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{{Short description|Political alliance aiming to establish a democratic, secular Iranian republic}}{{distinguish|National Resistance Movement of Iran|National Council of Iran}}

factoids

{{native name>fr|Conseil national de la résistance iranienne}}People’s Mujahedin of Iran}}| logo = National Council of Resistance Logo.jpgPahlavi dynasty>Imperial/ traditional logo of lion and sun) was adopted in 1993{{citationtitle=Saddam’s Private Army: How Rajavi changed Iran’s Mojahedin from armed revolutionaries to an armed cultpublisher=Iran Chamberaccess-date=14 December 2016}}| abbreviation = NCRIAlireza Jafarzadeh{{sfn>GoulkaWilke2009}}| founder = Massoud Rajavi and Abolhassan BanisadrPresident-elect}}| leader1_name = Maryam RajaviParis, FranceCHRONOLOGY OF IRANIAN HISTORY PART 4ENCYCLOPæDIA IRANICA>PUBLISHER=BIBLIOTHECA PERSICA PRESSEDITOR-LAST=YARSHATEREDITOR-LINK=EHSAN YARSHATER, August 1, 2016, Tirana, Albania| affiliation1_title = Mother Party| affiliation1 = People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran| slogan = | anthem = Ey Iran| flag = NCRI_National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran_Lion_%26_Sun_Flag.jpgncr-iran.org}}| country = Iran}}The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI; ) is an Iranian political organization based in France and Albania and was founded by Massoud Rajavi and Abolhassan Banisadr.WEB, Massoud Rajavi {{!, Iranian revolutionary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Massoud-Rajavi |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} The organization is a political coalition calling to overthrow the Islamic Republic of Iran. The coalition is made up of different Iranian dissident groups, with its main member being the People’s Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).{{citation|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20130622-france-exiled-iranian-opposition-group-paris-conference|title=Exiled Iranian opposition group in Paris for talks|date=22 June 2013}}{{citation|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/senior-us-senators-meet-iranian-opposition-leader-in_us_598f68fae4b063e2ae058020|title=Senior US Senators Meet Iran Opposition Leader In Albania|date=12 August 2017}}{{citation|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/13/world/iranian-dissidents-albania/#.XoMYltMzZE4|title=Iranian dissidents plot a revolution from Albania|access-date=2020-04-04|archive-date=2020-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918090217www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/13/world/iranian-dissidents-albania/#.XoMYltMzZE4|url-status=dead}} It is currently led by Maryam Rajavi.The NCRI is also recognized as the MEK’s diplomatic wing.{{citation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy|year=2018|doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|last1=Cohen|first1=Ronen A.|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1000–1014|s2cid=149542445}}Kenneth Katzman, Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048, in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) Global Stability and U.S. National Security, Oxford University Press, 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment, Routledge, 2008 pp.79,81. In 2002, the NCRI exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, leading to concerns about Iran’s nuclear program.BOOK, 115–120, Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy, 2019, Butterworth-Heinemann, BOOK, 148, The Trajectory of Iran’s Nuclear Program, 2015, Palgrave Macmillan, {{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zW5BgAAQBAJ&q=national+council+resistance+iran&pg=PA47 |title=Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions|isbn=978-3-95489-521-2|last1=Friedrichs|first1=Gordon|date=February 2014|publisher=Anchor Academic }}WEB, February 13, 2013, The National Council of Resistance of Iran: A Revolutionary Group in Exile,www.civilaffairsassoc.org/post/the-national-council-of-resistance-of-iran-a-revolutionary-group-in-exile, Civil Affairs Association, November 17, 2023, It was listed as a foreign terrorist organization in 1997, but was removed from this list in 2012 by the U.S. government.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2012/09/22/world/middleeast/iranian-opposition-group-mek-wins-removal-from-us-terrorist-list.html, New York Times, Scott, Shane, Iranian Dissidents Convince U.S. to Drop Terror Label, September 21, 2012,

Platform’s core concepts

• Elections founded on the concept of “universal suffrage”.
• Fostering a diverse political system with “respect for individual freedoms”, “freedom of expression”, and “free assembly”.
• Eradicating the death penalty.
• Separating religious institutions (mosques) from the state, while forbidding religious discrimination.
• Complete gender equality for women in Iran.
• Modernizing the justice system in Iran, abolishing Sharia law, and introducing reforms that provide new legal protections.
• Committing to the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (and “autonomy for Iranian Kurdistan“)
• Implementing measures that protect “investment and employment”, “private property”, and help bolster a market economy.
• Foreign policy grounded on the concept of “peaceful coexistence” with other nations.
• Rejecting the pursuit and development of nuclear weapons.
• Rejecting the possession and development of “weapons of mass destruction”.BOOK, IThe Fight for Iran: Opposition Politics, Protest, and the Struggle for the Soul of a Nation, 2020, Ilan Berman, Rowman & Littlefield, 17–18, BOOK, ISIS: Defining the Enemy: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade, 2015,books.google.com/books?id=INSU4tbeRugC&q=ncri+Elections+based+on+the+principle+of+universal+suffrage&pg=PA41,

