AkÅŸehir, then under Timurid Empire>Timurid occupation| burial_date = | burial_place = Bayezid I Mosque, Bursa| signature_type = Tughra| religion = Sunni Islam| signature = Tughra_of_Bayezid_I.svg}}Bayezid I (; ), also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt (; ; {{circa|1360}} â€“ 8 March 1403),WEB,www.britannica.com/biography/Bayezid-I, Bayezid I - Ottoman sultan, britannica.com, live,web.archive.org/web/20160402083632/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bayezid-I, 2 April 2016, was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He adopted the title of Sultan-i RÃ»m, RÃ»m being the Arabic name for the Eastern Roman Empire.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Leslie P., Peirce, 11 May 1993, Oxford University Press, Google Books, live,web.archive.org/web/20170923193805/https://books.google.nl/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y&hl=nl, 23 September 2017, 978-0-19-508677-5, In 1394, Bayezid unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople. Bayezid vanquished all the Beyliks and proceeded to conquer and vassalize the entirety of Anatolia. In 1402, he once more besieged Constantinople, appearing to find success, but he ultimately withdrew due to the invasion of the Mongol conqueror Timur.Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. pp. 273â€“274 {{ISBN?}} He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Nicopolis in what is now Bulgaria in 1396. He was later defeated and captured by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and died in captivity in March 1403, which triggered the Ottoman Interregnum.

Biography

Bayezid was the son of Murad IRunciman, Steven The Fall of Constantinople. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 36 and his Greek wife, GÃ¼lÃ§iÃ§ek Hatun.Lowry, Heath W. (2003) The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, p. 153 His first major role was as governor of KÃ¼tahya, a city that he earned by marrying the daughter of a Germiyanid ruler, DevletÅŸah.ENCYCLOPEDIA, TDV, Bayezid I,islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bayezid-i, Halil Inalcik, He was an impetuous soldier, earning the nickname “Thunderbolt” in a battle against the Karamanids.

Bayezid ascended to the throne following the death of his father, Murad I, who was killed by Serbian knight MiloÅ¡ ObiliÄ‡ during (15 June), or immediately after (16 June), the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the battle in which Serbia became a vassal of the Ottoman Sultanate. Immediately after obtaining the throne, he had his younger brother strangled to avoid a plot. In 1390, Bayezid took as a wife Princess Olivera Despina, the daughter of Prince Lazar of Serbia,Halil Inalcik, “Bayezid I”, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. I, Ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 1118. who also lost his life in Kosovo. Bayezid recognized Stefan LazareviÄ‡, the son of Lazar, as the new Serbian leader - later despot - with considerable autonomy.File:Qur’anic Manuscript - Mid to Late 15th Century, Turkey.jpg|thumb|262px|A Bayezid-era manuscript of the Quran Quran Upper Serbia resisted the Ottomans until Bayezid captured Skopje in 1391, converting the city into an important base of operations.

