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Quebec French phonology
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{More citations needed|date=May 2007}}{{IPA notice}}{{use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}The phonology of Quebec French is more complex than that of Parisian or Continental French. Quebec French has maintained phonemic distinctions between {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/É‘/}}, {{IPA|/É›/}} and {{IPA|/É›Ë/}}, {{IPA|/ø/}} and {{IPA|/É™/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} and {{IPA|/œ̃/}}. The latter phoneme of each pair has disappeared in Parisian French, and only the last distinction has been maintained in Meridional French, yet all of these distinctions persist in Swiss and Belgian French.">- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Vowels{|
| i}}| | y}}| | u}} | ||
| e}}| | ø}} | {{IPA link|ə}} | o}} | |
| É›}} | É›Ë}} | Å“}} | É”}} | |
| a}}||| | É‘}} {{IPA link|É’Ë}} |
| ẽ}} | {{IPA | œ̃˞}} ~ ɚ̃}} | õ}} |
| ã}}| |
Nasal vowels
Apart from {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}, the nasal vowels are very different from Modern Parisian French, but they are similar to traditional Parisian French and Meridional French. {{IPA|[ã]}} is pronounced exactly as in Meridional French: {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} → {{IPA|[ẽɪ̯̃] ~ [ãɪ̯̃]}}, {{IPA|/ɑ̃/}} → {{IPA|[ã] ~ [æ̃]}} ( 'storm' {{IPA-frdia|tã.pæɪ̯t||Qc-tempête.ogg}}), 'when' {{IPA-frdia|kæ̃||Qc-quand.oga}}), {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}} → {{IPA|[ɒ̃ʊ̯̃]}} ( 'icicle' {{IPA-frdia|É¡læsɒ̃ʊ̯̃||Fr-glaçon-ca-Montréal.ogg}}),CONFERENCE, Carignan, Christopher, Oral articulation of nasal vowel in French,weblink Hong Kong, 17–21 August 2011, ICPhS XVII,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140715222102weblink">weblink July 15, 2014, and {{IPA|/œ̃/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[œ̃Ễ̯] ~ [ɚ̃] ~ [ʌ̃ɹ]}}.CONFERENCE, Mielke, Jeff,weblink An articulatory study of rhotic vowels in Canadian French,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150101035329weblink">weblink January 1, 2015, Quebec, October 13, 2011, JOURNAL, Mielke, Jeff, An articulatory study of rhotic vowels in Canadian French, Canadian Acoustics, September 2011, 30, 3, 164–165,weblink {{IPA|[æ̃]}} occurs only in open syllables. {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}} are always diphthongized.WEB, ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Société-, L'accent québécois décortiqué,weblink 2022-01-22, Radio-Canada.ca, fr,Diphthongization
Long and nasalized vowels (except {{IPA|[aË]}}) are generally diphthongized in closed syllables, but {{IPA|[É›Ë]}}, {{IPA|[É”Ë]}}, and {{IPA|[Å“Ë]}} are not diphthongized if they are before {{IPA|/v/}} (with some exceptions: "bean", , "goldsmith" and "dream"):- {{IPA|[É›Ë]}} → {{IPA|[ɛɪ̯] ~ [ei̯] ~ [æɪ̯] ~ [aɪ̯]}}, but {{IPA|[æɛ̯] ~ [aɛ̯] ~ [aɪ̯]}} before {{IPA|/Ê/}}, as in {{IPA|[faɪ̯t] ~ [fæɪ̯t]}}, Eng. "party"; {{IPA|[pæɛ̯Ê] ~ [paɛ̯Ê] ~ [paɪ̯Ê]}}, Eng. "father"; {{IPA|[fɛɪ̯te]}}, Eng. "celebrate";
- {{IPA|[øË]}} → {{IPA|[øÊ̯]}}, as in {{IPA|[nøÊ̯tÊÌ¥]}}, Eng. "neutral"