History

{{See also|People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran#History}}

Early years

President Abolhassan Banisadr was supportive of the MEK and believed the clerics should not govern Iran directly, and was removed from power. The government of Khomeini prevented Massoud Rajavi and MEK members from participating in the elections. In June 1981, Khomeini ousted president Abolhassan Banisadr through an impeachment. Both Massoud Rajavi and Banisdar escaped Iran in 1981 during a campaign by the Iranian government to eradicate the MEK from Iran. Rajavi and Banisadr exiled to Paris and founded the National Council of Resistance of Iran.{{sfn|Goulka|Hansell|Wilke|Larson|2009|pp=2-3}}{{sfn|Katzman|2001|p=101}}{{sfn|Abrahamian|1989|p=243}}{{sfn|Keddie|2006|p=253}} The coalition was also joined by the National Democratic Front and the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran.{{sfn|Keddie|2006|p=253}}The Foundation of the NCRI allowed Massoud Rajavi to “assume the position of chairman of the resistance to the Islamic Republic and provided an outlet for the Mojahedin to codify its ideological models for a future government to replace that of the mullahs.“{{sfn|Piazza|1994|p=13}} Banisadr left the coalition in March 1983. In January 1983, Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz and NCRI President Massoud Rajavi signed a peace plan “based on an agreement of mutual recognition of borders as defined by the 1975 Algiers Agreement.” According to James Piazza, this peace initiative became the NCRI’s first diplomatic act as a “true government in exile.{{sfn|Piazza|1994|pp=9-43}} In 1983, elements united with NCRI began to depart the alliance because of conflicts with the MEK.{{citation|title=Terrornomics|editor=David Gold|page=70|isbn=978-1-317-04590-8|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|chapter=An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq|author=Mark Edmond Clark}} On 24 March 1983, Banisadr officially left the council.{{sfn|Abrahamian|1989|pp=243-246}}In 1986, the French government closed down NCRI headquarters in Paris to improve relations with the Islamic Republic. Rajavi and the NCRI moved their main operations to Baghdad, Iraq.{{sfn|Abrahamian|1989|p=258}}{{sfn|Keddie|2006|p=253}}{{sfn|Goulka|Hansell|Wilke|Larson|2009|p=68}}