Efforts to unify Anatolia

Meanwhile, the sultan began unifying Anatolia under his rule. Forcible expansion into Muslim territories could have endangered the Ottoman relationship with the gazis, who were an important source of warriors for this ruling house on the European frontier. Thus Bayezid began the practice of first securing fatwas, or legal rulings from Islamic scholars, to justify wars against these Muslim states. However, Bayezid doubted the loyalty of his Muslim Turkish followers, so he relied heavily on his Serbian and Byzantine vassal troops in these conquests.Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 30In a single campaign over the summer and fall of 1390, Bayezid conquered the beyliks of Aydin, Saruhan and Menteshe. His major rival Sulayman, the emir of Karaman, responded by allying himself with the ruler of Sivas, Kadi Burhan al-Din and the remaining Turkish beyliks. Nevertheless, Bayezid pushed on and overwhelmed the remaining beyliks (Hamid, Teke, and Germiyan), as well as taking the cities of AkÅŸehir and NiÄŸde, as well as their capital Konya from the Karaman. At this point, Bayezid accepted peace proposals from Karaman (1391), concerned that further advances would antagonize his Turkoman followers and lead them to ally with Kadi Burhan al-Din. Once peace had been made with Karaman, Bayezid moved north against Kastamonu which had given refuge to many fleeing from his forces, and conquered both that city as well as Sinop.Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, vol. 1 pp. 30f However, his subsequent campaign was stopped by Burhan al-Din at the Battle of KÄ±rkdilim.From 1389 to 1395 he conquered Bulgaria and northern Greece. In 1394 Bayezid crossed the River Danube to attack Wallachia, ruled at that time by Mircea the Elder. The Ottomans were superior in number, but on 10 October 1394 (or 17 May 1395), in the Battle of Rovine, on forested and swampy terrain, the Wallachians won the fierce battle and prevented Bayezid’s army from advancing beyond the Danube.John V.A. Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans, (The University of Michigan Press, 1994), 424.In 1394, Bayezid laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. AnadoluhisarÄ± fortress was built between 1393 and 1394 as part of preparations for the second Ottoman siege of Constantinople, which took place in 1395. On the urgings of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus, a new crusade was organized to defeat him. This proved unsuccessful: in 1396 the Christian allies, under the leadership of the King of Hungary and future Holy Roman Emperor (in 1433) Sigismund, were defeated in the Battle of Nicopolis. Bayezid built the magnificent Ulu Cami in Bursa, to celebrate this victory.Thus the siege of Constantinople continued, lasting until 1402.Nancy Bisaha, Creating East And West: Renaissance Humanists And the Ottoman Turks, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 98. The beleaguered Byzantines had their reprieve when Bayezid fought the Timurid Empire in the east.Dimitris J. Kastritsis, The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402â€“13, (Brill, 2007), 5.{{ISBN?}} At this time, the empire of Bayezid included Thrace (except Constantinople), Macedonia, Bulgaria, and parts of Serbia in Europe. In Asia, his domains extended to the Taurus Mountains. His army was considered one of the best in the Islamic world.

Clash with Timur

File:Chlebowski-Bajazyt w niewoli.jpg|thumb|262px|Bayezid I held captive by Timur, painting by StanisÅ‚aw Chlebowski StanisÅ‚aw ChlebowskiFile:Yildirim Tomb 7151.jpg|thumb|262px|Bayezid’s tÃ¼rbe (tomb) at Bayezid I Mosque Bayezid I MosqueIn 1397, Bayezid defeated the emir of Karaman in AkÃ§ay, killing him and annexing his territory. In 1398, the sultan conquered the Djanik emirate and the territory of Burhan al-Din, violating the accord with the Turco-Mongol emir Timur. Finally, Bayezid occupied Elbistan and Malatya.In 1400, Timur succeeded in rousing the local Turkic beyliks who had been vassals of the Ottomans to join him in his attack on Bayezid, who was also considered one of the most powerful rulers in the Muslim world during that period. Years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid’s position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.This is the excerpt from one of Timur’s letters addressed to Ottoman sultan:{{Blockquote|Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don’t seek to fight the elephants for they’ll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your s [] are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spoke with judgement. If you don’t follow our counsels you will regret it.BOOK, Sharaf al-DÄ«n Ê»AlÄ« YazdÄ«, Sharaf al-DÄ«n Ê»AlÄ« YazdÄ«, The History of Timur-Bec,books.google.com/books?id=9u5WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA150, 1723, J. Darby, 150, Rhoads Murphey, Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household 1400â€“1800; published by Continium, 2008; p. 58}}In the fateful Battle of Ankara, on 20 July 1402, the Ottoman army was defeated. Bayazid tried to escape, but was captured and taken to Timur.Kinross, B.P; “Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire”. 1999. pp. 86â€“88; {{ISBN|5-232-00732-7}} Historians describe their first meeting as follows:{{Blockquote|When Timur saw Bayezid, he laughed. Bayezid, offended by this laugh, told Timur that it was indecent to laugh at misfortune; to which Timur replied: “It is clear then that fate does not value power and possession of vast lands if it distributes them to cripples: to you, the crooked, and to me, the lame.“Ivanin M.I. On the art of war and the conquests of the Mongol-Tatars and Central Asian peoples under Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. St. Petersburg, 1875. p. 315.}}Many writers claim that Bayezid was mistreated by the Timurids. However, writers and historians from Timur’s own court reported that Bayezid was treated well, and that Timur even mourned his death.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=XDmZXIDiZG8C&q=timur+%22mourned%22+bayezid&pg=PA208, Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought, Meserve, Margaret, 2009, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-04095-3, en, One of Bayezid’s sons, Mustafa Ã‡elebi, was captured with him and held captive in Samarkand until 1405.Four of Bayezid’s sons, specifically SÃ¼leyman Ã‡elebi, Ä°sa Ã‡elebi, Mehmed Ã‡elebi, and Musa Ã‡elebi, however, escaped from the battlefield and later started a civil war for the Ottoman throne known as the Ottoman Interregnum.Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 1â€“3. After Mehmed’s victory, his coronation as Mehmed I, and the deaths of the other three, Bayezid’s other son Mustafa Ã‡elebi emerged from hiding and began two failed rebellions against his brother Mehmed and, after Mehmed’s death, his nephew Murad II.

