{{Short description|Network of Q&A sites based in New York City}}{{About|the network of collaborative Q&A sites|the first site in the network|Stack Overflow}}{{Redirect|Super User|a user account with special privileges|superuser}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}

*factoids*

| commercial = Yes

Knowledge market

Question and answer website>Question and answer}}| registration = Yes

Creative Commons license>CC BY-SA 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0| owner = Prosus N.V.

Jeff Atwood|Joel Spolsky}}

Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer (Q&A) websites on topics in diverse fields, each site covering a specific topic, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating.WEB,weblink A Theory of Moderation, Atwood, Jeff, May 17, 2009, Stack Exchange Blog, December 16, 2012, May 15, 2017,weblink live, {{asof|March 2023|post=,}} the three most actively-viewed sites in the network are Stack Overflow (which focuses on computer programming), Unix & Linux, and Mathematics.WEB, All Sites â€“ Stack Exchange,weblink 2023-03-25, stackexchange.com, November 22, 2019,weblink live, All sites in the network are modeled after the initial site Stack Overflow which was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008. Further Q&A sites in the network are established, defined, and eventually{{snd}} if found relevant{{snd}} brought to creation by registered users through a special site named Area 51.WEB,weblink All Sites, Stack Exchange, April 1, 2017, November 22, 2019,weblink live, WEB, FAQ â€“ Area 51 â€“ Stack Exchange,weblink Stack Exchange, Inc., 2014, June 30, 2014, August 7, 2020,weblink live, User contributions since May 2, 2018 are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Older content, contributed while the site used the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license or the earlier Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Unported license, remains licensed under the license in force at the time it was contributed.WEB, An Update On Creative Commons Licensing,weblink March 3, 2020, WEB,weblink Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow are moving to CC BY-SA 4.0, meta.stackexchange.com, September 18, 2019, WEB, December 11, 2014, Legal â€” Terms of Service,weblink December 21, 2014, Stack Exchange, January 3, 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120103101633weblink">weblink live, In June 2021, Prosus acquired Stack Overflow for $1.8 billion, its first complete acquisition in the area of educational technology.NEWS, Dummett, Ben, 2021-06-02, WSJ News Exclusive {{!, Stack Overflow Sold to Tech Giant Prosus for $1.8 Billion|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/software-developer-community-stack-overflow-sold-to-tech-giant-prosus-for-1-8-billion-11622648400|access-date=2021-06-03|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175938weblink|url-status=live}}

