GetWiki

}}Kumquats ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʌ|m|k|w|ɒ|t}} {{respell|KUM|kwot}}),WEB,www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kumquat, Kumquat

publisher=Collins Dictionary	cumquats in Australian English, are a group of small, angiosperm, fruit-bearing trees in the family Rutaceae. Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella or placed within Citrus, . Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, Citrus japonica, to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis defines three pure species, Citrus hindsii, C. margarita and C. crassifolia, with C. × japonica being a hybrid of the last two.The edible fruit closely resembles the orange (Citrus sinensis) in color, texture, and anatomy, but is much smaller, being approximately the size of a large olive. The kumquat is a fairly cold-hardy citrus. Etymology The English word kumquat is a borrowing of the Cantonese {{transl|yue|gām gwāt}} ({{IPA-yue|kɐ́m kʷɐ́tÌš|IPA}}; {{zh|c=金橘}}), from {{transl|yue|gām}} “golden” + {{transl|yue|gwāt}} “orange”.WEB,www.etymonline.com/word/kumquat, Kumquat, Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper, 2020, 2020-06-20, Description Kumquat plants have thornless branches and extremely glossy leaves. They bear dainty white flowers that occur in clusters or individually inside the leaf axils. The plants can reach a height from {{convert|2.5 to 4.5|m|ft|abbr=off|frac=2}}, with dense branches, sometimes bearing small thorns.WEB, 2015, Kumquat (Citrus japonica),www.fgcu.edu/cas/communityimpact/foodforest/files/kumquat-ada.pdf, Florida Gulf Coast University, en, Florida, They bear yellowish-orange fruits that are oval or round in shape. The fruits can be {{Convert|2.5–5|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} in diameter and have a sweet, pulpy skin and slightly acidic inner pulp. The fruit is often eaten whole by humans and has a taste which is sweet and somewhat sour.BOOK, Experts from Dole Food Company,books.google.com/books?id=wLf8IpZDh48C&pg=PA182, Encyclopedia of Foods: A Guide to Healthy Nutrition, Experts from The Mayo Clinic, Experts from UCLA Center for H, Elsevier, 2002, 9780080530871, 182, Kumquat trees are self-pollinating. Species Citrus taxonomy is complicated and controversial. Different systems place various types of kumquats in different species or unite them into as few as two species. Botanically, many of the varieties of kumquats are classified as their own species, rather than a cultivar.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} Historically they were viewed as falling within the genus Citrus, but the Swingle system of citrus taxonomy elevated them to their own genus, Fortunella. Recent phylogenetic analysis suggests they do fall within Citrus. Swingle divided the kumquats into two subgenera, the Protocitrus, containing the primitive Hong Kong kumquat, and Eufortunella, comprising the round, oval kumquat, Meiwa kumquats,JOURNAL, Swingle, Walter T., A new genus, Fortunella, comprising four species of kumquat oranges, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 5, 5, 165–176, 1915, 24520657, to which Tanaka added two others, the Malayan kumquat and the Jiangsu kumquat. Chromosomal analysis suggested that Swingle’s Eufortunella represent a single ‘true’ species, while Tanaka’s additional species were revealed to be likely hybrids of Fortunella with other Citrus, so-called xCitrofortunella.JOURNAL, Yasuda, Kiichi, Yahata, Masaki, Kunitake, Hisato, Phylogeny and Classification of Kumquats (Fortunella spp.) Inferred from CMA Karyotype Composition, The Horticultural Journal, 85, 2, 115–121, 2015, 10.2503/hortj.MI-078, free, One recent genomic analysis concluded there was only one true species of kumquat, but the analysis did not include the Hong Kong variety seen as a distinct species in all earlier analyses.JOURNAL, Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus, Wu, Guohong Albert, Terol, Javier, Ibanez, Victoria, López-García, Antonio, Pérez-Román, Estela, Borredá, Carles, Domingo, Concha, Tadeo, Francisco R, Carbonell-Caballero, Jose, Alonso, Roberto, Curk, Franck, Du, Dongliang, Ollitrault, Patrick, Roose, Mikeal L. Roose, Dopazo, Joaquin, Gmitter Jr, Frederick G., Rokhsar, Daniel, Talon, Manuel, Nature, 2018, 554, 7692, 311–316, 10.1038/nature25447, 29414943, 2018Natur.554..311W, free, 20.500.11939/5741, free, A 2020 review concluded that genomic data were insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion on which kumquat cultivars represented distinct species.BOOK, Citrus taxonomy, Ollitrault, Patrick, Curk, Franck, Krueger, Robert, The Citrus Genus, Talon, Manuel, Caruso, Marco, Gmitter, Fred G Jr., Elsevier, 2020, 57–81, 9780128121634,books.google.com/books?id=2wo4swEACAAJ&pg=PA57, 10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8, 242819146, In 2022, a genome-level analysis of cultivated and wild varieties drew several conclusions. The authors found support for the division of kumquats into subgenera: Protocitrus, for the wild Hong Kong variety, and Eufortunella for the cultivated varieties, with a divergence predating the end of the Quaternary glaciation, perhaps between two ancestral populations isolated south and north, respectively, of the Nanling mountain range. Within the latter group, the oval, round and Meiwa kumquat each showed a level of divergence greater than between other recognized citrus species, such as between pomelo and citron, and hence each merits species-level classification. Though Swingle had speculated that the Meiwa kumquat was a hybrid of oval and round kumquats, the genomic analysis suggested instead that the round kumquat was an oval/Meiwa hybrid.JOURNAL, Zhu, Chenqiao, etal, New insights into the phylogeny and speciation of kumquat (Fortunella ssp.) based on chloroplast SNP, nuclear SSR and whole-genome sequencing, Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 2022, 9, 4, 627, 10.15302/J-FASE-2021436, 247640336, free, {| class=“wikitable“|+Kumquat species!Image!Scientific name!Common name!Distribution
120px)|Citrus hindsii|Hong Kong kumquat|China
120px)|Citrus crassifolia|Meiwa kumquat|China, Japan
120px)|Citrus margarita|oval kumquat, Nagami kumquat|Japan
120px)|Citrus japonica|round kumquat, Marumi kumquat, Morgani kumquat|China, Japan
120px)|Citrus obovata|Jiangsu kumquat, Fukushu kumquat|China, Japan
120px)|Citrus swinglei|Malayan kumquat|Malay Peninsula

