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Zheng Zhenduo
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Zheng Zhenduo
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{{family name hatnote|Zheng|lang=Chinese}}{{more footnotes|date=August 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Biography
Family
Zheng Zhenduo was born on 19 December 1898 in Yongjia, Zhejiang Province. His ancestral home was in Changle, Fujian province. He was born in a poor family. Together with two younger sisters, he was raised by his mother because his father and grandfather died when he was still a teenager.He was named "Zhenduo" (æ¯é¸) by his grandfather. "Zhen" (æ¯) denotes arousing an action and "Duo" (é¸) is a kind of big bell. His grandfather wanted him to ring like a great bell to summon and to arouse people. In addition, his grandfather gave him the childhood name "Mu Guan" (æ¨å®; lit. 'Wooden official').Schooling
In 1917, Zheng began studying at the Beijing Railway Management School and graduated in March 1921. Beyond classroom, he read a lot of books and developed an enormous interest in social sciences, Chinese literature and Western literature and thus developed a critical mind. During the May Fourth Movement, he was a student representative, spreading the news of student movements in Beijing. In 1919, he helped publish two magazines called "New Society" (æ°ç¤¾æ; Xin Shehui) and "National Salvation Speeches Weekly" (æåè¬æ¼å¨å ±; Jiuguo jiangyan zhoubao).In January 1921, Zheng Zhenduo and twelve others, including Mao Dun and Ye Shengtao founded the earliest literary society of the New Literature Movement, Literary Research Association (æå¸ç 究æ; Wenxue yanjiu hui; also known as the "Literary Association"), which advocated realism and opposed art for art's sake.Careers throughout his life
Zheng had been a journalist, a modern writer, archeology and a literature scholar throughout his life.In May 1921, Zheng helped set up a drama society called "Demotic Opera Troupe" (æ°ç¾æ²å社; Minzhong Xiju She) with Mao Dun, Ye Shengtao, Chen Dabei, Ouyang Yuqian, Xiong Foxi and other writers. They published a monthly magazine named Drama (æ²å; Xiju) on 31 May in the same year.In 1922, Zheng established the first magazine for children, Children's World (å ç«¥ä¸ç) In January 1923, he became the chief editor of a monthly magazine of novel, Fiction Monthly. After the May 30 Incident in 1925, he helped founding a newspaper called Gongli Ribao (å ¬çæ¥å ±). From then on, he wrote many books including Zhongguo Wenxue Shi (ä¸åæå¸å²; lit. 'History of Chinese Literature') and 1943 Diary (1943å¹´æ¥è¨).Zheng had been a scholar giving lectures in universities, a researcher of the academy and a journalist since 1931. He taught in the Department of Chinese in Yenching University, in Jinan University from 1935 to 1941 as the Dean of faculty of Arts and in Peking University since 1953. After 1949, he became the Secretary for the Culture Department and Cultural Heritage Department in China.Exile to France
In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched a sudden attack on thousands of suspected Communists in the area he controlled. Many innocent students and movement activists were killed. Writers, including Zheng, were under political pressure. Therefore, he left his family for France in May 1927. During the years living in Paris, he kept mailing his diary to his wife, which was published as a book named Diary of Travels in Europe (æè¡æ¥è¨; Ouxing Riji).Return to China
He continued his journalistic career after coming back to China in 1929 and founded Jiuwang Ribao (æ亡æ¥å ±). In October 1945, he founded a weekly magazine called Democracy (æ°ä¸») to oppose the civil war and Chiang Kai-shek's pro-American policy.Cultural Preservation
Due to the invasion of Japanese troops, Shanghai was besieged starting from 1937 and many significant cultural assets were lost. In the light of this, Zheng devoted himself to the rescue and protection of aged Chinese documents and antiques. Chen was a founding member of the Shanghai "Rare Book Preservation Society" and its leader. Disguising himself as a staff member in a stationery store, named Chan Sixun (é³æè¨), he managed to save many aged books from damage or loss to the outside world.Death
On 17 October 1958, Zheng led national cultural delegates to visit Arabia and Afghanistan. He died in the crash of a Tupolev Tu-104 in Kanash, Chuvashia, Soviet Union during the journey.Journalism