History

Founding and growth

(File:SuperUser2.png|thumb|Super User logo|upright)In 2008, Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky created Stack Overflow, a question-and-answer website for computer programming questions, which they described as an alternative to the programmer forum Experts-Exchange. In 2009, they started additional sites based on the Stack Overflow model: Server Fault for questions related to system administration and Super User for questions from computer power users.WEB,weblink Super User â€“ question and answer site for power users, August 20, 2009, AOL,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140715143437weblink">weblink July 15, 2014, dead, Clarke, Jason, DownloadSquad, April 1, 2017, In September 2009, Spolsky's company, Fog Creek Software, released a beta version of the Stack Exchange 1.0 platformWEB,weblink Find the Answer to Anything with StackExchange, Mager, Andrew, September 27, 2009, The Web Life, ZDNet, December 16, 2012, January 7, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140107211024weblink">weblink live, as a way for third parties to create their own communities based on the software behind Stack Overflow, with monthly fees.WEB,weblink StackOverflow Shares its Mojo: White Label Q&A for All, October 12, 2009, April 1, 2017, ReadWriteWeb, Oshiro, Dana, April 2, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170402165631weblink">weblink live, This white label service was not successful, with few customers and slow growing communities.WEB,weblink All-Star Team Backs StackOverflow to Go Beyond Programming Questions, Kirkpatrick, Marshall, May 4, 2010, ReadWriteWeb, December 16, 2012, December 5, 2020,weblink live, In May 2010, Stack Overflow (as its own new company) raised US$6 million in venture capital from Union Square Ventures and other investors, and it switched its focus to developing new sites for answering questions on specific subjects, Stack Exchange 2.0. Users vote on new site topics in a staging area called Area 51, where algorithms determine which suggested site topics have critical mass and should be created.WEB,weblink With Debut of Web Apps Q&A Site, Stack Exchange Perfects Automated Site Launch Process, Perez, Sarah, July 8, 2010, ReadWriteWeb, December 16, 2012, April 5, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140405013843weblink">weblink live, In November 2010, Stack Exchange site topics in "beta testing" included physics, mathematics, and writing.WEB,weblink Stack Overflow's Crowdsourcing Model Guarantees Success, Keller, Jared, November 18, 2010, The Atlantic, December 16, 2012, November 23, 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101123061123weblink">weblink live, Stack Exchange publicly launched in January 2011 with 33 Web sites; it had 27 employeesWEB,weblink Forget Quora, New York's Stack Overflow Is Killing It, Jeffries, Adrienne, January 25, 2011, BetaBeat, December 30, 2012, November 7, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141107231653weblink">weblink live, and 1.5 million users at the time, and it included advertising.WEB,weblink Q&A websites like Quora and Stack Exchange take off, Swartz, Jon, January 24, 2011, USA Today, December 16, 2012, November 27, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141127134719weblink">weblink live, At that time, it was compared to Quora, founded in 2009, which similarly specializes in expert answers. Other competing sites include WikiAnswers and Yahoo! Answers.NEWS, The Answers Are Out There, and New Q. and A. Sites Dig Them Up, Jenna Wortham,weblink New York Times, February 6, 2011, December 31, 2012, August 16, 2018,weblink live, In February 2011, Stack Overflow released an associated job board called Careers 2.0, charging fees to recruiters for access, which later re-branded to Stack Overflow Careers.WEB,weblink Stack Exchange launches programmer recruiting site, Needleman, Rafe, February 23, 2011, CNet, December 16, 2012, March 30, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130330094229weblink">weblink dead, In March 2011, Stack Overflow raised US$12 million in additional venture funding, and the company renamed itself to Stack Exchange, Inc.WEB,weblink Q&A startup Stack Overflow gets new name, more funding, Ha, Anthony, March 9, 2011, VentureBeat, Reuters, December 16, 2012, March 7, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160307053436weblink">weblink live, It is based in Manhattan, New York City.WEB,weblink Stack Overflow Rides Experts & Order to Q&A Success, Kim, Ryan, February 16, 2011, GigaOM, December 30, 2012, January 11, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130111225049weblink">weblink live, In February 2012, Atwood left the company.MAGAZINE,weblink Stack Overflow Man Remakes Net One Answer at a Time, Finley, Klint, July 5, 2012, Enterprise, Wired, December 16, 2012, On April 18, 2013 CipherCloud issued Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices in an attempt to block discussion of possible weaknesses of their encryption algorithm.WEB, CipherCloud used DMCA Takedown on StackExchange discussion of the cryptography,weblink June 16, 2013, March 4, 2016,weblink live, WEB, CipherCloud Invokes DMCA To Block Discussions of Its Crypto System, April 21, 2013,weblink June 16, 2013, January 12, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160112220225weblink">weblink live, The Stack Exchange Crypto group discussion on the algorithm was censored, but it was later restored without pictures.WEB, How is CipherCloud doing homomorphic encryption,weblink {{As of|2015|09}}, "Stack Exchange" no longer refers to the company, only the network of question-and-answer websites. Instead, the company is now referred to as Stack Overflow.WEB,weblink We're Changing Our Name (Back) to Stack Overflow, Hanlon, Jay, September 15, 2015, Stack Overflow Blog, April 1, 2017, April 2, 2017,weblink live, In 2016, Stack Exchange added a variety of new sites which pushed the boundaries of the typical question-and-answer site.WEB,weblink Stack Exchange Year in Review 2016, Ericson, Jon, January 26, 2017, Stack Overflow Blog, April 1, 2017, April 2, 2017,weblink live, For example, Puzzling offers a platform for users who already know the answer to questions to challenge their peers to solve the problems unlike traditional Qâ€“A sites where the poster does not know the answer.

