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{{short description|American stage and film actor (1895–1967)}}{{for|the comedy writer and actor|Paul Mooney (comedian)}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2014}}

factoids

| birth_place = Lemberg, Austro-Hungarian Empire(now Lviv, Ukraine)19672509|23}}| death_place = Montecito, California, U.S.| resting_place = Hollywood Forever CemeteryBella Finkel|1921}}| other_names = Muni Weisenfreund| occupation = Actor| years_active = 1908–1962}}Paul Muni (born Frederich Meshilem Meier Weisenfreund; September 22, 1895WEB, Ksiega urodzin izraelickiego okregu metrykalnego Lwów: Rocznik 1895, Book of Jewish Births for the Record District of Lviv: Year 1895,weblink 384, Entry Number 1258 – Born: September 14, 1895; Naming or Circumcision Date: September 22, 1895;, Central Archive of Historical Records, February 12, 2016, September 3, 2020, – August 25, 1967) was an American stage and film actor from Chicago. He started his acting career in the Yiddish theater and during the 1930s, he was considered one of the most prestigious actors at the Warner Bros. studio and was given the rare privilege of choosing his own parts.Muni often played powerful characters, such as the lead role in Scarface (1932), and was known for his intense preparation for his parts, often immersing himself in the study of the real characters' traits and mannerisms. He was also highly skilled in makeup techniques, a talent that he had learned from his parents, who were also actors, and from his early years on stage with the Yiddish theater in Chicago. At the age of 12, he played the stage role of an 80-year-old man, and in the film Seven Faces, he played seven characters.Muni appeared in 22 films and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor five times, winning the award for his role in the 1936 film The Story of Louis Pasteur. He also starred in numerous Broadway plays and won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his role in the 1955 production of Inherit the Wind.

Early life and career

{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2022}}Muni was born in 1895 as Frederich Meier Weisenfreund to a Jewish family in Lemberg, Galicia, then Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Lviv, Ukraine). His Hebrew name was Meshilem. His parents were Salli (born Khaya Tsilke Fishler) and Phillip Weisenfreund.NEWS, On The Screen,weblink October 27, 1967, Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle, subscription, He learned Yiddish as his first language. When he was seven, he emigrated with his family to the United States in 1902; they settled in Chicago.File:Muni Pasteur.jpg|thumb|Muni's makeup skills were used for The Story of Louis PasteurThe Story of Louis PasteurAs a boy, he was known as "Moony".BOOK, Adler, Jacob, Lulla Rosenfeld, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir,weblink Hal Leonard Corp, 2001, 978-1557834584, 377, "... Muni Weisenfreund, now Paul Muni", He started his acting career in the Yiddish theatre in Chicago with his parents, who were both actors. As a teenager, he developed skill in creating makeup, which enabled him to play much older characters.BOOK, International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers: Actors and Actresses,weblink Tom, Pendergast, Sara Pendergast, St. James Press, Farmington Hills, Mich, 4th, 2000, 869–870, 3, 978-1558624528, Film historian Robert Osborne notes that Muni's makeup skills were so creative that for most of his roles, "he transformed his appearance so completely, he was dubbed 'the new Lon Chaney.'" In his first stage role at the age of 12, Muni played the role of an 80-year-old man.BOOK, Robert Osborne, Miller, Frank, Leading Men: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actors of the Studio Era,weblink Chronicle Books, 2006, 153–155, 978-0811854672, He was quickly recognized by Maurice Schwartz, who signed him to perform in his Yiddish Art Theater.NEWS, Theodore, Strauss, Paul Muni, Less The 'Mr.,' Returns; Paul Muni, Less The 'Mr.,' Returns To Town,weblink The New York Times, December 17, 1939, April 1, 2010, subscription, A 1925 New York Times article mentioned Sam Kasten's and Muni's performances at the People's Theater among the highlights of the year's Yiddish theater season, describing them as second only to Ludwig Satz.Muni began acting on Broadway in 1926. His first role was that of an elderly Jewish man in the play We Americans, written by playwrights Max Siegel and Milton Herbert Gropper. It was the first time that he had acted in English.In 1921, he married Bella Finkel (February 8, 1898 – October 1, 1971), an actress in the Yiddish theatre and daughter of Moishe Finkel. They remained married until Muni's death in 1967.