Under Maryam Rajavi leadership

In 1993, Maryam Rajavi, the spouse of Massoud Rajavi and then General Secretary of the MEK, became president-elect of the NCRI.{{sfn|Cohen|2009|p=12}}In 1993, NCRI representative Mohammad Hossein Naghdi was killed in Italy by assassins. As a result, the European Parliament issued a condemnation of political murder against the Islamic Republic of Iran.JOURNAL, Cohen, Ronen, August 2018, The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy, Middle Eastern Studies, 54, 6, 1000–1014, 10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813, 149542445, Chicago Tribune wires, ‘Iraq Denies Link with Death of Opposition Leader in Rome’, Chicago Tribune (17 March 1993), p.4.Safa Haeri, ‘A bad month’, Middle East International, No. 463 (19 November 1993), p.11.In 2002 the NCRI exposed nuclear facilities in Natanz and Arak in Iran. Iran was then declared “in breach of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, which began to limit the nuclear program in Iran.NEWS, 2005-08-08, Chronology of Iran’s Nuclear Program, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2005/08/08/international/chronology-of-irans-nuclear-program.html, 2020-09-23, 0362-4331, In 2003, French police rounded up 167 PMOI sympathizers and placed 24 people under formal investigation, including the NCRI president Maryam Rajavi. In 2014, after an 11-year probe, the French courts dropped the charges.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/us-france-iran-ncri-idUSKBN0HC1OR20140917, France drops case against Iranian dissidents after 11-year probe, Reuters, September 17, 2014, www.reuters.com, The NCRI has in the past three decades recorded and reported human rights violations in Iran to UN Special Rapporteurs, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International and other international human rights organisations.UK House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee publication, 10 June 2013,NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/uk-iran-opposition-idUKBRE8B419X20121205, Iranian dissident and French lawmakers urge new policy on Iran, Reuters, 5 December 2012, WEB,www.arabnews.com/node/1921986, Time to bring Iranian regime to justice, Arab News, 2 September 2021, WEB,www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211013-iranian-exiles-file-rights-abuse-claim-in-uk-against-raisi, Iranian exiles file rights abuse claim in UK against Raisi, France 24, 13 October 2021, In June 2020, a majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a “bipartisan resolution” supporting Maryam Rajavi and the NCRI’s “call for a secular, democratic Iran” while “condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism”. The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers (including Louie Gohmert and Sheila Jackson Lee), gave support to the Rajavi’s 10-point plan for Iran’s future (which include “a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran“) while calling on the prevention of “malign activities of the Iranian regime’s diplomatic missions.” A NCRI representative said that “The fact that out of ten diplomats or agents of the Iranian regime expelled or jailed in Europe and the U.S. for terror plots over the past two years, eight of them were tied to operations against our movement, is a vivid testimony that the NCRI is the alternative to this regime.” The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand “with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests” against the Iranian government.WEB,www.foxnews.com/politics/majority-house-members-back-resolution-supporting-iranian-opposition, Majority of House members back resolution supporting Iranian opposition, condemning regime’s terror, Fox News, 17 June 2020, WEB,www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/the-world-is-watching-lawmakers-tout-bipartisan-resolution-condemning-iran, ‘The world is watching’: Lawmakers tout bipartisan resolution condemning Iran, 17 June 2020, In February 2021 Belgian court in Antwerp sentenced Assadollah Assadi, who worked at the Iranian embassy in Vienna, to 20-year jail term for plotting to bomb a rally of NCRI outside Paris in June 2018. He was arrested in Germany in June 2018. A Belgian couple of Iranian origin was also arrested with explosives and a detonator. A fourth man, Belgian-Iranian poet Merhad Arefani, was arrested in Paris and accused of being an accomplice. All three were convicted in a Belgian court for taking part in the plot and given jail terms of 15 to 18 years.NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55931633, France bomb plot: Iran diplomat Assadollah Assadi sentenced to 20 years, BBC News, 4 February 2021,

