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{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɪ⟩ in IPA}}

factoids

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}(File:Spectrogram near-close near-front unrounded vowel (IPA ɪ).png|thumb|Spectrogram of ɪ)The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɪ}}, the small capital I. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends.WEB, IPA Fonts: General Advice,weblink International Phonetic Association, 2015, With any font you consider using, it is worth checking that the symbol for the centralized close front vowel ({{big, ɪ, , U+026A) appears correctly with serifs top and bottom; that the symbol for the dental click (ǀ, U+01C0) is distinct from the lower-case L (l)}} Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification.Sans-serif fonts with serifed {{big|ɪ}} (despite having serifless capital I) include Arial, FreeSans and Lucida Sans. On the other hand, Segoe and Tahoma place serifs on {{big|ɪ}} as well as capital I. Finally, both are serifless in Calibri. Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: {{angbr IPA|ɩ}} (the Latin iota), the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=167}} Despite that, some modern writingsSuch as {{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011}} still use it.Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines {{IPA|[ɪ]}} as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front unrounded vowel (transcribed {{IPA|[i̽]}} or {{IPA|[ï̞]}}), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɪ}} is a near-close near-front unrounded vowel.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=13, 168, 180}} However, some languages have the close-mid near-front unrounded vowel, a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized {{IPAblink|i}}. It occurs in some dialects of English (such as Californian, General American and modern Received Pronunciation){{sfnp|Ladefoged|1999|p=42}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=486}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=90}} as well as some other languages (such as Icelandic),{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=60}}{{Harvcoltxt|Einarsson|1945|p=10}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Gussmann|2011|p=73}} and it can be transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɪ̞}} (a lowered {{angbr IPA|ɪ}}) in narrow transcription. Certain sourcesSuch as {{Harvcoltxt|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012}}. may even use {{angbr IPA|ɪ}} for the close-mid front unrounded vowel, but that is rare. For the close-mid (near-)front unrounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɪ}} (or {{angbr IPA|i}}), see close-mid front unrounded vowel.In some other languages (such as Danish, Luxembourgish and Sotho){{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=45}}{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} there is a fully front near-close unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal {{IPAblink|i}} and {{IPAblink|e}}), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɪ̟}}, {{angbr IPA|i̞}} or {{angbr IPA|e̝}}. There may be phonological reasons not to transcribe the fully front variant with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɪ}}, which may incorrectly imply a relation to the close {{IPAblink|i}}.Sometimes, especially in broad transcription, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol {{angbr IPA|i}}, which technically represents the close front unrounded vowel.

Features

{{near-close vowel}}{{front vowel}} The prototypical {{IPA|[ɪ]}} is somewhat further back (near-front) than the neighboring cardinal vowels.{{unrounded vowel}}

Occurrence {| class"wikitable" style"clear: both;"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

Abenaki|nis|[nɪs]|'two'			ACCESS-DATE=2022-05-26	LANGUAGE=EN, NUMBERS IN ABENAKI >URL=HTTPS://OMNIGLOT.COM/LANGUAGE/NUMBERS/ABENAKI.HTM	WEBSITE=OMNIGLOT.COM, WARNE >FIRST=JANET LEILA	TITLE=A HISTORICAL PHONOLOGY OF ABENAKI	PUBLISHER=THESIS (M.A.)--MCGILL UNIVERSITY	Abenaki language#Phonology>Abenaki phonology

Afrikaans language>Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp	1987			{{IPA			/ɪə/}} in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization {{IPA	Lass	p=119}} See Afrikaans phonology

Arabic

Kuwaiti Arabic

{{sfnp>Ayyad

p=?}}

/bint

{{IPA

Corresponds to {{IPA

/i/}} or {{IPA

Ayyad

p=?}}{{sfnp

2007|p=?}} See Arabic phonology

Lebanese Arabic>Lebanese{{sfnp	2007			[lɪbneːn]}}	'Lebanon'

Burmese language		{{sfnp>Watkins	p=293}}	မြစ်/mracʻ	{{IPA			/i/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized.{{sfnp	2001|p=293}}

Chinese language>Chinese	Shanghainese{{sfnp	Gussenhoven	p=328}}	/ >	[ɪ̞ʔ˥]}}	'one'	Close-mid; appears only in closed syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{IPA	e	Chen	2015|p=328}}