Hollywood

In 1929, Muni was signed by Fox. His name was simplified and anglicized to Paul Muni (derived from his nickname of youth "Moony"). His acting talents were quickly recognized, and he received an Oscar nomination for his first film, The Valiant (1929), although the film fared poorly at the box office. His second film, Seven Faces (also 1929), was also a financial failure. Unhappy with the roles offered to him, he returned to Broadway, where he starred in a major hit play, Counsellor at Law.Muni soon returned to Hollywood to star in provocative pre-Code films such as Scarface and I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (both 1932). For his role in I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, Muni was nominated for an Oscar for Best Actor. His acclaim as a result of his performance impressed Warner Bros., which signed him to a long-term contract, publicizing him as "the screen's greatest actor."}}Scarface, part of a cycle of gangster films at the time,See also Little Caesar and The Public Enemy (both 1931). was written by Ben Hecht{{rp|6}} and directed by Howard Hawks. Critic Richard Corliss noted in 1974 that while it was a serious gangster film, it also "manages both to congratulate journalism for its importance and to chastise it for its chicanery, by underlining the newspapers' complicity in promoting the underworld image."BOOK, Corliss, Richard, Talking Pictures: Screenwriters of Hollywood,weblink 1975, David & Charles, 54, subscription, 978-0715368268, {{rp|10}}In 1935, Muni persuaded Warner Bros. to take a financial risk by producing the successful historical biography The Story of Louis Pasteur. This became Muni's first of many biographical roles. Until that film, most Warner Bros. stories had originated from current events and major news stories, with the notable exceptions of George Arliss's earlier biographical films Disraeli, Alexander Hamilton and Voltaire. Muni won an Oscar for his performance.Muni played other historical figures, including Émile Zola in The Life of Emile Zola (1937), for which he was again nominated for an Oscar.MAGAZINE, David, Denby, Hitler in Hollywood,weblink The New Yorker, September 9, 2013, September 3, 2020, The film won Best Picture and was interpreted as indirectly attacking the repression of Nazi Germany. He also played the lead role in Juarez (1939).In 1937, Muni played a Chinese peasant with a new bride in a film adaptation of Pearl Buck's novel The Good Earth. The film was a recreation of a revolutionary period in China and included special effects for a locust attack and the overthrow of the government. Because Muni was not of Asian descent, when producer Irving Thalberg offered him the role, he said, "I'm about as Chinese as [President] Herbert Hoover."Dissatisfied with life in Hollywood, Muni chose not to renew his contract. He returned to the screen only occasionally in later years for such roles as Frédéric Chopin's teacher in A Song to Remember (1945). In 1946, he played a rare comic role in Angel on My Shoulder.