Hybrids

Hybrid forms of the kumquat include the following:

• Calamansi: mandarin orange x kumquat{{GRIN|×Citrofortunella microcarpa|313479|access-date=1 June 2014}}
• Citrangequat: citrange x kumquat
• Limequat: key lime x kumquat
• Orangequat: Satsuma mandarin x kumquat
• Procimequat: limequat x kumquat
• Sunquat: Meyer lemon (?) x kumquat
• Yuzuquat: yuzu x kumquat

Distribution and habitat

The kumquat plant is native to Southern China.{{GRIN}} The historical reference to kumquats appears in literature of China from at least the 12th century. They have been cultivated for centuries in other parts of East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. They were introduced into Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, collector for the London Horticultural Society,WEB, 29 April 2019, Robert Fortune,www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/brompton-cemetery/explore-brompton-cemetery/famous-graves-and-burials/robert-fortune, 19 May 2023, The Royal Parks, and are now found across the world.

Cultivation

File:A lemon plant (Citrus japonica); flowering and fruiting stem Wellcome V0044760.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration by Walter Hood Fitch|alt=Illustration, Walter Hood FitchWalter Hood FitchKumquats are much hardier than citrus plants such as oranges. Sowing seed in the spring is most ideal because the temperature is pleasant with more chances of rain and sunshine. This also gives the tree enough time to become well established before winter. Early spring is the best time to transplant a sapling. They do best in direct sunlight (needing 6–7 hours a day) and planted directly in the ground. Kumquats do well in USDA hardy zones 9 and 10 and can survive in temperatures as low as 18 degrees F (-7 degrees C). On trees mature enough, kumquats will form in about 90 days.In cultivation in the UK, Citrus japonica has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden MeritWEB,www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/83394/i-Citrus-japonica-i-(F)/Details, RHS Plantfinder - Citrus japonica DATE = JULY 2017 PUBLISHER = ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 24 January 2018,

Propagation

Kumquats do not grow well from seeds and so are vegetatively propagated by using rootstock of another citrus fruit,WEB,www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/kumquat.html, Kumquat, Fortunella sp. Swingle; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, Miami, FL, Julia F Morton, NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University, 182–185, 1987, 3 January 2020, air layering, or cuttings.