Czech language>Czech

Bohemian{{sfnp

1999

{{IPA

[ɪ]}}{{sfnp

1999

[ɪ̟˕]}}.{{sfnp

Podlipský

2012

i}} in Moravian Czech.{{sfnp

Podlipský

2012|pp=228–229}} See Czech phonology

h

Danish language>Danish

Standard{{sfnp

1998

Basbøll

p=45}}

>

[ˈhe̝ːˀl]}}

'whole'

Fully front; contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.{{sfnp

1998

Basbøll

p=45}} It is typically transcribed in IPA with {{IPAalink

Ladefoged

2010

ɪ}} is pronounced similarly to the short {{IPA

Basbøll

p=58}} See Danish phonology

Dutch language>Dutch

Standard{{sfnp

Mees

p=128}}{{sfnp

1992

Verhoeven

p=245}}

>

Nl-blik.ogg

help=no}}

'glance'

The Standard Northern realization is near-close {{IPA

Collins

2003

Gussenhoven

p=47}} but the Standard Belgian realization has also been described as close-mid {{IPA

Verhoeven

p=245}} Some regional dialects have a vowel that is slightly closer to the cardinal {{IPAblink

Collins

2003|p=131}} See Dutch phonology

English language

>

California English>Californian{{sfnp

1999

''English orthography

it'' >

{{Audio-IPA

[bɪ̞t]

'bit'

rowspan="2"

Ladefoged

p=42}}{{sfnp

1982|p=486}} See English phonology

General American{{sfnp>Wells	p=486}}

Estuary English>Estuary{{sfnp	Watt	p=188}}	rowspan="2"	[bɪʔt]}}	Can be fully front {{IPA	[ɪ]}} or close-mid {{IPA	Altendorf	2004|p=188}}

Received Pronunciation{{sfnp>Collins	2003	Wells	p=291}}	Close-mid {{IPA	[ɪ]}} for older speakers.{{sfnp	Mees	p=90}}{{sfnp	1982|p=291}}

Australian English>General Australian{{sfnp	Fletcher	p=65}}	{{IPA		Cox	2017	i}}.{{sfnp	Palethorpe	p=344}} See Australian English phonology

Inland Northern American English>Inland Northern American{{sfnp	2004		{{IPA		[ɪ]}}, near-close central {{IPAblink	[ɪ̞]}} and close-mid central {{IPAblink	Gordon	pp=294, 296}}

Philadelphia English>Philadelphian{{sfnp	2004		[ɪ]}} and close-mid {{IPA	Gordon	p=290}}

Welsh English>Welsh{{sfnp

1990

Connolly

p=125}}{{sfnp

Mees

p=93}}

Near-close {{IPA

[ɪ̞]}} in Cardiff.{{sfnp

1990

Connolly

p=125}}{{sfnp

Mees

p=93}}

New Zealand English>New Zealand{{sfnp

Warren

Kennedy

p=98}}{{sfnp

Maclagan

p=609}}

rowspan="3"

English orthography>bed

rowspan="3"

[be̝d]}}

rowspan="3"

[e̝]}}, near-close near-front {{IPA

e}} and close-mid near-front {{IPAblink

eÌ }}.{{sfnp

Warren

Kennedy

p=98}} It is typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA

eÌž}}.{{sfnp

Maclagan

p=609}} See New Zealand English phonology

Australian English>Australian speakers{{sfnp	Fletcher	pp=65, 67}}	Close-mid {{IPAblink	Cox	2017|pp=65, 67}} See Australian English phonology

South African English>South African speakers{{sfnp	2004		ɛ}}, whereas in the General variety, it can be close-mid {{IPAblink	Bowerman	pp=936–937}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|e}}. See South African English phonology

French language>French	Quebec French	{{sfnp>Walker	pp=51–60}}	>	[pət͡sɪt]}}	'small'	Allophone of {{IPA	Walker	pp=51–60}} See Quebec French phonology

German language>German

Standard German

{{sfnp>Dudenredaktion

Knöbl

pp=34, 64}}

>

De-bitte.ogg

help=no}}

'please'

Close-mid; for some speakers, it may be as high as {{IPAblink

Dudenredaktion

Knöbl

pp=34, 64}} See Standard German phonology

Hindustani language		{{sfnp>Ohala	p=102}}	//iraadaa >	[ɪˈɾäːd̪ä]}}	'intention'	See Hindustani phonology

Hungarian language		{{sfnp>Szende	p=92}}	>	[vɪs]}}	'to carry'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|i}}. See Hungarian phonology

