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Mandarin orange
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{{Short description|Small citrus fruit}}{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}{{speciesbox| name = Mandarin| image = Citrus reticulata April 2013 Nordbaden.JPG| image_caption =| genus = Citrus| species = reticulata- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Francisco Manuel Blanco>Blanco, 1837}}The mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), also known as mandarin or mandarine, is a small, rounded citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange, it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads.WEB, Morton, Julia F., 1987, Mandarin orange; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, p. 142â145,weblink 8 March 2019, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University, Tangerines are a group of orange-colored citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange with some pomelo contribution.Mandarins are smaller and oblate, unlike the spherical common oranges (which are a mandarinâpomelo hybrid).JOURNAL, 3, Wu, Guohong Albert, Terol, Javier, Ibanez, Victoria, López-GarcÃa, Antonio, Pérez-Román, Estela, Borredá, Carles, Domingo, Concha, Tadeo, Francisco R., Carbonell-Caballero, Jose, Alonso, Roberto, Curk, Franck, February 2018, Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus, Nature, en, 554, 7692, 311â316, 10.1038/nature25447, 29414943, 2018Natur.554..311W, 0028-0836, free, 20.500.11939/5741, free, The taste is considered sweeter and stronger than the common orange.NEWS, Karp, David, 3 February 2016, Mandarin oranges, rising stars of the fruit bowl, The New York Times,weblink 7 February 2019, A ripe mandarin is firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size, and pebbly-skinned. The peel is thin, loose, with little white mesocarp,NEWS, Karp, David, 13 March 2014, Market watch: The wild and elusive Dancy, Los Angeles Times,weblink 7 February 2019, so they are usually easier to peel and to split into segments. Hybrids usually have these traits to a lesser degree. The mandarin is tender and is damaged easily by cold. It can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas.According to genetic studies, the mandarin was one of the original citrus species; through breeding or natural hybridization, it is the ancestor of many hybrid citrus cultivars. With the citron and pomelo, it is the ancestor of the most commercially important hybrids (such as sweet and sour oranges, grapefruit, and many lemons and limes). The mandarin has also been hybridized with other citrus species, such as the desert lime and the kumquat. Though the ancestral mandarin was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with pomelo, which gives them a sweet fruit.EtymologyThe name mandarin orange is a calque of Swedish mandarin apelsin [apelsin from German Apfelsine (Apfel + Sina), meaning Chinese apple], first attested in the 18th century. The Imperial Chinese term "mandarine" was first adopted by the French for this fruit. The reason for the epithet is not clear.WEB, De La Cruz-Cabanillas, Isabel, 1 January 2008, Chinese loanwords in the OED,weblink October 5, 2016, The Free Library, Farlex, Inc, Citrus reticulata is from Latin, where reticulata means "netted".WEB, 2019, Citrus reticulata 'Clementine',weblink 8 March 2019, Plant Finder, Missouri Botanical Garden,BotanyFile:Mandarinier Gortyne.jpg|thumb|Mandarin oranges growing on a tree in CreteCreteCitrus reticulata is a moderate-sized tree some {{convert|25|ft|m|order=flip}} in height. The tree trunk and major branches have thorns. The leaves are shiny, green, and rather small. The petioles are short, almost wingless or slightly winged. The flowers are borne singly or in small groups in the leaf-axils. Citrus are usually self-fertile (needing only a bee to move pollen within the same flower) or parthenocarpic (not needing pollination and therefore seedless, such as the satsuma). A mature mandarin tree can yield up to {{convert|175|lbs|kg|order=flip}} of fruit.WEB, 2010, Tango mandarin; Citrus reticulata Blanco,weblink 8 March 2019, Citrus Variety Collection, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside,Fruit(File:Mandarin oranges in mesh bag.jpg|thumb|Mandarin oranges in a mesh bag)(File:Mandarin orange seeds.jpg|thumb|Mandarin orange seeds)Mandarin orange fruits are small {{convert|40|-|80|mm|in}} in diameter. Their color is orange, yellow-orange, or red-orange. The skin is thin and can be peeled off by hand. Their easiness to peel is an important advantage of mandarin oranges over other types of citrus fruit. Just like with other citrus fruits, mandarin is separated easily from the segments. The fruits may be seedless or contain a small number of seeds. Mandarin orange fruits are sweet to taste and can be eaten as whole or squeezed to make juice.ProductionIn 2022, world production of mandarin oranges (combined with tangerines, clementines, and satsumas in reporting to FAOSTAT) was 44.2 million tonnes, led by China with 61% of the global total.WEB, 2024, Mandarin orange production in 2022 (includes tangerines, clementines, and satsumas) from pick lists: World regions/Production quantity/Crops/Year,weblink 25 April 2024, FAOSTAT, United Nations Corporate Statistical Database, Spain produced 1.8 million tonnes in 2022, with Turkey, Egypt, and Morocco as other significant producers.UsesCulinary{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 300px | image1 = Cinpi2.jpg | alt1 = Dried mandarin peel | caption1 = Dried mandarin peel used as a seasoning | image2 = Chocolate coated citrus peel 01.jpg | alt2 = Chocolate-coated citrus peel. | caption2 = Chocolate-coated citrus peel | image3 = Mandarin oranges canned.jpg | alt3 = Peeled and canned mandarin orange segments | caption3 = Peeled and canned mandarin orange segments }} Fresh{{See also|List of fruit dishes}}Mandarins are generally peeled and eaten fresh or used in salads, desserts and main dishes. Fresh mandarin juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States. The number of seeds in each segment (carpel) varies greatly. Fresh mandarins are also used in the production of some drinks and spirits, such as Mandarine Napoléon.PeelThe peel is used fresh, whole or zested, or dried as chenpi. It can be used as a spice for cooking, baking, drinks, or candy. Essential oil from the fresh peel may be used as a flavouring for candy, in gelatins, ice cream, chewing gum, and baked goods. It is also used as a flavouring in liqueurs. In Chinese cuisine, the peel of the mandarin orange, called chenpi, is used to flavor sweet dishes and sauces.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}CanningCanned mandarin segments are peeled to remove the white pith before canning; otherwise, they turn bitter. Segments are peeled using a chemical process. First, the segments are scalded in hot water to loosen the skin; then, they are bathed in a lye solution, which digests the albedo and membranes. Finally, the segments are rinsed several times in plain water. Once orange segments are properly prepared, mandarin oranges undergo heat processing to remove bacteria that can cause spoilage. The oranges are then packed in airtight sealed containers. Ascorbic acid may also be added.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}Nutrition
Cultural significance(File:Citrus reticulata Fruchtansatz.JPG|thumb|upright|Mandarin fruitlets)In Canada and the United States, they are commonly purchased in 5- or 10-pound boxes, individually wrapped in soft green paper, and given in Christmas stockings. This custom goes back to the 1880s when Japanese immigrants in Canada and the United States began receiving Japanese mandarin oranges from their families back home as gifts for the New Year. The tradition spread among the non-Japanese population and eastwards across the country: each November harvest, "The oranges were quickly unloaded and shipped east by rail. 'Orange Trains' â trains with boxcars painted orange â alerted everyone along the way that the irresistible oranges from Japan were back again for the holidays. For many, the arrival of Japanese mandarin oranges signalled the beginning of the holiday season."WEB, Information on This Week's Product: Mandarin Oranges,weblink BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation, 24 January 2013, 1 February 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160201060025weblink">weblink This Japanese tradition merged with European traditions related to the Christmas stocking. Saint Nicholas is said to have put gold coins into the stockings of three poor girls so that they would be able to afford to get married.WEB, 4 October 2008, Personalized Christmas Stockings,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081021102047weblink">weblink 21 October 2008, 15 January 2013, Stocking Factory, Sometimes the story is told with gold balls instead of bags of gold, and oranges became a symbolic stand-in for these gold balls, and are put in Christmas stockings in CanadaWEB, Marion, Paul, 19 December 2010, Oranges at Christmas,weblink 15 January 2013, Richard Howe; Lowell Politics and Lowell History, along with chocolate coins wrapped in gold foil.Satsumas were also grown in the United States from the early 1900s. Still, Japan remained a major supplier.WEB, Andersen, Peter C., Ferguson, James J., 19 November 2014, The Satsuma Mandarin,weblink 9 April 2018, Electronic Data Information Source, IFAS Extension, University of Florida, U.S. imports of these Japanese oranges was suspended due to hostilities with Japan during World War II. While they were one of the first Japanese goods allowed for export after the end of the war, residual hostility led to the rebranding of these oranges as "Mandarin" oranges instead of "Japanese" oranges.The delivery of the first batch of mandarin oranges from Japan in the port of Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada) is greeted with a festival that combines Santa Claus and Japanese dancersâyoung girls dressed in traditional kimono.WEB, Christmas Stockings,weblink Christmas Traditions in France and in Canada, Ministère de la culture et de la communication de France, 15 January 2013, Historically, the Christmas fruit sold in North America was mostly Dancys, but now it is more often a hybrid.LiteratureIn Canadian literature, particularly in Gabrielle Roy's novel about Montreal, The Tin Flute, a mandarin orange figures as a touch of luxury for the dying son of the poor Lacasse family, around which the novel is woven.