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{{Short description|Pakistani Islamic scholar and judge (born 1943)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}

factoids

| death_date =Pakistanis>Pakistani| office = Justice of the Shariat Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan| appointer = Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq| nominator =| predecessor =| successor =| term_start = 10 July 1982| term_end = May 2002| office1 = Justice of the Federal Shariat Court| appointer1 = Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq| nominator1 =| predecessor1 =| successor1 =| term_start1 = 6 July 1981| term_end1 = 10 July 1982| office2 = President of the Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan| appointer2 =| nominator2 =| predecessor2 = Abdur Razzaq Iskander| successor2 =| term_start2 = 19 September 2021| term_end2 = | office3 =| termstart3 =| termend3 =| predecessor3 =| successor3 =Darul Uloom Karachiافغانستان کے دورے پر گئے مفتی تقی عثمانی کو صدر علوی کا فون ACCESS-DATE=12 FEBRUARY 2024 DATE=25 JULY 2022, ur, | termstart4 = 2022| termend4 =| predecessor4 = Muhammad Rafi Usmani| successor4 =Darul Uloom KarachiUniversity of Karachi>University of the Punjab}}| module =

factoids

|children = Imran Ashraf UsmaniFiqh, Tafsir, Hadith, Islamic economics, Sharia>Islamic Law, Islam and modernity, Political aspects of Islam, Comparative religionMeezan BankAl-Balagh>Al-Balagh International}}|disciple_of = Abdul Hai Arifi, Masihullah KhanMuhammad Shafi Deobandi>Shafi Usmani, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi, Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi, Wali Hasan Tonki, Zakariyya Kandhlawi, Saleemullah Khan|influences = Ashraf Ali ThanwiList of Deobandis>Deobandis|students = Muhammad Abdul Malek, Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari, Mizanur Rahman Sayed''(The Noble Quran: Meaning With Explanatory Notes (2007)>An Introduction to Islamic Finance'' (1998)Islam and Modernism (1990)>''Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim bi-Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim (1994)>Tauzeeh Al-Qur'an (2009|Usul al-Ifta wa Adabuhu (2010)}}| signature = Taqi Usmani's Signature.svg| signature_alt = Urdu signaturemuftitaqiusmani.com}}Sitara-i-Imtiaz (2019)Order of Independence (Jordan) (2010)>1st, The 500 Most Influential Muslims (2020)Doctor of Letters, American International Theistic University (2022)>Islamic Development Bank Award (2014)Emir Muhammad bin Rashid Al Maktum Award (2004)Muhammad Taqi Usmani bibliography>More}}}}}}Muhammad Taqi Usmani (; born 3 October 1943) SI, OI, is a Pakistani jurist and a leading scholar in the fields of Qur'an, Hadith, Islamic law, Islamic economics, and comparative religion.JOURNAL, Nawi, Zaharudin, Marzuki, Zunaidah Mohd, 2017, Mufti Muḥammad Taqī 'Usmānī and his scholarly contribution to the Qur'anic studies,weblink Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues, en, 2, 1, 94, 10.53840/alirsyad.v2i1.29, 2550-1992, free, He was a member of the Council of Islamic Ideology from 1977 to 1981, a judge of the Federal Shariat Court from 1981 to 1982, and a judge in the Shariat Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan from 1982 to 2002. In 2020, he was selected as the most influential Muslim personality in the world.NEWS, 3 October 2019, Mufti Taqi Usmani named most influential Muslim personality in the world, The News International,weblink He has been conferred the title of Shaykh al-Islām for his knowledge in Islamic studies. He is considered a leading intellectual of the contemporary Deobandi movement, and his opinions and fatwas are widely accepted by Deobandi scholars and institutions worldwide, including the Darul Uloom Deoband in India.BOOK, Schleifer, Abdallah, The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2020, The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, 2020, 978-9957-635-45-9, Amman, Jordan, 41, en, Since 2021, he has been serving as the Chairman of Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia. His father, Shafi Usmani, was the Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband and migrated to Pakistan with his family after the partition of India in 1948.Usmani studied at Darul Uloom Karachi, the University of Karachi, and the University of the Punjab. He began teaching at Darul Uloom Karachi in 1960. Since 1967, he has been the editor of the Urdu magazine Al-Balagh and the English magazine Al-Balagh International since 1976. He is recognized as an authority in the field of Islamic law and its application.{{Citation |last=Younas |first=Salman |title=ʿUthmānī, Muḥammad Taqī |date=2022 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780197669419.001.0001/acref-9780197669419-e-447 |encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection |access-date=2023-05-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-766941-9}} He is a permanent member of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC and a former deputy chairman. He is also a member of the Muslim World League based in Mecca. At the age of 17, he wrote his first book titled Islam and Birth Control. He is the author of 143 books on various subjects in Arabic, English, and Urdu. He is widely recognized for his contributions to Islamic economics, where he has played a leading role in Islamizing the banking and finance industry in Pakistan and abroad. In 1998, his book on Islamic economics, An Introduction to Islamic Finance, was considered significant. His extensive work in Islamic economics led to his appointment as the Chairman of the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), a Bahrain-based Islamic Financial Institution of the Islamic Development Bank. In 2014, he was appointed as the Chairman of the Shariah Board of the State Bank of Pakistan. He has also served as the Chairman of the Shariah Board in more than a dozen Islamic banks and financial institutions. In recognition of his contributions to Islamic economics, he received the Islamic Development Bank Prize in 2014. Under his supervision, the English translation of Ma'ariful Qur'an was completed. He has authored translations and explanations of the Quran in both English and Urdu, which were published as (The Noble Quran: Meaning With Explanatory Notes|The Noble Quran) and Tauzeeh Al-Qur'an, respectively. Along with Ulum al-Quran, these works are his major contributions to the study of the Quran. In the field of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), his notable works include Fatawa-e-Usmani, Fiqh al-Buyu, Fiqhi Maqalat, Islam and Modern Economic Problems, and Buhuth fi Qadhaya Fiqhiyyah Mu`asirah, among others. His comprehensive explanation of Sahih Muslim, titled Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim, spans six volumes and is considered his finest work. The Hadith encyclopedia Al-Mudawwanah al-Jāmiʿah was compiled under his supervision. Among his other works in the field of hadith sciences are Inamul Bari, Darus Tirmizi, and The Authority of Sunnah. In recognition of his services in public welfare, he was honored with Pakistan's civil award, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, in 2019. In 2010, Abdullah II of Jordan bestowed upon him the Order of Independence. In 2022, he received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from an American International Theism University.

