained murals by Dean Fausett, which each measured {{convert|11.5|by|38.5|ft}} and depicted maps of Civil War battle sites. The northwestern room's mural depicted battles between Pennsylvania and North Carolina, while the northeastern room's mural depicted battles between North Carolina and Florida.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=168}} The murals were painted over in the 1960s, but one mural was restored in the 1990s. By the 1990s, there were exhibits about the monument's construction, the Black community of Upper Manhattan, and the lifetime of Ulysses S. Grant.MAGAZINE, Rubin, Richard, Jul 1996, Welcome to our tomb, The Atlantic Monthly, 278, 1, 18, 22, {{ProQuest, 223103429, }}

Crypt

The northern arm contains a double staircase descending to the crypt, which is at ground level. Ulysses and Julia Grant are placed in identical separate {{Convert|8.5|ST|LT t|adj=on}} red-granite sarcophagi placed side by side beneath the center of the dome.{{harvnb|Mackowski|White|2015|ps=.|pp=134–135}} The granite was quarried by the Berlin and Montello Granite Company of Wisconsin and was selected for its visual similarity to the material used in Napoleon's tomb. Each sarcophagus measures {{convert|10.33|by|5.5|by|4.67|ft|0}} across.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=123}} Under both sarcophagi is a single gray-blue granite pedestal measuring {{Convert|7.5|ft}} high and {{convert|10.8|by|10.8|ft}} across. A plaque with the name of each Grant is placed on either sarcophagus.{{efn|A plan to inscribe the death dates of each Grant on the sides of the sarcophagi was canceled.}} A balustrade separates the sarcophagi from a corridor that wraps around the crypt.The outer wall of the crypt is divided by square piers, which support an entablature and a ceiling with paneling. On the wall are five niches with busts depicting Union generals in the Civil War.{{harvnb|Mackowski|White|2015|ps=.|p=135}} The busts depict William T. Sherman, Phillip H. Sheridan, George H. Thomas, James B. McPherson, and Edward Ord. William Mues designed the busts of Sheridan and Sherman, while Jens Juszko designed the other three.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=169–170}}

Activities

Jazz concerts have been hosted outside the tomb since at least 1975. Since then, concerts have regularly been held at or just outside Grant's Tomb. Examples include Jazzmobile, Inc.'s annual Free Outdoor Summer Mobile Concerts at Grant's Tomb.WEB,weblink Programs: Summerfest, Jazzmobile, 2023-08-26, 2007-12-09,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071209003017weblink">weblink live, The annual Grant's Tomb Summer Concert also featured West Point's United States Military Academy Band in 2009.WEB,weblink Grant's Tomb: SUMMER CONCERT, August 28, 2009, GrantsTomb.org, October 21, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150924023511weblink">weblink September 24, 2015, dead, A ceremony is held at the memorial every year on April 27, Grant's birthday.WEB,weblink General Grant National Memorial, National Park Service, en, August 1, 2019, August 3, 2019,weblink live, Starting in the late 20th century, "Harlem Week" events took place outside Grant's Tomb.NEWS, August 14, 1981, Free Events to Celebrate Harlem Week, en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 7, 2023, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, According to About...Time magazine, "While many African Americans may never have visited the lesser-known sites, everybody in the New York City area knows Grant's Tomb" because of Harlem Week.MAGAZINE, Keets, Heather, September 30, 1995, Places of Memory: Preserving Historic Sites Nestled Among Manhattan's Skyscrapers, About ... Time, XXIII, 9, 14, {{ProQuest, 198012714, }} During the late 20th and 21st centuries, television station WNBC-TV also hosted Independence Day television specials featuring Grant's Tomb in the background.NEWS, Siegel, Joel, July 8, 2003, Taken for Granted Caretaker Rips Sexy Beyonce Show at Tomb, 2, New York Daily News, 2692-1251, {{ProQuest, 305815298, }} These specials have showcased performers such as Bon Jovi and Beyoncé. Other events at the tomb have included a spring picnic hosted by Bette Midler's New York Restoration Project.NEWS, Heyman, Marshall, 2014-05-31, The Divine Miss M Graces Grant's Tomb, en-US, Wall Street Journal,weblink 2023-08-21, 0099-9660, 2023-08-26,weblink live,