Declining relationship between users and company

{{User-generated|section|date=March 2022}}In 2016, Stack Exchange announced the second iteration of the Stack Exchange Quality Project, in which they attempt to implement specific important features requested by the community to meet a distinct high-priority set of goals. After users enthusiastically responded with feature ideas, they complained that there was insufficient action on the company's part.WEB, Answer by user jscs to We need to stop hoping for change in, or help from, SO Inc,weblink March 5, 2020, In October 2018, the company removed its Interpersonal Skills site from the Hot Network Questions list after a complaint on Twitter, and an employee (who was part of the SRE team, which was not community-facing) posted tweets attacking moderators.WEB, Revisiting the "Hot Network Questions" feature, what are our shared goals for having it?,weblink March 5, 2020,

Late 2019 controversies

To start, in June 2019, more advertisements were added causing a large dispute.WEB, We're testing advertisements across the network,weblink 2023-07-23, Meta Stack Exchange, en, On September 27, 2019, a moderator of multiple Stack Exchange sites, specifically Monica Cellio, was dismissed from her moderator position, allegedly connected to behavior associated with upcoming changes to the Code of Conduct (CoC) relating to gender pronouns.WEB,weblink Firing Mods and Forced Relicensing: Is Stack Exchange Still Interested in Cooperating with the Community?, 2019-09-29, Meta Stack Exchange, 2019-10-28, October 29, 2019,weblink live, WEB,weblink Stack Overflow Inc., sinat chinam, and the goat for Azazel, 2019-09-29, Mi Yodeya Meta Stack Exchange, 2019-10-28, October 29, 2019,weblink live, WEB, The Mod Firing Squad: Stack Exchange Embroiled in 'He Said, She Said, They Said' Row, The Register,weblink October 1, 2019, October 19, 2019, October 19, 2019,weblink live, Many other moderators resigned or suspended their moderator activity in response to the dismissal. The company responded with two very poorly received messages which have since been deleted,WEB,weblink An Update to our Community and an Apology, October 19, 2019,weblink October 6, 2019, dead, and by a slightly less negatively-received apology several days later.WEB,weblink An apology to our community, and next steps, October 19, 2019, October 19, 2019,weblink live, In December 2019, the company posted a message, stating that they and the moderator had come to an agreement and expressing regret for any damage to her reputation.Update: an agreement with Monica Cellio {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125230214weblink |date=November 25, 2022 }}. Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2020-01-03.WEB,weblink Stack Overflow makes peace with ousted moderator, wants to start New Year with 2020 vision on codes of conduct, at 22:16, Thomas Claburn in San Francisco Jan 2, 2020, TheRegister.co.uk, en, 2020-01-22, January 24, 2020,weblink live, Nevertheless, this, plus the sudden departure of multiple community managers (Stack Exchange employees who interact with the community), led to an erosion of trust between the community and the companyâ€”convincing many of the site's most prolific users, including many community-elected moderators and a community manager, to depart within the next few months.WEB,weblink Firing Community Managers: Stack Exchange is not interested in cooperating with the community, is it?, Meta Stack Exchange, 2020-01-22, January 22, 2020,weblink live, WEB,weblink Firing mods and forced relicensing: is Stack Exchange still interested in cooperating with the community?, Meta Stack Exchange, 2020-01-22, October 29, 2019,weblink live,