Varieties

The Nordmann seedless is a seedless cultivar of the Nagami kumquat (Citrus margarita). It is similar to Nagami but with a slightly different shape and lighter skin.WEB, Nordmann Seedless,citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc4070, 9 January 2024, Givaudan Citrus Variety Collection at UCR, en, The Centennial Variegated is another cultivar of the Nagami kumquat. It originated from the open pollination of a Nagami kumquat tree. The fruits are striped light green and yellow when underripe, and turn orange and lose their stripes when they ripen. They are oval-shaped, necked, 2.5 inches long and have a smooth rind. They mature in winter.WEB, Kumquats / Citrus Pages,citruspages.free.fr/kumquats.php#centennial, 9 January 2024, citruspages.free.fr, This cultivar arose spontaneously from the oval kumquat (Citrus margarita). It produces a greater proportion of fruit to peel than the oval kumquat, and the fruit are rounder and sometimes necked. Fruit are distinguishable by their variegation in color, exhibiting bright green and yellow stripes, and by its lack of thorns.The Puchimaru kumquat is a seedless or virtually seedless Japanese kumquat cultivar. It is resistant to citrus canker and citrus scab. The fruit weighs 11–20 grams and is ellipsoid in shape. It has a dark orange rind which is 4 millimeters thick. The juice content is relatively low. The oil glands are somewhat large and conspicuous. It ripens in January.WEB, Yoshida, Toshio, Nesumi, H., Yoshioka, T., Ieki, H., Ito, Y., Nakano, M., Ueno, I., Yamada, Yoshio, Murase, S., 2003, New kumquat cultivar ‘Puchimaru’, Takishita, F.,repository.naro.go.jp/record/1693/files/nifs_report_No2p9-16p.pdf, 140658196,

Uses

Nutrition

{{nutritional value| name = Kumquats, rawFortunella spp.| image = Kumquat-0245.jpg| kJ = 296| protein = 1.88 g| fat = 0.86 g| carbs = 15.9 g| fiber = 6.5 g| sugars = 9.36 g| calcium_mg = 62| iron_mg = 0.86| magnesium_mg = 20| phosphorus_mg = 19| potassium_mg = 186| sodium_mg = 10| zinc_mg = 0.17| manganese_mg = 0.135| vitC_mg = 43.9| thiamin_mg = 0.037| riboflavin_mg = 0.09| niacin_mg = 0.429| pantothenic_mg = 0.208| vitB6_mg = 0.036| folate_ug = 17| choline_mg = 8.4| vitA_ug = 15| lutein_ug = 129| vitE_mg = 0.15| water = 82 g| source_usda = 1| note = Link to USDA Database entry}}A raw kumquat is 81% water, 16% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, raw kumquat supplies 71 calories and is a rich source of vitamin C (53% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).

Essential oil

The essential oil of the kumquat peel contains much of the aroma of the fruit, and is composed principally of limonene, which makes up around 93% of the total.JOURNAL, Koyasako, A., Bernhard, R.A., 1983, Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil of Kumquat, Journal of Food Science, Wiley & Sons, 48, 6, 1807–1812, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb05090.x, Besides limonene and alpha-pinene (0.34%), both of which are considered monoterpenes, the oil is unusually rich (0.38% total) in sesquiterpenes such as α-bergamotene (0.021%), caryophyllene (0.18%), α-humulene (0.07%) and α-muurolene (0.06%), and these contribute to the spicy and woody flavor of the fruit. Carbonyl compounds make up much of the remainder, and these are responsible for much of the distinctive flavor. These compounds include esters such as isopropyl propanoate (1.8%) and terpinyl acetate (1.26%); ketones such as carvone (0.175%); and a range of aldehydes such as citronellal (0.6%) and 2-methylundecanal. Other oxygenated compounds include nerol (0.22%) and Trans-lialool oxide (0.15%).

Gallery

File:Hoa quất.jpg|Kumquat flowerFile:Quinotos.jpg|Kumquat fruit cross-sectionFile:Kumquat.jpg|Kumquat whole and sectionedFile:Citrus japonica1.jpg|Round kumquats (or citrofortunella)File:Starr 070111-3157 Fortunella sp..jpg|Round kumquats (or citrofortunella)File:KoumQuatLiqueur.jpg|Kumquat liqueurs from Corfu, GreeceFile:Kumquat Trees (Corfu).JPG|Potted kumquat trees at a kumquat liqueur distillery in Corfu.File:Kumquat pie.JPG|Slices of kumquat pie at the Kumquat Festival in Dade City, FloridaFile:Kumquat jelly and kumquat butter.JPG|Kumquat preservesFile:Fortunella (kumquat) 9 fiore+frutto.JPG|Flowers and fruitFile:Citrus japonica3.jpg|Kumquat treeFile:Muntala.jpg|alt=Unripe Kumquat|Unripe kumquatFile:Fortunella japonica Frutigen.jpg|Ripened kumquatFile:CDC kumquat3.jpg|Kumquat

See also

• Kumquat Festival
• Sunquat
• Limequat
• Citrofortunella
• Calamansi
• Yuzuquat

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• Burkill, I. H. (1931). “An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya”. Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 212–220.
• Mabberley, D. J. (1998). www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/73236/Tel7Mab333.pdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20091002183628www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/73236/Tel7Mab333.pdf">“Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae)” (PDF). Telopea 7 (4): 333–344.

External links

{{Wiktionary|kumquat}}{{Commons category|Kumquat}}{{Wikispecies|Fortunella|Fortunella}}{{Citrus}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5122903}}{{Authority control}}