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Ukrainian phonology
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{{Short description|Phonology of the Ukrainian language}}{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=November 2009}}{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2015}}}}{{IPA notice}}This article deals with the phonology of the standard Ukrainian language.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Stress
Stress is phonemic in Ukrainian. With most Ukrainian nouns, the stress falls on either the final vowel of the stem or the initial vowel of the inflection. In a few nouns the stress may be further forward.{{Clarify|reason=Forward could mean more to the front, i.e. the beginning of the word. It could also mean more in the direction of progression, i e. more towards the end of the word. Which is meant here?|date=August 2023}} The position is generally fixed for the various cases of the noun (though inflection stress shifts to the last vowel of the stem if the inflection is a zero suffix), but may change with number (stem stress in both singular and plural, e.g. ÑеаÌÑÑ ~ ÑеаÌÑÑи 'theater'; stem stress in the singular and inflection stress in the plural, e.g. жÑÌнка ~ жÑÐ½ÐºÐ¸Ì 'woman'; and so on for all permutations.)The pattern with adjectives is similar to that of nouns, but does not differ between singular and plural (all stem stress or all inflection stress). In some inflection-stressed adjectives, stress shifts to the stem in the comparative.With most verbs, stress falls on a syllable in the stem. That syllable may differ between the perfective and imperfective aspects (verbs with 'shifting stress'), but otherwise the stress remains on the same syllable for all inflections. A small group of verbs which do not shift for aspect and have е in their stems bear stress on the inflection. That stress is always on the last syllable of the word apart from in the future imperfective, where it is on the same syllable as in the infinitive (INF неÑÑиÌ, FUT.NPFV.3sg неÑÑиÌме 'carry').With numerals, stress placement may differ between ordinal and cardinal forms.For names, stress may shift between given names (ÐогдаÌн, РомаÌн) and family names (ÐоÌгдан, РоÌман), and between patronymics (ÐваÌновиÑ, ÐогдаÌновиÑ) and family names (ÐваноÌвиÑ, ÐогданоÌвиÑ).Vowels
(File:Ukrainian vowel chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.13|Ukrainian vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Pompino-Marschall|Steriopolo|Å»ygis|2016|p=353}})Ukrainian has the six monophthong phonemes shown below. {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is a retracted close-mid front vowel {{IPAblink|ɪ|ɪÌ}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Rusanivsâkyj|Taranenko|Zjabljuk|2004|p=104}}{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"!! Front! Central! Backi}} | ɪ}} | u}} |
É}}| | oÌ|É}} |
a}}| |
- {{IPA|/i/}} remains more or less {{IPAblink|i}}.
- {{IPA|/É/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} approach {{IPAblink|e}}, which may be a shared allophone for the two phonemes.
- {{IPA|/a/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|É}}.
- {{IPA|/É/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|o}}, or more towards {{IPA|/u/}} if it is followed by a syllable with {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/u/}}.
- {{IPA|/u/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|Ê}}.
Consonants {| class"wikitable" style"text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |! rowspan="2" | Labial! colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar! rowspan="2" | Post-alveolar! rowspan="2" | Palatal! rowspan="2" | Velar! rowspan="2" | Glottalm}} | n̪|n}} | nʲ}}|||| |
p}}â{{IPA link|b}} | t̪ | d̪|d}} | tʲ }}â{{IPA link|dʲ }}|| | k}}â{{IPA link|É¡}}| |
t̪͡s̪ | d̪͡z̪|dÍ¡z}} | tÍ¡sʲ}}â{{IPA link|dÍ¡zʲ}} | tÍ¡Ê}}â{{IPA link|dÍ¡Ê}}||| |
f}} | s̪ | z̪|z}} | sʲ}}â{{IPA link|zʲ}} | Ê}}â{{IPA link|Ê}}| | x}} | ɦ|ɦ}} |
Ê}} ~ {{IPA link | w}} | l}} | lʲ}}| | j}}|| |
r}} | rʲ}}|||| |
- There is no complete agreement about the phonetic nature of {{IPA|/ɦ/}}. According to some linguists, it is pharyngeal {{IPAblink|Ê}} (when devoiced, {{IPAblink|ħ}} or sometimes {{IPAblink|x}} in weak positions).{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=12}}According to others, it is glottal {{IPAblink|ɦ}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Pugh|Press|2005|p=23}}The sound is described as "laryngeal fricative consonant" () in the official orthography: '§ 14. Letter H' in УкÑаÑнÑÑкий пÑавопиÑ, Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 2012, p. 19 (see e-text)УкÑаÑнÑÑка мова: енÑиклопедÑÑ, Kyiv, 2000, p. 85.