Bayezid in captivity

File:Timur the Great's imprisonment of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bayezid’s supposed humiliation; his wife Despina is semi-naked at Timur’s banquet. (German album amicorum album amicorum(File:Bajazet et Tamerlan (cropped).png|thumb|Bayezid in the cage, 1746)In Europe, the legend of Bayazid’s humiliation in captivity was very popular. He was allegedly chained, and forced to watch how his beloved wife, Olivera, serve Timur at dinner.Alderson A. D. The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956. According to a legend, Timur took Bayezid with himself everywhere in a barred palanquin or cage, humiliating him in various ways, used Bayezid as a support under his legs, and at dinner had him placed under the table where bones were thrown at him.Milwright M., Baboula E. Bayezid’s Cage: A Re-examination of a Venerable Academic Controversy. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2011. Vol. 21, iss. 3. p. 243Different versions on Bayezid’s death existed, too. One of them mentioned the suicide of Bayezid.Akgunduz A.; Ozturk S. Ottoman History â€“ Misperceptions and Truths. Rotterdam: IUR Press, 2011. p. 75. {{ISBN|978-9090261-08-9}} Allegedly, the Sultan committed suicide through hitting his head against the bars of his cell or taking poison. The version was promoted by Ottoman historians: Lutfi Pasha, Ashik Pasha-Zade.Akgunduz A.; Ozturk S. Ottoman History â€“ Misperceptions and Truths. Rotterdam: IUR Press, 2011. p. 74. {{ISBN|978-9090261-08-9}} There was also a version where Bayezid was supposedly poisoned by Timur’s order. This is considered unlikely, because there is evidence that the Turkic ruler entrusted the care of Bayezid to his personal doctors.In the descriptions of contemporaries and witnesses of the events, neither a cell nor humiliation is mentioned.German traveller and writer Johann Schiltberger did not write anything about the cell, bars or violent death. Another contemporary, Jean II Le Maingre, who witnessed Bayezid’s captivity, wrote nothing about the cell or poisoning either. Clavijo, who came to Timur’s court in 1404 as part of the embassy and visited Constantinople on his return trip, also did not mention the cell. All Greek sources of the first decade of the 15th century are equally silent about the cell.Milwright M., Baboula E. Bayezid’s Cage: A Re-examination of a Venerable Academic Controversy. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2011. Vol. 21, iss. 3. p. 242 Sharafaddin Yazdi (? -1454) in Zafar-nama wrote that Bayezid was treated with respect, and at his request, Turco-Mongols found his son among the captives and brought him to his father. Regarding Bayezid’s wife, Sharafaddin wrote that Timur sent her and his daughters to her husband. Olivera allegedly became a Muslim under the influence of Timur.Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi. Zafar-name. Tashkent: SAN’AT, 2008 . p. 519. {{ISBN|978-9943-322-16-5}}First references to a disrespectful attitude towards Bayazid appear in the works of ibn Arabshah (1389â€“1450) and Constantine of Ostrovica. Ibn Arabshah wrote that “Bayezid’s heart was broken to pieces” when he saw that his wives and concubines were serving at a banquet.Ibn Arabshah. History of Amir Temur. Translated by Bababekova, H. N. Tashkent: Makhpirat Institute of the History of the Peoples of Central Asia, 2007. p. 188Ibn Arabshah wrote the following about the captivity of Bayezid:{{Blockquote|Ibn Usman became a prey and was locked up like a bird in a cage.Ibn Arabshah. History of Amir Temur. translated by Bababekova, H. N. Tashkent: Makhpirat Institute of the History of the Peoples of Central Asia, 2007. p. 184}}However, this is just a “flowery style”, and not a real cell. According to literary historian H.A.R. Gibb, “the flowery elegance of style has also affected historiography. Most of the authors of the Timurid era succumbed to its influence .“Gibb H. A. R. Muslim historiography. translated by Gryaznevich P. A. Arabic literature. Classical period. ed. Belyaev, V. I. Publishing house of Eastern Literature, 1960. pp. 117â€“156, 188Constantine of Ostrovica wrote neither about the cell, nor about the nudity of Bayezid’s wife; though he did write that Bayezid committed suicide. In the story of Constantine, just like in that of ibn Arabshah, the sultan was so struck by the fact that his wife carried wine to a feast that he poisoned himself with a poison from his ring.Constantine from Ostrovitsa. Notes of the Janissary. Written by Constantine Mikhailovich of Ostrovica. Introduction. Translation and comm. by Rogova, A. I. published by Nauka, 1978. p. 136 (Monuments of the Medieval history of the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe)Ottoman historian Mehmed Neshri (1450â€“1520) described Bayezid’s imprisonment and mentioned the cell twice. According to him, Timur asked Bayezid what he would do in Timur’s place with regard to the captive. “I would have planted him in an iron cage,” Bayezid answered. To which Timur replied: “This is a bad answer.” He ordered to prepare the cage and the Sultan was put into it.Mehmed Neshri. Bogged down into the light: History on the Ottoman court. ed: Maria Kalitsin. Sofia: Fatherland Front, 1984. p. 420The complete set of legends may perhaps be found in the work of Pope Pius II Asiae Europaeque elegantissima descriptio, written in 1450â€“1460 (published in 1509): Bayezid is kept in a cage, fed with garbage under the table, Timur uses Bayezid as a support to get on or off a horse. Further development can be found in later authors, such as Theodore Spandounes. The first version of his story was written in Italian and completed in 1509, and a French translation was published in 1519. In these versions of the text, Spandounes wrote only about the golden chains and that the sultan was used as a stand. Spandounes added the cell only in later versions of the text. Later versions of the text also include a description of the public humiliation of Bayezid’s wife:{{Blockquote|He had a wife of Ildrim [YÄ±ldÄ±rÄ±m, i.e., Bayezid], who was also a captive. They ripped off her clothes to the navel, exposing shameful areas. And he (Timur) made her serve food to him and his guests like that.Theodore Spandounes. On the Origins of the Ottoman Emperors. transl. and ed. by: Donald M. Nicol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. p. 200}}