Icelandic language		{{sfnp>Árnason	p=60}}	>	[ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ]}}	'friend'	Close-mid.{{sfnp	2011|p=60}} See Icelandic phonology

Kabiye language		>		[kàbɪ̀jɛ̀]}}	'Kabiye'	-ATR front vowel. See Kabiye language

Kazakh language		>	bır	{{IPA		| Close-mid. See Kazakh phonology

Limburgish language

{{sfnp>Gussenhoven

1999

Peters

p=119}}

{{IPA

[ɪ]}}{{sfnp

2006

[ɪ̞]}},{{sfnp

Aarts

pp=158–159}} depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.

Luxembourgish language		{{sfnp>Gilles	2013			[be̝ːn]}}	'leg'	Fully front.{{sfnp	Trouvain	p=70}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|eː}}. See Luxembourgish phonology

Malay|kecil		[kət͡ʃɪl]}}|'small'	/i/}} in closed-final syllables. May be [{{IPA link	e̞}}] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology

Norwegian language		{{sfnp>Vanvik	pp=13-14}}	>	[lɪ̟tː]}}	'a little'	The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has been variously described as near-close front {{IPA	Vanvik	pp=13-14}} and close front {{IPAblink	Kvifte	2005|p=2}} See Norwegian phonology

Portuguese language>Portuguese	Brazilian Portuguese	{{sfnp>Barbosa	2004			{{IPA			/e/}} (can be epenthetic), {{IPA	/i/}}. Can be voiceless. See Portuguese phonology

Russian language

{{sfnp>Jones

1969

Yanushevskaya

2015

derevo

{{Audio-IPA

[ˈdʲerʲɪvə]

Jones

1969

Yanushevskaya

2015|p=225}} See Russian phonology

Saterland Frisian language

{{sfnp>Peters

p=?}}

{{IPA

/eː/}} and {{IPA

[e̝ː]}} in the former case, close-mid near-front {{IPA

/ɛː/}} ({{IPAblink

e̠ː}}).{{sfnp

2017|p=?}}

Sicilian language		HULL	AUTHOR-LINK=GEOFFREY HULL	PUBLISHER=CIS EDUCATIONAL			ˈunnɪ			i}}. See Sicilian vowel system

Sinhala language		{{sfnp>Perera	1919		pirimi >	[ˈpi̞ɾi̞mi̞]}}	'male'	Fully front;{{sfnp	Jones	pp=5, 9}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|i}}.

Slovak language		{{sfnp>Pavlík	pp=93, 95}}{{sfnp	Hamann	p=375}}		{{IPA			Pavlík	pp=93, 95}} See Slovak phonology

Sotho language		{{sfnp>Doke	1974			{{IPA			Doke	1974|p=?}} See Sotho phonology

Spanish language	>	Andalusian Spanish>Eastern Andalusian{{sfnp	1967		>	{{IPA		'my' (pl.)	rowspan="2"	i}} in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology

Murcian Spanish>Murcian{{sfnp	1967|p=341}}

date=December 2023}}|si|||

Swedish language>Swedish

Central Standard{{sfnp

1999

Rosenqvist

p=9}}

>

sv-sill.ogg

help=no}}

'herring'

The quality has been variously described as close-mid front {{IPA

Engstrand

p=140}} near-close front {{IPA

Rosenqvist

p=9}} and close front {{IPAblink

Dahlstedt

p=16}} See Swedish phonology

Temne language		{{sfnp>Kanu	2010			[pí̞m]}}	'pick'	Fully front;{{sfnp	Tucker	p=249}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|i}}.

Turkish language

{{sfnp>Göksel

2005

{{IPA

/i/}} described variously as "word-final"{{sfnp

Kerslake

p=10}} and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".{{sfnp

Orgun

p=155}} See Turkish phonology

Ukrainian language		Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14{{sfnp>Danyenko	1995		yrij	{{IPA		Iriy'>| See Ukrainian phonology

Welsh|mynydd		[mənɪð]}}|'mountain'|See Welsh phonology

Yoruba language		{{sfnp>Bamgboṣe	p=166}}	kini	{{IPA|[kĩi]}}| 'what'	ĩ}}. It is nasalized, and may be close {{IPAblink	ĩ}} instead.{{sfnp	1966|p=166}}

T-diaeresis may be in other alphabets.

Notes

{{reflist|30em}}

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