- After voiceless consonants, word-final {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/r/}} are voiceless {{IPAblink|m̥}}, {{IPAblink|l̥}}, {{IPAblink|r̥}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|pp=6, 8}} For {{IPA|/r/}}, this only happens after {{IPA|/t/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=8}}
- {{IPA|/w/}} is most commonly bilabial {{IPAblink|βÌ}} before vowels but can alternate with labiodental {{IPAblink|Ê}} (most commonly before {{IPA|/i/}}),{{Harvcoltxt|Žovtobrjux|Kulyk|1965|pp=121â122}} and it can be a true labiovelar {{IPAblink|w}} before {{IPA|/É/}} or {{IPA|/u/}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Buk|MaÄutek|Rovenchak|2008|=3}} It is also vocalized to {{IPA|[u̯]}}{{clarify|reason=How does this differ from [w]?|date=March 2022}} before a consonant at the beginning of a word, after a vowel before a consonant or after a vowel at the end of a word.{{Harvcoltxt|Rusanivsâkyj|Taranenko|Zjabljuk|2004|pp=522â523}} If {{IPA|/w/}} occurs before a voiceless consonant and not after a vowel, the voiceless articulation {{IPAblink|Ê}} is also possible.
- {{IPA|/r/}} is often realized as a single tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}.
- {{IPA|/t, d, dʲ, n, nʲ, s, sʲ, z, zʲ, tÍ¡s, tÍ¡sʲ, dÍ¡z, dÍ¡zʲ/}} are dental {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|t̪}}, {{IPAplink|d̪}}, {{IPA link|d̪ʲ }}, {{IPAplink|n̪}}, {{IPA link|n̪ʲ}}, {{IPAplink|s̪}}, {{IPA link|s̪ʲ}}, {{IPAplink|z̪}}, {{IPA link|z̪ʲ}}, {{IPAplink|t̪͡s̪}}, {{IPA link|t̪͡s̪ʲ}}, {{IPAplink|d̪͡z̪}}, {{IPA link|d̪͡z̪ʲ}}]}},{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|pp=8â10}} while {{IPA|/tʲ, l, lʲ, r, rʲ/}} are alveolar {{IPA|[{{IPA|tʲ }}, {{IPAplink|l}}, {{IPA|lʲ}}, {{IPAplink|r}}, {{IPA|rʲ}}]}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|pp=8 and 10}}
- The group of palatalized consonants consists of 10 phonemes: {{IPA|/j, dʲ, zʲ, lʲ, nʲ, rʲ, sʲ, tʲ, tÍ¡sʲ, dÍ¡zʲ/}}. All except {{IPA|/j/}} have a soft and a hard variant. There is no agreement about the nature of the palatalization of {{IPA|/rʲ/}}; sometimes, it is considered as a semi-palatalized{{clarify|date=September 2017}} consonant.{{Harvcoltxt|Ponomariv|2001|pp=16, 20}} The labial consonants {{IPA|/p, b, m, f/}} only have 'semi-palatalized' versions, and {{IPA|/w/}} has only the 'hard' variant.{{Harvcoltxt|Ponomariv|2001|pp=14â15}} The palatalization of the consonants {{IPA|/ɦ, É¡, Ê, k, x, tÍ¡Ê, Ê, dÍ¡Ê/}} is weak; they are usually treated rather as the allophones of the respective hard consonants, not as separate phonemes.{{Harvcoltxt|Buk|MaÄutek|Rovenchak|2008|=4}}
- Unlike Russian and several other Slavic languages, Ukrainian does not have final devoicing for most obstruents, as can be seen, for example, in {{wikt-lang|uk|вÑз}} "cart", which is pronounced {{audio-IPA|Uk-вÑз.ogg|[ËÊiz]}}, not {{IPA|[ËÊis]}}.