2019â€“2020 licensing change announcements

On September 2, 2019, the terms of service (and the footer of every page served) changed to referencing the "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike" (CC BY-SA) license's 4.0 version instead of its 3.0 version. Users were puzzled as to how Stack Overflow acquired the rights for this relicensing of their past contributions,WEB, Was the retroactive change to CC BY-SA 4.0 approved by Stack Exchange's lawyers?,weblink February 2, 2020, with some users explicitly stating that they did not intend their contributions to be licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.WEB, Owens, Thomas, 'I do not grant anyone the right to change the license of my contributions',weblink WEB, andreymal, Review on 'Stack Exchange Data Dump',weblink Internet Archive, Users were concerned that, if the relicensing was found to be a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0, Stack Exchange would have made itself unable to distribute the content under any CC BY-SA license (and that the footer's license statement could be erroneous), and would have to rely on its "perpetual and irrevocable right and license to use, copy, cache, publish, display, distribute, modify, create derivative works and store" the content instead.WEB, Discussion on 'Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow have moved to CC BY-SA 4.0',weblink December 14, 2021, On September 27, an official Stack Exchange reply stated it had been an "important step", but declined to discuss with the community the legal basis for the relicensing.WEB, Stack Overflow is "unable to pursue dialogues",weblink February 2, 2020, In March 2020, a post announced that content contributed before May 2, 2018 was available under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license. In the ensuing discussion, several users asked about the similar situation in August 2010, when Stack Exchange switched from accepting CC BY-SA 2.5 contributions to 3.0. A representative of the corporation noted "we are looking [...] to show v2.5 for posts predating this change but cannot commit to it yet". Some users were unconvinced that the September 2019 announcement was not a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0 that would have caused its termination, and some answers were not placated by the dateline chosen.WEB, "Under CC BY-SA 3.0, any violations terminate (sic) your CC license",weblink March 8, 2020, In the ensuing discussion, Stack Overflow staff declined to comment.WEB, Yaakov Ellis, 'Stack Overflow staff' declines to comment on licensing situation,weblink 14 December 2021, December 14, 2021,weblink live,

June - August 2023 moderation strike

In mid-2023, Stack Exchange made several changes regarding its policies around content generated by artificial intelligence which resulted in a strike of a portion of its volunteer moderators. The protest centered around a policy posted to moderators on May 29 stating that the use of AI-detection tools were not permitted to be used as part of moderation. In a statement, Stack Exchange confirmed that 11% of moderators had ceased content moderation in response to this policy.WEB, Anderson, Tim, Stack Overflow volunteer moderators down tools over secret new policy that obstructs removal of AI-generated content â€¢ DEVCLASS, DEVCLASS, 5 June 2023,weblink 23 February 2024, This would grow to more than 23% of all moderators on the network by June 22, including more than 70% of all Stack Overflow moderators.WEB, Dear Stack Overflow, Inc.,weblink 2024-04-14, openletter.mousetail.nl, The strike began with a post to Meta Stack Exchange, which raised concerns regarding the quality and accuracy of AI-generated content, and the lack of transparency from Stack Exchange surrounding this policy change.WEB, Moderation Strike: Stack Overflow, Inc. cannot consistently ignore, mistreat, and malign its volunteers, Meta Stack Exchange, 2 August 2023,weblink 23 February 2024, Moderators also stated that the version of the policy released to the public differed from the version they had received on the moderator-only forum, notably in that the public version did not include language requiring that moderators stop restricting all AI content.WEB, Roscoe, Jules, Stack Overflow Moderators Are Striking to Stop Garbage AI Content From Flooding the Site, VICE, 5 June 2023,weblink 23 February 2024, Negotiations between Stack Exchange and moderators resulted in new policies allowing moderators to remove AI content when there is a strong indicator of GPT usage, and a commitment from the site to continue to provide data and API access. At the conclusion of negotiations, the strike ended on August 2, 2023.WEB, Anderson, Tim, Stack Overflow: how much is traffic dropping, and how the moderator "strike" was resolved â€¢ DEVCLASS, DEVCLASS, 24 August 2023,weblink 23 February 2024,