- {{IPA|[oË]}} → {{IPA|[oʊ̯]}}, as in {{IPA|[koʊ̯z]}}, Eng. "cause"
- {{IPA|[É‘Ë]}} → {{IPA|[ɑʊ̯]}}, but {{IPA|[ɑɔ̯]}} (before {{IPA|/Ê/}}), as in {{IPA|[pɑʊ̯t]}}, Eng. "paste" {{IPA|[bɑɔ̯Ê]}}, Eng. "bar"
- {{IPA|[É”Ë]}} → {{IPA|[ɑɔ̯]}} (only before {{IPA|/Ê/}}), as in {{IPA|[bɑɔ̯Ê]}}, Eng. "side"
- {{IPA|[Å“Ë]}} → {{IPA|[aœ̯] ~ [ɶœ̯]}} (only before {{IPA|/Ê/}}), as in {{IPA|[kaœ̯Ê] ~ [kɶœ̯Ê]}}, Eng. "heart"
- {{IPA|[iË]}} → {{IPA|[ɪi̯]}}, as in {{IPA|[lɪi̯vÊ]}}, Eng. "book/pound"
- {{IPA|[uË]}} → {{IPA|[ÊŠu̯]}}, as in {{IPA|[fÊŠu̯Ê]}}, Eng. "oven"
- {{IPA|[yË]}} → {{IPA|[Êy̯]}}, as in {{IPA|[kÊy̯Ê]}}, Eng. "treatment"
- {{IPA|[ãË]}} → {{IPA|[ãʊ̯̃]}}, as in {{IPA|[bãʊ̯̃k]}}, Eng. "bank"
- {{IPA|[ẽË]}} → {{IPA|[ẽɪ̯̃] ~ [ãɪ̯̃]}}, as in {{IPA|[kẽɪ̯̃z] ~ [kãɪ̯̃z]}}, Eng. "fifteen"
- {{IPA|[õË]}} → {{IPA|[ɒ̃ʊ̯̃]}}, as in {{IPA|[sɒ̃ʊ̯̃]}}, Eng. "sound"
- {{IPA|[œ̃Ë]}} → {{IPA|[œ̃Ễ̯]}}, as in {{IPA|[œ̃Ễ̯]}}, Eng. "one"
- {{IPA|[wÉ‘Ë]}} → {{IPA|[waɪ̯] ~ [wɛɪ̯] ~ [wei̯]}}, as in {{IPA|[bwaɪ̯t] ~ [bwei̯t]}}, Eng. "box"
Phonological feminine
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2018}}Metonymies provide interesting evidence of a phonological feminine. For instance, although most adults would probably say that is masculine if they were given time to think, specific bus routes defined by their number are always feminine. Bus No. 10 is known as or more often Using in such a context, although it is normal in France, would be strikingly odd in Quebec (especially Montreal) except in some regions, particularly the Outaouais, where it is usual. (An alternative explanation, however, is that bus routes in Montreal are called "lines" and so is short for , not since it is the route that is being referred to, not an individual bus.)There are many grammatical differences in informal speech. For instance, some words have a different gender from standard French (, rather than ). That is partially systematic; just as the difference in pronunciation between {{IPA|[ʃjẽɪ̯̃]}} (masc.) and {{IPA|[ʃjɛn]}} (fem.) is the presence or absence of a final consonant, ambiguous words ending in a consonant (such as ({{IPA|/dʒɔb/}})) are often considered to be feminine.Also, vowel-initial words that in standard grammar are masculine are sometimes considered to be feminine, as preceding masculine adjectives are homophonous to feminine adjectives (; {{IPA|/bɛl/}} = fem.): the word is considered to be feminine (). Another explanation would be that many other words ending in are feminine (, etc.) and that the grammatical gender of is made to conform to this pattern through analogy. However, the number of words that are masculine, particularly concrete nouns like (, etc.), as opposed to abstract nouns, weakens that explanation.Consonants{| class"wikitable" styletext-align:center|+Consonant phonemes in Quebec French
!colspan=2|!Labial!Dental/Alveolar!Palatal!Velar/Uvular| m}} | n}} | ɲ}} | ŋ}} | |
| p}} | t̪|t}}| | k}} | ||
| b}} | d̪|d}}| | ɡ}} | ||
| f}} | s}} | ʃ}}| | ||
| v}} | z}} | Ê’}}| | ||
| l}} | j}}| | |||
| ɥ}} | w}} | |||
| {{IPA | Apical consonant>apical or dorsal, see below) | |||
lit {{IPA|/li/}} → {{IPA|[lɪt]}}.