- The fricative articulations {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|v}}, {{IPAplink|É£}}]}} are voiced allophones of {{IPA|/f, x/}} respectively if they are voiced before other voiced consonants. (See Consonant assimilation.) {{IPA|/x, ɦ/}} do not form a perfect voiceless-voiced phoneme pair, but their allophones may overlap if {{IPA|/ɦ/}} is devoiced to {{IPA|[x]}} (rather than {{IPA|[h]}}). In the standard language, {{IPA|/f, w/}} do not form a voiceless-voiced phoneme pair at all, as {{IPA|[v]}} does not phonemically overlap with {{IPA|/w/}}, and {{IPA|[Ê]}} (voiceless allophone of {{IPA|/w/}}) does not phonemically overlap with {{IPA|/f/}}.
- If {{underline|C}}{{sub|1}} is {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/ɦ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, or {{IPA|/x/}}, the epenthesized vowel is always {{IPA|[o]}}.
- No vowel is epenthesized if the {{IPA|/w/}} is derived from a Common Slavic vocalic l, for example, {{IPA|/wÉwk/}} (see below).
- If {{underline|C}}{{sub|2}} is {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, or {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, then the vowel is {{IPA|[e]}}.
- The combinations {{IPA|/-stw/}} and {{IPA|/-sk/}} are not broken up.
- If {{underline|C}}{{sub|1}} is {{IPA|/j/}} (), both the form with the epenthetic vowel (according to the above rules) and the form without it can be found.
Alternation of vowels and semivowels
The semivowels {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} alternate with the vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} respectively. The semivowels are used in syllable codas: after a vowel and before a consonant, either within a word or between words:{{citation needed|date=November 2009}}
{{IPA|/Ëwin iËdÉ/}} ('he's coming')
{{IPA|/wÉËna ËjdÉ/}} ('she's coming')
{{IPA|/Ëwin i wÉËna/}} ('he and she')
{{IPA|/wÉËna j Ëwin/}} ('she and he');
{{IPA|/utÉËmɪwsʲa ËwÊÉ/}} ('already gotten tired')
{{IPA|/uËÊÉ wtÉËmɪwsʲa/}} ('already gotten tired')
{{IPA|/Ëwin utÉmɪwsʲa/}} ('He's gotten tired.')
{{IPA|/Ëwin u Ëxatâ½Ê²â¾i/}} ('He's inside the house.')
{{IPA|/wÉËna w Ëxatâ½Ê²â¾i/}} ('She's inside the house.')
{{IPA|/piduËtÍ¡Êɪtɪ/}} ('to learn/teach (a little more)')
{{IPA|/ËwɪwtÍ¡Êɪtɪ/}} ('to have learnt')
This feature distinguishes Ukrainian phonology from Russian and Polish, two related languages with many cognates.Consonant assimilation
Ukrainian has assimilatory voicing: voiceless obstruents are voiced when preceding voiced obstruents.{{Harvcoltxt|Mascaró|Wetzels|2001|p=209}} (Voiced sonorants do not trigger voicing.)- {{wikt-lang|uk|наÑ}} {{IPA|[naÊ]}} ('our')
- {{IPA|[nÉÊ Ëd{{sup|â½Ê²â¾}}id]}} ('our grandfather')
- {{wikt-lang|uk|беÑеÌза}} {{IPA|[beËrÉzÉ]}} ('birch')
- {{wikt-lang|uk|беÑÑÌзка}} {{IPA|[beËrâ½Ê²â¾izkÉ]}} ('small birch')
Deviations of spoken language
There are some typical deviations which may appear in spoken language (often under the influence of Russian).WEB, ФонеÑика й вимова - ÐлекÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ ÐономаÑÑв,weblink 2022-11-11, ponomariv-kultura-slova.wikidot.com, They are usually considered phonetic errors by pedagogists.WEB, ÐлекÑÑонна бÑблÑоÑека ÐнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ÑÑналÑÑÑики,weblink 2022-11-11, journlib.univ.kiev.ua,- {{IPAblink|ɨ}} for {{IPAslink|ɪ}}
- {{IPAblink|tÍ¡É}} for {{IPAslink|tÍ¡Ê}} and {{IPA|[ÉtÍ¡É]}} or even {{IPAblink|ÉË}} for {{IPA|[ÊtÍ¡Ê]}}
- {{IPA|[rʲ]}} for {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|[bʲ]}} for {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|[vʲ]}} for {{IPA|/w/}} in certain words (, , )