Family

File:1396-Battle of Nicopolis.jpg|thumb|262px|The (Battle of Nicopolis]], as depicted by an Ottoman Turkish miniaturist in 1588“Battle of Nicopolis (1396)” from Seyyid Lokman (1588): HÃ¼nernÃ¢me)

Consorts

Bayezid I had at least nine consorts:BOOK, Mehmet Fuat, KÃ¶prÃ¼lÃ¼, Edebiyat araÅŸtÄ±rmalarÄ±, TÃ¼rk Tarih Kurumu BasÄ±mevi, 1966, 76, BOOK, Necdet, Ã–ztÃ¼rk, OsmanlÄ± Sosyal Hayati, IÅŸÄ±k YayÄ±ncÄ±lÄ±k Ticaret, 2014, BOOK, M. Ã‡aÄŸatay, UluÃ§ay, PadiÅŸahlarÄ±n kadÄ±nlarÄ± ve kÄ±zlarÄ±, TÃ¼rk Tarih Kurumu, 1985, 24â€“25, BOOK, SakaoÄŸlu, Necdet, Bu mÃ¼lkÃ¼n kadÄ±n sultanlarÄ±: valide sultanlar, hatunlar, hasekiler, kadÄ±nefendiler, sultanefendiler, 2008, OÄŸlak YayÄ±ncÄ±lÄ±k ve ReklamcÄ±lÄ±k, 978-975-329-623-6, OÄŸlak bilimsel kitaplar, Ä°stanbul, 31, 76-90, BOOK, Alderson, Anthony Dolphin,books.google.it/books?id=u75BAAAAYAAJ&q=alderson+ottoman+dynasty&dq=alderson+ottoman+dynasty&hl=it&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2puvZ2vmFAxV99gIHHYUKCc8Q6AF6BAgKEAM#alderson%20ottoman%20dynasty, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, 1956, Clarendon Press, en, BOOK, Ã–ztuna, YÄ±lmaz, Devletler ve hÃ¢nedanlar, 1991, BaÅŸbakanlÄ±k BasÄ±mevi, 978-975-17-0469-6, KÃ¼ltÃ¼r BakanlÄ±ÄŸÄ± yayÄ±nlarÄ± ; Kaynak eserler dizisi, Ankara,