Later career

(File:AlvinPlayhouse.jpg|thumb|left|New York City opening of A Flag is Born (1946))Muni then focused most of his energies on stage work, and occasionally on television roles. In 1946, he appeared on Broadway in A Flag is Born, written by Ben Hecht, to help promote the creation of a Jewish state in Israel.A Flag Is Born {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325063213weblink |date=March 25, 2015 }}, David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, April 2004 This play was directed by Luther Adler and co-starred Marlon Brando. Years later, in response to a question put to him by Alan King, Brando stated that Muni was the greatest actor he ever saw. At London's Phoenix Theatre on July 28, 1949, Muni began a run as Willy Loman in the first British production of Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. He took over from Lee J. Cobb, who had played the principal role in the original Broadway production. Both productions were directed by Elia Kazan.In 1952, Muni traveled to Italy to star in Imbarco a mezzanotte directed by Joseph Losey, partly as an act of solidarity and support for blacklisted friends living abroad in exile.A few years later, during 1955 and 1956, Muni had his biggest stage success in the United States as the crusading lawyer, Henry Drummond (based on Clarence Darrow), in Inherit the Wind, winning a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play. In late August 1955, Muni was forced to withdraw from the play due to a serious eye ailment causing deterioration in his eyesight. He was later replaced by actor Melvyn Douglas.NEWS,weblink Paul Muni Quits Broadway Play; Has Eye Ailment, The Blade (Toledo, Ohio), Toledo Blade, August 31, 1955, Associated Press, In early September 1955, Muni, then 59 years old, was diagnosed with a tumor of the left eye. The eye was removed in an operation at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York. His right eye was reported to be normal.NEWS,weblink Paul Muni Loses Left Eye to Tumor, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Milwaukee Sentinel, September 7, 1955, Associated Press, In early December 1955, Muni returned to his starring role as Henry Drummond in Inherit the Wind.NEWS,weblink Ovation Greets Paul Muni On Return To Play, Associated Press, Toledo Blade, December 2, 1955, His last movie role was as an aging doctor in The Last Angry Man (1959), and he was again nominated for an Oscar. After that, Muni mostly retired from acting to deal with failing eyesight and other health problems. He made his final screen appearance on television, in a guest role on the dramatic series Saints and Sinners in 1962.

Acting techniques, reputation and legacy

missing image!
- Muni Scarface 2.JPG -
Paul Muni in the trailer for Scarface

Muni was noted for his intense preparation for his roles, especially the biographies. While preparing for The Story of Louis Pasteur, Muni said, "I read most everything that was in the library, and everything I could lay my hands on that had to do with Pasteur, with Lister, or with his contemporaries."NEWS, Paul Muni, Actor, Dies on Coast; Won Fame in Biographical Roles; Portrayed Darrow, Pasteur, Zola, Juarez and Gangster in Stage and Film Career,weblink The New York Times, August 26, 1967, subscription, He did the same in preparing for his role as Henry Drummond, based on Clarence Darrow, in the play Inherit the Wind. He read what he could find, talked to people who knew Darrow personally, and studied physical mannerisms from photographs of him. "To Paul Muni, acting was not just a career, but an obsession", writes The New York Times. They note that despite his enormous success both on Broadway and in films, "he threw himself into each role with a sense of dedication." Playwright Arthur Miller commented that Muni "was pursued by a fear of failure."As Muni was born into an acting family, with both of his parents professional actors, "he learned his craft carefully and thoroughly." On stage, "a Muni whisper could reach the last balcony of any theater", writes the Times. It wrote that his style "had drawn into it the warmth of the Yiddish stage", in which he made his debut at the age of 12. In addition, his technique in using makeup "was a work of art." Combined with acting which followed no "method", he perfected his control of voice and gestures into an acting style that was "unique."Film historian David Shipman described Muni as "an actor of great integrity",BOOK, David, Shipman, The Great Movie Stars: The Golden Years,weblink Crown, 1970, 434, 437, 978-0600338178, noting he meticulously prepared for his roles. Muni was widely recognized as eccentric if talented: he objected to anyone wearing red in his presence, and he could often be found between sessions playing his violin. Over the years, he became increasingly dependent on his wife, Bella, a dependence which increased as his failing eyesight turned to blindness in his final years. Muni was "inflexible on matters of taste and principle", once turning down an $800,000 movie contract because he was not happy with the studio's choice of film roles.Although Muni was considered one of the best film actors of the 1930s, some film critics such as David ThomsonBOOK, Thomson, David, David Thomson (film critic), The New Biographical Dictionary of Film, 6th, 2014, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 978-0-375-71184-8, 739, and Andrew Sarris,{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} accuse him of overacting. Thomson described Muni as "a crucial negative illustration in any argument as to what constitutes screen acting."German director William Dieterle, who directed him in his three biopics, also frequently accused him of overacting, despite his respect for the actor.BOOK, Gerd, Gemünden, Continental Strangers: German Exile Cinema, 1933–1951,weblink McFarland, 2014, 60, 978-0231166799,