- {{IPA|[v]}} or {{IPA|[f]}} (the latter in syllable-final position) for {{IPA|[w ~ u̯ ~ Î²Ì ~ Ê ~ Ê]}} (, , , ), in effect also turning {{IPA|/f, w/}} into a true voiceless-voiced phoneme pair, which isn't present in the standard language
- Final-obstruent devoicing
Historical phonology
Modern standard Ukrainian descends from Common Slavic and is characterized by a number of sound changes and morphological developments, many of which are shared with other East Slavic languages. These include:- In a newly closed syllable, that is, a syllable that ends in a consonant, Common Slavic o and e mutated into {{IPA|/i/}} if the following vowel was one of the yers (Å or Ä); for example, CSl. pêktÑ â Ukr. (piÄ "oven") & CSl. nôsÑ â Ukr. (nis "nose").{{Harvcoltxt|Becker|1980|p=400}}{{Harvcoltxt|Derksen|2008|p=357, 393}}
- Pleophony: The Common Slavic combinations, CoRC and CeRC, where R is either r or l, become in Ukrainian:
- CorC gives CoroC (Common Slavic borda gives Ukrainian boroda, {{wikt-lang|uk|боÑодаÌ}})
- ColC gives ColoC (Common Slavic bolto gives Ukrainian boloto, {{wikt-lang|uk|болоÌÑо}})
- CerC gives CereC (Common Slavic berza gives Ukrainian bereza, {{wikt-lang|uk|беÑеÌза}})
- CelC gives ColoC (Common Slavic melko gives Ukrainian moloko, {{wikt-lang|uk|молокоÌ}})
- The Common Slavic nasal vowel Ä is reflected as {{IPA|/ja/}}; a preceding labial consonant generally was not palatalized after this, and after a postalveolar it became {{IPA|/a/}}. Examples: Common Slavic pÄtÄ became Ukrainian {{IPA|/pjatʲ/}} ({{wikt-lang|uk|п'ÑÑÑ|пâÑÑÑ}}); Common Slavic telÄ became Ukrainian {{IPA|/tÉËlʲa/}} ({{wikt-lang|uk|ÑелÑÌ}}); and Common Slavic kurÄÄÄ became Ukrainian {{IPA|/kurËtÍ¡Êa/}} ().{{citation needed|date=November 2009}}
- Common Slavic Ä (Cyrillic Ñ£), generally became Ukrainian {{IPA|/i/}} except:{{citation needed|date=November 2009}}
- word-initially, where it became {{IPA|/ji/}}: Common Slavic (j)Ästi became Ukrainian {{wikt-lang|uk|ÑÌÑÑи}} {{IPA|/Ëjistɪ/}}
- after the postalveolar sibilants where it became {{IPA|/a/}}: Common Slavic ležÄti became Ukrainian {{IPA|/lÉËÊatɪ/}} ()
- Common Slavic i and y are both reflected in Ukrainian as {{IPA|/ɪ/}}{{citation needed|date=November 2009}}
- The Common Slavic combination -CÄjV, where V is any vowel, became {{IPA|-CʲËV}}, except:{{citation needed|date=November 2009}}
- if C is labial or {{IPA|/r/}} where it became -CjV
- if V is the Common Slavic e, then the vowel in Ukrainian mutated to {{IPA|/a/}}, e.g., Common Slavic žitÄje became Ukrainian {{IPA|/ÊɪËtʲËa/}} ()
- if V is Common Slavic Ä, then the combination became {{IPA|/Éj/}}, e.g., genitive plural in Common Slavic myÅ¡ÄjÄ became Ukrainian {{IPA|/mɪËÊÉj/}} ()
- if one or more consonants precede C then there is no doubling of the consonants in Ukrainian
- Sometime around the early thirteenth century, the voiced velar stop lenited to {{IPA|[ɣ]}} (except in the cluster zg).{{Harvcoltxt|Shevelov|1977|p=145}} Within a century, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} was reintroduced from Western European loanwords and, around the sixteenth century, {{IPA|[ɣ]}} debuccalized to {{IPA|[ɦ]}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Shevelov|1977|p=148}}
- Common Slavic combinations dl and tl were simplified to {{IPA|/l/}}, for example, Common Slavic mydlo became Ukrainian {{IPA|/ËmɪlÉ/}} ({{wikt-lang|uk|миÌло}}).{{citation needed|date=November 2009}}
- Common Slavic Çl and Äl became {{IPA|/Éw/}}. For example, Common Slavic vÄlkÇ became {{IPA|/wÉwk/}} ({{wikt-lang|uk|вовк}}) in Ukrainian.{{citation needed|date=November 2009}}
References
{{reflist|22em}}Sources
- JOURNAL, Becker, Lee A., 1980, On the Phonetic Nature of the Origin of Ukrainian Ikavism, Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, 22, 3, 400-407,weblink