Global reception

The NCRI received support from US Congress and US officials including Tom Ridge, Howard Dean, Michael Mukasey, Louis Freeh, Hugh Shelton, Rudy Giuliani, John Bolton, Bill Richardson, James L. Jones, Edward G. Rendell, Brian Binley, and Lt. General Thomas Mclenerney.BOOK, Darren, Tomblay, Political Influence Operations: How Foreign Actors Seek to Shape U.S. Policy Making, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001, 978-1-5381-0331-9,books.google.com/books?id=euhPDwAAQBAJ&q=ncri&pg=PA63, NEWS,www.newsweek.com/iran-protests-who-are-opposition-and-who-will-rule-if-regime-falls-772045, News Week, Who are the Iranian opposition and who will rule if the regime falls?, 5 January 2018, BOOK, Justin, Guskin, The Politics of Immigration: Questions and Answers, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007, 90, 978-1-58367-155-9,books.google.com/books?id=bvEz0bT2WWcC&q=national+council+resistance+iran&pg=PA90, The NCRI, along with the MEK is regarded by the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq as a terrorist organization,{{citation|author=United Nations Committee against Torture|editor=Jose Antonio Ocampo|editor-link=Jose Antonio Ocampo|volume=1|title=Selected Decisions of the Committee Against Torture: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment|publisher=United Nations Publications|year=2008|at=p. 212, Communication N 2582004 section 7.2|isbn=978-92-1-154185-4|quote=The MEK has been involved in terrorist activities and is therefore a less legitimate replacement for the current regime.|id=E 08 XIV4; HR/CAT/PUB/1}} and was classified as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation by the United States, alleging that the NCRI “is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the MEK at all relevant times” and that the NCRI is “the political branch” of the MEK.WEB, DC Court of Appeals Rules Against NCRI Petition for Review of “Foreign Terrorist Organization” Designation, United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia, July 9, 2004,www.fas.org/irp/world/para/mek-usca070904.pdf, 2006-12-28, However, it is no longer considered terrorist. On September 28, 2012, the US State Department formally removed MEK from its list of terrorist organizations in a decision made by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, ahead of an October 1 deadline set by a US appeals court.Dick Armey (the former House majority leader 1995–2003) suggested that the State Department wrongly included MEK in the terrorist list from the beginning.WEB,thehill.com/op-eds/empowering-the-democratic-opposition-in-iran-2007-07-24.html, Empowering the democratic opposition in Iran, The Hill, July 24, 2007, 2012-12-04, 2008-12-07,www.thehill.com/op-eds/empowering-the-democratic-opposition-in-iran-2007-07-24.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081207134929www.thehill.com/op-eds/empowering-the-democratic-opposition-in-iran-2007-07-24.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081207134929www.thehill.com/op-eds/empowering-the-democratic-opposition-in-iran-2007-07-24.html, Alireza Jafarzadeh was its official representative in the US until the Washington office was closed by the US State Department in 2002 on the grounds that it was only a front group for the MEK by then listed as a terrorist organisation in the US.WEB,www.greenleft.org.au/back/2006/657/657p16.htm, IRAN: US relies on terrorists for nuke ‘intelligence’, 2006-05-01, Green Left Weekly, Lorimer, Doug, February 22, 2006,www.greenleft.org.au/back/2006/657/657p16.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20060308093955www.greenleft.org.au/back/2006/657/657p16.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20060308093955www.greenleft.org.au/back/2006/657/657p16.htm, March 8, 2006, It has been alleged that the inclusion of NCRI and MEK in the list was a token offered to the Iranian government rather than based on the facts of the matter. According to the Wall Street Journal{{Citation|title=Iranian Imbroglio Gives New Boost To Odd Exile Group|date=2006-11-29|work=Wall Street Journal|author=Andrew Higgins and Jay Solomon}} “Senior diplomats in the Clinton administration say the MEK figured prominently as a bargaining chip in a bridge-building effort with Tehran.” The Journal added that: In 1997, the State Department added the MEK to a list of global terrorist organizations as “a signal” of the US’s desire for rapprochement with Tehran’s reformists, said Martin Indyk, who at the time was assistant secretary of state for Near East Affairs. President Khatami’s government “considered it a pretty big deal,” Indyk said.The European Union in May 2004 implied that NCRI is part of the People’s Mujahedin of Iran and excluded the NCRI itself from a list of organisations considered to be terrorist organisations, including the People’s Mujahedin of Iran “minus the National Council of Resistance of Iran” on its list of terrorist organisations.WEB, Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004, Council of the European Union, May 17, 2004,europa.eu/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2004/l_196/l_19620040603en00120016.pdf, 2006-12-28, On January 26, 2009, EU Council of Ministers agreed to remove the MEK from the EU terror list. The group said it was the outcome of a “seven-year-long legal and political battle”.WEB, Runner, Philippa,euobserver.com/9/27472, / Foreign Affairs / EU ministers drop Iran group from terror list, Euobserver.com, 2012-11-20, 2012-12-04, WEB,www.upi.com/Emerging_Threats/2009/01/26/EU_removes_PMOI_from_terrorist_list/UPI-44751232989491/, EU removes PMOI from terrorist list, UPI.com, 2009-01-26, 2012-12-04, NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUKLQ200287,uk.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUKLQ200287," title="web.archive.org/web/20090203081847uk.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUKLQ200287,">web.archive.org/web/20090203081847uk.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUKLQ200287, 3 February 2009, Reuters, Mark, John, EU takes Iran opposition group off terror list, January 26, 2009, WEB, Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004, Council of the European Union, May 17, 2004,europa.eu/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2004/l_196/l_19620040603en00120016.pdf, 2006-12-28, The European Union had previously listed the MEK on its list but excluded the NCRI itself from the list of organizations considered to be terrorist organizations.JOURNAL, COUNCIL DECISION, Official Journal of the European Union, 28 June 2007,eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2007/l_169/l_16920070629en00580062.pdf, 8 November 2013, According to some sources, it has an active global network, and engages in propaganda and lobbying in many Western capitals.Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam C. Seitz Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Birth of a Regional Nuclear Arms Race?.Praeger Security International Series ABC-CLIO, 2009 p.327.{{sfn|Goulka|Hansell|Wilke|Larson|2009}}El País: El exilio iraní financió el 80% de la campaña de Vox de 2014 The Middle East department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in the United Kingdom stated in early 2006 that it is widely understood that “Iran’s [nuclear] program, which was kept secret from the IAEA for 18 years, became public knowledge largely because of revelations of the NCRI, and this led to heightened international concern.“WEB, RESISTANCE GROUP CLAIMS EVIDENCE OF IRANIAN BOMB AMBITIONS,www.themedialine.org/news/print_news_detail.asp?NewsID=12384, The Media Line, 8 November 2013,www.themedialine.org/news/print_news_detail.asp?NewsID=12384," title="web.archive.org/web/20061005210718www.themedialine.org/news/print_news_detail.asp?NewsID=12384,">web.archive.org/web/20061005210718www.themedialine.org/news/print_news_detail.asp?NewsID=12384, 5 October 2006, At the same time Michael Axworthy, former head of the Iran section at the FCO, claimed that the NCRI is a “tightly disciplined front organization for the MEK” and deemed them unreliable.WEB, Kliger, Rachelle, Resistance group claims evidence of Iranian bomb ambitions, The Media Line, January 11, 2006,www.nci.org/06nci/01/02.htm, 2006-12-28,www.nci.org/06nci/01/02.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20100119012003www.nci.org/06nci/01/02.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20100119012003www.nci.org/06nci/01/02.htm, January 19, 2010, In a meeting at the Council of Europe in April 2006, Maryam Rajavi elaborated on the movement’s vision for a future Iran and presented a Ten Point Plan for Future Iran, according to the organisation’s website.NCRI Website: Maryam Rajavi’s Ten Point Plan for Future IranWEB,www.newsweek.com/iran-raisi-mek-tehran-ncri-1608250, Iran Rebels See Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi as Chance to Bring Down Regime, NewsWeek, 9 July 2021, WEB,www.arabnews.com/node/2247466/middle-east, US Congress introduces resolution in support of push for democracy and freedom in Iran, Arab News, 8 February 2023, WEB, Making Sense of The MeK,nationalinterest.org/blog/middle-east-watch/making-sense-mek-65496, National Interest, Ilan, Berman, 5 July 2019, The plan has been supported by British MPs, some arguing that it is a potential programme that “would transform Iran” since it calls for the abolition of the death penalty, the creation of a modern legal system and the independence of judges. At a debate on the human rights situation in Iran in the House of Lords on December 8, 2016, Lord Alton of Liverpool said, “The manifesto says: Cruel and degrading punishments will have no place in the future Iran. Madam Rajavi would end Tehran’s funding of Hamas, Hezbollah and other militant groups and is committed to peaceful coexistence, relations with all countries and respect for the United Nations charter.“House of Lords Hansard Volume 777, Lords Chamber, Iran: Human Rights, 08 December 2016According to a RAND report, the NCRI was transformed from an umbrella organization into a MEK subsidiary. The NCRI says it fights for the establishment of a democratic and secular republic in Iran, on a platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women and human rights.{{sfn|Goulka|Hansell|Wilke|Larson|2009}} Also according to the RAND report, the NCRI has hidden the Marxist-Islamic elements,{{sfn|Goulka|Hansell|Wilke|Larson|2009|p=59|ps=. “In another survival shift for Rajavi, the NCRI hid the MeK’s Marxist-Islamic philosophy from European and American view and instead promoted a new platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, human rights, and a free-market economy, only some of which the MeK had previously endorsed.“}} and practices gender segregation.{{sfn|Goulka|Hansell|Wilke|Larson|2009|p=72}}