There is also the special case of "debout" {{IPA|[dœ̈bʊt]}} 'standing up' and "ici" {{IPA|[isɪt]}} 'here' (sometimes actually written icitte). On the other hand, the t in but 'goal' and août 'August' are not pronounced in Quebec, but they are pronounced in France (increasingly for but). They often reflect centuries-old variation or constitute archaisms.Many of the features of Quebec French are mistakenly attributed to English influence; however, the historical evidence shows that most of them either descend from earlier forms from specific dialects and are forms that have since changed in France or internal developments (changes that have occurred in Canada alone but not necessarily in all parts).Consonant reduction
It has been postulated that the frequency of consonant reduction in Quebec French is due to a tendency to pronounce vowels with more "strength" than consonants, a pattern reversing that of European French.Consonant clusters finishing a word are reduced, often losing altogether the last or two last consonants, in both formal and informal Quebec French. It seems that the liquids {{IPA|/Ê/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are especially likely to get dropped, as in table, {{IPA|/tabl/}} → {{IPA|[tab]}}, or astre, {{IPA|/astÊ/}} → {{IPA|[ast]}} → {{IPA|[as]}} 'star'.The phone {{IPA|/l/}} in article determiners and even more in personal pronouns in most dialects does not exist in the mental representation of these words. As a matter of fact, pronouncing il and elle as {{IPA|[ɪl]}} and {{IPA|[É›l]}} is seen as very formal and by some pedantic. Elle is further modified into {{IPA|[aË]}} in informal speech, a sound change similar to that of {{IPA|[É›]}} into {{IPA|[a]}} before {{IPA|/Ê/}}.In colloquial speech, the combination of the preposition sur + definite article is often abbreviated: sur + le = su'l; sur + la = su'a or sa; sur + les = ses. Sometimes dans + un and dans + les is abbreviated to just dun and dins. In the informal French of France, sur + le also becomes su'l, such as L'dimanche, i'est su'l pont dès 8 heures du mat ('On Sundays, he's hard at work from 8 am'). No other contractions are used.Some initial consonants are also reduced: {{IPA|[jœ̈l]}} gueule (France, {{IPA|[ɡœ̈l]}}), especially in the construction ta gueule {{IPA|[ta jœ̈l]}} "shut up". Many Québécois even write gueule as yeule.Aspiration of voiceless plosives
In spoken Standard French, /k/, /p/ and /t/ are by and large regarded as unaspirated.WEB, IPA Pronunciation Guide - French,weblink 2022-01-22, Collins Dictionary Language Blog, en-GB, However, in Quebec's (and certain other Canadian) variants of spoken French, aspiration in those consonants is quite common.JOURNAL, Llama, Raquel, Cardoso, Walcir, 2018-07-31, Revisiting (Non-)Native Influence in VOT Production: Insights from Advanced L3 Spanish,weblink Languages, 3, 3, 30, 10.3390/languages3030030, free, The voice onset time of these sounds produced by Québécoise francophones is, to some extent, longer than that of their French counterparts, meaning that they are often categorized as aspirated.CONFERENCE,weblink The cross-language acquisition of stops differing in VOT: Historical overview, Flege, James Emil, 9–11 Aug 2017, University College London, England, Phonetics Teaching and Learning Conference,Combinatory phenomena