Early life and education

{{Further|Usmani family of Deoband#Miyānji Shukrullah}}Muhammad Taqi Usmani was born on 5 Shawwal 1362 AH (3 October 1943) in the city of Deoband in Saharanpur district, United Provinces, British India.BOOK, Usmani, Taqi, আমার জীবনকথা, Maktabatul Ashraf, 2021, 9789849173038, 1, Dhaka, 40–41, bn, He was the fifth and youngest son of Mufti Muhammad Shafi (1897–1976). With his full nasab (patronymic), he is Muhammad Taqi ibn Muhammad Shafi ibn Muhammad Yasin ibn Khalifah Tahsin Ali ibn Imam Ali ibn Karim Allah ibn Khair Allah ibn Shukr Allah. The forefathers of Miyanji Shukr Allah are unknown, but the family claims descent from Uthman, the third caliph and a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, hence the nisbat "Usmani".BOOK, Ḥakīm, Luqmān, Muḥammad Taqī al-'Uthmānī: al-qāḍī al-faqīh wa-al-dā'iyah al-raḥḥālah, ar:محمد تقي العثماني: القاضي الفقيه والداعية الرحالة, 2002, Composed 1998, Dār al-Qalam, Dimashq, 'Ulamā' wa-mufakkirūn mu‘āsirūn: lamaḥāt min ḥayātihim wa-ta‘rīf bi-mu’allifātihim علماء ومفكرون معاصرون: لمحات من حياتهم وتعريف بمؤلفاتهم, WEB, Profile of Justice Maulana Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan, 13 October 2019,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304141409weblink">weblink 4 March 2016, live, Usmani was born to several generations of educators. The title "Miyanji" applied to several of his ancestors indicates that they were teachers. His grandfather Muhammad Yasin (1865/66{{snd}}1936) taught Persian at Darul Uloom Deoband. Born the year before the madrasah's founding, he had been one of its first students and studied with some of its early teachers including Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi, Sayyid Ahmad Dihlawi, Mulla Mahmud Deobandi, and Mahmud al-Hasan Deobandi. Usmani's father Muhammad Shafi was also a product of the Deoband seminary. He taught there for several decades and held the post of chief mufti.In 1948, when Usmani was four years old, his father immigrated the family from Deoband to Karachi, Pakistan. Since there was not a madrasah nearby, Usmani's primary education began at home under his parents. He was later enrolled in Darul Uloom Karachi after Mufti Shafi founded the school in 1950. After completing his primary education, he began his formal religious training in the Dars-i Nizami curriculum in 1953. He passed the Fazil-i Arabi (Punjab Board) with distinction in 1958, and received his Alimiyyah degree with distinction from Darul Uloom Karachi in 1959. He then obtained his Takhassus (specialization) degree in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and ifta (fatwa issuance) from Darul Uloom Karachi in 1961, earning the title of "Mufti". Usmani continued his education at the University of Karachi, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in economics and politics in 1964, then a Bachelor of Laws with second-class honours in 1967. In 1970 he obtained a Master of Arts with first-class honours in Arabic language and literature from the University of Punjab.WEB, Islamic Finance Scholars,weblink IjaraLoans.com, 30 June 2014, 27 October 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141030022446weblink">weblink 30 October 2014, live, BOOK, Kettell, Brian, Introduction to Islamic Banking and Finance, 2011, 2008, Wiley, 28, WEB, Mufti Taqi Usmani,weblink albalagh.net, Albalagh, 14 October 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070403170930weblink">weblink 3 April 2007,