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Mandarin oranges are mentioned in Sinclair Ross' 1942 novel, As for Me and My House, and his 1939 short story, Cornet at Night.JOURNAL, Boyd, Shelley, Cooke, Nathalie, Moyer, Alexia, 2020-02-01, A literary history of the Mandarin orange in Canada,weblink Gastronomica, en, 20, 1, 83â89, 10.1525/gfc.2020.20.1.83, 1529-3262, free,Genetics and origin{{Further|Citrus taxonomy}}Mandarins are one of the pure ancestral citrus taxa, and are thought to have evolved in regions including South China and Japan in East Asia, and Vietnam in Southeast Asia.JOURNAL, Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrus species: analysis of chromosome 2, BMC Genetics, 15, 152, 2014, Curk, Franck, Ancillo, Gema, Garcia-Lor, Andres, Luro, François, Perrier, Xavier, Jacquemoud-Collet, Jean-Pierre, Navarro, Luis, Ollitrault, Patrick, 10.1186/s12863-014-0152-1, 25544367, 4302129, free, JOURNAL, Wang, Lun, He, Fa, Huang, Yue, He, Jiaxian, Yang, Shuizhi, Zeng, Jiwu, Deng, Chongling, Jiang, Xiaolin, Fang, Yiwen, Wen, Shaohua, Xu, Rangwei, August 2018, Genome of Wild Mandarin and Domestication History of Mandarin, Molecular Plant, en, 11, 8, 1024â1037, 10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.001, 29885473, free, Mandarins appear to have been domesticated at least twice, in the north and south Nanling Mountains, derived from separate wild subspecies. Wild mandarins are still found there, including Daoxian mandarines (sometimes given the species name Citrus daoxianensis) as well as some members of the group traditionally called 'Mangshan wild mandarins', a generic grouping for the wild mandarin-like fruit of the Mangshan area that includes both true mandarins (mangshanyeju,JOURNAL, Diversification of mandarin citrus by hybrid speciation and apomixis, Wu, Guohong Albert, Sugimoto, Chikatoshi, Kinjo, Hideyasu, Asama, Chika, Mitsube, Fumimasa, Talon, Manuel, Gmitter, Grederick G Jr, Rokhsar, Daniel S, Nature Communications, 2021, 12, 1, 4377, 10.1038/s41467-021-24653-0, 34312382, 8313541, 2021NatCo..12.4377W, free, and Supplement the southern subspecies) and the genetically distinct and only distantly-related Mangshanyegan. The wild mandarins were found free of the introgressed pomelo (C. maxima) DNA found in domestic mandarins. Still, they did appear to have small amounts (~1.8%) of introgression from the ichang papeda, which grows wild in the same region.JOURNAL, Wang, Lun, etal, Genome of Wild Mandarin and Domestication History of Mandarin, Molecular Plant, 11, 8, 1024â1037, 2018, 10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.001, 29885473, free, The Nanling Mountains are also home to northern and southern genetic clusters of domestic mandarins that have similar levels of sugars in the fruit compared to their wild relatives but appreciably (in some almost 90-fold) lower levels of citric acid. The clusters display different patterns of pomelo introgression, have different deduced historical population histories, and are most closely related to distinct wild mandarins, suggesting two independent domestications in the north and south. All tested domesticated cultivars were found to belong to one of these two genetic clusters, with varieties such as Nanfengmiju, Kishu and Satsuma deriving from the northern domestication event producing larger, redder fruit, while Willowleaf, Dancy, Sunki, Cleopatra, King, Ponkan, and others derived from the smaller, yellower-fruited southern cluster.The Tanaka classification system divided domestic mandarins and similar fruit into numerous species, giving distinct names to cultivars such as willowleaf mandarins (C. deliciosa), satsumas (C. unshiu), tangerines (C. tangerina). Under the Swingle system, all these are considered to be varieties of a single species, Citrus reticulata. Hodgson represented them as several subgroups: common (C. reticulata), Satsuma, King (C. nobilis), Mediterranean (willowleaf), small-fruited (C. indica, C. tachibana and C. reshni), and mandarin hybrids.JOURNAL, Goldenberg, Livnat, Yaniv, Yossi, Porat, Ron, Carmi, Nir, Mandarin fruit quality: a review, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98, 1, 18â26, 2018, 10.1002/jsfa.8495, 28631804, 2018JSFA...98...18G, In the genomic-based species taxonomy of Ollitrault et al., only pure mandarins would fall under C. reticulata, while the pomelo admixture found in the majority of mandarins would cause them to be classified as varieties of C. aurantium.