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William Wallace Campbell
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William Wallace Campbell
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Biography
He was born on a farm in Hancock County, Ohio, the son of Robert Wilson and Harriet Welsh Campbell. After a few years of local schooling he entered in 1882 the University of Michigan to study civil engineering, graduating Bachelor of Science in 1886. Whilst at university he developed his interest in astronomy when he read Simon Newcomb's Popular Astronomy.BOOK, Hockey, Thomas,weblink The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, 2009, Springer Publishing, 978-0-387-31022-0, August 22, 2012, weblinkFile:Delegates to the Fourth Conference International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research at Mount Wilson Observatory.jpg|left|thumb|Campbell at the Fourth Conference International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research at Mount Wilson ObservatoryMount Wilson ObservatoryAfter graduating he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the University of Colorado but soon moved back to Michigan as an instructor in astronomy. In 1891 he was invited to work on spectroscopy at Lick Observatory in California. Campbell was a pioneer of astronomical spectroscopy and catalogued the radial velocities of stars. He was also recognized for his work in solar eclipse photography. In 1893 he discovered the WolfâRayet star HD 184738 (also known as Campbell's hydrogen envelope star).JOURNAL, Campbell, W. W., The Wolf-Rayet stars, Astronomy and Astro-Physics, 1894, 13, 448â476 (specifically p. 461), 1894AstAp..13..448C, JOURNAL, Swings, P., Pol Swings, Struve, O., Otto Struve, HD 167362, an object similar to Campbell's hydrogen envelope star, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1940, 26, 454â458, 1078208, 1940PNAS...26..454S, 10.1073/pnas.26.7.454, 16588382, 7,weblink free, He was made a director of Lick Observatory from 1901 to 1930.In August 1914, Campbell and Erwin Freundlich of the Berlin Observatory were in Russia to photograph a solar eclipse, in an early attempt to test the validity of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. The outbreak of World War I (and in particular Germany's declaration of war against Russia) led to the seizure of Freundlich and his equipment in the Crimea by Russian officers. Campbell, from neutral America, was permitted to continue with his plans, but cloud cover obscured the eclipse. Campbell undertook another attempt to photograph a solar eclipse on June 8, 1918, in Goldendale, in Washington state. But his precision photographic equipment had been retained in Russia four years earlier, and he had to improvise the needed apparatus from existing equipment at the Lick Observatory. The cameras he used were not adequate to provide the measurement accuracy needed to confirm the deflection of star light predicted by Einstein's theory.Earman, John and Glymour, Clark (1980). "Relativity and eclipses: the British eclipse expeditions of 1919 and their predecessors", Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 49-85. The equipment from Russia was finally shipped back on August 15, 1917, arriving August 21 the following year.JOURNAL, The Return of Eclipse Instruments from Russia, Campbell, W. W., Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 30, 177, 312, October 1918, 10.1086/122763, 1918PASP...30..312C, 120834946, free, Confirmation of Einstein's theory came in 1919 in the wake of an expedition led by Arthur Eddington to photograph the eclipse of May 29, 1919. But some uncertainty remained, as well as scepticism fueled in part by anti-German sentiment in the wake of World War I. Final and uncontested confirmation is generally dated to Campbell's 1922 Lick Observatory expedition to Australia to photograph the solar eclipse.Burgess, A. (August 11, 2017). "The 1922 Eclipse Adventure That Sought to Confirm the Theory of Relativity", Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 2, 2020. Campbell's report of the results state that the observations "furnish a value ⦠which agrees exactly with Einstein's prediction."JOURNAL, Campbell, W. W., 1928, Observations made with a pair of five-foot cameras on the light- deflections in the Sun's gravitational field at the total eclipse of September 21, 1922, Lick Observatory Bulletin, 397, 160, weblinkHe served as 10th President of the University of California from 1923 to 1930. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1923 to 1926. He served three terms as president of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (in 1895, 1909 and 1918).He committed suicide in California at the age of 76 by leaping to his death from a fourth-story window in San Francisco.NNDB"UC Presidents." University of California. University of California, 04/27/2007. Web. 1 Sep 2011. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726002212weblink |date=2011-07-26 }} He was mostly blind and suffering from bouts of aphasia. This was not only very frustrating to him, but he felt that it left him a burden to his family in terms of care and expense, according to notes he left behind at the time of his death. He married Elizabeth Ballard Thompson in 1892; they had three sons (one of them was WWI ace Douglas Campbell).Honors and awards
- Elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1902)WEB, William Campbell,weblink 2024-01-29, www.nasonline.org,
- Lalande Medal of the French Academy of Sciences (1903)
- Elected Member of the American Philosophical Society (1903)WEB, APS Member History,weblink 2024-01-29, search.amphilsoc.org,
- Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1906)WEB, Henry Draper Medal,weblink National Academy of Sciences, 19 February 2011,
- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1906)Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS 66 (1906) 245
- Janssen Medal (1910)
- Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1911)WEB, 2023-02-09, William Wallace Campbell,weblink 2024-01-29, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, en,
- Bruce Medal (1915)JOURNAL, Crawford, R. T., 10.1086/122422, Address upon the Presentation of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr. W. W. CAMPBELL, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 27, 160, 153, 1915, 1915PASP...27..153C, 123267305,
- Foreign Member of the Royal Society of LondonJOURNAL, Dyson, F. W., Frank Watson Dyson, William Wallace Campbell. 1862-1938, 10.1098/rsbm.1939.0021, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 2, 7, 612â626, 1939, (1918)
- Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1920)BOOK,weblink Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783â2002: Part 1 (AâJ), C D Waterston, A Macmillan Shearer, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 090219884X, July 2006, 18 September 2015, 24 January 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130124115814weblink">weblink dead,
- Trustee of the Carnegie Institution (1929â1938)BOOK, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year Book No. 47, July 1, 1947 â June 30, 1948, 1948, Washington, DC, vi,weblink
- Crater Campbell on the MoonWEB,weblink Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Campbell on Moon, planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov, IAU, 2010-10-18,
- Crater on MarsWEB,weblink Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Campbell on Mars, planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov, IAU, 2010-11-17,
- Asteroid 2751 Campbell
- Campbell Hall on the University of California, Berkeley campus
Crocker expeditions led by Campbell
Charles Frederick Crocker and William Henry Crocker financed numerous Lick-Crocker solar eclipse expeditions. Campbell led several of these expeditions.BOOK, The Adolfo Stahl Lectures in astronomy, delivered in San Francisco, 1916-1917 and 1917-1918, List of solar eclipse expeditions, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1919, 65,weblink- Solar eclipse of January 22, 1898, Jeur, Maharashtra, India
- Solar eclipse of May 28, 1900, Thomaston, Georgia
- Solar eclipse of August 30, 1905, Alhama, Spain
- Solar eclipse of January 3, 1908, Flint Island, Kiribati
- Solar eclipse of August 21, 1914, Brovary, Ukraine
- Solar eclipse of June 8, 1918, Goldendale, Washington
- Solar eclipse of September 21, 1922, Wallal, Australia
Family
He married Elizabeth Ballard Thompson in 1892; they had three sons (one of them was WWI ace Douglas Campbell).{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} Elizabeth contributed greatly to Campbell's work and played an important role in his success as a scientist. She adopted the role of hostess during his time as director of the Lick Observatory, also undertaking public relations work on behalf of the Observatory by writing letters to staff and potential donors and supporters of her husband's work. Elizabeth organised many of the expeditions that Campbell led, arranging the expedition members travel, food, supplies and living quarters. She contributed to the work of the expeditions by undertaking astronomical spectroscopy, developing plates and extensively documented the expeditions including writing two manuscripts.JOURNAL, Schaumberg, D. E., Osterbrock, D. E., 1993, Mount Hamilton's Lady Bountiful: Elizabeth Ballard Campbell,weblink Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 25, 932â933, 1993AAS...182.8004S,References
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