FÃ¼lane Hatun. Daughter of Konstantin of Kostendil, she married Bayezid in 1372 while her older sister married Murad I and an other her sister married Yakub Ã‡elebi, son of Murad and half-brother of Bayezid.
DevletÅŸah Sultan Hatun ({{Circa|1365}} - 23 January 1414). Daughter of SÃ¼leyman of Germiyan and Mutahhare Abide Hatun, granddaughter of Rumi, she married Bayezid in 1378.
A daughter of John V Palaiologos and Helena Kantakouzene. She married Bayezid in 1386.Several of John V’s daughters and granddaughters married Ottoman princes: his daughter Maria married Murad I, two more his sons Bayezid I and Yakub, while a fourth, Irene, married Halil, Murad’s half-brother. Two granddaughters, daughters of Theodore and Zampia, married a son and grandson of Bayezid I, SÃ¼leyman and Mustafa.
Devlet Hatun (died in 1422). Slave concubine, mother of Mehmed I.
Maria Olivera Despina Hatun (1372 â€“ 1444). Serbian princess, daughter of Prince Lazar of Serbia and Princess Miliza, she married Bayezid in 1390. She was the Bayezid’s favorite consort, but was extremely unpopular with the Ottomans court and people: she was accused of bribing the sultan and introducing alcohol to the court. She was captured by Timur together with her husband, and possibly forced to serve him naked.
Hafsa Hatun. Daughter of Fahreddin Isa Bey of the Aydinids, she married Bayezid in 1390.
Maria Fadrique (1370 - 1394). Daughter of Louis Fadrique and Helena Asanina Kantakuzene, she entered in Bayezid’s harem in 1393 or early 1394. She died, maybe executed, in 1395BOOK, Nicol, Donald MacGillivray,books.google.it/books/about/The_Byzantine_Family_of_Kantakouzenos_Ca.html?id=_ScbAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y, The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) Ca. 1100-1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study, 1968, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, trustees for Harvard University, 163, en, or 1394.
Angelina Hatun. Greek noblewoman, she was freed by Timur and handed over to Henry III of Castile. She later married Diego Gonzalez of Contreras.
Maria Hatun. Daughter of the Hungarian count Janos, she was freed by Timur and handed over to Henry III of Castile. She later married Payo Gomez de Soto Mayor.

Sons

Bayezid I had at least twelve sons:{{harvtxt|Kastritsis|2007|p=41}}SakaoÄŸlu 2008, pp.82BOOK, www.akademya.biz,archive.org/details/sicill-i.osmani_01, sicill-i.osmani, Turkish,

ErtuÄŸrul Ã‡elebi (1376 â€“1400), wali of Aydin. He was born in KÃ¼thaya. He took part in the Candar campaign and fought in the Battle of Kirkdilim, on 20 July 1391. He died of unknown causes and was buried in Bursa.
SÃ¼leyman Ã‡elebi (1377 - 1411). Emir of Rumelia, claimant to the Ottoman throne during the Ottoman Interregnum (r. 1402â€“1411).
Ä°sa Ã‡elebi (d. 1403) â€“ with DevletÅŸah Hatun. Governor of Anatolia, claimant to the Ottoman throne during the Ottoman Interregnum (r. 1403).
Musa Ã‡elebi (d.1413) â€“ with DevletÅŸah Hatun. Emir of Rumelia (1410â€“1413), claimant to the Ottoman throne during the Ottoman Interregnum (1406â€“1413).
Mustafa Ã‡elebi (1380â€“1422). Emir of Rumelia, claimant to the Ottoman throne during the Ottoman Interregnum (reign 1419â€“1422).
Mehmed I ({{Circa|1386}}â€“1421) â€“ with Devlet Hatun. Governor of Anatolia, he won the civils wars during the Ottoman Interregnum and later became Sultan.
Yusuf Ã‡elebi. Sent as a hostage to Constantinople, he converted to Christianity and changed his name to Demetrios.
KasÄ±m Ã‡elebi. Sent as a hostage to Constantinople together with his sister, Fatma Hatun. He had a son, Orhan Ã‡elebi.
Hasan Ã‡elebi. Still a child at the time of his father’s death, he was killed during the subsequent civil wars between his older brothers.
Ã–mer Ã‡elebi.
Korkud Ã‡elebi.
Ibrahim Ã‡elebi.