Teachers

Usmani received teaching licenses to teach hadith from Islamic scholars including Muhammad Shafi, Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi, Qari Muhammad Tayyib, Saleemullah Khan, Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi, Sahban Mahmud, Zafar Ahmad Usmani, Muhammad Zakariya Kandhalvi, Hasan al-Mahshat Al-Makki Al-Maliki, 'Abdu-l-'Azeez Ibn Baz Al-Maliki, Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghuddah, Abi Al-Faid (:id:Muhammad Yasin Al-Fadani|Muhammad Yasin Al-Fadani) Ash-Shafi'i, and others.

Islamic Economics

Usmani pioneered the concept of Islamic banking in Pakistan when he established the Meezan Bank.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} Usmani has authored books in Arabic, Urdu, and English on Islamic topics in addition to articles on Islamic banking and finance published in journals and magazines.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}According to The Muslim 500: "Usmani's chief influence comes from his position as a global authority on the issue of Islamic finance."WEB,weblink Sheikh Taqi Usmani's Profile, TheMuslim500.com, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170705222920weblink">weblink 5 July 2017, 25 October 2019,

Awards and honours

• 2022: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre ranks Usmani 6th in the 2023 edition of The 500 Most Influential Muslims.WEB, The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims 2023,weblink 26 December 2022, Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre,
• 2022: Honorary doctorate degree awarded in Islamic Law and Jurisprudence by American International Theism University
• 2019: Sitara-i Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) in the field of public service, conferred by the President of PakistanPRESS RELEASE, Conferment of Pakistan Civil Awards, 14 August 2019,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191021040953weblink">weblink 21 October 2019, Government of Pakistan, Cabinet Secretariat,
• 2019: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre ranks Usmani 1st in the 2020 edition of The 500 Most Influential Muslims. He has been included in the top 50 in every edition of the publication since its inception in 2009.
• 2017: The Global Islamic Finance Report ranks Usmani 2nd most influential person in the global Islamic financial services industry
• 2017: Lifetime Achievement Award, Islamic Finance Excellence Awards (IFEA), Center of Islamic Finance at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, LahoreWEB, Islamic Finance Excellence Awards 2017,weblink COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus,weblink 19 September 2017, 27 October 2019,
• 2016: Lifetime Achievement Award, Islamic Finance Forum of South Asia (IFFSA)PRESS RELEASE, Meezan Bank receives multiple awards at Islamic Finance Forum of South Asia – SriLanka, 15 August 2016,weblinkweblink 21 October 2019, Meezan Bank,
• 2014: Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Prize in Islamic Banking and FinanceNEWS, Taqi Usmani, Rodney Wilson share IDB prize,weblink Arab News, 9 May 2014,weblink 12 July 2014, Jeddah, 27 October 2019,
• 2011: King Abdullah II Award
• 2011: Lifetime Achievement Award, Islamic Business & Finance MagazinePRESS RELEASE, Double first for the top winners at the Islamic Business & Finance Awards 2011, 14 December 2011,weblinkweblink 21 October 2019, Market Buzz,
• 2010: Wisam al-Istiqlal (Order of Independence), 1st class, conferred by the King of JordanNEWS, أعلى وسام أردني لعمرو خالد, 4 October 2010,weblink Alanba,weblink 21 October 2019, ar, 17 October 2020, live,
• 2004: Emir Muhammad bin Rashid Al Maktum AwardWEB, عن الشيخ,weblink muftitaqiusmani.com,weblink 21 October 2019, 17 October 2020, live,

Academia

He currently teaches Sahih al-Bukhari, fiqh, and Islamic economics at Darul Uloom Karachi and is known for his Islahi Khutbat. He was a key member of a team of scholars which helped declare Ahmadis non-Muslims by Pakistan's National Assembly during the era of former Pakistani president, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in the 1970s. During the presidency of General Zia ul Haq, he was instrumental in drafting laws pertaining to Hudood, Qisas meaning retaliation in kind or (eye for an eye, and Diyya (blood money).