Site features

Reputation and badges

The primary purpose of each Stack Exchange site is to enable users to post questions and answer them. Users can vote on both answers and questions, and through this process users earn reputation points, a form of gamification.WEB,weblink Stack Overflow, FAQ: What is Reputation?, January 19, 2010, January 2, 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100102012906weblink">weblink live, This voting system was compared to Digg when the Stack Exchange platform was first released. Users receive privileges by collecting reputation points, ranging from the ability to vote and comment on questions and answers to the ability to moderate many aspects of the site. Due to the prominence of Stack Exchange profiles in web search results and the Stack Overflow Careers job board, users may have reason to game the system. Along with posting questions and answers, users can add comments to them and edit text written by others.WEB,weblink Stack Overflow raises $6M to take its Q&A model beyond programming, Ha, Anthony, May 4, 2010, Deals, VentureBeat, December 31, 2012, April 21, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160421001812weblink">weblink live, Each Stack Exchange site has a "meta" section where users can settle disputes, in the style of MetaFilter's "MetaTalk" forum, because the self-moderation system for questions and answers can lead to significant arguments.WEB,weblink Conquering the CHAOS of Online Community at Stack Exchange, Popper, Ben, December 7, 2011, BetaBeat, December 16, 2012, December 16, 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121216063608weblink">weblink live, Badges are awarded for asking and answering, participating in meta, and for moderating the site. There are bronze, silver and gold badges and appear on users' profile pages as well as their posts.WEB, Badges,weblink 2021-07-05, Stack Overflow, July 5, 2021,weblink live, WEB, FAQ for Stack Exchange sites,weblink 2021-07-05, Meta Stack Exchange, July 9, 2021,weblink live,

Moderators and election process

Moderators are responsible for managing the site, such as by following up on flagged posts, locking and protecting posts, suspending users, and deleting the worst posts (including misinformation) on the site. According to the Stack Exchange philosophy, they should be minimally involved in the site. They are also expected to lead by example, as well as to show respect to other users.WEB, Who are the site moderators, and what is their role here? - Help Center,weblink 2021-07-05, Stack Overflow, July 5, 2021,weblink live, To become a moderator, users have to participate in an election. Elections are called as needed by the Stack Exchange Community Team for a designated number of seats. Users must first nominate themselves and have at least 300 reputation (3,000 on Stack Overflow and 1,000 on Math Stack Exchange), while also being in good standing, such as not having been suspended during the past year. Aside from introducing themselves and explaining why they would be a good moderator, users must also answer questions written by the community. Nominations can be withdrawn at any time.WEB, There's an election going on. What's happening and how does it work?,weblink 2021-07-05, Meta Stack Exchange, July 9, 2021,weblink live, After this, users vote on the candidates in a primary, where the vote tally is made public. The top 10 nominees advance to the election stage, where any user with at least 150 reputation is allowed to vote. A ranked-choice voting system is used where users can rank all the candidates if they wish. Votes are tallied using the Meek STV method (single transferable vote) which allows fractional parts of a vote to be counted.WEB, Could we please clarify just the Primary phase of the election?,weblink 2021-07-05, Meta Stack Exchange, July 9, 2021,weblink live,

Bounties

Stack Exchange allows users to donate some of their reputation to help questions receive answers or better answers, as well as to incentivize users to answer. This is called a 'bounty' and can be applied on questions 48 hours after being asked, lasting for 7 days plus a grace period of 24 hours. The minimum bounty is set at 50 reputation, except if the user has already answered the question or has offered a previous bounty on the question. Bounties cannot be cancelled, and reputation cannot be refunded from a bounty, even if the question did not receive an answer.WEB, Co-Founder, Jeff Atwood, 2010-06-19, Improvements to Bounty System,weblink 2021-07-05, Stack Overflow Blog, en-US, July 9, 2021,weblink live, WEB, How does the bounty system work?,weblink 2021-07-05, Meta Stack Exchange, July 4, 2021,weblink live,