Daughters

Bayezid I had at least five daughters:SakaoÄŸlu 2008, pp.90-98

Fatma Hundi Sultan HatunBOOK, Mustafa Ã‡aÄŸatay UluÃ§ay, PadiÅŸahlarÄ±n kadÄ±nlarÄ± ve kÄ±zlarÄ±, 25â€“26, Ankara, Ã–tÃ¼ken, 2011, (1375â€“1430). She married to Seyyid Åžemseddin Mehmed Buhari Emir Sultan in 1390 and she had four sons, Emir Ali and other three, and two twins daughters. Legend has it that Hundi and Seyyid were married in secret after having a vision of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and that Bayezid only accepted their marriage after his son-in-law was “miraculously” saved from soldiers sent to kill him. According to another version, Seyyd, guest of Bayezid, took advantage of his absence from court to seduce Hundi and marry her.
Erhundi Hatun. She married to Yakup Bey, son of Pars Bey. {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|text=Previously, an attempt had been made to marry her to Ladislaus I of Naples, but the negotiations failed when Erhundi’s conversion to Christianity was demanded.}}
Ã–ruz Hatun - with Despina Hatun. {{citation needed span|date=May 2024|In 1404 she married Abu Bakr Mirza, son of Mirza Celaleddin MiranÅŸah, son of Timur}}. She had at least a daughter, AyÅŸe Hatun.
PaÅŸa Melek Hatun - with Despina Hatun. In 1403 she married Åžemseddin Mehmed, son of EmÃ®r CelaluddÃ®n Ä°slÃ¢m{{citation needed span|date=May 2024|, a Timur’s general, in Samarkand.}}
Fatma Hatun (1393â€“1417). She was sent as a hostage to Constantinople together with her brother, Kasim Ã‡elebi. Later she married a sanjak-bey in 1413.

Personality

(File:Bayezit proclamÃ© sultan - miniature du XVe siÃ¨cle.jpg|thumb|Bayezid is proclaimed sultan, 15th-century miniature)According to the British orientalist, Lord Kinross, Bayezid was distinguished by haste, impulsivity, unpredictability and imprudence.Kinross, B.P; “Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire”. 1999. pp. 70â€“71; {{ISBN|5-232-00732-7}} He cared little for state affairs, which he entrusted to his governors. As Kinross writes, between campaigns Bayezid was often engaged in pleasures: gluttony, drunkenness and debauchery. The court of the sultan was famous for its luxury and was comparable to the Byzantine court during its heyday.Kinross, B.P; “Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire”. 1999. p. 73 {{ISBN|5-232-00732-7}}At the same time, the sultan was a talented commander. In all 13 years of his reign, Bayezid suffered only one defeat, which eventually turned out to be fatal for him.Kinross, B.P; “Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire”. 1999. pp. 82â€“85; {{ISBN|5-232-00732-7}} Despite his lust for earthly pleasures, Bayezid was a religious man and used to spend hours in his personal mosque in Bursa. He also kept Islamic theologians in his circle.Kinross, B.P; “Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire”. 1999. p. 73; {{ISBN|5-232-00732-7}}In the words of the contemporary Greek historian Doukas:BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=rPkcAAAAYAAJ, 978-0-8143-1540-8, Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, 1975, Wayne State University Press, {{Blockquote

}}

Evaluation of rule

Bayezid managed to expand the territory of the Ottoman empire to the Danube and the Euphrates. However, his reign culminated with a humiliating defeat at Ankara, whereby the empire was reduced to the size of a beylik from the time of Orhan. This small territory was divided between Bayezid’s two sons by Timur and many beyliks regained their independence. The defeat at Ankara marked the beginning of the Ottoman interregnum, which lasted 10 years.