Impact

Critical reception

Contemporary commentary

When the design for Grant's Tomb was announced in 1890, The New York Times wrote that "disinterested and competent observers must agree that the choice was well made",{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=138}}NEWS, September 13, 1890, The Grant Monument., en-US, The New York Times,weblink August 10, 2023, 0362-4331, August 10, 2023,weblink live, while the Brooklyn Citizen called the design "worthy of the man and a credit to the great metropolis".NEWS, September 14, 1890, The General's Tomb, 4, The Brooklyn Citizen,weblink August 10, 2023, August 11, 2023,weblink live, Architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler described the design as "by far the best" of the five submitted in the second design competition. Duncan received several architectural awards in the years after he received the commission. The New York Herald wrote in 1895: "It is a comparatively easy task to construct a mere tomb or monument, but a very great difficulty is presented in a monumental tomb, and the task has been successfully accomplished."David Kahn wrote that, after Grant's Tomb opened, the site "was praised as being superior to that of Napoleon's, Hadrian's or Theoderic's mausoleums".{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=142}} One newspaper called the structure "our one great memorial of the struggle for union",{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=189}} while another described it as "remarkably white and marble-like in appearance". Park and Cemetery magazine wrote in May 1897 that Grant's Tomb was "an appropriate memorial to a man worthy of a nation's tribute". During the 1900s, the design of Grant's Tomb inspired that of the McKinley National Memorial in Ohio.NEWS, May 11, 1905, Design: Approved for the M'kinley Mausoleum on "the Mall" at Canton in General Will Resemble the Beautiful Tomb of Ulysses S. Grant, 9, Courier-Journal, {{ProQuest, 1015013336, }}Not all reception was positive: local newspapers variously referred to the design as "cheap", "flimsy", "squat", "ugly", "clumsy", "heavy", and "awkward".{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=137–138}} A critic for the Cincinnati Enquirer wrote in 1896 that the monument "is hardly harmonious height. A cenotaph stands rather irrelevantly upon a temple ... The profile lines are stiff, and the feeling is not flowing ..."NEWS, November 7, 1896, Gath: at the Tomb of Grant. Noble Monument to the Memory of a Hero. Erected Entirely by Voluntary Contributions. On One of the Most Picturesque Sites in the World. Critical Analysis of the Beauties and Defects of the Great Structure, 9, Cincinnati Enquirer, {{ProQuest, 895690183, }} After the tomb opened, one magazine praised the interior and called the facade "imposing, well proportioned and dignified", but it labeled the western and eastern elevations as "lacking in interest" and described the tomb's two sections as being out of scale with each other.{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|pp=142–143}} The Builder magazine similarly took issue with the scale of the exterior, and it described the "motif of the interior" as plainer than that of Les Invalides, but still wrote that "it is entitled to rank among the most notable monuments in America".{{harvnb|Kahn|1980|ps=.|p=143}} One editorial in the Times in 1910 dubbed the structure a "mausoleum monstrosity".

Later commentary

After the benches around Grant's Tomb were added in 1974, they were controversial.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=223–224}} Ulysses Grant's great-granddaughter Edith Grant Griffiths, who said "they certainly clash with that severe and dignified building", while the Ulysses S. Grant Association's president compared the benches to having a roller coaster outside the Lincoln Memorial.WEB, July 23, 1979, Skirmish at Grant's Tomb Over Benches,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 26, 2023,weblink live, Conversely, architecture critic Paul Goldberger praised the benches as "perhaps Manhattan's finest piece of folk art of our time", and the AIA compared the benches to the buildings designed by Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona.Of the monument itself, the WPA Guide to New York City wrote in 1939: "The high conical roof slopes downward to a circular colonnade atop the cube of the main hall; the difficult problem of uniting the three forms harmoniously remains unsolved."FEDNYC, 287–288, Former city parks commissioner August Heckscher II wrote in 1977 that the tomb was "among the comparatively few structures in the city that are absolutely safe" and that "one feels that the city is better for these evocations of a patriotic spirit so at odds with modernity".WEB, Heckscher, August, August 11, 1977, Design Notebook,weblink August 14, 2023, The New York Times, 0362-4331, August 14, 2023,weblink live, In 1980, Goldberger called the monument "more pompous than graceful, but it is imposing, particularly from within..."NEWS, Goldberger, Paul, 1980-10-03, Discovering the Pleasures Of City's Great Boulevard, en, The New York Times,weblink 2023-08-14, 0362-4331, 2023-08-14,weblink live, Robert A. M. Stern and the co-authors of his 1983 book New York 1900 said Duncan's design "embodied not so much the character of Grant, a character who outlived his reputation, but to create an American Valhalla, a shrine to American power".The 2010 edition of the AIA Guide to New York City described the tomb as a "pompous sepulcher" and the benches "a populist huzzah for the solemn Grants". The same year, an author for The Record of New Jersey wrote that "chances are you can't think of anyone—not even your rich Uncle Midas—who has a final resting place grander than Ulysses S. Grant's". Ralph Gardner Jr. of The Wall Street Journal wrote in 2015: "The tomb, designed by John Duncan and based on an ancient Greek mausoleum, is relatively stark without being uninviting."