Zheng started his journalistic career in the 1920s during the May Fourth Movement. Together with some classmates including Zhong Tao (仲é¶), he got a first taste of editing in starting a publication named Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoukan (æåè¬æ¼å¨å). The magazine - being published in Wenzhou for only 6 to 7 times - was closed by the authorities since it enraged a government official.As one of the founders of a youth magazine, Xin Shehui (æ°ç¤¾æ), Zheng aimed at criticizing the Beijing government. It began its publication on 1 November 1919, which consisted of four pages. The aims of the magazine was to:- advocate the social service
- discuss society problems
- introduce social theories
- research on common people education
- record society matters
- criticize society shortcomings
- narrate society real states
- report news of the organization
Contribution to literature
Translation
Zheng was proficient in foreign languages including English, Russian, Indian languages, Greek and Latin. He did a great job in translating a lot of Russian and Indian literature.Zheng had started translation of Russian literature since early 20s. His works included the works, paper and preface of Turgenev (1818-1883), Gogol (1809-1852), Chekov (1860-1904), Gorky (1868-1936) and Tolstoy (1828-1910).Zheng also translated many Indian literature. He mainly translated the poems as well as the Indian ancient-times fable such as Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). Zheng had translated a prominent number of Tagore's poems to Chinese since the 1920s. In October 1922, he published his translation of Stray Birds (é£é³¥é). In August 1925, he published The Indian Fable (å°åº¦å¯è¨). There were 55 translation works of his in total.Zheng started his study in Greek and Roman literature in his early age. In 1929, he published The Story of Love (ææçæ äº). Afterwards he translated Heroes of Greek and Roman Mythology (å¸èç¾ é¦¬ç¥è©±å³èªªä¸çè±éå³èªª). Then in 1935, he published a book called Greek Mythology (å¸èç¥è©±), an analysis of Ancient Greek mythology. In a second edition of Greek Mythology published after the creation of the People's Republic, his introduction included Karl Marx's well-known A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.Literature Union
As the previous newspapers and magazines were banned by the government, Zheng believed that a proper established literature union would make things run easier. In January 1921, he established Wenxue Yanjiu Hui (Literary Study Society æå¸ç 究æ), which literally means literature research union, with Mao Dun, Ye Shengtao and 12 other people in the related field.The Union's first publication was Wenxue Xunkan (æå¸æ¬å). It was published along with the well known newspaper called Shishi Xinbao (Current events newspaper æäºæ°å ±). He revealed the goal of the publication and the literature views of the union. He believed that literature is important and capable to influence the society. It was not merely an era, a place or one's reflection, but it acted as a frontier, which could affect the morality of human beings. Also, he strongly opposed to the old style of Chinese literature, of setting leisure and religions as main themes. He supported the writing of life â one theme in new realism literature approach.He also expressed his view on the development of Chinese literature. As the connection between the Chinese literature and the world's literature was far too little, the Chinese lofty spirit could not be shared by the rest of the world. He treated that as the Chinese's biggest humiliation. Therefore, he was so devoted in the field of literature, eagered to strive for a higher position of the Chinese literature in the world. Under the influence of the May Fourth Movement, he thought that the major responstility of the Chinese Literature was to inspire youngsters' revolutionary mission in order to strengthen the power of China.Realism
Within the May Fourth movement, he adhered the direction of realism for New literature era. He thought literature liked 'mirror of a life'. This means his writing mostly revealed the real faces of societies. Also, he put a lot of emphasis on the importance of creative living. During his long composing and researching career, he showed a fully comprehensive realism of literature. He thought that literature must contribute to "life":
We need the "blood" of literature, "tears" of literature. Both of them will become the trend of Chinese literature; the writing consists of not only "blood" and "tears", but also consists of "literature"; the "blood" and "tears" experience and feeling of author are aesthetic for success in writing.
Literature should consist of the highest ideal of the author, which form the soul of the article, in order to make it meaningful to the readers and the whole of society.Classical literature