In fiction

File:Tamerlan und Bajazet (Celesti).jpg|thumb|right|Tamburlaine and Bajazeth (ca. 1700) by Andrea Celesti Andrea CelestiThe defeat of Bayezid became a popular subject for later Western European writers, composers, and painters. They embellished the legend that he was taken by Timur to Samarkand with a cast of characters to create an oriental fantasy that has maintained its appeal over the years. Christopher Marlowe’s play Tamburlaine the Great was first performed in London in 1587, three years after the formal opening of English-Ottoman trade relations when William Harborne sailed for Constantinople as an agent of the Levant Company.In 1648, the play Le Gran Tamerlan et Bejezet by Jean Magnon appeared in London, and in 1725, Handel’s Tamerlano was first performed and published in London;London: Printed & sold by J. Cluer, [1725] Vivaldi’s version of the story, Bajazet, was written in 1735. Magnon had given Bayezid an intriguing wife and daughter; the Handel and Vivaldi renditions included, as well as Tamerlane and Bayezid and his daughter, a prince of Byzantium and a princess of Trebizond (Trabzon) in a passionate love story. A cycle of paintings in Schloss Eggenberg, near Graz in Austria, translated the theme to a different medium; this was completed in the 1670s shortly before the Ottoman army attacked the Habsburgs in central Europe.Finkel, C. (2006) The History of the Ottoman Empire: Osman’s Dream. New York: Basic Books; p. 30The historical novel The Grand Cham (1921) by Harold Lamb focuses on the quest of its European hero to gain the assistance of Tamerlane in defeating Bayezid.Lamb, Harold. Swords from the West. Lincoln; University of Nebraska Press, 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8032-2620-3}} (p. 603) Bayezid (spelled Bayazid) is a central character in the Robert E. Howard story Lord of Samarcand,Howard, Robert E. (1973) Sowers of the Thunder, Ace Science Fiction where he commits suicide at Tamerlane’s victory banquet. Bayazid is a main character in the novel The Walls of Byzantium (2013) by James Heneage.” The Walls of Byzantium...[where] The Armies of the Ottoman Emperor Bayazid threaten Constantinople and the few remaining outposts of its empire”. Cited in “Three More Tales of the Byzantine Empire”. BBC History Magazine, 10 September 2015 (p. 74).

In popular culture

Sultan Bayezid was portrayed in the Serbian 1989 historical drama film Battle of Kosovo, as a participant of the Battle of Kosovo by actor Branislav LeÄiÄ‡, and in the Romanian historical drama Mircea (Proud heritage) by Ion Ritiu as a young Sultan who fought in the battles of Rovine, Nicopolis and Angora.In the 29th Degree of the Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, Bayezid appears as a central figure in a drama that is historical fiction.

References

Notes

Sources

{{EI2 | last = Ä°nalcÄ±k | first = Halil | author-link = Halil Ä°nalcÄ±k | title = BÄyazÄ«d | volume = 1 | pages = 1117â€“1119 | doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1302 }}
Harris, Jonathan (2010) The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press {{ISBN|978-0-300-11786-8}}
BOOK, Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire, 1300â€“1650: The Structure of Power, 2nd, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009, 978-0-230-57451-9,
BOOK, Kastritsis, Dimitris, The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402â€“13, Brill, 2007, 978-90-04-15836-8,books.google.com/books?id=u_evCQAAQBAJ,
Nicolle, David (1999) Nicopolis 1396: The Last Crusade. Oxford: Osprey Books {{ISBN|978-1-85532-918-8}}

External links

www.waitmeturkey.com/yildirim-bayezid-i-ottoman-empire-sultan.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20101227153900www.waitmeturkey.com/yildirim-bayezid-i-ottoman-empire-sultan.html">YÄ±ldÄ±rÄ±m Bayezid I

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Bayezid I

Biography

Efforts to unify Anatolia

Clash with Timur

Bayezid in captivity

Family

Consorts

Sons

Daughters

Personality

Evaluation of rule

In fiction

In popular culture

See also

References

Notes

Sources

External links