Media

The author Louis Picone wrote that, after Grant's Tomb was completed, it was "one of the most recognizable structures in America".{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=195}} In its early years, the memorial was featured in many commemorative postcards, as well as the short films Personal (1904) and How a French Nobleman Got a Wife Through the New York Herald Personal Columns (1904).{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=194–195}}BOOK, Hoffmann, F.,weblink Media-Mediated Relationships: Straight and Gay, Mainstream and Alternative Perspectives, Cooper, B.L., Fuller, L.K., Taylor & Francis, 2023, 978-1-000-52580-9, 95, 2023-08-26, 2023-08-12,weblink live, In the mid-20th century, Grant's Tomb continued to be mentioned in such media works as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936).{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|pp=208–209}} As Grant's Tomb declined physically at the end of the century, it was also shown in movies such as the 1991 crime thriller New Jack City.{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=229}} During the 21st century, Grant's Tomb was also featured in shows such as Pan Am, where it stood in for a location in Paris.NEWS, Huff, Richard, 27 Nov 2011, Around the World Without Leaving New York TV's 'Pan Am' Has Exotic, Far-flung Look but is Shot Right Here, 24, New York Daily News, 2692-1251, {{ProQuest, 906485948, }}When the comedian Groucho Marx's quiz show You Bet Your Life aired from 1950 to 1959,{{harvnb|Picone|2021|ps=.|p=214}} he often asked contestants, "Who was buried in Grant's Tomb?" The correct answer is "no one";NEWS, Barron, James, 2023-04-27, The President Whose Birthday (Today) Is Widely Ignored, en-US, The New York Times,weblink 2023-08-21, 0362-4331, 2023-08-21,weblink live, since neither of the Grants' sarcophagi is underground, nobody is buried in Grant's Tomb.WEB, Smith, Rosa Inocencio, July 23, 2016, Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?,weblink August 7, 2023, The Atlantic, August 7, 2023,weblink live, WEB, Cutler, Jacqueline, November 19, 2022, How NYC's Riverside Park became 'Heaven on the Hudson',weblink August 7, 2023, New York Daily News, August 26, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, Barron, James, April 27, 2022, Is Ulysses S. Grant Due for a Promotion?, en, The New York Times,weblink August 9, 2023, 0362-4331, May 4, 2023,weblink live, Marx accepted the answer "Grant" and awarded a consolation prize to those who gave it.Marx, Arthur (1960). Life with Groucho. New York: Popular Library Edition, 1960 The riddle dates to at least the 1930s.

See also

• Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
• List of national memorials of the United States
• List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan above 110th Street
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan above 110th Street
• Presidential memorials in the United States

References

Notes

{{Notelist}}

Citations

{{reflist}}

Sources

• MORNINGSIDE, none,
• REPORT,weblink General Ulysses S. Grant Tomb, November 25, 1975, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, {{harvid, Landmarks Preservation Commission, 1975, }}
• REPORT, October 15, 1966, General Grant National Memorial (Grant's Tomb),weblink National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, {{harvid, National Park Service, 1966, }}
• BOOK, Kahn, David, January 1980, General Grant National Memorial Historical Resource Study, Manhattan Cites,weblink February 22, 2017, dead,weblink
• JOURNAL, Kahn, David M., 1982, The Grant Monument,weblink Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, [Society of Architectural Historians, University of California Press], 41, 3, 212–231, 10.2307/989875, 0037-9808, 989875,
• BOOK, Mackowski, Chris,weblink Grant's Last Battle: The Story Behind the Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, White, Kristopher D., Savas Beatie, 2015, 978-1-61121-161-0, Emerging Civil War Series,
• BOOK, Picone, Louis L., 2021,weblink Grant's Tomb: The Epic Death of Ulysses S. Grant and the Making of an American Pantheon, New York, Arcade Publishing, 978-1950691708,
• BOOK, Waugh, Joan, Joan Waugh, 2009, U. S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth, North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press, 978-0-8078-3317-9,
• BOOK, White, Ronald C.,weblink American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant, Random House Publishing Group, 2016, 978-1-58836-992-5, Ronald C. White, registration,

External links

{{Commons category}}

• Official NPS website: General Grant National Memorial
• Grant Monument Association

{{Ulysses S. Grant}}{{Morningside Heights, Manhattan}}{{Protected areas of New York}}{{Protected areas of New York City}}{{National Register of Historic Places in New York}}{{Authority control}}