Personal life

(File:Paul and Bella Muni, 1937.jpg|thumb|upright|Muni with his wife Bella at the premier of Life of Emile Zola)In his private life, Muni was considered to be very shy and was uncomfortable with being recognized in public. He enjoyed reading and taking walks with his wife in secluded sections of Central Park.Muni campaigned for the reelection of President Herbert Hoover in 1932.NEWS, 1932-11-02, Editorial, 6, The Napa Valley Register, The Napa Daily Register, After retiring from acting, he lived in California. In his den, which he called his "Shangri-La", he spent time reading books and listening to the radio.

Death

Muni died of a heart disorder in Montecito, California in 1967 at the age of 71. He is interred at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood.

Legacy and honors

Muni had four official Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning for The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936) and receiving official nominations for I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932), The Life of Emile Zola (1937) and The Last Angry Man (1959). His nomination for the film The Valiant (1929) is unofficial because at the 2nd Academy Awards, acting nominees were not announced, only the winners' names.WEB,weblink Academy Awards Database, 1928/29 2nd Academy Awards, 24 September 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131029194626weblink">weblink October 29, 2013, mdy-all, Muni's performance in Black Fury was not nominated for an Oscar.

• New York Film Critics Circle Award for The Life of Emile Zola
• Tony Award for Best Actor in Inherit the Wind
• A star was installed in his honor on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6435 Hollywood Blvd.
• A film musical titled Actor: The Paul Muni Story (1978) was based on his life, with Herschel Bernardi starring.
• A biography titled (Actor: The Life and Times of Paul Muni) (1974) was written by Jerome Lawrence.NEWS, Anecdotes of the Famous: Keeping Cool,weblink September 27, 2015, The Milwaukee Journal, January 6, 1976, 40, Google News Archive,

In popular culture

Referring to his childhood during the Great Depression, Hawkeye Pierce in the "Hawkeye" episode of the television series M*A*S*H* says: "You knew where you stood in those days. Franklin Roosevelt was always president, Joe Louis was always the champ, and Paul Muni played everybody."WEB, M*A*S*H (MASH) s04e18 Episode Script,weblink Springfield! Springfield!, June 18, 2018, June 18, 2018,weblink dead, Muni and George Raft appeared as characters in the fifth season of Boardwalk Empire, meeting with Al Capone to discuss the film Scarface.WEB, Boardwalk Empire – Paul Muni and George Raft scene,weblinkweblink 2015-05-18, dead, October 13, 2014, YouTube, Comedian and actor Paul Mooney took his stage name, which was also his childhood nickname, from Muni.BOOK, Mooney, Paul, Black is the New White, 2009, Simon Spotlight Entertainment, 978-1-4165-8795-8, 47,

Filmography {| class"wikitable sortable"

! scope="row"|Year! scope="row"|Title! scope="row"|Role! scope="row" class=unsortable|NotesAcademy Award for Best ActorSeven FacesScarface (1932 film)>ScarfaceI Am a Fugitive from a Chain GangAcademy Award for Best Actor| 1933| 1934| Hi, Nellie!Bordertown (1935 film)>BordertownBlack Fury (1935 film)>Black Fury{{efnBlack Fury (film)>Black Fury. For two years only, the Academy allowed a write-in vote. This meant that technically, any performance was eligible for an award. This decision was made in 1935 in response to the controversy surrounding Bette Davis failing to get a nomination for her performance in ''Of Human Bondage (1934 film)''. Muni came in 2nd in the vote for Best Actor, but the Academy does not recognize Muni or Davis as nominees in those years.HTTP://AWARDSDATABASE.OSCARS.ORG/AMPAS_AWARDS/HELP/HELPMAIN.JSP?HELPCONTENTURL=STATISTICS/INDEXSTATS.HTML TITLE=ACADEMY AWARDS STATISTICS URL-STATUS=DEAD ARCHIVE-DATE=JULY 1, 2016, mdy-all, The Academy's nomination and winner database does note this under the 1935 Best Actor category and under the Paul Muni search, as well as for Davis in 1934 and Best Actress.}}Dr. Socrates| 1936Academy Award for Best ActorVolpi Cup>Volpi Cup for Best Actorsepia toneNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActorNominated — Academy Award for Best ActorJuarez (1939 film)>JuarezWe Are Not Alone (1939 film)>We Are Not Alone| 1941Hudson's Bay (film)>Hudson's Bay| 1942| Commandos Strike at Dawn| 1943Stage Door Canteen (film)>Stage Door Canteen| Himself|TechnicolorCounter-Attack| 1946Angel on My Shoulder (film)>Angel on My Shoulder| 1952| Imbarco a mezzanotteStranger on the Prowl in the U.S.| 1959Mar del Plata Film Festival>Mar del Plata Film Festival Award for Best ActorNominated — Academy Award for Best ActorNominated — New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor">