Vowel harmonization and consonant assimilation
The high front vowels in Quebec French show a net tendency to be unvoiced or even lost, as in municipalité {{IPA|/mynisipalite/}} → {{IPA|[myniÌ¥siÌ¥paliÌ¥te]}}, {{IPA|[mynspalte]}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Ostiguy|Tousignant|2008|pp=59–61}}Much more common is the nasalization of some long vowels placed before a nasal consonant: même {{IPA|[mÉ›Ëm]}} → {{IPA|[mɛ̃ɪ̯̃m]}} ~ {{IPA|[mãɪ̯̃m]}}, jeûne {{IPA|[ʒøËn]}} → {{IPA|[ʒø̃ỹ̯n]}}, jaune {{IPA|[Ê’oËn]}} → {{IPA-frdia|ʒõʊ̯̃n||LL-Q150 (fra)-Simon Villeneuve-jaune.wav}}, etc.{{Harvcoltxt|Ostiguy|Tousignant|2008|pp=58–59}}Similarly, consonants in clusters are often assimilated, usually with the consonant closer to the stress (the end of the word), which transmits its phonation (or its nasalization): demande {{IPA|[dmãËd]}} → {{IPA|[nmãËd]}}, chaque jour {{IPA|[ʃak Ê’ÊŠu̯Ê]}} → {{IPA|[ʃak̬ Ê’ÊŠu̯Ê]}}. Progressive assimilation also occurs but only for {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[s]}} before {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[m]}}: cheval {{IPA|[ʃval]}} → {{IPA|[ʃvÌ¥al]}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Ostiguy|Tousignant|2008|pp=139–145}}The dropping of {{IPA|/É™/}}, which is as frequent in Quebec as it is in France (but occurs in different places), creates consonant clusters, which causes assimilation. For instance, the first-person singular pronoun "je" may be devoiced before a verb with a voiceless consonant initial. That occurs most notably with verbs that normally begin with {{IPA|[s]}}, as the well-known example je suis 'I am' is often realized as "chu" ({{IPA|[ʃy]}}) and je sais 'I know' as "ché" ({{IPA|[ʃe]}}) or even ({{IPA|[ʃËe]}}). However, the elision of {{IPA|/É™/}} is not exclusive to Quebec, and the phenomenon is also seen in other dialects.One extreme instance of assimilation in Quebec French is vocalic fusion, which is associated with informal speech and fast speech and consonant elisions. Vocalic fusion can be either total (as in prepositional determiners sur la {{IPA|[sÊÊla]}} → {{IPA|[sya]}} → {{IPA|[saË]}}, dans la {{IPA|[dãla]}} → {{IPA|[dãa]}} → {{IPA|[dæ̃Ë]}}, and dans les {{IPA|[dãle]}} → {{IPA|[dẽɪ̯̃]}}) or partial (as in il lui a dit, {{IPA|[ɪllÉ¥iÉ‘dÍ¡zi]}} → {{IPA|[ɪllÉ¥iÉ”dÍ¡zi]}} → {{IPA|[iÉ¥iÉ”dÍ¡zi]}} → {{IPA|[ijÉ”dÍ¡zi]}} or {{IPA|[iËjÉ”dÍ¡zi]}}). Partial fusion can occur also in slow speech.{{Harvcoltxt|Ostiguy|Tousignant|2008|pp=125–130}}Liaison