Personal views

Usmani strongly opposes elements of explicit modernity, which he describes as engulfing"the whole world in the tornado of nudity and obscenity, and has provided an excuse for fornication, and more so it has led under thunder claps to the passage of a bill in the British House of Commons to legalize homosexuality. It is in the shadow of the same modernity that Western women are openly displaying banners on the streets demanding legalization of abortion"BOOK,weblink 6, Taqi Usmani, Muhammad, Islam and Modernism, 27 October 2019, At a religious conference in 1984, he urged a more "dynamic attitude" towards the practice of ijtihad, arguing there is no shortage of fine minds capable of interpreting the sharia, but warning against the contamination of sharia by Western ideas such as the elimination of hudud penalties such as amputation and stoning.BOOK, Kadri, Sadakat, Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ..., 2012, Macmillan, 9780099523277, 228–9,weblink WEB, Usmani, Taqi, THE ISLAMIC WAY OF LIFE. Misunderstandings about "Ijtehad" [excerpt taken from Islam and Modernism by Taqi Usmani],weblink Islamic reality, 13 November 2013, 27 October 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151120134059weblink">weblink 20 November 2015, live,

Positions held{| class"wikitable"|+ Positions held by Muhammad Taqi Usmani

!Position!Organisation!Location!From| PresidentWifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan>Wifaq ul MadarisHTTPS://MMNEWS.TV/MUFTI-TAQI-USMANI-ELECTED-PRESIDENT-OF-WIFAQ-UL-MADARIS/>TITLE = MUFTI TAQI USMANI ELECTED PRESIDENT OF WIFAQ-UL-MADARIS, 19 September 2021, | Multan| 2021|PresidentIttehad-e-Tanzeemat-Madaris PakistanHTTPS://MMNEWS.TV/URDU/ITTEHAD-E-TANZEEMAT-MADARIS-PAKISTAN-DECIDES-TO-FORM-A-NATIONWIDE-ORGANIZATION/ DATE=28 NOVEMBER 2021, ||2021|Vice President and Shaykh al-HadithJamia Darululoom Karachi>Jamia Darul Uloom Karachi|Karachi||ChairmanTITLE=CHAIRMAN - CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMICS WEBSITE=CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC ECONOMICS LANGUAGE=EN, |Pakistan|1991|ChairmanACCESS-DATE=27 DECEMBER 2013ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20131228124317/HTTP://WWW.AAOIFI.COM/EN/ABOUT-AAOIFI/SHARIA-STANDARDS-BOARD/SSB-COMMITTEES/, dead, |||Permanent MemberInternational Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah, organ of the Organisation of Islamic ConferenceBrian Kettell, Introduction to Islamic Banking and Finance, p 28. {{ISBN>047097804X}}.|Jeddah||Member|Islamic Fiqh Academy of Rabita-al-'Alam-e-Islami|Makkah||Chairman Shariah Board|Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank|UAE||Chairman Shariah Board|Meezan Bank Limited|Karachi||Chairman Shariah Board|International Islamic Rating Agency|Bahrain||Chairman Shariah Board|Pak-Kuwait Takaful|Karachi||Chairman Shariah Board|Arif Habib Investments – Pakistan International Islamic Fund|Karachi||Chairman Board|Member Shariah Board|Arcapita Investment Fund|Bahrain||Member Unified Shariah Board|Islamic Development Bank|Jeddah||Member Shariah BoardACCESS-DATE=27 OCTOBER 2019, |USA|

Positions held in the past

{{BLP unsourced section|date= April 2020}}{| class="wikitable"|+Positions held by Taqi Usmani in the past!Position!Organisation!From!to|Member|Council of Islamic Ideology|1977|1981|JudgeWEBSITE=THE NEWS INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE=EN, |1980|1982|JudgeSupreme Court of PakistanJUSTICE SHEIKH MUHAMMAD TAQI USMANI WEBSITE=THEMUSLIM500.COM, 19 January 2021, |1982|2002|Member|Syndicate University of Karachi|1985|1988|Member|Board of Governors, International Islamic University Islamabad|1985|1989|Member|International Institute of Islamic Economics|1985|1988|Member|Board of Trustees International Islamic University, Islamabad|2004|2007|Member|Commission for Islamisation of Economy of Pakistan|||Member Shariah Board|Bank of Khyber, Pehawar|||Member Shariah Board|Dow Jones Index, New York|||Member Shariah Board|HSBC Amanah Finance Dubai|||Member Shariah Board|Swiss Re Takaful, Switzerland|||Member Shariah Board|Bank Islami|||Member Shariah Board|Dubai Bank|||Member Shariah Board|Robert Fleming Oasis Fund, Luxemburg|||Member Shariah Board|AL Bakarah Group Jeddah|||Member Shariah Board|ABC Investment Bank||