- {{citation|last1=Buk|first1=Solomija|last2=MaÄutek|first2=Ján|last3=Rovenchak|first3=Andrij|year=2008|title=Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system|journal=Glottometrics|volume=16|pages=63â79|arxiv=0802.4198|bibcode=2008arXiv0802.4198B
- {{citation|last=Carlton|first=T.R.|year=1972|title=A Guide to the Declension of Nouns in Ukrainian|place=Edmonton, Alberta|publisher=University of Alberta Press
- {{citation|last1=Danyenko|first1=Andrii|last2=Vakulenko|first2=Serhii|year=1995|title=Ukrainian|publisher=Lincom Europa|isbn=978-3-929075-08-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ
- BOOK, Derksen, Rick, 2008, Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Brill, Leiden, Boston
- JOURNAL, Mascaró, Joan, Wetzels, W. Leo, 2001, The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing, Language, 77, 207â244, 2, 10.1353/lan.2001.0123, 28948663
- {{citation|editor-last=Pohribnyj|editor-first=M.I.|year=1986|title=ÐÑÑоепÑÑний Ñловни|publisher=Radjansâka Å¡kola|location=Kiev
- {{citation|last1=Pompino-Marschall|first1=Bernd|last2=Steriopolo|first2=Elena|last3=Å»ygis|first3=Marzena|year=2016|title=Ukrainian|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|volume=47|issue=3|pages=349â357|doi=10.1017/S0025100316000372|s2cid=232344731
- {{citation|editor-last=Ponomariv|editor-first=O.D.|year=2001|title=СÑÑаÑна ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка мова: ÐÑдÑÑÑник|location=Kyiv|publisher=Lybidâ
- {hide}citation|last1=Pugh|first1=Stefan|last2=Press|first2=Ian|year=2005|orig-year=First published 1999|title=Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar|publisher=Routledge|location=London
- BOOK, Rusanivsâkyj, V. M., Taranenko, O. O., Zjabljuk
display-authors=etal, 2004, УкÑаÑнÑÑка мова: ÐнÑиклопедÑÑ, 978-966-7492-19-9 , - JOURNAL, Shevelov, George Y., George Shevelov, 1977, On the Chronology of h and the New g in Ukrainian, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 1, 2, 137â152, Cambridge, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute,weblinkweblink 2019-01-05
- {{citation|last=Shevelov|first=George Y.|chapter=Ukrainian|title=The Slavonic Languages|editor1-last=Comrie|editor1-first=Bernard|editor1-link=Bernard Comrie|editor2-last=Corbett|editor2-first=Greville|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=1993|pages=947â998
- {{citation|editor-last=Žovtobrjux|editor-first=M.A.|year=1973|title=УкÑаÑнÑÑка лÑÑеÑаÑÑÑна вимова Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ñ: Словник â довÑдник|publisher=Nakova dumka|location=Kiev
- BOOK, Žovtobrjux, M.A., Kulyk, B.M., 1965, ÐÑÑÑ ÑÑÑаÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑкÑаÑнÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑеÑаÑÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸. ЧаÑÑина I, Radjansâka Å¡kola, Kiev
Further reading
- BOOK, Bahmut, Alla Josypivna, 1980, ÐнÑонаÑÑÑ Ñк заÑÑб Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼ÑнÑкаÑÑÑ, Naukova dumka, Kiev
- BOOK, Tocâka, N.I., 1973, ÐолоÑÐ½Ñ Ñонеми ÑкÑаÑнÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑеÑаÑÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸, Kyjivsâkyj universytet, Kiev
- BOOK, Tocâka, N.I., 1995, СÑÑаÑна ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка лÑÑеÑаÑÑÑна мова, VyÅ¡Äa Å¡kola, Kiev
- BOOK, Zilyns'kyj, I., A Phonetic Description of the Ukrainian Language, Harvard University Press, 1979, 0-674-66612-7
- {{citation|last=Zygis|first=Marzena|year=2003|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives|journal=ZAS Papers in Linguistics|volume=3|pages=175â213|doi=10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191|doi-access=free
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