Liaison is a phenomenon in spoken French in which an otherwise-silent final consonant is pronounced at the beginning of a following word beginning with a vowel. The rules for liaison are complex in both European French and Quebec French.Sample passage
(File:Quebec French Sample.ogg|thumb|A young male speaker reads a text with a Quebec City accent.)From Les insolences du Frère Untel (1960), by Jean-Paul Desbiens, p. 27.WEB, Desbiens, Jean-Paul, Les insolences du Frère Untel, 2 February 2005,weblink {| class="wikitable"| [œ̃ fχɥi tÍ¡sipɪkÌš {{!}} dÅ“ sÉ›t‿ẽɪ̃kõʊ̃pÉ›tãËs {{!}} e dÅ“ sÉ›tÍ¡siÊÉ›spõʊ̃sabilite {{!}} ]}} |
| [se lkÊŠu̯ÊÌž {{!}} sœ̈ɡõʊ̃daɛ̯ÊÌž pyblɪk ‖ ]}} |
| [tu t‿ɑ ete {{!}} ẽɪ̃pχɔvɪze {{!}} dÅ“ s koËte {{!}} ]}} |
| [lÉ› pχɔɡÊam {{!}} lÉ› manɥɛl {{!}} lÉ› pχɔfÉ›sɑœ̯ɹ ‖ ]}} |
| [l‿ʌpÊ°injõʊ̃ {{!}} ÊeklÉ‘Ëmɛ̈ ɚ̃ kÊŠuÌ¯Ê sœ̈ɡõʊ̃daɛ̯ÊÌž pyblɪk ‖ ]}} |
| [õʊ̃ lɥi {{!}} ʌ vãd͡zy {{!}} let͡skɛt̚ {{!}} ]}} |
| [mÉ› letÍ¡skÉ›t‿ɛtÉ› kÉ”le sÊn butÉ›j vɪd ‖ ]}} |
| [lœ̈ mal vjẽɪ̃ nõʊ̃ {{!}} pɔ dla mɔvaɛ̯z fwa {{!}} ]}} |
| [mÉ› dÍ¡zy mãŋ {{!}} dœ̈ lysidÍ¡zite {{!}} e dÍ¡zy pÉ”Êt‿a fo ‖ ]}} |
| [lœ̈ mal vjẽɪ̃ {{!}} dœ̈ sœ̈ kõʊ̃ n‿ɑ vuly Ê’we {{!}} sÊÊ dø tablo {{!}} ]}} |
| [sã ʒamɛ {{!}} s‿avwe k‿õʊ̃ ʒwɛ ‖ ]}} |
| [d‿Ên pɑɔ̯ÊÌž {{!}} soËve lœ̈ kÊŠu̯ÊÌž sœ̈ɡõʊ̃daɛ̯ÊÌž pχive]}} |
| [kõʊ̃sidÉ›Êe {{!}} ã pχatÍ¡sɪkÌš {{!}} kÉ”m la ÊezÉ›Êv nasjÉ”nal {{!}} dÉ› vÉ”kasjõʊ̃ sasÉ›ÊdÉ”tal]}} |
| [d‿oʊ̯tχœ̈ pɑ̯ɒÊÌž {{!}} satÍ¡ssÌ©faɛ̯ÊÌž {{!}} l‿ʌpÊ°injõʊ̃ pyblɪk ‖ ]}} |
| [lœ̈ depaχtœmã {{!}} sɛ t‿ɔkype {{!}} ɛfikasmã {{!}} d͡zy plã ẽɪ̃st͡sit͡sy̥sjɔnɛl {{!}} ]}} |
| [lɛ kɔlaɪ̯ʒ klasɪk pχive {{!}} ]}} |
| [il‿a É›skamÉ”te {{!}} lÅ“ plã akademɪk {{!}} lœ̈ kÊŠuÌ¯Ê sœɡõʊ̃daɛ̯ÊÌž pyblɪk ‖ ]}} |
| [la sÊŒlysjõʊ̃ viÊɪl {{!}} isi {{!}} ɛɡziÊ’É› {{!}} kœ̈ lõʊ̃ dÍ¡zɪstẽɪ̃ɡɑ {{!}} ]}} |
| [vwaje mwa {{!}} sÉ› t‿ẽɪ̃paχfÉ› {{!}} dÍ¡zy sÊbʒõʊ̃ktÍ¡sɪf {{!}} kÉ”m ɪl É‘ É¡Êã t‿aɛ̯ÊÌž ‖ ]}} |
| [saly {{!}} ẽɪ̃paχfÉ› dÍ¡zy sÊbʒõʊ̃ktÍ¡sɪf {{!}} Ên fwa pʊχ tÊŠt {{!}} pʊχ sÉ› dÃ¸ËžË plã ‖ ]}} |
References
{{reflist}}Bibliography
- BOOK, Ostiguy, Luc, Tousignant, Claude, 2008, Les prononciations du français québécois, Montréal, Guérin universitaire, 9782760169470,
Further reading
- {{citation|last=Dumas|first=Denis|year=1987|title=Nos Façons de Parler: les Prononciations en Français Québécois|publisher=Presses de l'Université du Québec|isbn=2-7605-0445-X|location=Sillery, Quebec|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nosfaconsdeparle0000duma
- {{citation|last=Reinke|first=Kristin|year=2005|title=La langue à la télévision québécoise: aspects sociophonétiques|publisher=Gouvernement du Québec|isbn=2-550-45542-8|url=https://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2005-2006/etude6_compl.pdf
- {{citation|last=Walker|first=Douglas|year=1984|title=The Pronunciation of Canadian French|location=Ottawa|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=0-7766-4500-5|url=http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dcwalker/PronCF.pdf
See also
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