Technologies used

Stack Exchange uses IIS, SQL Server, and the ASP.NET framework, all from a single code base for every Stack Exchange site (except Area 51, which runs off a fork of the Stack Overflow code base).WEB, Does StackExchange 2.0 Share the Same CodeBase with SO?,weblink live,weblink April 2, 2017, April 1, 2017, Stack Meta, Blogs formerly used WordPress, but they have been discontinued.WEB,weblink We will no longer be hosting Blog Overflow, Grace Note, March 1, 2017, March 3, 2017, March 4, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170304041117weblink">weblink live, The team also uses Redis, HAProxy and Elasticsearch.WEB,weblink What it takes to run Stack Overflow, Craver, Nick, November 22, 2013, October 2, 2014, November 11, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201111194648weblink">weblink live, Stack Exchange tries to stay up to date with the newest technologies from Microsoft, usually using the latest releases of any given framework. The code is primarily written in C# ASP.NET MVC using the Razor View Engine. The preferred IDE is Visual Studio and the data layers uses Dapper for data access.WEB, Stack Meta,weblink Stack Meta, The site makes use of URL slugs in addition to numeric identifiers for question URLs.

Site creation process

Every new site created in the Stack Exchange Network goes through a detailed review process on a site called Area 51, that is consisting of four steps:JOURNAL, Sewak, M., Finding a Growth Business Model at Stack Overflow, Inc., Stanford CasePublisher, May 18, 2010, Rev. July 20, 2010, 2010â€“204â€“1,weblink May 23, 2014, 31, Stanford University School of Engineering, 204-2010-1, etal, August 13, 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120813013908weblink">weblink live, WEB, Changes to Stack Exchange â€“ Stack Overflow Blog, April 13, 2010,weblink January 19, 2016, January 26, 2016,weblink live, WEB, All Proposals - Area 51 - Stack Exchange,weblink 2023-07-28, area51.stackexchange.com,

Definition: A public proposal must be drafted and posted so that any member of the community can discuss the proposal and vote on it. This allows a collaborative proposal to emerge over time. The proposal must address these four key issues
- the topic of the site
- the targeted audience
- forty exemplary questions, upvoted at least 10 times from the community
- 60 followers from the community
Commitment: First, 200 users interested in the new site are asked to formally commit and support the site by actively participating and contributing to it by asking or answering 10 questions during the FIRDR six months of the public beta. Second, 100 users interested in the new site that have committed with over 200 reputation on another site on the network. Finally, it requires a commitment score of 500, which uses the following formula:WEB, Area 51 Commit Percent,weblink 2023-07-28, Meta Stack Exchange, en,
- PrelimScore = SUM(Reputation >= 200 ? 0.233 ln(Reputation-101) - 0.75 : 0) + 1.5
- UserScore = PrelimScore 0.9 ^ (DAYS / 180)
Beta: A live test version of this site is tested out, in two steps.

Private Beta:If the concept receives 100% commitment (reaches the requirements listed above), the site enters the private beta phase, where committed members begin actively using the site and publicizing it. It must remain for at least 35 days (or 5 weeks).
Public Beta: The site is open to the public for a long period. This allows the creators to ensure that the site reaches critical mass before it is fully launched. It much remain for at least 180 days (or 6 months) of public beta, and 215 total days of beta (31 weeks).