Bibliography

Usmani has authored 143 books including Tauzeeh Al-Qur'an, An Introduction to Islamic Finance, Contemporary Fataawa, The Authority of Sunnah, Uloomu-l-Qur'an. He has also written a supplement to Shabbir Ahmad Usmani's Fath al-Mulhim, entitled Takmila Fath al-Mulhim.JOURNAL, Zil Huma, Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani ki maroof tasnīfāt-o-tālifāt ka ta'ārufi jāyzah, Rāhatul Qulūb, January–June 2019, 3, 1, 197–224,weblink 19 January 2021, Interpretation of the leading books and compositions of Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, 28 January 2021,weblink dead,

See also

• Contemporary Islamic philosophy

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• JOURNAL, Basyariah, Nuhbatul, 2015, Telaah Kritis Implementasi Akad Musyarakah pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia Cabang Yogyakarta Perspektif Fikih Syekh Taqi Usmani,weblink At-Tauzi: Islamic Economic Journal, id, 13, 2, 67–80, 2715-9043,
• JOURNAL, مرزوقي, زنيدة بنت محمد, المناس, سيوطي عبد, الخيرآبادي, محمد أبو الليث, 2017-08-01, "رد الشبهات حول الربا عند الشيخ محمد تقي العثماني في كتابه "تكملة فتح الملهم بشرح صحيح الإمام مسلم (Refuting the Doubts on Riba by Shaykh Muhammad Taqi 'Uthmani in His Takmilah Fath al-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih al-Imam Muslim),weblink Journal of Islam in Asia, en, 14, 1, 63–83, 10.31436/jia.v14i1.583, 2289-8077, free,
• JOURNAL, الصديقي, يوسف عظيم, حسن, عزنان, 2020-09-17, منهج المفتي محمد تقي العثماني في استعراض النوازل المالية كتاب البيوع في "صحيح البخاري" نموذجاً (The Methodology of MuftÄ« Muhammad Taqi Usmani in Presenting Unprecedented Financial Issues: Book of Sale of á¹¢aḥīḥ al-BukhārÄ« as a Case Study ),weblink Journal of Islam in Asia, ar, 17, 2, 67–89, 10.31436/jia.v17i2.965, 229024003, 2289-8077, free,
• JOURNAL, Muhammed Takî Osmânî ve fıkıhçılığı,weblink
• JOURNAL, KaramustafaoÄŸlu, Muhammed Hafız, 2021-12-31, Muhammed Takî Osmanî'nin Tekmiletü Fethi'l-Mülhim Ä°simli Eserinde Vakıf Konusu BaÄŸlamında Hanefilere Dayandırılan Görüşlerin Mezhep ile Uyumu,weblink Ä°slam Medeniyeti Dergisi, tr, 7, 48, 14–21, 2687-3672,
• JOURNAL, Akay, Ä°hsan, 2016-11-30, USÛLU'L-Ä°FTÂ VE ÂDÂBUHU,weblink Åžarkiyat, tr, 8, 2, 1006–1009,
• JOURNAL, Åžahi̇n, Ãœnal, 2020-12-31, Usûlü'l-Ä°ftâ ve Âdâbuhû, Muhammed Takî el-Osmânî,weblink Mütefekkir, tr, 7, 14, 635–640, 10.30523/mutefekkir.849997, 234382777, 2148-5631, free,

External links

• {{official websiteweblink}}
• Studio Recording HD Audio Quran Tafseer Urdu Lectures by Mufti Taqi Usmani
• Urdu Books - Mufti Taqi Usmani
• English Books - Mufti Taki Usmani
• Khutbaat e Usmani (Juma Lectures) of Mufti Taqi Usmani in Urdu
• Audio Quran Tafseer Lectures by Mufti Taqi Usmani
• Get Urdu Quran Translation (Audio & PDF Version) by Taqi Usmani{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Official website of Darul Uloom Karachi
• An Introduction to Islamic Finance by Mufti Taqi Usmani

{{Muhammad Taqi Usmani}}{{Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan}}{{IslamismSA}}{{Hanafi scholars}}{{Authority control}}