{{Citation|last1=Ollitrault|first1=Patrick|title=Citrus taxonomy|date=2020|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128121634000048|work=The Genus Citrus|pages=57â81|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8|isbn=978-0-12-812163-4|access-date=2021-01-17|last2=Curk|first2=Franck|last3=Krueger|first3=Robert|s2cid=242819146}}Genetic analysis is consistent with continental mandarins representing a single species, with much of the variation within mandarins being due to hybridization. A separate species, Citrus ryukyuensis that diverged from the mainland species between 2 and 3 million years ago when cut off by rising sea levals was found growing on the island of Okinawa, and its natural and agricultural hybridization with the mainland mandarin species has produced some of the unique island mandarin cultivars of Japan and Taiwan, such as the Tachibana orange, previously classified as a subspecies of pure mandarin before its parent was identified, and the Shekwasha. Some of the small number of cultivars were found to be pure in initial gemonic analysis, including Sun Chu Sha mandarin and Nanfengmiju,NEWS, Karp, David, 13 January 2010, The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin, Los Angeles Times,weblink 17 January 2021, but Wang detected in them not only an apparent Ichang papeda introgression found in all examined mandarins but also the distinct pomelo DNA of the domesticated mandarins. Following initial hybridization, natural or cultivated backcrosses of the initial mandarin-pomelo hybrids with the mandarin stock produced mandarins with limited pomelo contribution, that differed between the northern and southern domesticates. An 'acidic' group of cultivars including Sunki and Cleopatra mandarins that likewise previously were thought to be pure but since found to contain small regions of introgressed pomelo DNA are too sour to be edible, but are widely used as rootstock and grown for juice.JOURNAL, 10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x, 7, New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny, Tree Genetics & Genomes, 49â61, 2011, Froelicher, Yann, Mouhaya, Wafa, Bassene, Jean-Baptiste, Costantino, Gilles, Kamiri, Mourad, Luro, Francois, Morillon, Raphael, Ollitrault, Patrick, 32371305,weblink Another group of mandarins, including some tangerines, Satsuma and King mandarins, show a greater pomelo contribution and derive from the limited-pomelo hybrids being crossed again, with sweet orange or pomelo, and likewise backcrossing in some cases, producing cultivars with moderate to high levels of pomelo introgression. Hybrid mandarins thus fall on a continuum of increasing pomelo contribution with clementines, sweet and sour oranges, and grapefruit. Mandarins and their hybrids are sold under a variety of names.Varieties{{See also|Citrus taxonomy}}(File:Unripe mandarin.jpg|thumb|Unripe fruit)Stem mandarins (Citrus reticulata)
Domesticated mandarins and hybrids(Species names are those from the Tanaka system. Recent genomic analysis would place them all in Citrus reticulata, except the C. ryukyuensis hybrids)File:Harvest Kinnow.jpg|thumb|Kinnow, a 'King' (Citrus nobilis) à 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus à deliciosaCitrus à deliciosa
Mandarin crossesFile:Citrus tern cb simplified 1.svg|thumb|400px|right|Citrus fruits clustered by genetic similarity. Most commercial varieties of citrus are hybrids of the three species at the corners of the ternary diagram (mandarin at top). Genetically distinct hybrids often bear the same common name.JOURNAL, Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers, Curk, Franck, Ollitrault, Frédérique, Garcia-Lor, Andres, Luro, François, Navarro, Luis, Ollitrault, Patrick, Annals of Botany, 11, 4, 565â583, 2016, 10.1093/aob/mcw005, 26944784, 4817432, ]]
| PUBLISHER=NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC (MAGAZINE) | >PAGE=73 | ISBN=978-1-4262-0372-5 | winter; an important commercial mandarin orange form, having displaced Citrus unshiu>mikans in many markets. Clemenules or Nules, a variety of Clementine named for the Valencian town where it was first bred in 1953; it is the most popular variety of Clementine grown in Spain.WEB,weblink Nules, Toni Siebert, 30 July 2009, Citrus Variety Database, University Of California, 9 June 2011, 28 September 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110928212116weblink">weblink Fairchild is a hybrid of Clementine and Orlando tangelo
Non-mandarins
See also
References{{Reflist}}External links{{Commons|Citrus reticulata}}{{Wikispecies|Citrus reticulata}}{{Citrus}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q125337}}{{Authority control}} |
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