Graduation: If the site has at least 1000 open questions, and 70% of questions or more have at least 1 upvoted answer, it is granted a "graduation" and fully launched.WEB, FAQ - Area 51 - Stack Exchange,weblink 2023-07-28, area51.stackexchange.com,

Notable users

Nobel Prize winners

Gerard 't HooftWEB,weblink Gerard 't Hooft, physics.stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,

Fields Medal winners

Peter ScholzeWEB,weblink Peter Scholze, stackexchange.com, July 26, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live, (2018)
Martin HairerWEB,weblink Martin Hairer, mathoverflow.net, July 26, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live, (2014)
Terence TaoWEB,weblink Terence Tao, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live, (2006)
Tim GowersWEB,weblink Tim Gowers, mathoverflow.net, July 25, 2020, August 7, 2020,weblink live, (1998)
Curtis McMullenWEB,weblink Curtis McMullen, stackexchange.com, July 30, 2020, January 20, 2022,weblink live, (1998)
Richard BorcherdsWEB,weblink Richard Borcherds, mathoverflow.net, July 30, 2020, August 7, 2020,weblink live, (1998)
Edward WittenWEB,weblink Edward Witten, mathoverflow.net, July 25, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live, (1990)
Vaughan JonesWEB,weblink Vaughan Jones, mathoverflow.net, July 25, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live, (1990)
Michael FreedmanWEB,weblink Michael Freedman, mathoverflow.net, July 30, 2020, August 7, 2020,weblink live, (1986)
William ThurstonWEB,weblink Bill Thurston, mathoverflow.net, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live, (1982)

Founders

Joel Spolsky (co-founder of Stack Overflow)WEB,weblink Joel Spolsky, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, May 6, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210506223514weblink">weblink live,
Jeff Atwood (co-founder of Stack Overflow)WEB,weblink Jeff Attwood, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, March 6, 2021,weblink live,
Ravi Vakil (co-founder of MathOverflow)WEB,weblink Ravi Vakil, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live,

Other notable scientists and mathematicians

Scott AaronsonWEB,weblink Scott Aaronson, stackexchange.com, January 26, 2022, January 26, 2022,weblink live,
Ian AgolWEB,weblink Ian Agol, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
John BaezWEB,weblink John Baez, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Carlo BeenakkerWEB,weblink Carlo Beenakker, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Andreas BlassWEB,weblink Andreas Blass, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Robert BryantWEB,weblink Robert Bryant, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Noam ElkiesWEB,weblink Noam Elkies, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Matthew EmertonWEB,weblink Matthew Emerton, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Alexandre EremenkoWEB,weblink Alexandre Eremenko, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Joel David Hamkins (top user on MathOverflow)WEB,weblink Joesl David Hamkins, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
James E. HumphreysWEB,weblink James E. Humphreys, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Gil KalaiWEB,weblink Gil Kalai, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live,
Anna KrylovWEB,weblink Anna Krylov, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Greg KuperbergWEB,weblink Greg Kuperberg, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Tim Peters (software engineer) (inventor of Timsort)WEB, Tim Peters, stackexchange.com,weblink June 14, 2023, September 10, 2021,weblink live,
Joseph O'RourkeWEB,weblink Joseph O'Rourke, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live,
Igor RivinWEB,weblink Igor Rivin, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, August 10, 2019,weblink live,
Jeffrey Shallit (computer scientist with Erdos number of one)WEB,weblink Jeffrey Shallit, stackexchange.com, August 30, 2020, September 21, 2021,weblink live,
Peter Shor (inventor of Shor's algorithm)WEB,weblink Peter Shor, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 25, 2020,weblink live,
Michael ShulmanWEB,weblink Michael Shulman, stackexchange.com, July 25, 2020, July 26, 2020,weblink live,

Anders SandbergWEB,weblink Anders Sandberg, stackexchange.com, January 26, 2022, January 26, 2022,weblink live,

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Stack Exchange

History

Founding and growth

Declining relationship between users and company

Late 2019 controversies

2019â€“2020 licensing change announcements

June - August 2023 moderation strike

Site features

Reputation and badges

Moderators and election process

Bounties

Technologies used

Site creation process

Notable users

Nobel Prize winners

Fields Medal winners

Founders

Other notable scientists and mathematicians

See also

References

External links