Radio appearances {| class"wikitable"

! Year !! Program !! Episode/SourceLux Radio Theatre >The Story of Louis PasteurTHOSE WERE THE DAYSDATE=SUMMER 2017ISSUE=3, 33, Lux Radio Theater. "The Life of Emile Zola". May 8, 1939Calvalcade of America. "Edwin Booth". March 31, 1941The Free Company. "The Miracle Of The Danube". April 27, 1941Calvalcade of America. "Bolivar, The Liberator". October 6, 1941Calvalcade of America. "Eagle's Nest". December 28, 1942Radio Hall of Fame. "No Uncommon Clay". April 30, 1944Suspense Theater. "The Search For Henri Leferve". July 6, 1944Arch Ololer's Plays. "This Living Book". October 11, 1945Academy Award Theater. April 13, 1946Eternal Light. "And It Came To Pass". December 7, 1947Studio One. "Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse". January 20, 1948Calvalcade of America. "Alerting of Dr. Pomerantz". February 16, 1948Calvalcade of America. "Garden Key". November 8, 1948Biography in Sound. "Clarence Darrow". September 13, 1956

Notes

{{Notelist}}

See also

• List of actors with Academy Award nominations
• List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Druxman, Michael B, Paul Muni: His Life and His Films,weblink 1974, A.S. Barnes, South Brunswick, 978-0498014130, 762401, subscription,
• BOOK, Fárberman, Boris, Muni, Paul, Paul Muni, 1970, Ejecutivo Sudamericano del Congreso Judío Mundial, Buenos Aires, es, 7019258,
• THESIS, Gerlach, Michael Christopher, The acting of Paul Muni, 1971, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 6840065,
• BOOK, Lawrence, Jerome, Jerome Lawrence, (Actor: The Life and Times of Paul Muni), 1974, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 978-0399113413, 1083129,
• BOOK, Grimshaw, Myrtle Lecky, Lotz, Philip Henry, Distinguished American Jews, 1945, Association Press, New York, Paul Muni, Master Character Actor, 6, Creative Personalities Series, 2055635,
• NEWS, Melamed, S.M., The Yiddish Stage,weblink The New York Times, September 27, 1925, X2, subscription,

External links

{{Commons category|Paul Muni}}

• {{IBDB name}}
• {{IMDb name|612847}}
• {{Tcmdb name}}
• Paul Muni papers, circa 1920–1967, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
• Photos of Muni in various costumes and makeup
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080102030835weblink">Paul Muni: Scarface and Beyond
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071205155847weblink">Paul Muni in The Amazing Doctor Clitterhouse (1947 radio version)
• Photographs and literature
• {{Find a Grave|750}}

{{Navboxes| title = Awards for Paul Muni| list ={{AcademyAwardBestActor 1927-1940}}{{Distinguished Performance Award}}{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor}}{{TonyAward PlayLeadActor 1947-1975}}{{Volpi Cup for Best Actor}}}}{{Authority control}}