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Life

Brooding upon what he saw as the humiliation of his native land by Napoleon, conceived the idea of restoring the spirits of his countrymen by the development of their physical and moral powers through the practice of gymnastics. The first , or open-air gymnasium, was opened by in in the south of BerlinBOOK, Petrú, Karel, Dejiny ÄŒeskoslovenské Kopané, Národní Nakladatelství A.Pokorny v Praze, 1946, Prague, 20, in 1811, and the (gymnastics association) movement spread rapidly. Young gymnasts were taught to regard themselves as members of a kind of guild for the emancipation of their fatherland.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The nationalistic spirit was nourished to a significant degree by the writings of .In early 1813 took an active part in the formation of the famous Lützow Free Corps, a volunteer force in the Prussian army fighting Napoleon. He commanded a battalion of the corps, but he was often employed in the secret service during the same period. After the war, he returned to Berlin, where he was appointed state teacher of gymnastics, and he took on a role in the formation of the student patriotic fraternities, or , in .{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}A man of a populistic nature, rugged, eccentric and outspoken, often came into conflict with the authorities. The authorities eventually realized he aimed at establishing a united Germany and that his schools were political and liberal clubs.AMCYC, Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, The conflict resulted in the closing of the in 1819 and arrest. Kept in semi-confinement successively at , and at the fortress in Kolberg until 1824, he was sentenced to imprisonment for two years. The sentence was reversed in 1825, but he was forbidden to live within ten miles of Berlin.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}He therefore took up residence at on the , where he remained until his death, except for a short period in 1828, when he was exiled to on a charge of sedition.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} While at , he received an invitation to become professor of German literature at Cambridge, Massachusetts, which he declined, saying that “deer and hares love to live where they are most hunted.“In 1840, was decorated by the Prussian government with the Iron Cross for bravery in the wars against Napoleon. In the spring of 1848, he was elected by the district of Naumburg to the German National Parliament. died in 1852 in Freyburg, where a monument was erected in his honor in 1859.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Works

File:Notgeld-Lenzen-75-Rück-Jahn.jpg|thumb|upright| on a German NotgeldNotgeldAmong his works are the following:

• (, 1806),
• (, 1810),
• (Frankfurt, 1814),
• (Berlin, 1816)
• (Naumburg, 1828),
• (, 1833), and
• (, 1863).

A complete edition of his works appeared at in 1884{{ndash}}1887. See the biography by (Berlin, 1894),{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} and , by (Munich, 1895).{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Contribution to physical education

File:A treatise on gymnasticks (1828) (14584454757).jpg|thumb|left|Illustrations of pommel horsepommel horse In honor and memory of him, some gymnastic clubs, called , took up his name, the most well known of these is probably the .{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}Gymnastics classes inspired by design started opening in the United States in 1825 under the expertise and advocacy of Germans Charles Beck and Charles Follen, as well as American John Neal. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts.BOOK, Leonard, Fred Eugene, A Guide to the History of Physical Education, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York, 1923,archive.org/details/guidetohistoryof00leon/, {{rp|232–33}} Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the US in Massachusetts in 1826 at Harvard College and in nearby Boston, respectively.{{rp|235–36}} Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US in Portland, Maine in 1827.{{rp|227–50}} During this period, Neal spread concepts in the US in the American Journal of Education{{rp|235–50}} and The Yankee, helping to establish the American branch of the movement.NEWS, Barry, William D., May 20, 1979, State’s Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure, Maine Sunday Telegram, Portland, Maine, 1D–2D, A memorial to exists in St. Louis, Missouri, within its Forest Park. It features a large bust of in the center of an arc of stone, with statues of a male and female gymnast, one on each end of the arc. The monument is on the edge of Art Hill next to the path running north and south along the western edge of Post-Dispatch Lake. It is directly north of the St. Louis Zoo. On the plaque below his bronze bust, is given credit as “The Father of Systematic Physical Culture”.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}Other memorials to are located in , Germany; Vienna; and Cincinnati, Ohio’s Inwood Park in the Mount Auburn Historic District.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} An elementary school in Chicago, is named after .WEB,www.greatschools.org/illinois/chicago/1162-Jahn-Elementary-School/, greatschools.org, Jahn Elementary School, July 19, 2021,

Criticism

File:Wien Jahn Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial in ViennaViennaIn his own time was seen by both supporters and opponents as a liberal figure. He advocated that the German states should unite after the withdrawal of Napoleon’s occupying armies and establish a democratic constitution under the monarchy, which would include the right to free speech. As a German nationalist, advocated maintaining German language and culture against foreign influence. In 1810 he wrote, “Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are Germany’s misfortune.“JOURNAL, Bauer, Kurt, Nationalsozialismus, Vienna/Cologne/Weimar, Böhlau, 2008, Polen, Franzosen, Pfaffen, Junker und Juden sind Deutschlands Unglück, de, At the time wrote this, the German states were occupied by foreign armies under the leadership of Napoleon. Also, was “the guiding spirit” of the fanatic book burning episode carried out by revolutionary students at the Wartburg festival in 1817.BOOK, Viereck, Peter, Metapolitics: from Wagner and the German Romantics to Hitler, 2nd revised, Edison, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers, 2003, 85, Scholarly focus on the of thought started in the 1920s with a new generation of interpreters like and . explicitly linked with National Socialism.JOURNAL, de, Bernett, Hajo, Das Jahn-Bild in der nationalsozialistischen Weltanschauung, Internationales Jahn-Symposium Berlin 1978, Cologne, 1979, 225–247, 10.1163/9789004626416_013, 978-90-04-62641-6, The equation by the National Socialists of ideas with their world view was more or less complete by the mid-1930s.{{rp|234}} , an educational philosopher and university lecturer who attempted to provide theoretical support for Nazi ideology (through the interpretation of among others) wrote a monograph on BOOK, Alfred, Baeumler, Friedrich Ludwig Jahns Stellung in der deutschen Geistesgeschichte, Leipzig, de, 1940, in which he characterized invention of gymnastics as an explicitly political project, designed to create the ultimate citizen by educating his body.{{rp|240–41}}

See also

• Turners

Notes

{{reflist|30em}}

References

• {{EB1911|wstitle=Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig|volume=15|page=126}}

Further reading

• BOOK,archive.org/stream/61420950R.nlm.nih.gov/61420950Rpage/n3/mode/2up, A Treatise on Gymnasticks, Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, 1828, US National Library of Medicine, T. Watson Shepard, Printer, Northampton, Mass.,

External links

{{Commons}}

• Early Climbing Activities in Gymnastics
• photos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/photos-ak-snc1/v2065/152/70/670315520/n670315520_5395632_448.jpg" title="web.archive.org/web/20110524091431photos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/photos-ak-snc1/v2065/152/70/670315520/n670315520_5395632_448.jpg">Forest Park Monument1
• photos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/photos-ak-snc1/v2065/152/70/670315520/n670315520_5395634_1018.jpg" title="web.archive.org/web/20110726122128photos-c.ak.fbcdn.net/photos-ak-snc1/v2065/152/70/670315520/n670315520_5395634_1018.jpg">Forest Park Monument 2
• AMERICANA, Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, x,
• Open Library

{{Physical culture}}{{Authority control}}