Starting from the late 1920s, Zheng was teaching Chinese literature History in universities. At that time, he did much in making research in Chinese classical writing. For example, he used his pen name, Bao Fun, to write Yuenqu Xulu (å æ²æé) in the Novel Monthly (å°èªªæå ±). Also, he finished editing The History of the Chinese Literature (ä¸åæå¸å²) in 1930.Romanticism
Zheng put heavy emphasis on emotional elements in literature, highlighting its importance in distinguishing between literature and science. He advocated that literature functions to instill a passion in the readers' heart. One example was the historical novel, Arrest of the Fire Stealer (åç«è çé®æ).Works
Academic
- ãä¸åå¤ä»£æ¨å»ç«é¸éã (Zhongguo gu dai mu ke hua xuan ji) (Selected ancient Chinese woodcuts)
- ãæå¸å¤§ç¶±ã (Wen xue da gang) (Outline of literature)
- ãæåæ¬ä¸åæå¸å²ã (Cha tu ben Zhongguo wen xue shi) (Illustrated history of Chinese literature)
- ãä¸åä¿æå¸å²ã (Zhongguo su wen xue shi) (History of Chinese popular literature)
- ãä¸åæå¸è«éã (Zhongguo wen xue lun ji) (Essays on Chinese literature)
- ãä¿åæå¸å²ç¥ã (Eguo wen xue shi lüe) (Brief history of Russian literature)
- ãä½åéã (Goulou ji) (Rickets)
- ã西諦æ¸è©±ã (Xidi shu hua) (Xidi on books)
- ãéæ¯é¸æéã (Zheng Zhenduo wen ji) (Collected works of Zheng Zhenduo)
- ãè«ãéç¶æ¢ è©è©±ãã (Tan Jin Ping Mei Cihua) (On Plum in the Golden Vase)
- ã編輯æ¹éè編輯è¨åã (Bianji fangzhen yu bianji jihua) (Editing: policy and plan )
Novels
- ãåç«è çé®æã (Arrest of the fire-stealer)
- ãæ¡å ¬å¡ã (Gui gong tang)
- ã家åºçæ äºã (Jia Ting de Gu Shi)
Prose
He wrote more than 20 prose texts and the following are some of the examples:- ãä¸å±±éè¨ã (Shan zhong Za Ji)
- ãæµ·çã (Hai Yan)
- ãé¿ææã (Bei Shu Hui)
- ã大åã (Da Tong)
- ãå±±å¸ã (Shan Shi)
- ãé¢å¥ã (Li Bie)
- ãè²ã (Mao) (Cat)
- ãæè¡æ¥è¨ã (Ou xing ri ji ) (Diary of Travels in Europe)
- ãæå¾ä¸èª²ã (Zui Hou yi ke)
- ãæå¤ä¹è©±ã (Rou Ye Ji Hua )
Magazines and newspapers
- æ°ç¤¾æ (Xin Shehui) (New Society)
- å ç«¥ä¸ç (Children's World)
- æ²å (Xiju)(Drama)
- æåè¬æ¼å¨å (Jiuguo Jiangyan Zhoukan)
- å°èªªæå ± (Novel Monthly)
- æ°å¸å ± (Xinxue Bao)
- æäºæ°å ± (Shishi xinbao) (Current events newspaper)
- æ亡æ¥å ± (Jiuwang Ribao)
Chief editor
- ãä¸çæ庫ã (Shi jie wen ku) (The World's Library)
- ãéä¸æè¨ã (Xingshi hengyan)
- ãè¦ä¸éè¨ã (Jingshi tongyan)
Translation works
- ãææçæ äºã (The Story of Love)
- ãé£é³¥éã(StrayBird)
- ãä¿åæ°æ²éã (The Russian War Collections)
- ãç°è²é¦¬ã (Grey Horse)
- ãå°åº¦å¯è¨ã (The Indian Fable)
- ãå¸èç¾ é¦¬ç¥è©±å³èªªä¸çè±éå³èªªã (Heroes from Greek and Roman Mythology)
- ãå¸èç¥è©±ã (Greek Mythology)
- ãåé£ççæ·å²ã (The History of Liena Fox)
Notes
{{notelist}}References
- Chen, Fukang. (1996). Yi dai cai hua: Zheng Zhenduo zhuan ãä¸ä»£æè¯:éæ¯é¸å³ã (Biography of Zheng Zhenduo). Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press (ä¸æµ·äººæ°åºç社). {{ISBN|7-208-02371-9}}
- Zheng, Erkang. (1998). Shiliu you hong le: huiyi wo de fuqin Zheng Zhenduo ãç³æ¦´åç´ äºï¼åæ¶æçç¶è¦ªéæ¯é¸ã (The pomegranates are red again: Remembering my father, Zheng Zhenduo). Beijing: Renmin University Press (人æ°å¤§å¸åºç社). {{ISBN|7-300-02848-9}}
- Chen, Fukang. (1997). Ming jia jian zhuan shu xi:Zheng Zhenduo ãå家簡å³æ¸ç³»-éæ¯é¸ã(Biographies of famous figures: Zheng Zhenduo). Beijing: Zhong guo hua qiao publishing house (ä¸åè¯ååºç社). {{ISBN|7-80120-120-5}}
- Zheng, Zhenduo & Zheng, Erkang. (1986). Zhongguo xian dai zuo jia xuan ji - Zheng Zhenduo ãä¸åç¾ä»£ä½å®¶é¸é â éæ¯é¸ã. (Selected works of modern Chinese authors â Zheng Zhenduo) Hong Kong: San lian shu dian Xianggang fen dian; Beijing: Renmin wenxue Press (人æ°å¤§å¸åºç社). {{ISBN|962-04-0476-9}}
- Zheng, Erkang. (2002). Xing yun gao qiu : Zheng Zhenduo zhuan ãæéé«ç§ : éæ¯é¸å³ã(Star fallen at height of autumn: Biography of Zheng Zhenduo). Beijing: Jinghua Press. {{ISBN|7-80600-589-7}}
- Lu, Rongchun. (1998). Zheng Zhenduo zhuan (Biography of Zheng Zhenduo) ãéæ¯é¸å³ã. Fuzhou: Haixia wenyi Press (è¯å»æèåºç社). {{ISBN|7-80640-086-9}}
External links
- A concise biography of Zheng (English)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20041026151443weblink">A description of famous scholar (Chinese)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040713192425weblink">The literary works of Zheng Zhenduo éæ¯é¸æé (Chinese)
- The Love story between Zheng and Gao (Chinese) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041213125533weblink |date=2004-12-13 }}
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20040818041822weblink">President of "Pole Raising Club". Zheng Zhenduo æ¬æ æé·éæ¯é¸ (Chinese)
- Content of The World's Library edited by Zheng Zhenduo (Chinese)
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- "Zheng Zhenduo" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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- "Zheng Zhenduo" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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