References

{{reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Ervand, Abrahamian, Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin, 1989, I. B. Tauris, 978-1-85043-077-3,
• BOOK, Terrornomics, David, Gold, 66–76, 978-1-317-04590-8, Routledge, 2016, An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq, Mark Edmond, Clark, 10.4324/9781315612140,
• BOOK, Ronen, Cohen, Ronen A. Cohen, The Rise and Fall of the Mojahedin Khalq, 1987-1997: Their Survival After the Islamic Revolution and Resistance to the Islamic Republic of Iran, Sussex Academic Press, 2009, 978-1-84519-270-9,books.google.com/books?id=juEUAQAAIAAJ,
• REPORT, Goulka, Jeremiah, Hansell, Lydia, Wilke, Elizabeth, Larson, Judith, 2009, The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: A Policy Conundrum, RAND corporation,www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf,www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160222043501www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160222043501www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf, 22 February 2016, live,
• BOOK, Kenneth, Katzman, Iran: The People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran, Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?, Nova, 2001, Albert V., Benliot, 978-1-56072-954-9,books.google.com/books?id=x1a6c2J49j4C,
• BOOK, Nikki R., Keddie, Nikki Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, 2006, Yale University Press, 978-0-300-12105-6,
• JOURNAL, James A., Piazza, The Democratic Islamic Republic of Iran in Exile, October 1994, Digest of Middle East Studies, 3, 4, 9–43, 10.1111/j.1949-3606.1994.tb00535.x,

External links

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{Official websitewww.ncr-iran.org/en/}}

{{People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran|state=expanded}}{{Iranian exiled parties}}{{Iran–United States relations}}{{Authority control}}